Sectional DifferencesChapter 7: Section 2

Objectives Analyze why industrialization took root in the

northern part of the US.

Describe the impact of industrialization.

Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.

North vs. South Industrialization occurred most in the Northeast

Changed the structure of society In the South, cotton production boom helped to

deepen the region’s commitment to slavery

The 2 parts of the country developed in different ways this would complicate politics in the US

North Embraces Industry

Thomas Jefferson’s Plan Maintain farmers

1815-1860, industrial boom Democratic Republican policies contributed to

industrial development

Spread of Industrialization

Embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods Americans built their own factories in NE British goods threaten American factories

Tariff of 1816 Tariff on imports designed to protect American goods

Increased the price on imports by 20-25% Tariff helped industry but hurt farmers who had to pay

higher prices for consumer goods

Sad farmer… paying too much for consumer goods

Why the Northeast? Factories emerged in the northeast because…

1. greater access to capital2. Had more cheap labor in factories3. Rivers water power

Question What factors contributed to industrialization in

the early 1800s? In the Northeast, a supply of labor, power, and

capital contributed to industrialization

Social Change in the North

Arrival of industry… Not as much skill needed for jobs Hurt highly paid artisans (blacksmiths,

shoemakers, and tailors) could not compete with low-cost laborers

Artisans suffer from declining wages

Workers Organize Political change

1820 elections (Local and State elections) Workingmen’s Party

Sought free public education and laws to limit working day to 10 hours vs. 12 hours

Labor unions Unions could strike for higher wages, reduce hours, or to

improve conditions Helped skilled tradesmen “Lowell mill girls” 1834, 1836

Neither union movement or Workingmen’s Party prospered during 1800s

Wealthy business ownersMiddle

class

COMMON LABORERS

Middle Class Emerges

Emigration from Ireland and Germany

Emigration 1840s, working class comprised of immigrants

Surge of immigrants came from Ireland and Germany Political upheavals, economic depression, rural famines Boosted share of nation’s population Promoted urban growth 40% of NYC population Went wherever there were factory jobs Rapid influx of people caused social and political strains

Poverty and Job competition Nativists

Campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers

Irish Immigration

Irish Famine

Irish Famine

Question How did industrialization change the

experience of working people?

Industrialization create new job opportunities, but it also reduced the wages previously earned by artisans. It also created a more rigid division of social classes.

Southern Agricultural Economy and Society 1780s, hope that slavery would become

unpopular Switch from tobacco to wheat cultivation Deep South cotton leading crop

Slavery heightens

Cotton Production Surges

Boost of cotton industry 3 factors: cotton gin, western expansion,

industrialization 1793, invention of cotton gin

Separated cotton seed from white fiber Supplied Northern factories with cotton Cotton and cotton textiles accounted for over half

the value of all American exports

Cotton Boom Spreads Slavery

Slavery flourished and became more deeply entrenched in the South Needed more workers and more land Cotton was very profitable slaves became more

valuable to owners Overseas trade banned in 1808 Illegal trade and interstate trade

Interstate Slave Trade

Economic Consequences

Limitation of regional development with cotton production Issue of relying on one crop No urban growth North grew faster than the South gave North

political power South had limited consumer demand More profitable to buy a plantation

Cultural Consequences

A dispersed population and slavery affected the South

Planters opposed education for slaves/poor whites

Poor whites also got very little/no education Illiteracy 15%

Defending the Slave System in the South

Common farmers wanted to acquire their own slaves and plantations

Dread of freeing slaves revenge on owners All whites felt racially superiority

Felt they had more rights than those in the North Felt more independent 1850s, proslavery

The institution of slavery Said slavery was kinder to African Americans than

industrial life was to white workers