scientific skills science process skills manipulative skills observing classifying measuring and...
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SCIENTIFIC SKILLS
SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS
MANIPULATIVE SKILLS
•Observing
•Classifying
•Measuring and using numbers
•Making inferences
•Predicting
•Communicating
Sketch specimen and science apparatus
Maintaining science apparatus correctly and safely
Handling specimen correctly and carefully
Cleaning science apparatus correctly
Using and handling science apparatus
Using time and space relationship, Interpreting data, Define operationally, Controlling variables, Making hypothesis, Experimenting
WHAT ARE SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS?
How a scientist works, thinks and
studies problems.
(Friedl, 1995)
WHAT ARE SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS?
A way of investigation that involves
specific skills which require the
following steps: Planning course of actions
Carrying out activities
Collecting data
Organising and interpreting data
Reaching a conclusion
OBSERVING
CLASSIFYING
MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS
MAKING INFERENCES
PREDICTING
COMMUNICATING
BASIC SCIENCE PROCESS SKILLS
OBSERVING
OBSERVINGSpecimen given: Groundnut
Activities:
i. Individually, examine the specimen given.
ii. Record its characteristics.
iii. Put the specimen back into the box and mix the groundnut up.
iv. Try to identify your specimen based on the characteristics recorded earlier.
You are observing when you are …
1. Using the five senses effectively.
2. Identifying relevant particulars of an objects and its environment.
3. Focusing on relevant particulars from massive information.
4. Identifying similarities and differences.
5. Identifying strange / unusual features.
6. Realizing changes in environment.
7. Identifying the correct sequence.
8. Using appropriate instrument(s) to enhance senses for the details.
MICROSCOPE STETHOSCOPE
What is meant by observing ?Observing involves collecting information about objects or phenomenon by using the five senses :
Sight
Hearing
Touch
Taste
Smell
Why do we need to observe?
To compile / gather as much information as possible about
objects or phenomena.
1. Focus on the objects or phenomena to be studied.
2. Identify the characteristics.
3. Compare the objects or phenomena.
4. Identify changes and sequence of events.
5. Use appropriate apparatus for more detailed observations.
How do we observe?
CLASSIFYING
You are classifying when you are….
1. Detecting similarities .
Same shape
Same Colour
2. Grouping objects based on certain criterion.
..
3. Using other criterion in grouping objects.
..
4. Grouping objects in different ways.
..
What is meant by classifying?
Classifying is a process of grouping objects according to certain
characteristics for a purpose.
• Many items or information.
• Items or information are not organised.
When do we need to classify?
When there are :
1. Identify the general characteristics of the items.
2. Sort out items of the same characteristic into their respective groups.
3. Identify other characteristics.
4. Repeat steps 1-3 until there is only one item in each group.
How do we classify?
MEASURING AND USING NUMBERS
You are measuring and
using numbers when you are….
1. Able to count and compare quantity of items in different groups.
1. Able to count and compare quantity of items in different groups.
2. Able to recognized the pattern from a table of numbers.
3. Using numbers to record phenomenon.
0 = STOP
1 = SLOW
2 = FAST
3 = FASTEST
3. Using numbers to record phenomenon.
4. Using scales and explaining ratios.
5. Compare objects using numbers.
6. Using tools correctly.
7. Recording unit correctly.
8. Choosing and using standard unit.
9. Comparing time, distance, area and volume with relevant units.
10. Determining the accuracy in measurements.
Which is more accurate?
What is meant by measuring and using numbers?
Measuring and using numbers is a process of observing quantitatively
using numbers and standard or standardised measuring tools as the
reference unit.
To obtain more accurate observations.
Why do we need to measure and use numbers?
1. Identify the measurement required.
2. Specify the instrument to be used.
3. Compare the measurement with the specific instrument.
4. Add up the total measurement.
How do we measure and use numbers?
MAKING INFERENCES
You are making inferences
when you are ….
1. Using information from observations to make reasonable early conclusions.
2. Making various possible interpretations from single observation.
3. Able to identify the limitations of inferences.
4. Testing the accuracy of inferences through additional observations.
5. Using inferences as a tool to determine the appropriate additional observations.
1. To plan actions or to make a choice.
2. To analyse the cause and effect of decisions
Why do we need to infer?
• Observe the situations or circumstances.
• State the reason why the situation or circumstances happens .
• Give reasons to your statement(s).
• Check if the reasons given are based on opinions or observations from the situations. If based on opinions, state why.
How do we infer?
What is meant by making inferences?
Making inferences is a process of making early conclusions by relating previous experiences with immediate observations.
PREDICTING
1. Using previous or present evidence to state incoming events.
3. Able to determine the outcomes from action.
4. Using pattern of date explictly to make projections.
You are predicting when you are……….
2. Able to differentiate between predicting and guessing.
5. Confident with the accuracy of the prediction.
You are predicting when
you are….
6. Able to verify a statement of related to future events based on evidence or past experiences.
7. Being cautious in making assumption about a certain pattern of data beyond the evidence at hand.
You are predicting when
you are….
8. Extrapolating and inserting data as a tool to predict.
When accuracy is not essential in:
i. Reducing the number of choice.
ii. Planning
iii. Considering choices
Why do we need to predict?
i. Observe to gather data.
ii. Identify the pattern of the data.
iii. Based on the pattern or past experiences, make suitable predictions.
How do we predict?
What is meant by predicting?
Predicting is a process of forecasting events based on observations and previous experiences or certain pattern of reliable data.
COMMUNICATING
1. Speaking, listening or writing to express ideas or meanings.
You are communicating when you are….
2. Recording information from investigations.
3. Drawing and making notes.
4. Using and explaining the meaning of symbols.
5. Using charts, graphs and tables to present information.
You are communicating when you are….
6. Posting questions clearly.
7. Using references.
8. Writing experiment report to enable others to repeat the experiment.
To spread ideas or information.
Why do we need to communicate?
To share ideas or information.
1. Record information obtained from various resources.
2. Translate the information into other forms such as charts, graphs and tables.
3. Spread the information through various means and ways.
How do we communicate ?
What is meant by communicating?
Communicating is a process of receiving, spreading and sharing of information and
ideas.