ARSITEKTUR DAN ORGANISASI KOMPUTER

Aditya Wikan Mahastamamahas@ukdw.ac.id

UNIV KRISTEN DUTA WACANA – GENAP 1213

1

Sejarah Singkat Komputer

Bus Sistem

What was computer likein the past days?in the past days?

Compute!

Compute!Compute!Compute!

The Pascaline (1642)Invented by Blaise Pascal at age 19

Only supports

addition (+)

Using the same principles of

modern odometer

Leibniz Stepped Reckoner: + - x /

Hollerith Desk (1890)

Invented by Herman Hollerith

For the 1890 US census

Uses punched cards to

represent input

numbers

Punched card idea?Joseph Marie Jacquard’s power loom (1801)

Raw data input

NUMBERSto calculate

THE POWER LOOM

Draw something

using matricesThe possibility

to enter input

sequences

THE POWER LOOM

Rasterisation

(pixels)Programs

an Evolution

Dawn of

The DinosaursThe Dinosaurs

The Harvard Mark I (1944)Built by Harvard and IBM

Electro-mechanical computer

5 bhp

5 tons

500 miles of wire

23-digit number

+ - : 0.3 seconds

× : 4 seconds

÷: 10 seconds

Got the first bug

iki bug-e

The Giants

IBM Stretch (1959)

ENIAC (1946)

The Giants

Sequential input

PROGRAMSto compute

The Modern Ones

UNIVAC 1232 (1960)

DEC PDP-12 (1969)

The Modern Ones

Further advance in

INPUT/OUTPUTand the need of

STORAGE

Main model for today’s computers

architecture and organisation

The IBM PC (1981)

Computer’s evolution

Shall we begin with

What is a bus?What is a bus?

A bus is:

Any connecting lines between two or more

devices, used as a communication pathway

It is broadcast in function; can be used by anyone

connected to itconnected to it

Does not interfere with power lines

One bus line can only carry a single bit of data at

one time

One bus can only used by a single component at

one time

A bus is:

What does a bus look like?What does a bus look like?

Is a bunch of BUSWAYS

Motherboard

A bus line can only carry a single bit each time

So, how to deal with speed?

Computer uses clock to administer itself

A bus line can only carry a single bit each time

Computer uses clock to administer itself

Choice to

speed up the bus:

Widen the bus lines

e.g one clock tick = 1 second

A bus line can only carry a single bit each time

Computer uses clock to administer itself

Choice to

speed up the bus:

Set the clock fasterraise the frequency (MHz)

e.g one clock tick = 1/4 second

Is there any difference of speed

between components

connected to a bus?

Yes, and there will always be.

So?

Use multiple buses, each to serve an array of

components of the (nearly) same speed

Connect different buses with a bridge or a controller

interface, to synchronize the speed and data

transmission

Traditional ISA

Bus topology

Our computer’s

Bus topology

Bus Line Types:

Data Line

Digunakan untuk mengirim data (numerik/biner)

Address LineAddress Line

Digunakan untuk mengirim alamat komponen tujuan

(memory/register/input-output/periferal lainnya)

Control Line

Digunakan untuk mengirim data instruksi kepada

alamat ybs; baca data, tuliskan data, interrupt,

program clock atau instruksi hardware

Bus Line Usage Types:

Dedicated

Tiap tipe line digunakan untuk mengirim data hanya

sesuai tipenya

Bus Line Usage Types:

Multiplexed

Hanya ada satu jenis line yang digunakan untuk

mengirim berbagai jenis data

Bus Line Usage Types:

Multiplexed

Hanya ada satu jenis line yang digunakan untuk

mengirim berbagai jenis data

How to deal with turns?

Centralised

A component who wants to use bus, report to the

controller (used to be in CPU, now in

motherboard), and get a queue number to use the

busbus

Distributed

The controller is embedded in each component,

so if a component wants to use bus, its controller

reads the bus’ status. If the bus is ready and idle, it

claims the turn, and the component uses the bus.

What did each component sends & receives?

Memory

• Receives and sends data

• Receives addresses (of locations)

• Receives control signals

– Read– Read

– Write

– Timing

Input / Output

• Output

– Receive data from computer

– Send data to peripheral

• Input• Input

– Receive data from peripheral

– Send data to computer

Input / Output

• Receive control signals from computer

• Send control signals to peripherals

– e.g. spin disk

• Receive addresses from computer• Receive addresses from computer

– e.g. port number to identify peripheral

• Send interrupt signals (control)

CPU / Processor

• Reads instruction and data

• Writes out data (after processing)

• Sends control signals to other units

• Receives (& acts on) interrupts• Receives (& acts on) interrupts

• Topik Berikutnya: Modul Input-Output

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