semi-permanent seats

Semi-Permanent Seats

Please wait at the back of the room until Mr. Capozzi assigns you a permanent seat, at which time you are invited to take your seat and begin the DUE NOW activity. Thank you.

Due Now

Read Martin Luther King, Jr’s statement:

"We must remember that intelligence is not enough. Intelligence plus character - that is the goal of true education."

--Martin Luther King, Jr. (1948) Explain what he means by “true education.” Write to inform how a “true education” helps

us become more fully human. Use logical reasoning and examples to make your point.

Module 1—Survival in the Real World

Clothing

Standards Addressed

Determine two or more central ideas of a text and analyze their development over the course of the text, including how they interact and build on one another to provide a complex analysis; provide an objective summary of the text.

Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem.

Module 1: Clothing

Module 1: Clothing

So, the story of how we got from clothes that keep us warm…

…to clothes that ‘make the man’ is long indeed.

Focus Question

Why did our ancestors lose their fur and when did they start wearing clothes?

The Text

“Why Humans and Their Fur Parted Ways”

By Nicholas Wade

The New York Times (Science Times)

August 19, 2003

What To Do While Reading

1. Read the selected text that you were given.a. Scan: run your eyes over the text to see what pops

out—a name, date, number, quote, etc.

b. Skim: absorb the text paragraph by paragraph to get the gist (main idea) of the text; write it down.

c. Vocabulary: reread the text and write down all new words in your notebook.

i. Try to figure out their meaning from the structure of the word or the context of the sentence.

ii. Reread what came before, and what comes next.

d. Find all new words in a dictionary; write definitions.

Due Now: Post-It… Park it…

On the Post-It Note, write up to six new words that you learned from reading your section of the article.

Write your name on the back of the Post-It. Park your Post-It Note in the Parking Lot. Your contributions will appear on our next

Vocabulary Quiz.

What To Do While Reading

2. Underline the important details based on the main idea that you previously identified.

3. Discuss the text with a partner who has the same section of text as you: A, B, C, D, E, F.

4. Reach consensus with your partner about the most important details.

5. Write a paragraph summary of your section of the text.

What To Do After Reading & Writing

6. Share your paragraph with at least one other student who has the same section of text as you.

a. How are your paragraphs the same?

b. How are they different?

c. Write your reflections in your notebook.

7. Show your summary to teacher for credit.

8. Google the full article and read it for HW.

9. Answer one of six questions on next slide for which you already have the answer.

Due Now

List two new words you learned from reading your section of the text.

Write a synonym for each one.

Focus Question

What did students comprehend about the text “Why Humans and their Fur Parted Ways”?

Choose a Question on the Text

1. What was Dr. Stoneking able to infer from the discovery that the human body louse evolved from the human head louse sometime between 42,000 and 72,000 years ago?

2. According to Nicholas Wade, on which point does the biggest difference between the compilers of Genesis and Drs. Rogers & Stoneking appear?

3. According to Drs. Pagel and Bodmer, what function would bare skin have served among newly furless humans?

4. According to Drs. Pagel and Bodmer, why did humans lose their body hair?

5. What did Dr. Harding learn about the gene, called MC1R, that helps determine skin color?

6. How did Dr. Rogers and his colleagues figure out that humans have been hairless for at least 1.2 million years?

Questions & Answers in Review

1. What was Dr. Stoneking able to infer from the discovery that the human body louse evolved from the human head louse sometime between 42,000 and 72,000 years ago?

Question for Section E Humans have been wearing clothes at least

since that time.


2. According to Nicholas Wade, on which point does the biggest difference appear between the compilers of Genesis and Rogers & Stoneking?

Answer for Section F The compilers of Genesis state that as soon as

Adam and Eve ate of the forbidden fruit they realized they were naked and immediately sewed themselves aprons made of fig leaves, but Rogers and Stoneking state that humans were naked for a million years or more before they realized it and started wearing clothes.


3. According to Drs. Pagel and Bodmer, what function would bare skin have served among newly furless humans?

Question for Section B Bare skin would have served as a signal of

fitness and health, and then as a feature in one sex that appeals to the other.


4. According to Drs. Pagel and Bodmer, why did humans lose their body hair?

Question for Section A Humans lost their body hair to free

themselves from external parasites and the diseases they carried.


5. What did Dr. Harding learn about the gene, called MC1R, that helps determine skin color?

Question for Section C In Africa, it is invariant, so people have dark

skin; but outside of Africa, the gene varies a lot, so people have skin color that is lighter. At about the same time that humans lost their fur, their skin became darker.


6. How did Dr. Rogers and his colleagues figure out that humans have been hairless for at least 1.2 million years?

Question for Section D By counting the number of silent mutations

appearing in the African version of the MC1R gene which governs skin color.

The Answer to our Focus Question

Why did our human ancestors lose their fur and when did they start wearing clothes? Our human ancestors lost their fur 1.2 mya to free

themselves from external parasites and the diseases they carried. Bare skin would have served as a signal of fitness and health, also useful for attracting a mate. Our human ancestors went naked for about one million years before they began to wear clothes about 70,000 years ago, which may have been a factor in the successful spread of humans around the world in the cooler climates of the last ice age.

Due Now

1. According to Dr. Rogers and colleagues, for at least how long have humans been hairless?

2. According to Dr. Stoneking and colleagues, for at least how long have humans been wearing clothes?

Focus Question: What is the problem with these dates?

There is mounting evidence that modern humans, a.k.a. homo sapiens sapiens, left Africa as early as 125,000 years ago.

But the globe was in the grips of an ice age from 1.6 mya to 10,000 years ago.

If Stoneking is right, they must’ve been naked. That would’ve been a survival disadvantage.

Maybe humans started wearing clothes earlier? And what of Rogers’ date of 1.2 mya?

NOVA

Lice and Human Evolution

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/lice.html



NOVA 1 What did you notice about the discrepancy in

dating between Dr. David Reed and Dr. Mark Stoneking, regarding when humans started wearing clothes?

Reed found that the human body louse diverged from the human head louse about 170,000 years ago; Stoneking dated it back to between 42,000 and 72,000 years ago.

Why such a wide gap? Who do you think is right? Why? What are the implications here?

NOVA 2 What did you notice about the discrepancy in

dating between Dr. David Reed and Dr. Gene Rogers, regarding when humans lost their fur?

Reed found that the human pubic louse diverged from the gorilla louse about 3 million years ago; Rogers calculated the last silent mutation in the African version of the MC1R gene @ 1.2 million years ago.

Why such a wide gap? Who do you think is right? Why? What are the implications here?

Reflection

Reflect in writing (150-200 words) on the implications of the notions that:

a) our ancestors lost their fur 3 million years ago;

b) and humans have been wearing clothes for the last 170,000 years.

Exchange reflections with a partner & share out.

Exit Slip

In 20 words or less, write down your definition of beauty.

Fashion is… Beautiful

Or

Glamorous?

Both

Or

Neither?

Why?

Due Now—Quickwrite

Focus Question

What is the difference between beauty and glamour?

Definitions of Beauty Beauty is confidence and high self-esteem. Beauty is the opposite of conceit, cockiness,

and arrogance; beauty is grace, charisma. Beauty is an irresistible combination of physical

attractiveness, intellect, and heart. Beauty is being natural, genuine, even if flawed. Beauty is the fullness of possibility. Beauty is whatever evades categorization. Beauty is what is unique about a person.

Mrs. Sarah Siddons (1785) by Thomas Gainsborough, “may be seen as wealthy, beautiful, talented, lucky. But her qualities are her own and have been recognized as such. What she is does not entirely depend on others wanting to be like her. She is not purely the creature of others’ envy […]. Mrs. Siddons as seen by Gainsborough is not glamorous, because she is not presented as enviable and therefore happy.” --John Berger

By contrast, Marilyn Monroe, as represented by Andy Warhol (1962), writes John Berger, is glamorous because she is a pure creature of others’ envy, and therefore seen as happy. “The state of being envied is what constitutes glamour. And publicity is the process of manufacturing glamour.”

The Text

Berger, John. “Publicity.” Ways of Seeing (1972), in: Bloom, Lynn Z. and Louise Z. Smith (eds.). The Arlington Reader: Canons and Contexts. Bedford/St. Martin’s. NY and Boston. 2003: 1005-1010.

Glamour Defined

“The state of being envied is what constitutes glamour. And publicity is the process of manufacturing glamour.” --John Berger

Is Lady

Gaga’s

fashion

glamorous

or anti-

glamorous?

Does her meat dress repel envy more than invite it?

Quickwrite—3 out of 5; all do #4

1. Why does being envied make people happy?

2. Can men be glamorous? Why or why not?

3. Name a contemporary pop icon whom you think is glamorous. Explain why s/he is glamorous.

4. Explain John Berger’s claim: “The state of being envied is what constitutes glamour. And publicity is the process of manufacturing glamour.”

5. Give two examples of how publicity (advertising) manufactures (creates) glamour. Be specific.

Due Now—Quickwrite

Directions: Read the quote below. Then, in a well-written paragraph, either defend or condemn Lady Gaga’s statement, & explain why.

Lady Gaga explained the statement that she made by wearing a meat dress in this way:

“If we don't stand up for what we believe in and if we don't fight for our rights, pretty soon we're going to have as much rights as the meat on our own bones. And, I am not a piece of meat."

Unpacking the Quickwrites

1. Why does being envied make people happy?

2. Can men be glamorous? Why or why not?

3. Name a contemporary pop icon whom you think is glamorous. Explain why s/he is glamorous.

Focus Question

How does publicity (advertising) manufacture (create) glamour?

Reading ‘As If’ It Were A Test

Scan each section that has been boxed and labeled with the letters A, B, C, etc.

Skim each section to identify the main idea, and the important details.

List new vocabulary in your notebook. Annotate each section of text in a sentence or

two labeled A, B, C, etc. in your notebook. Refer to ‘Annotations Menu’ for what to write. Answer the text-dependent questions.

Section A

“Publicity as a system only makes a single proposal. It proposes to each of us that we transform ourselves, or our lives, by buying something more. […]. Publicity persuades us of such a transformation by showing us people who have apparently been transformed and are, as a result, enviable. The state of being envied is what constitutes glamour. And publicity is the process of manufacturing glamour.”

Annotations for Section A

Students list a few menu items & choose one: Purpose Summarizing Reasoning

Reasoning

A. The proposal that publicity makes is that humans can transform their lives by consuming. Publicity makes us envy the image of the people who have bought the product, and are as a result seen as enviable. Buyers believe they too can become glamorous by buying the product.

According to Berger, what does publicity propose?

Answer to the Section A Question

“[Publicity] proposes to each of us that we transform ourselves, or our lives, by buying something more. This more, it proposes, will make us in some way richer—even though we will be poorer by having spent our money.”

Section B

“Publicity is always about the future buyer. It offers him an image of himself made glamorous by the product or opportunity it is trying to sell. The image then makes him envious of himself as he might be. Yet what makes this self-which-he might-be enviable? The envy of others. Publicity is about social relations, not objects. Its promise is not of pleasure, but of happiness: happiness as judged from the outside by others. The happiness of being envied is glamour.”

According to Berger, how does publicity work?

Section C

“Being envied is a solitary form of reassurance. It depends precisely upon not sharing your experience with those who envy you. You are observed with interest but you do not observe with interest—if you do, you will become less enviable. The power of the glamorous resides in their supposed happiness. It is this which explains the absent, unfocused look of so many glamour images. They look out over the looks of envy which sustain them.”

Why is the model’s gaze absent and unfocused, according to John Berger?

Section D

“The spectator-buyer is meant to envy himself as he will become if he buys the product. He is meant to imagine himself transformed by the product into an object of envy for others, an envy which will then justify him loving himself. One could put this another way: the publicity image steals his love of himself as he is, and offers it back to him for the price of the product.”

What justifies the spectator-buyer’s self-love?

Section E

“Publicity speaks in the future tense and yet the achievement of this future is endlessly deferred. It remains credible because the truthfulness of publicity is judged, not by the real fulfillment of its promises, but by the relevance of its fantasies to those of the spectator-buyer. Its essential application is not to reality but to day-dreams.”

How does publicity remain credible in the eyes of the future buyer?

Due Now

In a paragraph, compare and contrast John Berger’s concept of “glamour,” the concept of “humanism” as defined by Daisaku Ikeda, and “true education” as understood by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Focus Question

How does John Berger see the link between glamour, publicity and democracy?

Reading As If It Were A Test

Scan each section, box it on your handout, & label it with the appropriate letter F, G, H, etc.

Skim each section to identify the main idea, and underline the important details.

List new vocabulary. Re-read each section of text and annotate it

in a sentence or two labeled F, G, H, etc. in your notebook.

No discussion at this time. Five min./section.

Section F

“The purpose of publicity is to make the spectator marginally dissatisfied with his present way of life. Not with the way of life of society, but with his own within it. It suggests that if he buys what it is offering, his life will become better. It offers him an improved alternative to what he is.”

Does John Berger also make the spectator-buyer marginally dissatisfied with his life? Explain.

Section G “Glamour cannot exist without personal social

envy being a common and widespread emotion. The industrial society which has moved towards democracy and then stopped half way is the ideal society for generating such an emotion. The pursuit of individual happiness has been acknowledged as a universal right. Yet the existing social conditions make the individual feel powerless. She lives in the contradiction between what she is and what she would like to be.”

Why does John Berger say that industrial societies are not fully democratic?

Section H

“Either he then becomes fully conscious of the contradiction and its causes, and so joins the political struggle for a full democracy which entails, among other things, the overthrow of capitalism; or else he lives, continually subject to an envy which, compounded with his sense of powerlessness, dissolves into recurrent day-dreams.”

What are the alternatives that

John Berger envisions for the spectator-buyer

in industrial societies?

Section I

“Publicity remains credible [because] the gap between what publicity actually offers and the future it promises, corresponds with the gap between what the spectator-buyer feels himself to be and what he would like to be. The two gaps become one; and instead of a single gap being bridged by action or lived experience, it is filled with glamorous day-dreams.”

Do you think Berger’s analysis of a day-dreaming public is accurate? Why or why not?

Section J

“In his or her day-dreams the passive worker becomes the active consumer. The working self envies the consuming self. Publicity does not manufacture the dream. All that it does is to propose to each one of us that we are not enviable—yet could be.”

The working

self envies the

consuming self.”

Explain this quote.

Section K

“Publicity turns consumption into a substitute for democracy. The choice of what one eats (or wears or drives) takes the place of significant political choice. Publicity helps to mask and compensate for all that is undemocratic within society. And it also masks what is happening in the rest of the world.”

“Publicity turns consumption into a substitute for democracy.” Explain this quote.

Section L

“Publicity is the life of this culture [of capitalism] –in so far as without publicity capitalism could not survive—and at the same time publicity is its dream. Capitalism survives by forcing the majority, whom it exploits, to define their own interests as narrowly as possible. This was once achieved by extensive deprivation. Today in the developed countries it is being achieved by imposing a false standard of what is and what is not desirable.”

Why does Berger’s critique of publicity call for the overthrow capitalism?

Thematic Essay Prompt

In Section F, Berger argues that publicists aim to make viewers “marginally dissatisfied with [their] present way of life.” Yet Berger attempts in this essay to make us feel dissatisfied with our economic and political life as well as desirous of “full democracy which entails, amongst other things, the overthrow of capitalism.” Write an essay discussing the extent to which Berger does the same thing he accuses the publicists of doing.

Thematic Essay Specifications

The rubric and outline are found on Capozzi’s web site: www.languageartsweb.net

Your essay must be typed, double-spaced, in 12 pt font, and be a minimum of 750 words.

Use the notes you took on Berger’s text in class, the rubric, and the outline to help you.

Submit your annotations, your first draft, and the revised typed version of your essay for full credit.

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