sd-1.4.1-container carriers.pdf

7/25/2019 SD-1.4.1-Container Carriers.pdf

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Container Carriers

Manuel Ventura

Ship Design IMSc in Marine Engineering and Naval Architecture

M.Ventura Container Carriers 2

Historical Note

• The first container carrier was the “Ideal X”, which started on26th April 1956 a line from Newark, New Jersey, to Houston,Texas.

• The Ideal-X was a tanker converted, whose deck wasreinforced to carry 58 containers of 35’.

• The idea was fromMalcom McLean (1914-2001) owner of truckcompanies

• McLean founded theSeaLand on 1960, that wasbought by Maersk on 1999

• The IdealX was in servicefrom 1956 to 1965.



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Fleet Analysis


Typical Sizes of the Ships

2475Total

854000-Post-Panamax

2003000-3999Panamax

3702000-2999Sub-Panamax

7701000-1999Handy-size

485500-999Feedermax

465100-499Feeder

No.TEUType

According to “Naval Architect” (June 1999) the distribution of theexisting container carriers by size classes, was at the time:



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Fleet of Container Carriers


Global Evolution of the Fleet



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Profile of the Operators


Profile of the Operators

• The industry of liners is not as concentrated as othersectors.

• There are about 300 groups which employ about 4,650 shipsand on Dec. 2001 they represented 6.3 million TEUs.

• 19 of these operators are involved in lines East-West

(Transatlantico, Transpacifico, Asia-Europa).• The largest operator is Maersk-Sealand which operates a

capacity of about 725,000 TEU, representing 11.8% of totalactive capacity in TEUS.

• The second is P&O Nedlloyd with 6.2% of the total capacity.



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Transport of Containers (2006)• Between 1990 and 2005 the market of containers has

increased with an average rate of 10%/year

• Factors from the demand side– International division of the work

– Increasing importance of the goods appropriate for containertransport

• Factors from the supply side– Considerable increase of fleet of container carriers

– Faster load/discharge (shorter round-trip times)• The number of containers carried in 2005 was about 114millions TEU

Source: www.dbresearch.com (Deutche Bank)


Transport of Containers (2006)

• Previsões da evolução dotransporte de contentores– Continuação do aumento do

mercado à taxa média de 9%/anoaté 2015

– As rotas mais importantes serãoas intra-asiáticas, as EUA/Ásia eas Europa/Ásia

– O transporte entre os EUA e aEuropa aumentará, mas menos

– Entre 2006 e 2008 a capacidadeda frota mundial aumentará em50%



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Container Handling (2006)

Trade -> Inclui apenastransporte de contentorescheios

• O frete por TEU transportado da Europa para oextremo oriente é 13% menor em navios comcapacidade > 8.800 TEU comparado com um de6600 TEU


Container Handling (2006)

Container handling has increasedfaster than the transport, due to:

• Transhipment – economy of scaleassociated to the large ships

• Includes the handling of the empty

containers



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Container Transport (2006)


Characterization of the Fleet (2006)

The average age of these ships is ofabout 11 years (22.4 years for thegeneral cargo ships)



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Links• www.aclcargo.com (Atlantic Container Lines)

• www.dbresearch.com (Deutche Bank)

• www.isl.org (Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics)


Container Ports

From the 25 largest containerports in the world, 16 are in Asia,3 in the USA and 6 in Europe



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Types of Container Carriers


Feeders

OOCLSweden 900TEU (2006)

Superstructure extremellycompact and located aft

Cellular guides for thecontainers carried on deck(outside of the hatch covers)



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Feeder Ships

• Forecastle deck protected

• Cranes mounted asymmetrically at side

• Free-fall lifeboats aft


Free-Fall Launching Type Lifeboat

• In container carriersthe use of theselifeboats has becomequite common due tothe resulting spacesavings at side, SB/PS



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Panamax Ships


Panamax Ships



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Panamax Ships


Post-Panamax Ships

OOCL Europe, 8063 TEU (710 frigoríficos), construído pela Samsung (2006)

L = 323 mB = 42.8 m



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Post-Panamax Ships

COSCO Germany, 8204 TEU, built by Hyundai (2006) L = 334 mB = 42.8 mT = 14.5 m


Very Large Container Carriers (VLCC)



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Ultra Large Container Ships (ULCS)• Ships with capacity > 10,000 TEU• Propulsion:

– 1 propeller, Vs = 23.5’– 2 propellers, Vs = 25’

• Compatible with Suez Canal limitations (16.4 m) and most ofexisting terminals

• Costs 19% less than previous 8,700 TEU and 25’ class ofships

• Malacca Strait is the new max. draught limitation (21 m)

that will set a limit of abt. 18,000 TEU for the newgeneration of ships


ULCS - Propulsion

• The currently available Diesel engines are limited to 68.000 kW• ULCC ships at 25’ will require power > 100 MW (136,000 BHP)

• Recent studies showgains of efficiencyand economy withthe usage of CRPPOD driven by slowDiesel engines



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Evolution of the Midship Section (1)Navios Panamax


Evolution of the Midship Section (2)

Ships post-Panamax



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Evolution of Midship Sections (3)

• 12,500 TEU

• B = 54.20 m• T = 16.00 m

ULCS ships


VLCC

• MSC Pamela, 9,200 TEU, built by Samsung

• Delivered on July 2005

• Largest container carrier in service (2005)

L = 336.70 m

B = 45.60 m

D = 27.20 m



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VLCC

MSC Maria Elena, 6th ship of the MSC Pamela class, 9200 TEU(Sept. 2006)


Evolution of the Main Dimensions



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Largest Container Carrier (2006)

Emma Maersk, construído naDinamarca, Odense SteelShipyard (Set. 2006)

11,000 TEU (1,000 reef.)

145 Milhões US$


Emma Maersk

L = 397.70 m

B = 56.40 m

D = 30.0 m

T = 15.54 m

Motor Diesel Wartsila 14 cil.

PD = 110,000 Hp (80,960 KW), 102 rpm

V = 27’

GT = 170,000

Crew: 13 (accommodations for 30)

Superstructure at midships



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Largest Container Carriers (2009)• MSC Daniela (2008),

14,028 TEU

• MSC Danit (2009),14,028 TEU

• MSC Beatrice (2009),14,028 TEU, built byDaewoo Shipping inKorea

L = 365.50 m

B = 51.20 mD = 29.90 m

T = 16.00 m

V = 25.0’

MAN B&W 12K98 MC-C

PD = 98,152 Hp (72,240 KW)

GT = 153,092


MSC Danit (2009)

IMO No. 940 4649



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Cargo Securing Manual (CSM)• SOLAS Chapter VI and VII requires a Cargo Securing

Manual (CSM) for all types of ships engaged in the carriageof cargoes other than solid and liquid bulk cargoes.

• The CSM shall be drawn up to a standard at least equivalentto relevant guidelines IMO MSC/Circ. 745 - 13 June 1996.

• The requirements were implemented 1 January 1998.


General Notes

• Cargo/TEU for stability computations: 14 tons

• The percentage of containers carried on deck has beenincreasing along the years:– 35% (years 70)

– 50% (currently)

• From 1st August 2007 the FO tanks must be located inside adouble-hull – nowadays it is already quite common in largeships to locate the tanks transversely between holds

• For new designs of ship with more than 13,000 TEU it isprobable that the bridge and the accommodations will belocated forward

• Check the visibility requirements from SOLAS!



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Structural Aspects

Critical points of the hull structure in accordance to an ABS study


Links

• www.alphaship.com.ua• www.vega_reedrei.com• www.chineseshipping.com.cn• www.searates.com/container (Freight rates)



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Multi-Purpose Ships

Manuel Ventura


Multi-Purpose Ships

• Designed to carry both containerized (unitized) and dry bulkcargoes

• Box shaped cargo holds with dimensions optimized forcontainers but without cell guides

• Eventually provided with tween deck(s)

• Typically provided with lifting gear• Greater flexibility compared to container ships and dry bulk

carriers

• Comparatively less efficient at handling both product types



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Multipurpose ShipsM/V AndromedaMain Characteristics:Length, o.a. 118.55 mBreadth (moulded) 15.20 mDraught 6.30 mDeadweight 6,725 tGross Tonnage 4,893 tCargo holds: 2Main Engines Mak M-32Power Output 3,840 kWService Speed 14 kt


Ships for Reduced Air Draft

Telescopic bridge inthe raised position

Ships for inland waterways and coastalnavigation, subject to air draughtlimitations



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Limitations of Air Draft

• Technical options to overcome the air draft limitations:

• Folding masts• Folding chimney

• Retractable bridge


Leiria

High-Skew Propeller




Gorch Fock

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