section 6 presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 33 PartBy Arielle Gottlieb, Liza Hazelwood,Asha Richards, and Marco Saah
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Food for thoughts:
1. What challenges did newly independent countries faceperiod of decolonization?
2. How were the political and economic systems that d
Japan and China in the Post-WW 2 era simpler and differ
3. What factors exacerbated the conflict in the Middle Eas
Asia) and how did OPEC and oil shape regional and globa4. Where did most of the independence movements take
period of decolonization?
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Decolonization and AfriStruggle for Independe
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Quotes for thought
When I let my heart tapartisan of total and im
independence [for Mad
when I make my reason
realize that it is imposs
-Philibert Tsir
One cannot conceive of both an
independent territory and a France
which continues to aid it
-Charles de Gaulle 1958
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Between 1950s and 1960s, Africans began
fighting for independence
Issues after independence Political boundaries v. ethnic boundaries
Few educated Africans to run government
and staff schools
Over dependence on export crops Population growth
Increased poverty
unemployment
Struggles with Independence
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Returned to Gold Co
Brittain was exhaust
Independence on Ma
Nkrumah became fir
(1957-1960) then Pres
Ousted in 1966 by ar
First British Colony to gain independence
Nationalist movement led by Kwame
Nkrumah
Greatly influenced by W.E.B. Du Bois and
Marcus Garvey especially
One of the principal organizers of the fifth
Pan-African Congress (PAC) in Manchester,
London
Ghana
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Substantial amount of European coffee
planters Mau Mau movement of 1952
Formed mostly by the Kikuyu people
British hunted down leaders
Resettled Kikuyu
Jomo Kenyatta was charged for being a
Mau Mau leader Released in 1961
After negotiations with the British to
make a constitution, Kenya gained
independence (December 12th, 1963)
Kenyatta became the first President of the
Republic of Kenya
Kenya
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Reluctant to call for independence
Visualized change through promises made in 1944
by the free french movement of General Charles de
Gaulle
Promised colonial leaders a more democratic
government and broader suffrage
Abolish forced labour/imprisonment of Africanswithout charge
Expand education
Only in french
Improve health services
Open more administrative position to Africans
Not top ones
French West African Colonies
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Was considered a part o Settlement was encou
Revolt in 1954 Front de Libration N
Algerian revolu
Backed by Egyp
countries
Independence on July 5th, 1962
Colonists left Bad for Algerian economy
Few Arabs had technical training
Algeria retained close ties with France
Many Algerians emigrated to France to
flee unemployment
Algeria
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In many places, people of European
descent struggled to retain privilege,control of resources, and political power Especially intense in Southern Africa
Zimbabwe
In 1980, European settlers in Southern
Rhodesia acceded to majority African rule
Apartheid in South Africa
Racial separation between Afrikaners
(European descent) and non-white
(Southeast Asian and indigenous Africans)
Non-Whites had strict limitations
Places of residence
homelands
Right to travel (pass books)
Access to jobs Public facilities
Racial Tension after independence
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Rising opposition from Pan-African Congress (PAC)
African National Congress (ANC)
1960 Sharpeville Massacre
Nelson Mandela organized guerrilla
resistance by the ANC
Sentenced to life in prison in 1964
Little change until the United Nations Apartheid was abolished by F.W. De Klerk
in 1991
Mandela became the first black president
of South Africa (first president elected in
the first free democratic election)
Struggle to End Apartheid
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Other Activists
Modern Adaptation of:African Soldier - Sonny Okosun
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Latin America and QuesFreedom
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The main exports in Latin America were controlled from abroad:
Chilean copper
Cuban sugar
Colombian coffee
Guatemalan bananas
In Mexico, the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) was in cont
Their rhetoric was about revolutionary independence an
development, HOWEVER the gap between the rich and the poor, t
the rural, deepened.
The Quest for Economic Freedom in Latin Am
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Jacobo Arbenz Guzmnwas elected president of Guatemala in 19
Latin American leaders, he tried to confront the foreign interests i
His expropriation of large estatesangered many large landowners
Company in particular).
The CIA got reports that Arbenz was leaning
towards communism and ordered a takeoverthrough the military in 1954. They removed
Arbenz from power, which condemned
Guatemala to decades of governmental instability
and growing violence.
Guatemala and Foreign Interests
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The United States owned:
40% of raw sugar production
23% of non-sugar industry
90% of telephone and electrical services
50% of public service railways
American-owned Cuban industries depended on American f
supplies. The needs of the American economy determined Cuban fo
Cuban Revolution (pt. 1)
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A 1934 treaty granted Cuban sugar preferential treatment in the U
return for U.S. manufacturers gaining access to the Cuban market.
In 1956, sugar accounted for 80% of Cuban exports and 25% of
income HOWEVER the U.S. demand only required 39% of the l
production. Profit went to the United States and a small class of we
Between 1951 and 1958, the economic growth rate was 1.4%, which
the population growth rate, so about 25% of the population was un
a majority of the year. The current leader, Fulgencio Batistabecam
corruption.
Cuban Revolution (pt. 2)
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1959 - A rebellion forces Batista to flee and the regime of Fidel C
Castro, and Ernesto Che Guevarabegins. The government redis
lowered urban rents, raised wages, which effectively transferre
national income from the rich to the poor.
After 22 months in power, they had seized
almost all of the United States property, whichresulted in a blockade by the U.S. This caused
a flight of the middle class and the
technologically trained Cubans, a drop in
foreign investment, and the beginning of
chronic food shortages.
Cuban Revolution (pt. 3)
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Castro turned to the Soviet Unionfor economic aid, but only conde
economic stagnationand an equally damaging dependence on a for
In April 1961, the Bay of Pigs incident occurred,
through a faulty plan to overthrow the Castro
regime. This resulted in the tarnishing of the U.S.
reputation and caused Castro to say that he had aMarxist-Leninist ideology from the start.
Cuban Revolution (pt. 4)
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Fidel Castro, 1961
Less than two weeks after theBay of Pigs incident
How different today's paradifferent even from the first
revolution triumphed. Today'
how much we have advanced.
not have to submit themselves
workers now do not haveexecutives; the workers now a
domination of any exploiting c
longer live in a country ru
exploiting interests. The work
everything the revolution do
government does or can do, h
the workers, helping the people
Otherwise, there would be no
spontaneous sentiment of
Revolutionary Government, th
will that every man and wo
today.
How has the Revolution succeeded, in Castros eyes? Who is the focus of the Revolution?
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In the last months of 1945, 51nations signed the United Nations C
next decade, 25new members joined. In the following decade, 46n
joined, making 122 members over the course of twenty years.
Few nations could organize and establish governments without
coups, rewritten constitutions, or rebellions. Many new nations
economic challenges, ie. foreign ownership, operation of key resouneed to build infrastructure.
Education was a huge concern: which language should they te
should they include national unity in diverse populations? W
graduates get jobs after their education is over?
Challenges of Nation Building
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Beyond A Bipolar Wor
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The superpowers (Soviet Russia and the United States) do
world but did not control it entirely. As time progressed, the
it less and less.
Bandung Conference (1955)- Meeting of 29 African and Asia
most of which were newly independent. The conference's
were to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooper
oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by any nation.
Bandung Conference represented
nearly one-quarter of the Earth's
land surface and a total population
of 1.5 billion people.
Outside of the East and West Superpowers
Fid l C t id th f th
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Coined the terms nonaligned nation and third world, whic
these countries to establish a neutral position to both su
order to effectively extract money and weapons from one or
Fidel Castro said the purpose of the
organization was to ensure "the national
independence, sovereignty, territorial
integrity and security of non-aligned
countries" in their "struggle againstimperialism,colonialism, neo-colonialism,
racism, and all forms of foreign aggression,
occupation, domination, interference or
hegemony as well as against great power andbloc politics".
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After WWII (1951) Japan signed a peace treaty with some oenemies, and gained independence from U.S. occupation a ye
A new constitution - renounced militarism and imperialism
limited self-defense force banned deployment of troops abroad gave the vote to women
Japan became a force for economic development rather thaoccupier through peace treaties with South East Asia,reparations payable in goods and services, and cold war isworld politics.
Japanese economic development
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Japan saw great improvements in
three main industries:
Electricity improved through
projects, like dam building,
which produced 60 million
kilowatts of electricity
between 1951-1970.
Steel production more thanquadrupled.
Shipping industry produced six times as much tonna
than in 1960, almost half of the tonnage produced outs
Soviet bloc.
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Unlike Japan, China was deeply involved in Cold War politic
Union was the main ally and source of arms to commun
Republic of China (PRC), but the two were beginning
politically about things like the USSR rejection of Stalini
reluctance to forever be subordinate to the USSR, and the
peasant.
Maos Great Leap Forward- was supposed to maximize
through the use of small scale industries and labor, but ende
It still demonstrated Maos willingness to carry out massiv
and social projects on his own.
Mao and The Cultural Revolution
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Mao started his own radical nationwide program, which ca
mass mobilization of Chinese youth into Red Guard units, w
eradicate China of traditional and Bourgeois values.
Goals: Kindle revolutionary fervor in a new generation, a
stagnation and bureaucratization from the USSR.
Internal party conflict: Mao admitted that the attacks on indgotten out of hand. The last years of the revolution were d
radicals led by Maos wife Jiang Qing, whose main focus wa
on art and intellectual activity.
The Cultural Revolution
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The remains of Ming DynaWanli Emperor at the Mtombs. Red Guards dragthe remains of the WaEmperor and Empressesthe front of the tomb, whthey were posthumou
"denounced" and burned.
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Sensing the distancing of China from the
USSR, Nixon put out secret diplomaticfeelers to revive relations with China. The
US eventually dropped objections to the
China joining the UN, which lead to the
expulsion of Chinese Nationalistgovernment based in Taiwan. In the
following year Nixon visited Beijing as a
gesture of new cooperation between the
two countries.
Nixon and Mao, C(1972)
New relations with U.S. and China
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Conflict in the Middle Eand Environmental Con
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Iraq, Egypt, and jordan all enjoyed some amount of nominal i
during the interwar period but remained under indirect British con1950s when military coups overthrew:
-King Faruq of Egypt in 1952
-King Faysal of Iraq in 1958
In Jordan King Husayn dismissed his British military commande
because Jordan was a poor desert country, it remained dependent o
later on American, financial aid.
Conflict in the Middle East
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-Zionist Jews began emigrating to Palestine. They were encourag
under the Balfour Declaration. British policy oscillated betweenZionism and sentiment for indigenous Palestinian Arabs who were
aside as Zionists moved in and felt entitled to their own independen
-As more zionists moved in, Arabs began fighting against th
settlement. Jewish groups took to militant tactics a few years latersides confronted each other in various riots and similar encounters
The Israel Palestine Conflict
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-Under pressure to resettle European Jewish refugees, Britain sa
resolve the conflict as it continued, so they handed it off to the UN.
-The UN partitioned Palestine (divided it up)
-Palestinians who were having their land taken from them felt the
unfair and took up arms to resist the partition.
-Israel then declared independence in 1948, which prompted neig
countries who also opposed the formation of Israel to send arm
Palestine.
Israel Palestine cont.
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-Israel prevailed on all fronts against Palestine and the neighboring nations th
resulting in 700,000 Palestinian refugees who were displaced.
-These refugees spread to camps in jordan, Syria, Lebanon, and the Gaza strip, and th
home remains a focal point in Arab politics.
-In 1967, Israel preemptively attacked Egyptian and Syrian airbases in response to thr
Egypts Nasir. Jordan got involved in this conflict, and after only six days Israel won ag
of Jerusalem, which it had previously split with Jordan. Palestinians and muslims prot
Jerusalem has important Islamic shrines, and was seen as the Palestinian capital.
-Israel then began occupying the Gaza strip, Golan Heights, and the Sinai Peninsu
Liberation Organization led by Yasir Arafat resisted this expansion in the only way th
small scale guerilla warfare. Israel responded to this with assassinations and bombing
Israel Palestine cont.
Original UN Partition and Israeli Expansion
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Original UN Partition and Israeli Expansion
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-The massive concentration of oil wealth in the persian Gulf states (Iran
Arabia, Qatar, UAE) was fully realized after WWII when demand for oil rcivilian economies recovered. These states formed OPEC, the Organizat
Exporting Countries to promote their collective interest in higher reven
-In 1973, arab oil-producing countries voted to embargo oil shipments t
the Netherlands as punishment for their support of Israel. The use of oi
economic weapon disturbed the worldwide oil industry. Prices and feeliinsecurity rose. OPEC responded to turmoil in the oil market by quadru
setting the stage for an massive transfer of wealth to the producing coun
provoking a feeling of crisis throughout the consuming countries.
OPEC and Oil Politics
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-Superpowers were focused on economic recovery and technological innova
negligent to the negative effects various initiatives and projects had on the e
-Particularly negligent to the environmental pesticide and herbicide use, au
exhaust, industrial waste disposal, and radiation hazards.
-In 1968 there was an wave of student unrest in many parts of the world. Stu
protested racism and the Vietnam war. In Paris and Tokyo students rioted toeducation. In Mexico, students were outraged at the amount of money the g
spending to host the Olympic games. Youth activism grew greatly and focuse
on environmental issues. Earth day was first celebrated in 1970: the year the
the environmental protection agency (EPA).
Environmental Concerns
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Essential Questions
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What challenges did newly independent countrduring the period of decolonization?
They faced severe economic challenges that stemmed off of t
dependence on other countries, like foreign ownership. They also
rewritten constitutions, and rebellions as the country attempted t
also recognized that their leaders needed to be properly educate
were a huge issue that they didnt know what to do with. They had
the languages, how to teach a national unity to a group of people
histories and cultures, and what to do with them after they graduate
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How were the political and economic systems tdeveloped in Japan and China in the post-WW2
simpler and different?Japans new constitution renounced militarism and imperialism rights in other aspects. The constitution limited self-defense forc
deployment of troops abroad, and gave the right to vote to w
became a force for economic development through peace treaties w
Asia. They saw improvements in three industries: electric, steel, and
Chinas radical cultural revolution led to attempts to eradicate Bou
through multiple variants of power. The United States also reached
making it easier for China to revive their economy and increase for
the U.S.
What factors exacerbated the conflict in the Mi
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What factors exacerbated the conflict in the Mi(Southwest Asia) and how did OPEC and oil chashape regional and global affairs?-Britain's fluctuating policy decisions, and passing off of responsibility to the UN did no
resolve the conflict, and the UN action that was taken actually helped to further the vio
that was taking place. Pressure to resettle European Jews led to disregard for Palestinia
wants/needs of Palestine as well as the other neighboring arab nations who also oppose
and subsequent expansion of Israel.
-Demand for oil went up and increased its value, making the Persian Gulf states more pwealthy because of their control over the vast majority of the oil industry. Their use of o
economic weapon disturbed the worldwide oil industry, causing feelings of insecurity a
consuming nations. Oil was used to set the stage for a massive transfer of wealth to the
had plentiful oil reserves: their power and influence skyrocketed regionally and globall
monopoly over the oil industry.
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Where did most of the independence take placperiod of decolonization? Most of the independence took place in Sub-Saharan Africa. So
African countries gained independence a bit later than their We
Eastern counterparts and even with independence, most of the
power in Southern African Nations were held by a minority of t
population.
Many countries in Southeast Asia became independent during t
well
Depending on ones definition of independence, many Latin Am
countries won economic independence (e.g. Cuba)