score card - food and agriculture organization · this sustainable development score card related...

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Sustainable Development Score Card related to key

commitments on fisheries, Nutrition and food security in

Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya

SCORE CARD

MAY 2014

With support from

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TABLE OF CONTENT

1.0 BACKGROUND

2.0 SCORE CARD SUMMARY

3.0 ATTACHMENTS

SCORE CARD UGANDA

SCORE CARD TANZANIA

SCORE CARD KENYA

Disclaimer

This Sustainable Development Score Card related to key commitments on fisheries, Nutrition and food security in

Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya is published by the East African SusWatch Network, supported by the Government

of Sweden. The views and recommendations expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not

necessarily represent the views of the funders or institutions involved in LVEMP II CS Watch Project.

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BACKGROUND

The EA SusWatch Network is a network of NGOs from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development (UCSD), Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya), and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD). EA SusWatch Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala, Uganda. The Vision of EA SusWatch is: A world where sustainable development principles drive social and economic development processes. The Mission of EA SusWatch is to catalyze and mobilize civil society in Eastern Africa to exert accountability from governments and international development institutions to achieve a socially and environmentally sustainable world. The mandate of EA SusWatch is “monitoring and advocating for the effective implementation of national and regional obligations to International agreements and other arrangements for sustainable development in Eastern Africa”. EA SusWatch is currently implementing the LVEMP II Civil Society Watch Project that seeks to lobby and advocate for realization of results-based performance from the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP II) and implementation of the East African Climate Change Policy (EACCCP). In relation to the EACCCP, EA SusWatch is assessing the progress and level of implementation of the East African Community Climate Change Policy (EACCCP) commitments related to mitigating the effects of GHGs and for adaptation to climate change in three key sectors and developing a sustainable development Score Card The EACCCP identifies climate change adaptation as a primary priority of the region while mitigation is secondary. It further emphasizes on the importance of mainstreaming climate change adaptation and mitigation into national and regional development plans taking a sectoral approach with an emphasis on key socio-economic sectors and sub-sectors adversely impacted by climate change and with potential opportunities to contribute to mitigation efforts and sustainable development of the Partner States and the region. The East African Community Climate Change Policy contributes to sustainable development in the EAC region through harmonized and coordinated regional strategies, programmes and actions to respond to climate change. Each partner states seeks to identify priority adaptation and mitigation action areas and provides opportunity to make food insecurity history through increased productivity, access to quality and nutritious food, better handling and processing, and marketing of food products across the region. This scorecard therefore assesses the extent to which the partner states have implemented the commitment relating to fisheries, food security and nutrition in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania.

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SCORE CARD SUMMARY

INDICATORS KENYA UGANDA TANZANIA

3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0 3 2 1 0

1.0 ENHANCING ACCESS TO FOOD

1.1 Improvement of transport infrastructure

1.2 Establishment and strengthening food market infrastructure

1.3 Expanding investment in agro industries to process food commodities

1.4 Supporting development of fisheries infrastructure

1.5 Improve management of natural resource for sustainable production

1.6 Improve food management and distribution system to ensure access and affordability

1.7 Increase the extent to which food product sold in the processed form meet food safety and standards

1.8 Facilitate private sector to undertake commercial production, processing and market

1.9 Emergency food aid linked to long term development of food supply system

2.0 INCREASING PRODUCTION BY ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY

2.1 Eradication of illegal fishing practices and trade in under sized fish

2.2 Implementation of Fisheries Management Plan project (IFMP) for Lake Victoria

2.3 Promote compliance to agreed management decisions

2.4 Promote community participation in management of fisheries through Beach Management Units (BMUs)

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2.5 Promote fish farming among smallholder farmers and the youth

2.6 Accelerate Implementation of the fertilizer programme initiated by EAC

2.7 Establish mechanisms that ensures agriculture inputs are available at affordable prices

2.8 Promote irrigation and farming practices

2.9 Promote targeted school feeding programme

2.10 Promotion of nutrition education in schools and through media

2.11 Promotion of nutritional education among pregnant women, lactating mother and person affected by HIV/AID

3.0 IMPROVE AND ACCELERATE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES STRATEGIES AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK

3.1 Establishment of policy and regulatory frameworks

3.2 Establishment Institutional framework

3.3 Implementation of 10% budget allocation for agriculture focused on strategic investment

KEY

3 2 1 0

SUMMARY SCORE CARD EAC

INDICATORS EAST AFRICA COMMUNITY

3 2 1 0

ENHANCE ACCESS TO FOOD

1.1 Improvement of transport infrastructure

1.2 Establishment and strengthening food market

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infrastructure

1.3 Expanding investment in agro industries to process food commodities

1.4 Supporting development of fisheries infrastructure

1.5 Improve management of natural resource for sustainable production

1.6 Improve food management and distribution system to ensure access and affordability

1.7 Increase the extent to which food product sold in the processed form meet food safety and standards

1.8 Facilitate private sector to undertake commercial production, processing and market

1.9 Emergency food aid linked to long term development of food supply system

2.0 INCREASING PRODUCTION BY ENHANCING PRODUCTIVITY

2.1 Eradication of illegal fishing practices and trade in under sized fish

2.2 Implementation of fisheries Management Plan IFMP) for Lake Victoria



2.5 Promote fish farming among smallholder farmers and the youth

2.6 Accelerate Implementation of the fertilizer programme initiated by EAC

2.7 Establish mechanisms that ensures agriculture inputs are available at affordable prices

2.8 Promote irrigation and farming practices

2.9 Construction/ rehabilitation of market facilities for crop livestock and fisheries products

2.10 Promote targeted school feeding programme

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through Media

2.11 Promotion of nutritional education among pregnant women and lactating mothers, persons affected by HIV/AIDS

3.0 IMPROVE AND ACCELERATE IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES, STRATEGIES AND PROGRAMMES

3.1 Develop policy and regulatory frameworks

3.2 Establishment Institutional mechanisms for coordination and implementation framework

3.3 Promote compliance to agreed decisions

3.4 Implementation of 10% budget allocation for agriculture focused on strategic investment

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0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

KENYA UGANDA TANZANIA

2

0 0

8

10

8

13

10

8

0

3

7

SCORECARD ANALYSIS

3 2 1 0

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UGANDA - SUMMARY TABLE FOR SCORECARD

KEYS 0 - No efforts have been made 1 - Steps towards meeting the commitment started 2 - Implementation started

3 - Benefits of implementation is being realized

1. Enhancing Access to food

PARAMETER 3 2 1 0 FINDINGS CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATIONS

1.1 Improvement of transportation infrastructure both major infrastructure (such as highways and railways) and development of rural feeder roads.

The Ministry of Works, Housing and Communications, (MOWHC) sets out policy for transport sector. The District and Urban Councils with planning assistance from MOWHC manage the District, Urban and Community Access Roads. The key element in the implementation of the Government’s transport sector strategy is the Ten Year Road Sector Development Programme (RSDP). Major roads including; Kampala - Entebbe highway supported by the Peoples Republic of China, KAMPALA | Northern Bypass, Kampala Ring Road and Overpass Expansion. Major efforts have been made in the recent years to improve the road transport infrastructure and operations and these are beginning to be successful, however, much of the network remains in an unsatisfactory condition leading to loss of access and mobility and high transport costs especially to smallholder farmers in the rural

1.1.1 (a Inadequate funding of road infrastructure leading to delayed payment to the private sector providers

1.1.1 (b. Partnership with private sector to support construction and maintenance of road

1.1.2 (a Privatization without adequate regulation of transport services

1.1.2 (b. Develop clear regulation to control privatization of the private sector

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areas and fisher folk along the beaches

1.2 Establishment and strengthening Food market-supporting infrastructure (such as wholesale markets, consolidation centers, warehouses, primary processing facilities) to reduce post-harvest wastage of food and to reduce marketing costs.

The national government, regional and other implementing partners have made great efforts in post harvest handling. There are licensed UCE warehouses, which include Agroways in Jinja, World Food Programme in Gulu, Nyakatonzi and Elshadai in Kasese, Masindi and Kapchorwa –with a total capacity of 21,000 tons. While storage practices vary by type of crop or commodity, in general rural producers prefer storage facilities that are more secure, and more professionally Managed, with cooling, drying, and sorting equipments. Such facilities exist mainly major cities however in rural areas where there are needed most such services are scarce. The existing storage facilities although not adequate are highly under-utilized to support agricultural production and reduce post-harvest losses.

1.2.1 (a Poor post-harvest handling and lack of proper on-farm storage facilities. This leads to high losses and deterioration of grain quality.

1.2.1 (b Capacity building on post-harvest handling and improving the storage facilities to reduce post-harvest wastage

1.2.2 (a High collection costs at marketing level due to scattered production and low marketable volumes.

1.2.2 (b Encourage farmers to join farming groups to improve the production volumes and joint transportation and storage

1.2.3 (a Lack of market information by farmers which gives middlemen an opportunity to exploit farmers.

1.2.3 (b Use various media including internet, radio and public forum to share information on market availability

1.2.4 (a Weak cooperative societies 1.2.4 (b Re-establish, revive, and promote Cooperative societies to enable joint marketing by small-holder farmers, guarantee markets for farmers’ produce and help stabilize prices.

1.3 Expand investment in agro-industries to process food

Uganda has enhanced business climate for agro-industries and agribusiness through policy and institutional frameworks. The Uganda government has put in place sound macroeconomic framework conducive for investment e.g. liberalization,

1.3.1 (a Inadequate Research & Development leading to limited home grown technologies

1.3.1 (b There is an urgent need to build linkages between the private sector Development supporting organizations, and other public institutions especially those undertaking industrial research.

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commodities. privatization, incentive regimes, abolition of export taxes, investment guarantees, externalization of funds, and setting up of Uganda Investment Authority as a one stop centre for investor services. Accordingly, in FY2011/12 priority interventions focused on increasing production and productivity, agro-processing and increase enterprise efficiency through commodity value chains. The efforts are applauded by both Small and Medium enterprises. However the cost of doing business in Uganda is still very expensive and not many small holders are capable of managing due to poor infrastructure, erratic electricity, high cost of fuel among others.

1.3.2 (a Poor storage and marketing infrastructure in the rural areas limiting the ability of producers to store and market their produce efficiently while reducing postharvest losses.

1.3.2 (b Improve and construct storage facilities in the rural within the proximity of the farms to reduce cost of production and post-harvest wastage

1.3.3 (a. Limited technical skills base to run agro-processing facilities caused by little vocational training on the operation and maintenance of agro processing plants and equipment.

1.3.3 (b Develop training curriculum for vocational training that is practical and promotes innovation.

1.4 Supporting Development of Fisheries Infrastructure

The government through the relevant ministry has made efforts to develop fisheries infrastructure. Community processing infrastructure (drying racks, dip frying and smoking kilns) were constructed for Mukene processing at Katebo (Mpigi) and Kikondo and Kiyindi (Buikwe) and Katosi (Mukono) and Kasekulo (Kalangala) landing sites on Lake Victoria Plate. Completed 20 urban and rural fish markets in various Districts. The Department has constructed four regional fish fry production (hatcheries) and demonstration centers in Mbale, Gulu, Kajjansi and Bushenyi

1.4.1 (a. Limited resource allocation for construction and or maintenance of social facilities within the landing sites.

1.4.2.(b. Partnership with private sector to improve infrastructure along the landing sites

1.4.2 (a. Though funds have been spent on development of fisheries infrastructure targeting the export market of Nile Perch there is continued decline in Nile parch stocks and increasing dominance of dagaa

1.4.2 (b The government should develop mechanisms to increase the Nile perch stocks

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under Fisheries Development Project. Fish handling structures have been constructed in Ntoroko and Kayei landing sites in Ntoroko and Apac districts respectively under QFMP. Ice plants installed at Majanji, Gorofa, Bwondha, Bugoto, Mwena, Bukungu and Butiaba landing sites and new ones constructed at Nakasongola district headquarters and cold storage installed at Bakuli fish market. Handling facilities, ice plants, storage facilities, sanitary conditions (including boats with containers) are either lacking or inadequate at landing sites, contributing to poor fish quality while also making it difficult for fisheries managers to enforce the provisions of the Fish Act and related subsidiary statutory instruments that were premised on availability of such infrastructure.

1.5 Improve management of natural resources (land, water, fisheries and forest) in order to ensure sustainable production

Concerted efforts by different actor including the public, private and development partners have been made over the years e.g Control and management of aquatic weeds continued on all affected water bodies including Lake Victoria, with mechanical control, biological control and manual undertaken. Manual removal tools and protective wear (Department of Fisheries Resource Annual Report 2010/2011). There have been great efforts to plant trees across the country. These efforts have not yielded expected returns. Sustainable use of natural resource is still a challenge since most people still depend on these resources for livelihood.

1.5.1 (a Poor infrastructure including poor roads, erratic power supply

1.5.1 (b Promote consultative policy formulation process that include communities especially from the districts and rural areas since they are also charged with implementation

1.5.2 (a Poor coordination of implementing agencies deal with issues around natural resource management

1.5.2 (b Develop a data base of various actors to ease coordination

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1.6 Improve on the food management and distribution systems to ensure access and affordability

1.7 Increase the extent to which food products sold in the processed form and meet food safety standards desired by consumers.

In Uganda the main law that governs food safety is the Food and Drug Act (1964). In Uganda the institutions responsible for food safety issues fall under the Ministry of Health (MoH), the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Industry and Fisheries (MAAIF) and the Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry (MTTI). There is currently no institution or authority that is solely responsible for the Food safety in Uganda. In the late 1990s, the EU imposed repeated bans on fish imported from Uganda on the basis of food safety concerns. This encouraged review of food safety standards in Uganda gaps and inconsistencies abound in the current Ugandan especially fish safety management system.

1.7.1 (a There are a number of Ministries and institutions involved in food safety issues but there is no clear-cut organization of these institutions

1.7.1 (b Amore organized system that is responsible for the safety of food needs to be established

1.7.2 (a Compliance with the quality and safety standards is still a challenge

1.7.2 (b Monitoring especially the food production sector including fish handling should be routine to ensure compliance

1.8 Facilitate the private sector to undertake commercial production, processing and marketing of food commodities

Government has implemented various reforms aimed at ensuring a swift transition from public sector driven to a private sector led industrial development and creating a business friendly environment to improve productivity and the quality of products. The Medium Term Competitive Strategy (2005-2009). Government of Uganda has provided non-fiscal incentives to stimulate business growth in Uganda as demonstrated by the various initiatives to

1.8.1 (a Limited access to finance especially for small scale investors

1.8.1 (b In partnership with financial organization develop various products that will meet the needs of smallholder farmers

1.8.2 (a Local and international competition 1.8.2 (b Establish a level environment for investors

1.8.3 (a Limited access to information on market opportunities and sources of competitive technology.

1.8.3 (b Develop information hub that will enhance access to information for various actors

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enhance private sector competitiveness. Fiscal incentives on the other hand, are provided for under the Finance Bill, a document that is produced by the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development and contains all fiscal related incentives and provisions and is revised annually. Incentives provided in the tax tariff apply to all SMEs including both local and foreign investors. Uganda's fiscal incentive package provides for generous capital recovery terms.

1.9 Emergency food aid linked to long term development of food supply systems

The Uganda Red Cross Act incorporates the Uganda Red Cross Society and recognizes it as the sole National Red Cross Society in the territory of Uganda. It specifies the special status of the Society as auxiliary to the public authorities in the humanitarian field. As a result, it is expected that the Uganda Red Cross Society will play a key role in disaster preparedness and response.

1.9.1 (a Lacks proper coordination among institutions dealing with disaster

1.9.1 (b Invest in institutional structure that is well coordinated and capacitated to deal with disaster from the sub country to the national level

2. Increasing Production by Enhancing Productivity

3 2 1 0

2.1 Eradication of illegal fishing practices and trade in undersize fish

Implementation and enforcement of the Fish Act in Uganda are normally through controlling access (LVFO, 2005). Access to fisheries in Uganda has for a long time been controlled through licensing (Ministry of Natural Resources, 1995; Department of Fisheries Resources (DFR), 2008).

2.1.1 (a Remoteness of some of the landing sites and the inadequate transportation infrastructure that were found to impose severe constraints on the implementation and enforcement of the fishing legislation on Lake Victoria

2.1.1 (b Enhance capacity of the BMU in the remote areas to effectively implement and enforce the fishing legislation

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2.2 Implementation of Fisheries management Plan (IFMP) for Lake Victoria

Other measures to regulate fishing activities include control of the type and mesh size of fishing gear used, control of the size of fish harvested and through closed seasons and fishing grounds and through limiting the type and size of fishing crafts. Other efforts towards compliance with the Fish Act include border operations to intercept containers of illegal gears, operations in fish markets and impromptu road blocks targeting dealers in undersized fish. Despite these efforts, however, many of Uganda’s fisheries were reported to be in a poor condition related to overexploitation and environmental degradation (MAAIF National Report of the Frame Survey, 2006) However stocks of important commercial fish species are reported to have declined arising from uncontrolled access and the increased human population that exerted tremendous pressure on the resource (MAAIF, 2003).


2.3.1 (a Fishermen increasingly resorted to deploying illegal fishing gear such as cast nets, and use of poison to improve their catches

2.3.1 (b Community awareness programs, for instance stakeholders' workshops, fisher barazas, posters, brochures and radio programs are conducted on impact and consequences of illegal fishing practices

2.4 Promoting community participation in management of fisheries through Beach Management Units

Uganda in partnership with the BMUs are enforcing the Fish Act regulations. According to the new BMU Uganda Statutory Instrument, a Beach Management Unit is an organization of fishers (boat crew or fishing laborers), Boat /Gear owners, Managers, caterers, Artisanal etc). Available information reveals that the 355 BMUs serving 548 landing sites, have total membership of 64,130 with average of 209 members. Generally BMU leaders were reported to comply with the fisheries laws and regulations. However,

2.4. 1 (a Existence of several community institutions within the landing sites, with different and often conflicting interests undermining the existence of the BMUs

2.4.1 (b The institutions charged with the responsibility of institutionalizing BMUs, as well as the BMUs themselves, should endeavour to improve the low understanding of co-management among the different stakeholders, including the roles of the BMUs.

2.4.2 (a Inadequate equipment to carry out work like boats, engines and fuel.

2.4.2 (b. Provide adequate tools and equipment to facilitate BMU role out their mandate

2.4.3 (a Lack of comprehensive training of the official on various aspects of their work

2.4.3 (b The capacity of BMUs to manage and generate revenues should be strengthened and

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at some landing sites, the committee members were strongly engaged in use of illegal gears and also promoted illegal fishing on the lake through reselling of already confiscated gears to other fishers at different landing sites

opportunities availed to them.

2.5 Promote fish farming especially among smallholder farmers and the youth

The government through the fisheries department in an effort to ease congestion in the fishing sector has diversified. Currently there are over 2000 emerging commercial farmers with over 5000 ponds.

The cage culture is another activity that has emerged with over 750 cages by groups or individuals

Construction of demonstration aquaculture tanks was initiated over 100 tanks has been constructed.

(Department of Fisheries Resource Annual Report 2010/2011). It is important to note that Government of Uganda incentives for commercial scale aquaculture enterprises are accessed only where the investor is fully registered and with approved business and

2.5 1 (a Inadequate fish feeds to support the existing market

2.5.1 (b Need to collaborate with private sector to improve feed production

2.5.2 (a Lack of market since most people get the fish supply from the lake

2.5.2 (b Improve value addition on fish product to improve the market

2.5.3 (a Poor Storage and transport facilities,

Ref to 2.5.1 (b

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technical production plans. The structured nature of fish farming in Uganda makes it easy for any investor to enter this lucrative sector. This is because, in the fisheries policy, the Ministry of Water and Environment is responsible for granting a water user's rights. It also establishes guidelines and regulations for access and use of water

2.6 Accelerate the implementation of the fertilizer program initiated by the EAC.

The National Fertilizer Strategy aims at setting up a framework that promotes enhanced availability and use of fertilizers for higher agricultural productivity in Uganda. Poor road networks in Uganda limit the supply of fertilizer and increase farm input costs. Weak market information systems are also cross-cutting. Uganda lacks a marketing system capable of supporting the development of effective input markets. Poor financial services also limit fertilizer use and supply. Farmers lack credit to finance purchases of farm input to market their production But access and use of agricultural inputs in Uganda is still very low This partly explains Uganda’s low agricultural production and productivity.

2.6.1 (a Poor roads and transport networks contribute significantly to high cost of fertilizer

2.6.2 (b More funds should be directed towards improvement of road infrastructure

2.6.2 (a Poor access to financing especially by smallholder farmers

2.6.2 (b Improved access to credit is an important component of efforts to increase fertilizer use to raise agricultural productivity.

2.7 Establish mechanism that ensure agricultural inputs are available at affordable prices

2.7.1 (a High costs of acquiring the inputs

2.7.1 (b Need for subsidized cost of fertilizer

2.8 Promote Irrigation and farming practices that integrates proper

Past efforts to develop irrigation in Uganda have concentrated mostly on large–scale irrigation schemes developed and managed by government with donor Large– scale irrigation led by the

2.8.1 (a Lack of an irrigation culture among ordinary Ugandans and a long–held belief that there is always enough rainwater for agriculture

2.8.1 (b More awareness on importance of irrigation through initiation of properly managed irrigated land that community members can learn from

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tillage for efficiently capture and retain rainwater in the soil.

private sector However, in the resent past irrigation has progressively been taken up by cupflower producers in the central region along the Lake Victoria Crescent (Mukono, Kampala, Wakiso and Mpigi districts). The key players in water management and irrigation include the central government, local governments, regulatory agencies such as NEMA, training institutions (in particular Makerere and Kyambogo Universities), the private sector manufacturers and distributors of irrigation equipment and NGOs that extend technical assistance in terms of water facilities and training mostly for domestic water use.

2.8.2 (a Lack of capital among smallholders for them to be able to purchase and install the appropriate irrigation facilities.

2.8.2 (b Diversification of credit facilities to accommodate small holder farmers

2.8.3 (a Lack of purchasing power to buy, install and operate irrigation facilities

2.8.3 (b Diversification of household income to boost economic status

2.8.4 (a Constraint of suitable and readily available irrigation technology to suit local conditions.

2.8.4 (b Through partnerships with private sectr and learning institutions improve in irrigation techniques in the country

2.9 Promote targeted School feeding programme

Uganda – Literacy Enhancement and Rural Nutrition (Uganda-LEARN): ACDI/VOCA through support from the United States Department of Agriculture to implement a three-year Food for Education program in north eastern Uganda. With the introduction of UPE, government expects parents and caretakers to take on the responsibility of feeding their children. A number of the UPE schools have private feeding programs but many parents particularly in the rural areas cannot afford to pay even the minimal cost of the simple meal of maize meal porridge.

2.9.1 (a Provision of sufficient and quality food to children Inadequate Infrastructure like buildings for school meals preparation, storage facilities , dining, catering premises and equipment

2.9.2 (b Review the School feeding programme focusing on improvement of the quality of food to increase nutrient intake apart from promoting school attendance.


2.10.1 (a Lack of sufficient nutritious food provided to children Inadequate community participation to ensure sustainability of the initiative

2.10.1 (b Provision of nutritionally adequate meals and use of fortified foods in the programme should be considered.

2.11 Promote nutrition education among pregnant women and lactating mothers, persons affected by HIV/AIDS

3. Third priority area is to Improve and Accelerate the Implementation of Policies, Strategies and Programs

3 2 1 0

3.1 Develop policy and Review Quality Assurance Rules and Standard 3.1.1 (a Policies are developed at the 3.1.1 (b There is need for more awareness

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regulatory framework

Operating Procedures (SOP’s). The reviewed SOPs have since been printed for dissemination

Parliament approved a Fisheries Management and Development Fund to be operational beginning F/Y 2011/12 under Fish (Amendment) Act, of

Efforts to have a fish levy trust fund are ongoing at regional level

The Fisheries Department has issued and gazetted Regional Fish Guidelines. The guidelines are in line with the MAAIF DSIP and further respond to the National Development Plan (NDP) for stimulating increased production and productivity, improved and sustainable exploitation and management of natural resources, processing and value addition, and market development.

national level, however little effort is made to ensure the rural communities are informed on the policies

creation at the community level to ensure the smallholder farmers understand the policy and institutional framework

3.2 Establish strong institutional mechanisms for coordination and implementation of fisheries management

3.1.2 (a Natural resource management is multi sectoral hence each sector develop policies on management however coordination and implementation becomes a challenge

3.1.2 (b Enhance institutional capacity for proper coordination

3.3 Implement the 10 per cent budget allocation for agriculture focused on strategic investments

The assessment of implementing the 10% budget allocation for agriculture focused on strategic investment in Kenya showed that Kenya allocated an average of only 3.5 per cent of its national budget to agriculture during 2009-13 (ActionAid Waling the Talk, December 2013.

3.3.1 (a Although increasing budgetary allocations to the agriculture sector is laudable, those increases must be followed by the efficient allocation, utilization, and management of such resources if they are to stimulate and lead to the desired growth and development of the sector.

3.3.2 (b Need to mobilize more funds from development partners to increase the allocation of budget to improve agricultural productivity 3.3.3 (b. Enforce law to ensure proper utilization of public funds

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1 Enhancing Access to food

COMMITMENTS 3 2 1 0 FINDINGS CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATIONS


The government has put in place institutional, legal and regulatory Framework for and efficient, effective sustainable transport operations in the country. While construction of roads to link major cities and national borders has been progressing, in rural areas the percent of people who live within 2km of a paved, all-weather road remains at only 24%.Poor road conditions are not limited to rural areas. Though Tanzania has made great effort in improving transport infrastructure, an efficient transport infrastructure is yet to be achieved. The feeder roads especially in the rural areas and beaches are still in poor conditions leading to challenges especially during rainy season when farmers and fishermen transport their produce and fish to the market leading to post harvest and fish wastage

1.1.1 a) The road fund is not sufficient to address full maintenance needs and is not being utilized effectively

1.1.1 b)Develop and maintain feeder roads to connect rural areas to markets;

1.1.2 a)Inadequate integration of the road networks to markets, beaches and productive areas;

1.1.2b) Construction and Improvement of road network especially in the rural areas for ease in market access

1.1.3a) Institutional weaknesses in management of district and feeder roads;

1.1.3b)Enhance the capacity of district officials in coordination and supervisory to ensure maintenance of feeder roads

1.2 Establishment and Strengthening Food market-supporting infrastructure (such as wholesale markets, consolidation centers, warehouses, primary processing facilities) to reduce post-harvest wastage of food and to reduce marketing costs.

Other than Tanzania’s Strategic Grain Reserve, agricultural distribution has been privatized and most people depend on the local markets that have been established. However, in some urban areas like Mwanza and Musoma, supermarkets are steadily up coming. The Mazao galani initiative is one such effort by the government to encourage storage of produce. Efforts to construct market in areas like Gairo, Dodoma, Murogo some of which are in the rural areas.

1.2.1a) Increase in post-harvest looses due to inadequate storage facilities and poor infrastructure.

1.2.1b) Refer to 1.1.1b)

1.2.2a) Lack of awareness on availability of the storage facility by most smallholder farmers

1.2.2b) Awareness creation targeting smallholder farmers on availability of the storage facilities

1.2.3a) The few storage facilities are in accessible due to distance from the farmers

1.2.3b) Establishment of storage facilities in areas that is easily accessible to most farmers

TANZANIA SUMMARY TABLE FOR SCORE CARD

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These efforts are however largely based in the urban areas whereas the rural community is still lagging behind with only few storage facilities.

1.2.4a) Most storage facilities are for grain products however horticultural products have no storage facilities

1.2.4b) Establish mechanisms to deal with post harvest handling for highly perishable products like the horticulture

1.3 Expand investment in agro-industries to process food commodities.

Tanzania’s Agro industry has been comprised of primarily small-scale, household-level processing. However, in recent years the sector has been steadily growing. There have been steps toward liberalization of the sector. The Government of Tanzania has put in place a number of measures and has proposed through TAFSIP further actions to promote private sector partnerships. Some of the measures include:

Development of the Southern Agricultural Corridor of Tanzania (SAGCOT), a partnership between the government and the private sector

Development of a policy and legislation for private/public partnerships (PPPs)

Tanzania Agricultural Bank – started by the government and provides lending to private sector at moderate interest rate (5%)

Despite the above Government actions, the private sector in Tanzania has been slow in responding to opportunities and incentives by Government. This has slowed down the value addition of various product leading to low prices of products

1.3.1a) The main constraints facing the agro processing industry include high operational costs.

1.3.1b) Enhance regulatory framework that reduces the cost of operation

1.3.2a) Unavailability of appropriate processing machines and spare parts and limited knowledge in operation of the machines.

1.3.2b) Support establishment of processing industries with adequate modern technology

1.3.3a) Lack of database with specific information on processing industries

1.3.3b) Identify and build a private sector database along the specific commodities and initiate networking amongst the actors at different levels of the value chain

1.3.4a) Poor infrastructure especially in the rural increase the cost of running business for investors

1.3.4b) Refer to 1.1.1b)


According to the 2010 Frame Survey, the majority of the landing sites do not have basic facilities: only 74 landing sites had roofs and 10 had refrigeration units. Only 52 had drying racks and 104 had kilns for smoking fish,

1.4.1a) Limited budgetary allocation to manage the beaches around the country.

1.4.1b) Increase budgetary allocation for fisheries activities. Specifically improving facilities at the landing sites

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indicating that processing facilities are not sufficient. According to LVFO report, In 2012 Tanzania recorded a decrease by one landing site from 216 to 215 landing sites. The Tanzanian Government has promoted the development of facilities, particularly around landing sites that focus on Nile perch. There are now 26 of these comparatively well-equipped Improved Landing Sites in Kagera, Mwanza and Mara. According to the representative from FUO, efforts to improve fishing infrastructure has largely been by the private sector. The cooling and transporting of fish from the landing site is purely by private sector. The efforts made by the government are positive however the desired impact is yet to be realized.

1.4.1a) Poor management of few facilities leading to dilapidation

1.4.1b) Enhance capacity of the BMU officials in carryout audit of facilities within their sites and liaising with relevant ministry for maintenance


Land in Tanzania is a valuable resource. Since most of the country is dry and arid, the wetlands surrounding Lake Victoria are the most fertile and consequently, in high demand for farming. The natural resources of the wetlands are being exhausted due to a lack of regulation over the use of the land. Long term sustainable practices have not been implemented to preserve the limited area available. Consequently, the parts of Tanzania around the wetlands are densely inhabited while much of the rest of the country is sparsely populated. The nutrient rich land is overused, overgrazed, and will slowly be depleted of its natural resources. ( Hongo, H and M. Masikini. 2003)

1.5.1a) Lack of awareness of the natural management resource policies especially at the district level

1.5.1b) Dissemination and domestication of the policy provisions at the district and community level

1.5.2a) Limited resource allocation to tackle effects of climate change

1.5.2b) Need to enhance partnership with key stakeholder including civil society, private sector and development partners to

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria

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NAPA emphasizes on the need to have local contingency plans however these plans have not been developed leading inadequate implementation of NAPA priorities in the district regions. LVEMP II supports community groups to implement projects that are geared toward conservation of the natural resources including tree planting. Tanzania’s natural resource management legacy is dominated by the colonial heritage of centralized control. While these policy reforms are promising for environmental governance and natural resource management improvements, the reality on the ground does not reflect these changes. In practice, land and natural resource management remains centralized.

mobilize resource for natural resource management

1.5.3a) The number of actors focusing on natural resource management are numerous leading to poor coordination in implementation

1.5.3b) Enhance coordination and implementation of activities on natural resource management with focus on civil society activities

1.6 Improve on the food management and distribution systems to ensure access and affordability

Tanzanian agriculture relies on rainwater and agricultural productivity. The southern, southwestern and western areas such Kagera, Ruvuma and Iringa have high food self-sufficiency and can run a surplus. On the other hand, urban areas, the northern highlands and the drought-prone central region have low food self-sufficiency and are fragile in terms of food security. There are regional variations in production balance. Production is concentrated in a few regions and because of severe problems of transportation and communication internal distribution systems are severely constrained. The problem is compounded by the geographical distribution of production areas which are remote from the main consumer markets.

1.6.1a) Regional differences in productivity leading to poor harvest in some areas while others experience bumper harvest.

1.6.1b) Invest in technologies that will increase production in all areas especially in ASAL areas

1.6.2a) Poor infrastructure in rural areas making redistribution difficult and costly

1.6.2b) Refer to 1.1.1b)

1.6.3a) Lack of institutional framework to coordinate redistribution

1.6.3b) Support formation of institution that will coordinate timely distribution of food

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1.7 Increase the extent to which food products sold in the processed form and meet food safety standards desired by consumers.

Tanzania Food, Drug and Cosmetics Authority (TFDA) under the Ministry of Health is mandated to implement food control measures under the wide scope of its functions as stipulated in the Tanzania Food, Drugs and Cosmetics Act No. 1 of 2003, there are a number of different legal provisions for the control of some specific types of foods such as dairy, meat and fisheries falling under the mandate of different ministries and legislations. Food safety and quality control system in Tanzania does not provide the level of consumer protection necessary to ensure a safe and nutritious food supply Absence of consumer organization to exert pressure over producers and traders to effect change towards safe and better quality food

1.7.1a) Little or no awareness about food safety and quality among Tanzanian consumers due to limited resources available or lack of priority for consumer education.

1.7.1b) Awareness on food safety and quality along the food chain be carried out at all levels and integrated in all production activities.

1.7.2b) Inadequate effort to educate producers and processors especially for local market about food safety and quality and the international code of practice on food hygiene

1.7.2b) Recommended international code of practice general principles of food hygiene can be applied to all food commodities, and at all stages along the food supply value chain.


The Public Sector Reform Programme has facilitated the development of a market-based economy. The country’s investment promotion policy provides incentives to foreign ownership of locally registered companies, an exemption on value added tax (VAT) and import duties, exemption from foreign exchange controls and the right to transfer abroad 100 percent profits. The country has an Export Processing Zone (EPZ), in which companies enjoy corporate tax exemption for the first ten years of operations, plus exemptions from withholding tax on loan interest and dividends, exemptions from all levies of local governments, as well as access to basic infrastructure. Enforcement of the Business Act of 2005 has made the procedure for business registration simpler and straightforward. The Government has put in place a number of measures

1.8.1a) Liberalization policies have offered little protection for domestic producers

1.8.1b) More incentives for domestics to invest in processing and marketing

1.8.2a) Extension services have been allocated to local governments and do not function properly anymore

1.8.2b) Increase the number of staff providing extension service for timely response to challenges by the smallholder farmers

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that facilitates the private sector to undertake commercial production, processing and market of commodities. The success of this is however hampered by the expensive environment for invest that is as a result of erratic electricity, poor road infrastructure, etc.


Policies, strategies, plans and structures needed to support disaster management in Tanzania are in place. However, careful analysis reveals widespread weaknesses in prevention and disaster mitigation strategies, preparedness, emergency responsive capacity and sustainable recovery options. In Tanzania, Emergency and Disaster response is centrally coordinated to ensure attention from the highest level of the executive branch. In keeping with international best practice, relevant ministries are required to coordinate their emergency and disaster response through the Emergency and Disaster Response directorate in the Prime Minister’s Office.

1.9.1a) Inadequate funds to support the large population usually in need of support during disaster

1.9.1b) Partnership with various agencies that can support address emergency situations across the country

1.9.2a) Communication needs, such as early warning and early action bulletins are often unavailable

1.9.2b) Enhance and diversify communication channels on issues of disaster management

1.9.3a) Inadequate technological equipment’s and skills within ministries, departments and agencies for early detection of disaster

1.9.3b) Invest in modern technology for early warning on disaster.

1.9.4a) The emergency response in the past has been marred with confusion and lack of clear coordination leading to more damages or even death.

1.9.4b) Need to enhance emergency response coordination, through involvement of other stakeholders.

Increasing production by enhancing productivity

COMMITMENT 3 2 1 0 FINDINGS CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATIONS


LVFO technical report on stock assessment shows that the number of fishers who use smaller–meshed net grew much more rapidly in 2011. In February 2009, the

2.1.1a) Awareness/ sensitization campaigns on illegal fishing practices are

2.1.1b) More awareness and education efforts on the appropriate fishing practices should be

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Council of ministers of Lake Victoria, approved the zero tolerance measure to remove illegal gears to a minimum by 50% by June 2009 and by 100% by December 2009 Frame surveys of 2008. The government’s efforts to eradicate illegal fishing practices is targeting the fisher folk, however more efforts should be made to reach the manufacturers of the fishing equipment to ensure only the approved equipment that meet the standards reach the market The effort to combat illegal fishing is recognised; however a lot of loop holes still prevail hence putting into question the effectiveness of these efforts.

not adequately carried out

enhanced

2.1.2a) Inadequate regular inspection and monitoring of fishing activities

2.1.2b) More coordinated monitoring and surveillance effort by government officials and BMU official should be enhanced

2.2 Implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan Project (IFMP) for Lake Victoria

2.2.1a) Weak system of sharing information on IUU

2.2.1b) Awareness campaigns to all stakeholders of Lake Victoria are properly conducted necessary legal actions are taken against all defaulters.


2.3.1a) BMUs not performing well in enforcing laws and regulations related to illegal fishing practices

2.3.2b) Enhance institutional capacity of the BMU to monitor the illegal fishing practices

2.4 Promote community Participation in the management of fisheries through the Beach Management Unit (BMU)

From the monitoring and evaluation report reviewed, it was realized that only a small proportion of BMUs (4%) was involved in vetting of licensing. After the review of the frame survey of 2010, it was also noted that; BMUs are not effectively helping the control of IUU in the Lake because of the presence of informal landing sites. The Tanzanian Fisheries Department is aware of co-management, through the support of Beach Management Units (BMUs)

2.4.1a) The fisher folk may have not understood the BMU concept

2.4.1b) More awareness on the importance of community participation in the fishing industry

2.4.2a) Inadequate funds to facilitate BMU activities

2.4.2b) Mobilise more partners to support the BMU activities

2.4.3a) Lack of capacity and power for BMU official to enforce the law on illegal fishing practices

2.4.3b) Capacity building and institutionalizing the BMUs to enable them enforce the law on illegal fishing practices


Private subsistence fish ponds dominate freshwater fish culture systems in Tanzania, and many new ponds continue to be constructed each year. Good fish farming is the result of intensive extension delivery and formal and informal farmer training resulting in appropriate pond site selection, good pond engineering practices, quality fingerling supplies, and proper management of ponds

2.5.1a) Few farmers engaged in fish pond and even fewer practising cage farming

2.5.1b) Need to encourage more farmers to engage in fish pond and cage farming

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and fish. The Fisheries Division of Tanzania has been organizing on-site pond training for farmers with the aim of imparting information on fish farm development and technology application LVEMP is currently supporting 15 communities with fish ponds. Such support is also provided by TAFIRRI in Morogoro and MACACEMP from Dar Es Salaam. The efforts by the government to promote fish farming is applauded however the extent to which this is practiced is minimal with only few farmers engaged in fish pond and even fewer practising cage farming.


2.7 Establish mechanism that ensure agricultural inputs are available at affordable prices

The government of Tanzania has taken some action that has been conducive to improving farmer access to fertilizer and other farm inputs. Although the pool of importers and wholesalers of fertilizer and farm inputs in Tanzania remains quite small, a competitive market exists. Efforts are being made to strengthen the retailing sector of agricultural inputs by building the commercial skills of private traders. Although Tanzania provides fertilizer subsidy for smallholder farmers, A few direct taxes and fees on fertilizer supply activities remain making the cost of fertilizer still un affordable to many small holders. Delay in accessing the farm input has been experienced leading to some smallholder farmers buying directly from the market at the market rate due to fear of late planting that may lead to poor harvests The Tanzanian government offers a variety of incentives for investing in the agricultural sector, including tariff-free imports of agricultural inputs and machinery, and VAT

2.6.1 a) Inadequate information or lack of awareness about the proper agronomic use of fertilizer and other farm inputs

2.6.1b) More education and awareness on proper utilization of farm inputs and better farming techniques

2.7.1a) Inadequate funds for adequate supply of fertilizer

2.7.1b) Allocate adequate funds for supply of fertilizer and other farm inputs

2.7.2a) Delay in supply of fertilizer and other farm inputs

2.7.2b) Proper procurement plan should be developed to ensure timely delivery to farmers

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exemptions for fertilizer and pesticides. However, compared to other sectors, agriculture provides fewer incentives, something that is considered, together with the lack of infrastructure in rural areas and problems with the land rights system, to be factors in the slow progress in agricultural investment.

2.8 Promote Irrigation and farming practices that integrates proper tillage for efficiently capture and retain rainwater in the soil.

Despite government efforts to bolster agriculture, Tanzania’s food and cash crop production has been undermined by inadequate irrigation infrastructure and poor management of existing irrigation schemes. The new law, among other things, establishes the Irrigation Commission; a national body with the mandate to coordinate, promote and regulate irrigation activities across the country.The National Irrigation Act strengthens the National Irrigation Policy of 2010. Interventions done in Tanzania by rehabilitating and modernizing irrigation schemes have raised productivity of various crops substantially. The government efforts are supported by NGOs and other project like LVEMP II which supports construction of shallow and deep wells for the purpose of irrigation and watering livestock.

2.8.1 a)Inadequate funding for irrigation investments;

2.8.1b) Working with various partners to support smallholder farmer

2.8.2a) Low capacity and participation of private sector in irrigation development;

2.8.2b) Reforms to encourage private sector involvement in promoting irrigation

2.8.3a) Use of traditional irrigation technologies including buckets

2.8.3b) Promote innovation through partnership with learning institutions and private sector


The school feeding programme has been jointly implemented by WFP and Government of Tanzania through the Ministry of Education and Vocational Training from 2007-2011. The program was designed to Support Primary Education in Drought-Prone and Pastoral Area or food-for-education (FFE). It was implemented in 13 drought-prone food insecure districts in four regions (Arusha, Manyara, Dodoma and Singida). The school feeding programme is mainly implemented in drought prone areas. The effort is good however issues

2.9.1a) Provision of sufficient and quality food to children 2.9.2b) Inadequate Infrastructure like buildings for school meals preparation, storage facilities , dining, catering premises and equipment

2.9.1b) Review the School feeding programme focusing on improvement of the quality of food to increase nutrient intake apart from promoting school attendance.

2.10 Promotion of nutrition education in schools and through

2.10.1a) Lack of sufficient nutritious food provided to

2.10.1b) Provision of nutritionally adequate meals and use of fortified

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media of nutrition are hardly considered in school feeding programmes. The sustainability of such initiatives is of concern since the community is hardly involved and even in areas where they are involved the level of their participation is low

children foods in the programme should be considered.


2.11.1a) Inadequate community participation to ensure sustainability of the initiative

2.11.1b) Encourage diversification of household income

Third priority area is to Improve and Accelerate the Implementation of Policies, Strategies and Programs

3.1 Develop policy and regulatory framework

Tanzania has made efforts to integrate climate change adaptation and mitigation efforts into various legal and governance instruments. Notably, there has been progress made in planning and implementing policies, projects and programs. Furthermore there are various policies that affect the agricultural industry, such as the National water Policy; National Irrigation Policy etc. Notably, the various policy and institutional frameworks have led to weak coordination in basic approaches to the sector and overlapping. The regulatory framework is supportive in managing climate change and ensuring food security. But not so in relation to provision of infrastructure and land development. The implementation is however not effective especially in the rural areas

3.1.1a) Policies are developed at the national level, however little effort is made to ensure the rural communities are informed on the policies

3.1.1b) Review existing policies to ensure there are no contradictions


3.2.1a) Natural resource management is multi sectoral hence each sector develop policies on management however coordination and implementation becomes a challenge

3.2.1b) Coordinated planning to ensure proper coordination in addressing effects of climate change

3.2.2a) Inadequate fund for review and monitoring implementation of the natural resource management

3.2.2b) National government mobilize funds through partners and ensure allocation of the funds to the district government

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The assessment of implementing the 10% budget allocation for agriculture focused on strategic investment in Tanzania showed that Tanzania allocated approximately 3.4% in the year 2009 - 2013

3.3.1a) Inadequate funds to increase budgetary allocation

3.3.1b) Need to increase budgetary allocation by 6% to bridge the deficit, this can be raised through grants from various development partners

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KENYA- SUMMARY TABLE FOR SCORECARD

1. COMPONENT: Enhancing Access to food

3 2 1 0 FINDINGS CHALLENGES RECOMMENDATIONS


The assessment established Kenya’s effort in improving infrastructure; The flagship projects include

Kenya - Northern Corridor Transport Improvement Project

The National Urban Transport Improvement Project (NUTRIP),

The rail project that linking Kenya's Uganda, Rwanda and South Sudan.

Construction of a new Ksh55.5 billion (US$654 million) terminal at the Jomo Kenyatta International Airport.

While there may be a few areas in Kenya with an insufficient density of classified roads, the coverage of the network is generally adequate to support the present level of economic activity in Kenya; roads are concentrated in areas of high population and economic activity. Poor rural roads and other key physical infrastructure have led to high transportation costs for agricultural inputs and products. It also leads to spoilage of perishable commodities during transportation. This causes high losses to farmers

1.1.1 (a Delayed completion of road construction leading to low burn rate

1.1.1 (b. Ensure adherence to plans developed by the constructors to ensure time completion

1.1.2 (a Poor road maintenance especially in the rural areas

1.1.2 (b. The county government should work closely with Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) to ensure timely repairs on rural roads

1.1.3 (a. Poor management of few facilities leading to dilapidation

1.1.3 (b Enhance capacity of the BMU officials in carryout audit of facilities within their sites and liaising with relevant ministry for maintenance

1.2 Establishment and strengthening Food market-supporting infrastructure (such as wholesale markets,

The government’s effort in strengthening the market infrastructure include; REFORMS: The Grain Sector Reform Programme was part of the Structural Adjustment Programmes

1.2.1 (a. Poor marketing channels; exploitation of small scale farmers by middlemen.

1.2.1 (b. Smallholder farmers should be organized into groups to benefit from this initiative

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consolidation centers, warehouses, primary processing facilities) to reduce post-harvest wastage of food and to reduce marketing costs.

(SAP) Mechanisms: Warehouse Receipt System (WRS)

There are two WRS approaches undertaken in Kenya which included certified WRS and uncertified WRS.

WRS have focused on maize which mainly produced by smallholders

Financial and Insurance products services

Co-op Bank, Equity Bank of Kenya and Kenya Commercial Bank

Jubilee Insurance Company has a fully fledged agricultural insurance

Grain Bulking or Cereal Banking partners include

SACRED Africa, Millennium Villages Initiative, Practical action, Farm Concern International and USAID

Cooperative societies 180 co-operatives revived and 433 new co-operatives registered in 2011/12 Mostly agricultural products are sold in raw form instead of value-added form fetching low prices. This reduces the cost benefits for the smallholder farmers.

1.2.2 (a. Receipt Warehousing can accommodate mainly large scale farmer

1.2.2 (b. Repackaging of WRS to accommodate small quantities produced by smallholder farmers

1.2.3 (a. The storage facilities are constructed in major towns leading to in access by smallholder farmers

1.2.3 (b. Through partnership with private sector construct more storage facilities

1.2.4 (a. Access to credit is difficult for smaller firms.

1.2.4 (b. Upgrade corporate registries, collateral registries, and public record systems.

1.3 Expand investment in agro-industries to process food commodities.

Kenya’s efforts in expanding investment in agro industry, food processing and Marketing has been in collaboration between Public and Private sector in Agriculture through the Kenya Agribusiness and Agroindustry Alliance and the private sector, under the auspices of the Pan African Agribusiness and Agro-industry Consortium (PanAAC) Reforms Kenya's private sector has been more dynamic, competitive and innovative

Implementation of the reform program for

1.3.1 (a High taxes. Kenyan firms pay half their corporate income in taxes

1.3.1 (b. Taking into account rebates and fiscal incentives,

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the companies’ registers by the Registrar General, supported by the Bank’s

In 2011/2012, the government and other partners supported development of five value chains in Livestock, honey, Fish, Cashew nuts and Mango. Kenya has a relatively well developed agro-processing industry ranging from processing staple food and fruits, to beverage and tobacco production for both domestic and foreign markets. However, the sector requires massive capital and relies on imported inputs. Food and beverages make up over half of the country's exports and comprises of more than a thousand businesses. Agro-processing is progressively the largest manufacturing sub sector. Most of the inputs used by the sector are imported. These imports are expensive and face price fluctuations due to frequent changes in foreign exchange rates. This therefore makes the cost of production expensive and has a bearing on earnings for producers in the sector.


The main laws governing fisheries activities in Kenya (including small and medium pelagic fisheries) are the Fisheries Act Cap 378 (1991). In 2012 the number of landing sites in Kenya on Islands was sixty two (62). Many landing sites do have fish bandas, where fish is received, weighed and sold to traders or agents. Though efforts have been made, most of the fish landing sites have inadequate infrastructure from poor roads, to lack of clean drinking water, adequate public toilets.

1.4.1 (a. Limited budgetary allocation to manage the beaches around the country.

1.4.1 (b. Increase budgetary allocation for fisheries activities. Specifically improving facilities at the landing sites

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Kenya’s current institutional framework to manage natural resources is characterised by fragmentation. Various aspects of the environment policy cut across different institutions. Current forest cover is less than 3 per cent compared to the internationally recommended 10 per cent. Demand for farmland and forest products:, Kenya has a wide range of ecosystems, These ecosystems are important sources of livelihood, The nation has generally not given adequate attention to the protection of water catchment areas. Consequently, soil is lost through both water and wind erosion and soil fertility decreases due to crop nutrient removal without replenishment and, hence, the soils require additional/mostly more expensive inputs to sustain profitable crop harvests.

1.5.1 (a. Climate change mitigation programmes are developed at the national level with minimal involvement of grass-root structures

1.5.1 (b. Enhance involvement of community members in development of mitigation programmes


The key private sector players include Kenya National Federation of Agricultural Producers (KENFAP) which is an umbrella body charged with lobbying for the interests of agricultural producers, the Cooperative Alliance of Kenya (CAK) which is the apex body for all cooperative societies in Kenya and the Kenya Private Sector Alliance (KEPSA) which facilitates effective advocacy and promotion of members’ interests. Other private sector institutions include producers, processors, marketing agencies and farm input dealers. They play an important role in the provision of financial, physical and social infrastructure for production, processing and marketing of goods and services.

1.6.1 (a. High cost of production due increased fuel and electricity cost

1.6.1 (b. Review the tariff cost to accommodate smallholder producers

1.6.2 (a. Poor infrastructure leading to increased transport cost

1.6.2.(b. Timely maintenance of road and other infrastructure

1.7 Increase the extent to which food products sold in the processed form and meet food safety standards desired by

Kenya has established a food safety control system which is a multi- sectoral in approach and is embodied in various statutes implemented by various Government ministries/departments and

1.7.1 (a. Limited awareness among the private sector and consumers on standards and quality related issues.

1.7.1 (b. Enhance awareness creation among the private sector and consumers on quality and standards

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consumers. regulatory agencies. most Kenyan standards are adapted or adopted from international ones (Codex and ISO). Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) is the public organization responsible for developing, setting and implementation of standards in Kenya

Enforcement of Standards Under the Standards Act Cap 496

Conformity assessment: Quality and System Certifications, testing and product certification.

Accreditation of laboratories and certification of technical personnel

Despite the existing legal framework for food safety and quality controls, some processed food products in the Kenyan market are of sub-standard quality.

1.7.2 (a. Uncoordinated food safety and control policy adherence

1.7.2 (b. The informal sector must be keenly monitored by the food safety agencies to uphold the standards

1.7.3 (a. Poor harmonization of standards and regulations Inadequate capacity to inspect.

1.7.3 (b. Collaborative training efforts among food safety agencies.

1.7.4 (a. Weak institutional capacities and lack of legal and regulatory frameworks for clean development mechanisms.

1.7.4.(b. Invest in research as well as ensuring that Kenya domesticates and implements regional and International research that enhance sustainability of natural resources


The Government of Kenya’s response to disaster has been and focused on humanitarian relief. The efforts have in the past been driven by various actors including Kenyan citizens. These efforts have however been unsustainable and leave out critical mass of Kenya’s who are faced with various emergency situations. Disaster response in Kenya is often inadequate and characterized by a failure to act on early warnings. This is coupled with lack of accurate data on the number of people in need of support. Poor infrastructure, [and the] complete absence of roads in some settlements makes rescue and relief efforts difficult, costly [and] risky for aid workers

1.8.1 (a. Failing to heed early warnings of impending disasters

1.8.1. (b. Enhance the application of technology for early warning that is reliable

1.8.2 (a. Lacks proper coordination among institutions dealing with disaster

1.8.2 (b. Invest in institutional structure that is well coordinated and capacitated to deal with disaster from the sub country to the national level

2 Increasing Production by Enhancing Productivity

3 2 1 0

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The assessment team noted that Kenya is making great strides in the eradication of illegal fishing practices and trade in the undersized fish. Under section 46 of the Fisheries Management and Development Bill, 2011, the Bill prohibits the use of certain fishing gears and methods. Under section 47, the Bill also prohibits damage, destruction to and interference with fishing gear and vessel. However Along Lake Victoria, despite the regulations, there have been cases of use of destructive fishing gears leading to overfishing The national fisheries management capacity has been weak and has not been able to ensure that there is proper monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) and as a result there has been no data collection. However, if properly managed and utilized, they are capable of yielding very significant economic benefits to the country. An estimated potential of over 150 000 metric tons has been given but is subject to confirmation through a comprehensive stock assessment.

2.1.1 (a. Inadequate sustained enforcement of fisheries regulations

2.1.1 (b. The government should focus on participatory enforcement of existing legal.

2.2 Implementation of fisheries Management Plan (IFMP) for Lake Victoria

2.2.1 (a. Inadequate clarity on policies regarding Illegal fishing practices

2.2.1 (b. The capacity of institutions such as Fisheries Department to enforce fisheries regulations should be strengthened

2.3 Promote Compliance to agreed management decisions

2.3.1 (a Insufficient support to alternative income generating activities to fishing

2.3.1 (b Community members engage in alternative income generation activities


The Government of Kenya has recently emphasized on fisheries co-management and strengthened the previously inefficient BMUs. The concept of Beach Management Units (BMUs) is a very good concept however lack of support has hampered its development. In 2011/2012 the government supported training of 117 BMUs and 8 CIGS The primary sources of income for the groups are internally generated through membership. Thus the

2.4.1. (a Lack of legal framework for the Beach management Units

2.4.1 (b Developing a legal framework for (BMUs)

2.4.2 (a Lack of clarity on the mandate of the BMU officials’

2.4.2 (b Enhance Capacity building to the BMU members on their roles and responsibilities

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fisher groups are primarily self-funded Despite these policy frameworks, capacity, strategies, and tools of management have not substantially changed. However, stakeholder management groups, such as Beach Management Units (BMUs), in Kenya have not strongly taken up the management of fisheries at beach levels

2.4.3.(a The high dependence on membership fees leading to mistrust and conflict among BMU members

2.4.3 (b. Diversification of sources of funding to manage the BMU activities


The assessment team noted that the Kenyan government has identified fish farming as a key sector for development. The government supported fish ponds in 160 out of the 210 parliamentary constituencies in Kenya with the vision of helping smallholder farmers to generate income from aquaculture. The Government has invested approximately 4 billion shillings in this Economic Stimulus Programme, providing farmers with fish fingerlings (young fish) and fish feed. This assessment however notes that though the progress is positive, the initiative has been faced with numerous challenges

In 2011 2012 the government and other partners supported

7 farms upgraded

46,824 fish ponds constructed

38 Million fingerlings produced

2.5.1 (a Uncoordinated promotion of fish farming

2.5.1 (a Need to establish a proper framework to coordinate fish farming

2.5.2 (a High demand for fingerlings to stock the fast-growing number of fishponds against low production

2.5.2 (b Develop appropriate technologies that will increase production of fingerling to meet the market demand

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In capture fisheries 27 dams restocked Interest in aquaculture is growing in Kenya, especially with the declining production in the freshwater sector. Aquaculture contributes about 1% of the total national fish production (Shipton and Hecht, 2007). Currently the total area under aquaculture stands at 722.4ha which includes dam aquaculture. Smartfish Programme Report SF/2012/9 Despite the effort made by the government, Promotion of fish farming especially among smallholder farmers and the youth is still faced with a number of challenges

2.5.3 (a It was also established that majority of fish farmers faced several management problems which included high cost, unavailability and low quality of feeds, drying up of ponds during drought, flooding, siltation of ponds, pond maintenance and poor security

2.5.3 (b Proper measures should be put in place to combat major management problems faced by fish farmers such as; unavailability and low quality of feeds, drying up of ponds during drought, flooding during rainy season and siltation of ponds,


The assessment team noted that Fertiliser trade in Kenya is now fully liberalised and competitive. Kenya has made tremendous efforts in accelerating the implementation of fertilizer programme through the National Accelerated Agricultural Input Access Project (NAAIAP) and the fertilizer Cost Reduction Project. However, the policy environment has recently been disruptive of private sector efforts in the market. Due to increase in energy and raw material prices and growth in demand. The government responded to this ‘mismatch’ between world and domestic fertilizer prices by enacting ‘emergency’ measures to deal with the high prices and encouraging fertilizer use by introducing subsidies in 2009. Despite the numerous effort made by the government, the implementation of the fertilizer program is still faced with a number of challenges

2.6.1 (a Difficulty in access to finance/Credit by farmers, retailers especially the smallholder farmers

2.6.1 (b Enhance measures to co-ordinate clearing, transportation, and streamline documentation and handling operations, eliminate spillage and pilferage.

2.6.2 (a. Delayed import of government-subsidized fertilizer and farm inputs

2.6.2 (b. There is need to re-assess levies charged as they are ultimately passed on to the end users, the farmers.

2.6.3. (a. Inadequate capacity to monitor and enforce standards, and regulations in the marketing and trade in fertilizers.

2.6.4 (b. Reinvigorate crop extension services to enhance proper use of farm inputs and fertilizers regulation

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2.7 Establish mechanisms that ensure agriculture inputs are available at affordable prices

2.8 Promote Irrigation and farming practices that integrates proper tillage for efficiently capture and retain rainwater in the soil.

The efforts by the government of Kenya to promote irrigation and farming practices are uploaded by the assessors. The Private sector participation in design and development of irrigation schemes is now a government policy. There are small irrigations schemes all over the country. Some are developed through individual and community initiative with the support of the government, local and International NGOs. The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development has a unit which deals with small scale irrigation schemes. It provides technical advisory services, including design and maintenance where applicable. The irrigation system has been well received by small scale farmers and women groups and has great potential for home gardens and small scale commercial production. The drip irrigation system has been installed at various research stations for demonstration purposes. A review of irrigation development reveals that Kenya is already experiencing challenges and is struggling to find ways in which access to and exploitation of water resource for irrigation can be undertaken to increase agricultural production. As well as market for high yield in some areas.

2.7.1 (a. Majority of smallholder farmers still rely on traditional methods of irrigation such as bucket and river fed

2.7.1 (b. Need to promote efficient and cost effective methods of irrigation technologies such as drip among others

2.7.2 (a. Inadequate technical capacity affecting farmers irrigation system

2.7.2 (b. Need to build technical capacity of farmers in irrigation system

2.8.1 (a. Scarcity of water for irrigation as most farmers rely on seasonal water sources

2.8.2 (b. Promote efficient water harvesting and storage and technologies to enhance irrigation


The Kenyan government introduced the Home-grown School Feeding Program (HGSFP) in 2009. Though financial strains and infrastructural challenges have called into question Kenya’s ability to successfully fund and operate its own school feeding program. Though Kenya has implemented school feeding

2.9.1 (a. Lack of clear framework for implementation of school feeding programme

2.9.1 (b Need to develop clear framework for implementation of school feeding programme

2.9.2 (a The cost of implementing the feeding programme in the all country is enormous without proper

2.9.2 (b. Proper homegrown resource mobilization strategy must be put in place to sustain the initiative.

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programme for many years, the effective of such program is still in question with the resource base required. Considering that most of these programmes are implemented in rural areas with low economic base. Despite the effort made by the government, to Promote targeted School feeding programme this is still faced with a number of challenges

funding it cannot achieve its intended goal

2.9.3. (a The numerous actors involved in collecting data on nutrition without proper coordination leads to difficulties in finding and comparing information on nutrition.

2.9.2 (b Coordination and engagement between ministries on nutrition needs to be improved


Through the nutrition action plan, the assessment established that reducing malnutrition in Kenya is not just a health priority but also a political choice that calls for a multi sectoral focus driven by a political will that acknowledges the integral role that nutrition plays in ensuring a healthy population and productive workforce. .


3 Third priority area is to Improve and Accelerate the Implementation of Policies, Strategies and Programs

3 2 1 0

3.1 Develop policy and regulatory framework

Kenya has made efforts to integrate climate considerations into various legal and governance instruments. Notably, there has been progress made in planning and implementing policies, projects and programs. There are over 130 pieces of legislations and regulations in Kenya, directly and/or indirectly linked to agriculture in addition to the Agriculture Act. Furthermore there are various other draft policies that affect the agricultural industry, such as the National Horticulture Policy; National Irrigation Policy; National Land Use Policy; National Seed policy; as well as National Agriculture Research System and National Urban and Peri-Urban

3.1.1 (a Kenya faces significant challenges in integrating climate change responses in its national, sectoral and cross-sectoral policies and regulatory frameworks

3.3.1 (b. A more focused approach to policy coherence to address climate change issues


3.1.2 (a. Promoting policy coherence is a challenge for opposing government

3.1.2 (b. Awareness to the key stakeholders on the design, planning and implementation of national policies and

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Agriculture and Livestock Policy. Notably, the various policy and institutional frameworks have led to weak coordination in basic approaches to the sector and overlapping jurisdictions.

institutions, interest groups and other non-state actors with their own agendas to pursue, and goals to achieve.

strategies

3.2 Implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan Project (IFMP) for Lake Victoria

Kenya is implementing a Fisheries Management Plan (FMP) for Lake Victoria to ensure proper management and optimum utilisation of the fisheries and other resources of the lake. The first phase was implemented with support of the European Union under the Implementation of a Fisheries Management Plan (IFMP) for Lake Victoria Project realized a number of successes. The government in collaboration with stakeholders recently carried out an exercise to review the fisheries legislations, institutional framework and policy guidelines in order to address to the new shift of fisheries management.

3.2.1 (a Inadequate financial and technical resources (Capacity)

3.2.1 (b Enhancing public-private dialogue and performance standards

3.2.2 (a. Overlapping and uncoordinated jurisdictions. Most of the institutions management fall under different ministerial or sectoral disciplines, such as water, agriculture, transportation, regional development, County government, energy and others

(3.2.2 (b Need to synergise the fisheries legislation taking into cognisance other ministries and sectors directly affecting the fisheries sector.


The assessment of implementing the 10% budget allocation for agriculture focused on strategic investment in Kenya showed that Kenya allocated an average of only 4.6 per cent of its national budget to agriculture during 2009-13

3.3.1 (a Lack of capacity and poor coordination can mean that budgets (often already low) are not entirely spent. Kenya’s actual spending on agriculture averaged 80 per cent of its budget allocation during 2009/10 and 2011/12

3.3.1 (b Invest more in adequate staff training and capacity building in the agriculture sector and improve coor-dination between and among Ministries by learning from best practice elsewhere

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3.3.2(a Delayed disbursements of funds from donors and cumbersome international procurement procedures leading to slow expenditures

3.3.2 (b Ensure timely disbursement of funds for timely implementation of projects

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About the East African Sustainability Watch Network

The East African Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) is a network of CSOs from Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania constituted by the Uganda Coalition for Sustainable

Development (UCSD), Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya), and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD)

EA SusWatch Network is currently implementing the LVEMP II Civil Society Watch Project that seeks to lobby and advocate for realization of results-based performance from

the Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project (LVEMP II) and implementation of the East African Climate Change Policy (EACCCP).

This Lake Victoria Climate Change Readiness Brief No.3 on agriculture and food security is in series (previous ones focused on rural energy supply, water supply and

sanitation). These Briefs aim to influence the operationalization of East African Community Climatic Change Policy (EACCCP) provisions by LVEMP II, LVBC, LVFO and other

regional institutions and interventions.

Contact

Uganda National Focal Point and Regional Lead Agency The Regional Coordinator - LVEMP II Civil Society Watch Project of the East African Sustainability Watch Network (C/o UCSD) Nsambya – Kabalagala (Gaba Road) P. O. Box 27551 Kampala (Uganda) Tel: +256 414 269461, Email: [email protected] Website: www.easuswatch.org | www.ugandacoalition.or.ug

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.easuswatch.org/

http://www.ugandacoalition.or.ug/

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