Science and Technology in Germany

Thomas Schroeder, Embassy of the Federal Republic of Germany,

Counsellor for Science, Technology and Environment

The Country

16 Länder = 1 Germany

• size: 357 000 sqm• 82.5 mio inhabitants• life expectancy 75.2 (male)

81.2 (female) • GDP per capita: 25,900

(US $ 2003)• export volume 2004: 911.8 (in

US $ billion)

• size: 378 000 sqm• 127.5 mio inhabitants• life expectancy 77.9 (male)

85.1 (female) • GDP per capita: 26,900

(US $ 2003)• export volume 2004: 565.7 (in

US $ billion)

Organisations funding R&D and international exchanges

Government fundingprogrammes (Federal and Länder)

German Research Association (DFG) Confederation of

Industrial Research Associations (AiF)

German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD)

Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation(AvH)

Capacity buildinginternational,Germany(inWent)

Private foundations like•Robert-Bosch,•Volkswagen,•Stifterverband forGerman Science

•several 100

In the field of education and science the Federal Government has authority for (according to the Basic Law)

FederalGovernment

Vocational training as far as not in schools

Framework legislation for higher education

Training assistance

Promotion of scientific research andtechnological development/promotion of young

scholars/scientists

European and international cooperation / cooperation in international organizations

The main responsibility for Science and Technology is with the Minister for Education and Science (BMBF), but also the Minister

for Economy (BMWI) has some responsibilities

BMWI

Nano, IT, Life Science, Environment, Social Science, etc

Energy, Space, Patent, etc

BMBF

The Länder have authority for (according to the Basic Law)

Länder

Continuing education

Higher education institutions

General and vocational schools

Elementary (partly) and primary sector

Investments in research and developmentby international comparison

3.23.02.82.62.42.22.01.81.61.41.21.00.8

95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03GEREU-15

USAOECD

JPNSTC

Source: OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators (2004/2

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D as a percentageof the gross domestic product

R&D-budget development in Japan, the US and the EU (without military R&D)

R&D-budget development in Japan, the US and the EU (in total)

Comparison of R&D Budgets

Ratio: government-financed R&D-budget and GDP

Ratio: R&D investments – GDP (I)

Ratio: government-financed R&D budget and R&D budget in total

R&D-budget (incl. industry-R&D)

Ratio: R&D investments – GDP (II)

Ratio: R&D-budget in total - GDP

Education and Research – Types of Funding 2005

Total: 10.0 billion €International Commitments(in particular ESA, CERN)

0.758 billion € Special types of Funding(in particular BAföG, AFBG,

university construction)2.159 billion €

Project funding2.287 billion €

Programme-orientedFunding (HGF)1.439 billion €

Other institutional Funding(in particular DFG, MPG, FhG, BLE)

1.952 billion €

Source: BMBF

9%

25%

17%

23%

27%

BMBF (departmental budget 30) – Types of Funding

Source: BMBF

Funding (Development 1983 - 2005 )

Billion €9.000

8.000

7.000

6.000

5.000

4.000

3.000

2.000

1.000

0

1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

Project funding

Institutional fundingHGF

DFG, MPG, FhG, BLE, otherresearch inst.

international commitments

Special types of fundingBaföG

university construction, non R&D-relevant education expenditure

Ministry

BAföG

HBFG, HSP, ALO, AFBG

ESA, CERN, etc.

HGF

Direct project funding

Gross domestic expenditure on R&Dbillion €, 2001 (%)

32.9 (63.5%) 17.4 (33.6%)

Business enterprise sector Government Abroad1.3

(2.5%)

Gross Domestic Expenditure R&D: 54.2

36.3 (67.0%)

Business enterprise sector

8.5(15.7%)

7.1 (13.1%)

2.3(4.2%)

Universities Non-universityinstitutions

Abroad

Financingsector

Performingsector

The Key Players

Alexander von Humboldt

• Ideal der Einheit von Forschung und Lehre. • Weitergabe von Wissen aus dem Geist der

Forschung und • die Idee der forschenden Lehre. • Studierende und Lehrende sind durch die

kritische Auseinandersetzung mit den Wissensbeständen sowie in der aktiven Mitarbeit an der Erweiterung des Wissens vereint.

• Förderung der sozialen und kommunikativenKompetenzen und die Unterstützung eigeneInitiativen.

Well-developed and differentiated research system

ResearchGerman Research Foundation (DFG),mainly universities

€ 1.3 billion (2003)

Helmholtz Association of National Research Centres (HGF)

15 national research centres€ 2.2 billion (2004)

Higher Education Sector€ 20 billion (2001)

Max PlanckSociety (MPG)

78 institutes€ 1.38 billion (2006))Leibniz

Association(WGL, Blue List)

80 institutes€ 1.1 billion (2005)

Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft (FhG)

58 national institutes€ 1.0 billion (2004)

Industrial research and development

€ > 33 Billion (2001)

The Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG - German Research Foundation)

• responsible for promoting research in Germany; the work of the DFG serves all branches of science.

• advises parliaments and public authorities on questions relating to science and research

• encourages international collaboration in science and supports the education of young researchers

• 650 employees in the office in Bonn-Bad Godesberg• Budget: € 1.3 billion (2003) • The DFG receives its funding from the federal (Bund) and

state (Länder) authorities, which are represented on all decision-making bodies, whereas scientists and academics hold the majority.

Research in Higher Education Institutes

• More than 20 % of all researcher (about 480.000) are working in higher education sector (2001 101.000)

• The overall expenditure of the higher education sector for research and education is estimated with about 20 Bill. Euro

• I will speak later about the sector

Max-Planck-Society (MPG)

• to promote research at its own institutes.• Max-Planck-Institutes conduct basic research in the

sciences and arts and humanities • research to supplement research carried out by the

universities.• Since 1948 16 Nobel Prize Winners. In addition,

15 Nobel Prizes were awarded to scientists from its predecessor organization, the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, between 1914 and 1948.

• 78 institutes, research centres and project groups.• 12,400 employees, in addition, there are about 10,900

doctoral candidates, post-doctoral fellows and guest scientists and scholars from abroad

• Budget: 2006 is € 1.38 billion.

The Fraunhofer Gesellschaft (FhG)

• FhG undertakes applied research. • Research of practical utility remains the focal objective of

all activities, whether these involve contract research, pre-competitive research, consulting services or studies.

• FhG is the research organization with the highest numberof applications for patent protection in Germany.

• FhG maintains roughly 80 research units, including 58 Fraunhofer Institutes; staff of some 12,500, predominantlyqualified scientists and engineers,.

• Budget: annual research budget of over 1 billion euros• Roughly two thirds of the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft’s

contract research revenue is derived from contracts withindustry and from publicly financed research projects.

Helmholtz Association (HGF)

• The Helmholtz Association is Germany's largest scientific research community.

• Big facilities research centre• HGF concentrates its work in research fields such as

Energy, Earth and Environment, Health, Key Technologies, Transport and Space

• A total of 24,000 staff (among these 10,000 scientists) work in its 15 scientific-technical and biological-medical research centres.

• Budget: more than € 2 billion. The Federal and Länderauthorities share around 70% of the total budget in a ratio of 90:10. The remaining 30% or so of the budget is acquired by the Helmholtz Centres in the form of contract funding.

Leibniz Association (WGL)

• The Leibniz Association is comprised of 84 non-university research institutes and service facilities.

• from regional infrastructure research and economics through research projects in the area of social sciences to natural sciences, engineering and environmental research.

• The Leibniz Institutes are demand-oriented and interdisciplinary centres of competence. They consider themselves as co-operation partners for industry, public administration and politics; scientific collaboration with universities is particularly close and intensive.

• 13.000 employees (5.300 academics and 1.700 Ph. D. students)

• Budget: € 1.1 Billion (2005)

Structure, Research fields, Project Schemes

Structure

Complexity Factor 1:Federal Constitution => Federal government and federal states (Länder) are jointly responsible for science.

Complexity Factor 2:There are different types of government-financed research institutions.

Complexity Factor 3:German science system is based on

1. institutional funding and 2. project funding.

Public funding – shared competences

The Federal Government – particularly BMBF – funds theresearch in technological key areas in the framework of general or specialised funding programmes.

The Federal States (Länder) generally fund the universities.- all universities also conduct research.

Yet, this diversification also offers advantages…

but it is also far from being simple …

it allows for adressing almost any field of research

it is very flexible regarding new ideas and research fields

it represents and responds to regional needs

it offers a specific solution for every individual case

Structure of the German Research System

Project funding by Federal Government and industry

Science Council

BLK

Foundations

e.gCERN, EMBL,ESA, ESRF, ESO, ETW,IAEA, IEA, WMO

EU

Internationalresearchcentres

and researchorganizations

For information

Institutionsof higher education

Länder institutionsperforming R&D

Academies

DFG58:42

HGF90:10

MPG50:50

FhG90:10

WGL50:50

Federal institutionsperforming R&D

Institutional funding

Research laboratoriesof businessenterprises

AiF institutes

Industry-relatedR&D institutions

Federal Government Federal States Industry

However, this system is rather successful

Success Factor 1: Independence of research; autonomy in the identification of research topics and methods in the area of basic research and new areas.

Success Factor 2: Subsidiarity and cooperation with the business sector.

Success Factor 3: Openness for international cooperation.

In addition

In addition to the basic institutional funding of research institutions, the BMBF also supports R&D through project fundingin different areas of scientific research such as:

New Technologies Life SciencesBasic Research Space ResearchMobility and Life World Sustainability

Within these areas specific funding programmes are announced.

Funding programmes e.g. in the fields of:

BiotechnologyNano-materialse-scienceSustainabilityICTFusionScience and SocietyHealthInnovative Workplace DevelopmentNew Services

for further information see www.bmbf.de

The project funding scheme of the BMBF is based on

• governmental programmes• competitiveness • a peer review system• free access for research institutions, universities and industry• openness for international co-operation

National Project Funding System

IndustryResearch Institute

Project Management Agencies: Support, Consultation

Specific programs:

- Biotechnology- Nanotechnology- ICT…

Competition

Peer review

Scientific Excellence

Project Proposal

Globalization

„Globalization is like the weather, you cannot change it; but you can listen to the weather forecast. If it will rain, you have the alternative to seek for shelter, or you can prepare for sowing“

(Zhengrong Liu, personnel manager of Lanxess)

Internationalization should be understood as the activeshaping of global framework conditions in favor of an economic, social and ecological beneficial development

Science never had national borders

good scientists are internationally linked

But !

Science has not yet developed much beyond the status of personal mobility and exchange of scientific results

International cooperation projects is still limited to special situations, where

- size, complexity and long-term character makes international work and costsharing necessary

- regional collaborations are motivated politically (e.g. development of the European Research Area, Partnerships in East Asia)

Current forms of international cooperation do not make fulluse of its possibilities and opportunities:

•Public research developed a variety of global collaborations, butonly few global R&D strategic partnerships

•Collaborations are not sufficiently focussed in terms of topics and regions

•Frame conditions of national research policy are not optimized fora stronger international orientation

general goal: foster international networks to optimize theallocation of resources worldwide for the mutual benefit of participating partners and countries

Global science and technology networks can develop a strongdynamism towards innovation and the solution of globalproblems by:

•opening national R&D-programmes to the international community;

improves scientific productivity through worldwide competitionand cooperation

•increasing the mobility of scientists and research investments

helps to optimize the allocation of resources•using worldwide available knowledge;

helps speeds up the innovation process• pooling worldwide know-how and technology

supports more effective solutions of global problems(environment, health, safety)

•sharing common global facilities in big sciencesaves time and money

Internationalization should become an implicit part of every national R&D-policy; governments should create suitable frameworks and incentives; national R&D institutions should develop own internationalization strategies

Regional alliances should foster transnational R&D-networks(e.g.: ERA-Nets in Europe)

Multilateral organizations should work out international favorable framework conditions to promote internationalization.OECD should benchmark internationalization concepts of OECD countries and identifies best practice

BMBF plans to develop a framework concept for an internationalization initiative with the objectives:

• cooperate with the best worldwide• be present in core countries with interest in strategic collaboration• increase international mobility of German scientists and attract

top researchers from abroad • encourage foreign research investment in Germany• convert the best research centers into international competence hubs• promote a sustainable global development and the solution

of global problems by strengthening international scientific networks

German Students Abroad 2003

Source: BMBF

Total:62 200

United States: 8745

Australia: 1941

Canada: 770

New Zealand: 390

Japan: 300

Chile: 186

34

4502400

274

621

3213

5146

20

130200

5

7651200

6

712

10061516,716

1821,773329 1)

6496

5050309

319107602 364

5569

660

Vatican:229

171) For information: German students in Germany

Education system

Percentage of population aged 25 to 64 according to thehighest level of education attained (2001)

ISCED 0/1: Pre-primary and primary education

ISCED 2: Lower secondary education

ISCED 3A: Upper secondary education - general

ISCED 3B: Upper secondary education - vocational

ISCED 4: Post-secondary non-tertiary education

ISCED 5B: Tertiary education (occupational focus)

ISCED 5A/6: Tertiary education (theoretically based) and

advanced research programmes

Source: BMBF

ISCED 3A3%

ISCED 3B52%

ISCED 45%

ISCED 5B10%

ISCED 0/12% ISCED 2

16%

ISCED5A/613%

Education in GermanyBasic structure of the Education System

of the Federal Republic of Germany

● Diagrammatic representation of the structure of the education system of the Federal Republic of Germany. In individual Länder there are variations from the above pattern.

● The age given for attendance at the various educational institutions refers to the earliest possibletypical entry.

Source: BMBF

Continuing Education(Continuing General and Vocational Education Courses Provided by a Broad Range of Institutions)

(Allgemeine, berufliche und wissenschaftliche Weiterbildung)

Universities (Universitäten)

Colleges of Theology (Theologische Hochschulen)

Colleges of Education (Pädagogische Hochschulen)

Colleges of Art and Music (Kunsthochschule)

Comprehensive Universities (Gesamthochschulen)

Fachhochschulen

Comprehensive Universities(Gesamthochschulen)

College of Public Administration(Verwaltungsfachhochschulen)

Fachoberschulen

Educationrange

Age

23

22

21

20

19

18

17

16

15

14

13

12

11

10...6..3

ContinuingEducation

HigherEducation

SecondaryEducationStage II

SecondaryEducationStage I

PrimaryEducation

Pre-SchoolEducation

Kindergartens(Kindergärten)

Primary Schools(Grundschulen)

Orientation Stage(Orientierungsstufe - schulformabhängige oder schulformunabhängig)

Secondary General Schools(Hauptschulen)

Intermediate Schools(Realschulen)

Spec

ial S

choo

ls(S

onde

rsch

ulen

)

Cla

sses

5 to

10

Cla

sses

11 to

12/

13

Gra

mm

arS

choo

ls(G

ymna

sien

)

Spe

cial

ized

Gra

mm

arS

choo

ls(F

achg

ymna

sien

)

Full-

time

Voc

atio

nal

Sch

ools

(Ber

ufs-

fach

schu

len)

Sch

ools

forN

urse

s, M

idw

ives

, ect

.(S

chul

en d

es G

esun

dhei

tsw

esen

)

Voc

atio

nalE

xten

sion

Sch

ool (

Ber

ufs-

aufb

ausc

hule

n)

Occupational Work

In-companycontinuingeducation(BetrieblicheWeiterbil-dung)

EveningClasses and Fulltime AdultEducationColleges(Abendschulenund Kollegs)

Trade andTechnicalSchools(Fach-schulen)

Dual System(In-company Trainingand Part-time VocationalSchooling)Basic Vocational Training Year (Berufsgrundbildungs-jahr)

Com

preh

ensi

veS

choo

ls(G

esam

tsch

ulen

)

Types of Higher Education Institutions in Germany

121 Universities and equivalent institutions

100 Universities and Technical Universities(1.339.887 students)

15 Colleges of Theology(2.397 students)

6 Colleges of Education(21.129 students)

52 Colleges of Art and Music

197 Universities of Applied Sciences

168 General Universitiesof Applied Sciences(526.312 students)

29 Civil ServiceUniversities ofApplied Sciences(36.401 students)

1.363.413 students

370Higher education institutions

1.957.330 students

31.204 st 562.713 students

Public expenditure on Higher Education, Status: 2003

Federal Government Länder

2,2 Billion € 16,7 Billion €not included expenditure on research and development

BAföGFunding volume since 1994 * in million Euro

0

500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

TotaFed.GLände

Total 1.588 1.458 1.391 1.233 1.201 1224 1.265 1.606 1.948 2.029 2.112Fed.Gov. 1.032 948 904 801 780 796 822 1.044 1.266 1.319 1.373

556 510 487 432 420 428 443 562 682 710 739

1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

* from 2000 incl. loans for students provided by the Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW)

Länder

German Academic Exchange Service DAAD

Funding:85% Federal Government, 6% EU, 9% others

Mission: Promoting international exchanges of students and scientists as well as cross-border cooperation in higher educationAchievements: - 15% of all German students have gathered experience abroad; -- objective: at least 20% should spend one semester abroad- German students abroad make up 2.9% of all students in - OECD countries (only Korea and Japan show higher rates)- Germany is the third most popular host country for foreign students (after USA, UK)

Sources of Federal funds in million Euro

60,5

21,7 1,4

118,3

AABMBFBMZother federal

Institutions of Higher Education in Germany

Types and number of institutions in Germany

Percentage of students by type100

6

16

52

29

162

Univ., compreh.universities

Colleges ofEducation

Colleges ofTheology

Colleges of Art

Univ. of AppliedSciences

Colleges of PublicAdministration

72,80%

27,20%

Universities (PH,TH,KH)

Univ. of Appl. Sciences(w/o Coll. of PublicAdmin.)

Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden, 2005 WS 2004/05: Basisdaten Wissenschaftsrat

“Run” on Institutions of Higher Education:

Number of students in Germany

First-year students in %1.770.489

1.938.8112.019.4651.963.108

2.420.0002.280.000

0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

WS 99/00

WS 02/03

WS 03/04

WS 04/05

Estimate 201

3Esti

mate 2020

Copyright Federal Statistical Office, Wiesbaden, 2005, Last update: 20 Oct. 2005, Estimates Science Council 2005

26,829,2

37,1 36,7

05

10152025303540

1995 1998 2004 2005

Objective: At least 40% of an Age-Group Take up Studies

Demand for highly qualified skilled labour is growing while the total number of young people is decreasing

Numbers of new entrants:On OECD average, half an age-group takes up higher education studies, in Germany 37%

Germany almost fully taps the potential of persons qualified to enter higher education, who account for 35% of an age-group (OECD average 56%)

International Project Funding System (2+2)

GermanIndustry

- - - - - + - - - - - -foreignIndustry

German Research Institute

- - - - + - - - - -foreign

Res. Institute

Project Management Agencies: Support, Consultation

Competition

Peer review

Scientific Excellence

Project Proposal

Research Policy:

• Internationalization of Science: a contribution for shaping theglobalization process

• increase the expenditure for R&D from 2,5 to 3% of GDP

• improve innovation friendly conditions and harmonizescientific progress and ethic principles

• increase project funding as mediator between research and application through networks and clusters, improvenetworking between university and non-university research

Research Policy:

• promote growth cores with transregional impact in the „newländer“

• evaluate federal research institutions

• build the European Research Area, a central role of Germany

• develop a positive innovation culture (Science Years, Dialog between Science and Society)

Thank you for your attention!

www.bmbf.dewww.campus-germany.de

www.tokyo.diplo.dewww.doitsu-nen.jp