Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution(1542-1730)(1542-1730)

Ancient OriginsAncient Origins Three main areas of “natural philosophy”Three main areas of “natural philosophy”

Astronomy, Physics, and MedicineAstronomy, Physics, and Medicine Aristotle and PhysicsAristotle and Physics

““Objects in their natural state are at rest”Objects in their natural state are at rest” Ptolemy’s Model of the UniversePtolemy’s Model of the Universe

Earth (man) was the center of the universeEarth (man) was the center of the universe This is know as the geocentrismThis is know as the geocentrism

Galen and MedicineGalen and Medicine Made 1Made 1stst anatomical drawings of the human body anatomical drawings of the human body Made the 1Made the 1stst eye surgery eye surgery

Other AncientsOther Ancients

Plato: Believed that truth lay in Plato: Believed that truth lay in essential but hidden formsessential but hidden forms Alchemy (Magic): Matter could be explained and Alchemy (Magic): Matter could be explained and

transformed by mixing substances and using transformed by mixing substances and using secret formulassecret formulas

Jewish idea of CABALA suggested that the Jewish idea of CABALA suggested that the universe is built around a magical arrangement of universe is built around a magical arrangement of numbers (Math)numbers (Math)

Pythagoras: ancient Greek Pythagoras: ancient Greek mathematician suggestedmathematician suggested that numbers connected all of naturethat numbers connected all of nature

Early BreakthroughsEarly Breakthroughs

Anatomy: Earliest book published in 1543 Anatomy: Earliest book published in 1543 by Vesalius; by Vesalius; The Structure of the Human The Structure of the Human Body.Body.Pointed out errors made by GalenPointed out errors made by GalenUsed dissections to redefine anatomical Used dissections to redefine anatomical

descriptions opening new doors of researchdescriptions opening new doors of research

Copernicus Copernicus (1473-1543)(1473-1543)

Astrology: the Polish cleric Astrology: the Polish cleric

published his book; published his book; On the Revolutions On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. of the Heavenly Spheres. Challenged Ptolemy’sChallenged Ptolemy’s Influenced by Neoplatonic ideas, decided the Influenced by Neoplatonic ideas, decided the

sun MUST be the center of the universe. sun MUST be the center of the universe. (Heliocentric)(Heliocentric)

Changed the calendar; Made 10 days Changed the calendar; Made 10 days disappear. Gregorian Calendar is borndisappear. Gregorian Calendar is born

Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Geocentric vs. Heliocentric modelmodel

BraheBrahe(1546-1601)(1546-1601)

Sought to help prove the Copernicus Sought to help prove the Copernicus modelmodel

Plotted the movements of the heavens Plotted the movements of the heavens every night for decades.every night for decades.

Helpful, but not definitive Helpful, but not definitive Struggle to let go of the Ancient Struggle to let go of the Ancient

views/Religion.views/Religion.

KeplerKepler(1571-1630)(1571-1630)

Believed math was the key; was able to Believed math was the key; was able to bring Copernicus and Brahe works bring Copernicus and Brahe works together to further the Heliocentric modeltogether to further the Heliocentric model

Three Laws of Planetary Movements Three Laws of Planetary Movements proved the orbits of the heavenly bodiesproved the orbits of the heavenly bodies

Still this theory needed moreStill this theory needed more

GalileoGalileo(1564-1642)(1564-1642)

Galileo was the most famous Galileo was the most famous

of the “new” scientist. Studied of the “new” scientist. Studied

physics and astrology.physics and astrology. Astrology: used a telescope to prove that Astrology: used a telescope to prove that

Jupiter had satellites and the moon has Jupiter had satellites and the moon has mountains. Change the view of a perfect mountains. Change the view of a perfect heavenheaven

Laws on earth as they are in Heaven; Laws on earth as they are in Heaven; Published Published The Starry Messenger (1611)The Starry Messenger (1611)

Galileo vs. The ChurchGalileo vs. The Church

His theory threatened the Church; he His theory threatened the Church; he agreed not to teach his ideasagreed not to teach his ideas

Asked and received permission to publish Asked and received permission to publish a book of his ideas (Pope Urban VIII)a book of his ideas (Pope Urban VIII)

Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican. Copernican.

Cleared (by buddy) then forbidden. Cleared (by buddy) then forbidden.

Galileo vs. The Church cont.Galileo vs. The Church cont.

Galileo was forced to abjure his writings Galileo was forced to abjure his writings and beg for forgiveness. and beg for forgiveness.

He continued to write and research; He continued to write and research; Dialogues Concerning Two New Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences Sciences about motion and inertiaabout motion and inertia

Died in 1642, year of Newton’s birth. Died in 1642, year of Newton’s birth.

Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton(1642-1727)(1642-1727)

Newton is credited with bringing Newton is credited with bringing

everything together.everything together. Studied all aspects of scienceStudied all aspects of science The Mathematical Principles of Natural The Mathematical Principles of Natural

Philosophy (1687) Philosophy (1687) sought to refute Descartessought to refute Descartes Three laws of motions; “objects in motion stay in Three laws of motions; “objects in motion stay in

motion” , F=ma, and Equal and opposite. motion” , F=ma, and Equal and opposite. This law ruled both heaven and earthThis law ruled both heaven and earth Newton was revered as a GodNewton was revered as a God

ThinkersThinkers

Bacon (1561-1626) not a scientist, but Bacon (1561-1626) not a scientist, but promoted science and thinking. promoted science and thinking.

Inspired the Royal Society of LondonInspired the Royal Society of London

ThinkersThinkers

Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes (1596-1650) Discourse on the Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason and Seeking the Truth in the Reason and Seeking the Truth in the Sciences (1637)Sciences (1637)

DescartesDescartes

Argued that reason must be considered.Argued that reason must be considered.Logic explains things better than science.Logic explains things better than science.

““I think; therefore I am”I think; therefore I am”There is a divide between thought and There is a divide between thought and

extensionextension

InstitutionsInstitutions

Society sprang up all over EuropeSociety sprang up all over EuropeThe focus was in Northern Europe, The focus was in Northern Europe,

because of the Galileo situation.because of the Galileo situation.

These were instrumental in spreading These were instrumental in spreading ideas and advancing scienceideas and advancing science

OpponentsOpponents

Pascal (1623-1662) FrenchPascal (1623-1662) French

who was the most ardent who was the most ardent

opponent of scienceopponent of science He himself was a scientist to beginHe himself was a scientist to begin Converted to Jansenism which salvation in Converted to Jansenism which salvation in

the hands of God and God alone. the hands of God and God alone. Wrote Wrote The Penesees The Penesees which served to which served to

trivialize science; “The heart has reasons, trivialize science; “The heart has reasons, which reason can not know.”which reason can not know.”