Secondary diabetes

By

Zeeshan Naseer

Secondary diabetes

• Occurs when the diagnosis of diabetes is a result of other disorders (e.g., Cushing syndrome, acromegaly, cystic fibrosis, Down syndrome, pancreatic disorders) or treatments (e.g., glucocorticoids, antipsychotics).

• Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD):Cystic fibrosis related diabetes (CFRD) refers to a form of diabetes as a direct consequence of having cystic fibrosis.

• Cystic fibrosis is caused by a genetic mutation of the CFTR gene which causes the normal flow of salt and water through the body to be blocked.

Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD):

• This results in the body producing unusually thick mucus which can cause problems in the body such as raising the risk of dangerous lung infections and preventing the pancreas from working properly to digest food.

• The symptoms of cystic fibrosis are usually spotted within the first year of a baby’s life and include:

• Particularly salty-tasting skin

Cystic Fibrosis Related Diabetes (CFRD):

• Persistent coughing

• Shortness of breath

• Frequent chest and lung infections

• Poor growth or weight gain

Hemochromatosis - Bronze Diabetes

• Hemochromatosis is a condition in which the body absorbs excess iron from food.

• Hemochromatosis is sometimes referred to as bronze diabetes because it can lead to darkening of the skin and hyperglycemia.

• Symptoms: The symptoms of hemochromatosis occur gradually with signs often first becoming apparent after the age of 40

• Fatigue

Hemochromatosis - Bronze Diabetes

• Joint pain - particularly affecting the fingers

• Unexplained bronzing or tanning of the skin

• Erectile dysfunction

• Missed periods

• Increased urination

• Thirst

• Loss of body hair

• Cardiomyopathy - weakening of the heart

Pancreatitis and Diabetes

• Pancreatitis is a condition in which the pancreas becomes inflamed, which can be very painful in the short term and could lead to complications including secondary diabetes.

• Alcohol and gall stones are the main risk factors for pancreatitis but some medications, including certain diabetes medications, may increase the risk of pancreatitis.

• Main symptoms are: nausea

• vomiting or diarrhoea

• fever

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

• Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition that can affect a woman’s ability to produce eggs. PCOS is linked with higher levels of circulating insulin, which is characteristic in type 2 diabetes.

• PCOS is a condition that affects women’s ovaries causing an abnormal number of cysts to appear on the surface of the ovaries.

• symptoms:

• Irregular or loss of periods

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

• Fertility problems

• Weight gain

• Hirsutism (excessive hair growth)

• Thinning of or loss of hair

• Acne

Cushing's Syndrome and Diabetes

• Cushing’s syndrome is a condition in which can occur if you have high levels of the stress hormone, cortisol, in your blood.

• Cortisol increases our blood pressure and blood glucose levels and diabetes is one complication which can result from untreated Cushing’s syndrome.

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome:

• Fatty tissue building up typically around the waist, upper back, between the shoulders and the face.

Cushing's Syndrome and Diabetes

• Slim arms and legs contrasting significantly with fat deposits around your middle

• Swollen cheeks with red patches

• Striae - red or purple stretch marks, which may resemble tiger stripes, commonly found on the abdomen, near the armpits or around the breasts and thighs

• Acne

• Thin skin which easily bruises

Glucagonoma

• Glucagonoma is extremely rare, and occurs when a tumour forms in the islet cells of the pancreas, releasing insulin and glucagon.

• This type of tumour is usually cancerous, and also usually spreads and becomes more serious over time. Glucagonoma influences the pancreatic islet cells, causing them to produce too much glucagon.

• Risk factors

• Extreme thirst

• Diarrhoea

• Need to urinate frequently (including at night)

Glucagonoma

• Increased appetite

• Inflammation of mouth or tongue

• Rash to skin on face, buttocks, lower limbs that frequently moves

• Crusty or scaly skin

• Raised sores

• Unintentional loss of weight

Syndromes

• Alström Syndrome is a rare genetically inherited syndrome which has a number of common features.

• Retinal degeneration, Hearing loss, Cardiomyopathy, Obesity, Type 2 diabetes, Renal (kidney) failure, Orthopaedic and rheumatology problems

• WOLFRAM SYNDROME:Wolfram Syndrome is a rare genetic disorder which is also known as DIDMOAD syndrome after its four most common features (Diabetes Insipidus, Diabetes Mellitus, Optic Atrophy and Deafness).

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References

• Diabetes.co.uk

• Diabetes UK