science and technology for human development with special reference to japan

8/8/2019 Science and Technology for Human Development With Special Reference to Japan

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TERM PAPER TITLE:

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY FOR HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT WITH A SPECIAL REFERENCE TO

JAPAN

Submitted by:

CHANDRA PRAKASH (2009PH10712)

NIHIT SINGH (2009PH10729)


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ABSTRACT(Ctrl + Click)

PART A.INTER-RELATEDNESS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT (Ctrl + Click)

PART B.GENERAL STRATEGICAL CRITERIA FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

ACHIEVEMENT FOR A COUNTRY IN GENERAL(Ctrl + Click)

PART C. JAPANESE MODUS-OPERANDI FOR A PROMINENT SCIENTIFIC AND

TECHNOLOGICAL PROFICIENCY

1. AIMS OF THE JAPANS SCIENCE POLICIES Reducing dependence on foreign energy(Ctrl + Click)

Reducing dependence on foreign raw materials(Ctrl + Click)

Stimulating research in key areas of high technology(Ctrl + Click)

Cooperation among industry, government and the universities (Ctrl + Click)

2. LEGAL MEASURES FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT(Ctrl + Click)

1. Laws enacted(1949-1957) for the facilitation of advanced foreign technologies and

a quick catch up

2. Establishment of various organisations:

a) MITIs Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)b) Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC)

3. TAX INCENTIVES FOR R&D PROGRAMS(Ctrl + Click)

PART D. CO-RELATEDNESS AND DIRECT OUTCOMES OF ABOVE MENTIONED STEPS ON

THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT(Ctrl + Click)

Advancements and consequences (our views on future trend in each element!) in the

following key components of HDI due to the above-mentioned measures between the

years 1960-2000:

Life-expectancy

GDP per capita index

Education index

Environmental efficiency


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Creation of technology

ABSTRACT:

Human Developmentis defined to be as the creation of an environment which enables

people to develop to their full potential and lead productive and creative lives in

accordance to their needs and interests. In a nutshell, Human Developmentis about

the widening of peoples choices. It not only incorporates the economic well-being but

entire requisite aspects for a healthy and productive life.

The Human Development Index (HDI) is a

composite statistical tool used to rank countries by level of extent ofHuman

Developmentand separate developed (high development), developing (middle

development), and underdeveloped (low development) countries. The statistic is

composed from data on life expectancy, education, per-capita GDP (as an indicator of

standard of living), gender equality, environmental sustainability, democracy etc.

Science and Technology on the

other hand can be stated as one of the most important tools for the Human

Development. Analogous to the HDI, scientific and technological achievements are

measured by theTechnologyAchievement Index (TAI). It comprises of four

dimensions:

Diffusion of new innovations

Diffusion of old innovations

Capacity building

Clearly, TAI the measure of how

well a nation could assimilate the technological development within itself. But its the

measure of technological achievement only and does not include how well it is

translated into Human Development. However, the TAI is generally found to be in

harmony with the HDI.

Science and Technology is deeply related to the Human Developmentas the

former being a vital tool for the later and the later results in the augmentation of the

former.

-----------------------------

GO TO INDEX(Ctrl + Click)


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PART A.

INTER-RELATEDNESS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT

Science and Technology and Human Development are very deeply co-related to

each other. Both are the means as well as outcome of each other.

Science and Technology helps

in Human Development in broadly two ways:

If utilized well, S&T directly enhances the capabilities of human. Be it by ensuring

disease prevention through vaccines (leading to a healthy life), development of drought

resistant plant for tolerating harsh climate conditions (enhancing productivity of

farmers), dissemination of knowledge/information through ICTs (Information is

Power!) etc. All these things directly enhance public health, nutrition, knowledge and

standards of living; thus enabling them to participate more actively in the social,

economic and political life of an individual.

By directly enhancing the human capabilities

Science and Technology play vital role in economic development by improving productivity

and efficiency of factories, devices, systems or automobiles. This helps in improving

performance, reducing cost and augmenting the quality of the output for the same input,

which provides an incentive for the economic development. Moreover, it creates new

industries and services contributing to economic development as well as creation of

employment. Thus, S&T triggers the economic growth and is a source of generation of

opportunities for the masses.

On one hand, S&T serves as one of the means for Human

Development, from the other way round; improvement in S&T is an outcome of the Human

Development. Apart from monetary capital, for the development of technology highly

specialised scientists and engineers are required for undertaking research and development,

at the same time for its better diffusion well educated farmers and workers/skilled

workforce is required to make out the best use of technological innovation. Technology is an

expression of human potential which is directly an output of Human Development. Thus HD

provides resources for Technological Development.

By triggering the economic growth and thereby creating opportunities


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CONTINUED IN NEXT PAGE

After establishing the relation between S&T and Human Development; let us now look

forward to the TAI (Technological Achievement Index) of some of the most technologically

developed nations, taken from HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT 2001. Their scores in the key

sectors of development and diffusion of technology and inculcation of technological skills are

provided.


HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

(Building of human

ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT

TECHNOLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENT

Creation ofknowledge

Improvements in

various spheres oflife like medicine,

communications,

energy and standard

of living etc

Resources for education, employment, health

Resources for

technology-

Productivity gain and

creation of services

Fig. Relationship between technological and human development


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Now, considering both HDI and TAI of countries from different groups in accordance to their HDI:

HIGH HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

COUNTRIES

COUNTRY HDI (1999) TAI (1999)

NORWAY 0.939 0.579

SWEDEN 0.936 0.703

USA 0.934 0.733

JAPAN 0.928 0.698

FRANCE 0.924 0.535

MEDIUM HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

COUNTRIES


MEXICO 0.79 0.389

CHINA 0.718 0.299

EGYPT 0.635 0.236

INDIA 0.571 0.201

LOW HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

COUNTRIES


GHANA 0.542 0.139

KENYA 0.514 0.129

NEPAL 0.48 0.081

SUDAN 0.439 0.071

(Data collected from internet)


Countries with high HDI have High

TAI in general

Countries with moderate HDI have

moderate TAI in general

Countries with relatively low HDI

have relatively low TAI in general


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All the above data illustrate that In general, both Human Development and Technological

Achievement thrive in harmony with each other. If a nation does well in Technological

Achievement then fairer are the chances of performing well in the Human Development and vice-

versa. This is one of the reasons why nations enhance their technological achievement for quicker

(catch up) development.

Thus it can be concluded that:

Science and Technology and Human Development are

reinforced in a virtuous synergy

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GO TO INDEX (Ctrl + Click)


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PART B.

GENERAL STRATEGICAL CRITERIA FOR SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL

ACHIEVEMENT FOR A COUNTRY IN GENERAL

The Technology Achievement Index (TAI) comprises of four

dimensions: Creation of technology, Diffusion of new innovations, Diffusion of old innovations and

Capacity building. So to stick onto the bases of TAI, general strategic criteria a country might follow

are:

Creation of new products, processes and services through R&D

The need is to constantly augment the extent of Research to develop new products or

processes to win patents or IPRs, or to create a new market via generation of new products, or to

improve the existing products both qualitatively as well as quantitatively.

Usage/improvement of new as well as old technologies in production or consumption

Their is also a dire need to inculcate the newly developed technologies in the

process of production so as to rip out the maximum benefit of it. Also, they help in boosting the

medium to high technology exports for the progressive industries. Moreover, the constant

improvement as well as usage of old technologies is vital to ensure competitiveness and

aggressiveness in the present firms. It is the profit from the usage of old technologies only that help

in generating resources/monetary source for the development of new technologies. They constitute

the very base to build upon.

Inculcation of skills among people for technological learning and innovation

Capacity Building forms an integral part as it ensures the supply of skilled

labourers to perform the afore-mentioned tasks. Promotion of high scientific and technical

education (of course the primary education is essential!) to ensure a sustained growth. Also, the

absorption of these highly skilled techies in the process of innovation/firms (employment) is

indispensable!

This part has been included in the report as each of the Japanese Policies/ Strategiescan be directly/indirectly co-related to aim at one of the above mentioned key points.



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REDUCING DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN ENERGY

The above statistic shows that OIL is a dominant source of energy in Japan.

Despite of the extensive consumption, Japan has very limited domestic oil reserves,

amounting to 44 million barrels as of January 2010, according to The Oil and GasJournal (OGJ), down from the 58 million barrels reported by OGJ in 2007.

How is Japan dependent on foreign energy?

Graph No. 1

Conclusion: - The above graph is the crystal clear indication of the dependence on foreign

energy.



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High cost of the imported oil along with the rising global price of oil leads to highdomestic energy supply cost, resulting into the Economic Inefficiency.

Implications of the Japans policies on the reduction of dependence on foreign energy

In accord to the realisation of the extensive dependence on foreign energy, Japans Science

& Technology policies aim at reducing the dependence. Hence, it is very much essential to

know the reckonings behind those policies.

Eventually, Japan suffered serious economic difficulties due to two oil crises in the

1970s and hence the policies can play a major role in securing stable energy supply.

This policy is another way of promoting domestic renewable energy resources

addressing to the global environmental problems Harmony with Environment.

It contributes to the construction of a sustainable economic society, and the

creation ofnew industries and employment.

Conclusion: - Japans energy policy objectives are designed in such a manner that 3Es goals

must be achieved simultaneously i.e., Economic Efficiency, Environment Protection and

Energy Security.

1) Automobile Industries in Private Sector

Sectors, Groups and Organisations involved in the implication of the energy policy

2) Japans Atomic Energy Agency

3) Japans Science & Technology Agency

4) Research & Development Sector

5) Policy-makers in Government Sector

Steps taken in consideration with the Energy Policy

1) Conventional energy (fuel) efficiency

2) Moving towards renewable resources

3) Atomic energy plants



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1) Conventional energy (fuel) efficiency

Fuel efficiency: Efficiency of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in

a carrier fuel into kinetic energy or work. More the efficiency more will be the output

(energy) for lesser input (fuel).

a) Automobile industries play a critical role in enhancing fuel efficiency

Within the R&D cell of motor manufacturing industries like Toyota and Hyundai, the

vast majority of the testing that takes place in the labs is related to fuel economy

evaluation. Electronic throttle control systemhas become almost universal in the

industry as an important element of meeting increasingly difficult emissions and fuel

consumption standards. Direct-Injection (D4) petrol and Direct-Injection common

rail diesel (D-4D) engines are the examples of fuel efficient products of Toyota.

b) Establishment of the Fuel-Efficient Tire Promotion Council

The METI, Japan and the MLIT, Japan established the Fuel-Efficient Tire

Promotion Council in cooperation with related industry groups in order to

improve the transport sectors energy consumption efficiency with respect to

automotive tires. Through this Council, the two ministries aim to define the future

direction of tire-related energy conservation measures.

2) Moving towards renewable resources

Domestic renewable resources are the best substitutions of fuel and coal. Japans Science

and Technology division aggressively exploits this fact for the self-energy sufficiency and the

reduction of dependence on foreign energy.

a) Commencement of residential solar generation installation subsidies

Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association (JPEA) promoted the use of solar energy by

subsidising solar generation installation. Its aim is to encourage the lowering of the

price of the residential solar generation systems and to promote expansion of the

market with an eye to achieving the objective of mass solar generation.

PROGRAM FLOW



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b) Hibikinada Wind Farm, Japan

A 15MW wind farm on the coast of Hibikinada, supplies power to Kyushu Electric Power

Co. using ten 1.5MW wind turbines from GE Wind Energy. Funded in part by the

Japanese government to encourage renewable energy, the Hibikinada Wind Farm is

owned by NS Wind Power Hibiki Ltd. The turbines are expected to generate 35 million

kWh annually, enough to supply 10,000 average Japanese homes. The ten 1.5MW wind

turbines are active yaw and pitch regulated with power/torque control capability and an

asynchronous generator. Power is varied using active-blade pitch control. This "variable

speed" operation ensures the turbines work at high efficiency.

The projects of Aoyama Plateau Wind Farm (32 turbines), Nunobiki Plateau Wind

Farm (33 turbines), Seto Wind Farm (11 turbines) are run by the Japan Wind

Development Company, LTD.

c) Promotion of Ocean Energy

Ocean Energy involves the generation of electricity from waves, tides, currents, salinity

gradient and thermal gradient of the sea or the ocean. Being a coastal country, Japan is

funding the research and development in Ocean-Energy technology. Nova Energy

Company located in Hyogo Prefecture is setting up of a tidal power project near Seto

Inland Sea. The project intended to produce power from water current energy will install

tuna fish shape type of streamlined turbines.

d) Toshiba Geothermal Power Plant

In 1965 Toshiba manufactured, for the first time, a 22,000 kW turbine generator for the

Matsukawa geothermal power plant in Japan. Today, Toshiba as a leading manufacturer

of geothermal power has contributed to a major part of the world's geothermal

development. Toshiba geothermal turbines are designed, manufactured and

constructed on the basis of such abundant experience.



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e) Hydropower plants in Japan

The Kazunogawa Power Plant is a 1600MW underground pumped storage plant

constructed by the Tokyo Electric & Power Company (TEPCO) in Japan's Yamnashi

Prefecture. The project included a range of construction work, with the 160MW being

generated by the world's then largest reversible pump turbines (four 400,000kW units).

Marubeni Corp., a major Japanese trading company purchased the generating facilities

of a micro-hydro power plant and the business rights for "Tateshina Power Plant" on

the Tateshina Plateau.

RENEWABLE ENERGY MODEL OF JAPAN



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3) Atomic energy

Japans Atomic Energy Agency is earnestly stressing on the basic research of nuclear energy

and its application. Intensive research is on the technical establishment of nuclear fuel

cycle:-

R&D of Fast Breeder Reactor

R&D of nuclear fuel for FBR

R&D of Reprocessing

R&D of treatment and disposal of HLW

http://www.jaea.go.jp/english/about/mission.jpg


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Generally, the country with the HDI range of Japan (9.6) has very high energy consumption

per capita per annum. For example, Iceland and USA has 3-fold and 2-fold per capita energy

consumption of that of Japan respectively. The above graph is the portrayal of high

efficiency in transmission and end-use of energy in Japan.

According to the Graph No.1, oil consumption rate in Japan is statistically decreasing which

is ironical to the fact that most of the developed and developing countries have increasing

graph between oil consumption rate and time. This is post effect of the Japans Energy

Policy which explicitly stresses on the exploitation of renewable resources.

----------------------

CONCLUSIONS


Source : UNDP


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REDUCING DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN RAW MATERIALS

CONTINENTS

JAPANS GLOBAL TRADES

By aggrandizing the foreign trade system, Japan managed to establish a giant global market

within the country by 1980s. Being a leader of the international economic system, Japan

caught up very quickly and became an advanced industrial nation. Not surprisingly, the

economical acceleration enhanced Japan to import raw materials to meet up the industrial

demands.

IMPORTS IN JAPAN (BILLION ) 1985

Asian countries US$228

Western Europe US$24.3

Latin America US$31.6

Middle East US$131

The desire to restrict manufactured imports was intensified by the knowledge that

the nation needed strong manufacturing industries to generate exports to pay for

needed raw material imports.

URGENCY OF JAPANS SCIENCE POLICY ON REDUCTION OF DEPENDENCE ON FOREIGN

RAW MATERIALS

The heavy dependency on raw materials that characterized Japan until the mid-1980s

reflected both their absence in Japan and the process of import-

substitution industrialization, in which Japan favoured domestic industries over imports.

The rising global price of raw materials is another reason behind the aggressive step.

Japan acquired the technological and economical capability to harness the ocean

raw materials present within the country itself.CONTINUED IN NEXT PAGE

GLOBAL INVESTMENT(1980)ASIAN COUNTRIES(23%)

MIDDLE EAST(31.7%)

WESTERN EUROPE(16%)

LATIN AMERICA(6.9%)

OTHER(22.5%)

Source : wikipedia


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1) Moving toward smaller high-technology

STEPS MANEUVERED IN ACCORD WITH THE POLICY

2) Exploitation of ocean resources

1) Moving towards smaller high technologySmall high technology offers ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster materials,

devices and systems that can do more and cleverer things, use less raw materials and

consume less energy. Japan incorporated such technologies in new and improved products

which eventually helped in reducing the dependency on foreign raw materials. The Japanese

have completely abided by the thesis of SMALL IS BEAUTIFUL.

Nanotechnology

Nanosystem Research Instituteplayed a critical role in inheriting the nanotechnology in the

techno-economical system of Japan.Japanese nanotechnology as it is now proceeding isalmost completely the outgrowth of work in semiconductor processing (nanostructures) and

micromachines. Nanotechnology is the backbone of the semiconductor companies and thepresent world of electronics and chips is totally dependent on it. Some of the emerging

products based on nanotechnology are carbon-nanotubes (application in photonic

technology), Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) silicon chips and nano-Spindt FED

etc. The various nanotechnology based companies in Japan are Fujitsu, Hitachi High

Technologies, Ashizawa Finetech and Hamamatsu Photonics etc. Japan is also seeing the

rapid development of equipment for use at the nanometer level (STMs and AFMs) and its

integration into the research laboratory.

Microelectromechanical Systems (MEM)

It is the technology of very small mechanical devices driven by electricity. Japanese MEMS

had roots in mechatronics but Japan is also investing in lithographic-based MEMS capability

and equipment. Fabrication technologies are observed in high temperature materials for

power MEMS (sintering), SAW devices, Micro-stereo lithography and microfluidics etc.

Tohuku University, Tokyo University and Ritsumeikan University have excellent facilities and

research activities in the field of MEMS. Murata, Kitamori and Hitachi are the MEMS based

companies.

2)Exploitation of ocean resources

A stable supply of resources is important tasks for the Japanese government in a relatively

small country where natural resources are scarce. Utilizing the ocean is one effective way todeal with the problems Japan faces. Ocean resources refer to marine resources, deep sea-

bed resources, underground resources of oceans and the living resources in the sea, on the

islands and in the ocean.

Marine resources

They are the encompass energy derived from the sea, including wave and tide power, heat-

exchange energy and wind power which has been discussed in detail in the renewable

energy section.



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Deep seabed and underground resources

Since early 1970'SA deep ocean minerals Development was adopted as one of the

Government's principal mining policy. The Ocean Development Office of Agency of Natural

Resources and Energy, Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) are in charge of

formulating basic Policy for deep sea-bed mineral resources Development. The Metal

Mining Agency of Japan (MMAJ) started the exploration of manganese Nodules in the

Clarion-Clipper ton Zone (C-C zone) in the Pacific Ocean. Japans new ocean policy

emphasizes the need to develop methane hydrate and hydrothermal deposits within

Japans exclusive economic zone and calls for the commercialization of these resources

within the next 10 years.

Living ocean resources

The ocean has been a source of an abundant food to the Japanese people since ancient

times. In 2002, Japan's fisheries production reached almost 6 million tons. The Tokyo

Metropolitan Central Wholesale Market is the biggest wholesale fish and seafood market in

the world. Chlorella fish is extensively used in medicines. Processed sea foods market isanother emerging market of Japan.



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How did the Japanese unfold?

After establishing such heavy industries as steel and automobiles, thereby laying the

framework of Japan's explosive economic growth, the government began strongly supporting

companies engaged in high-technology. The goal was development of a domestic capability

to produce highly competitive electronic goods for export.

The above fact can be established by the following data, which confirms an increase in

electronic based industries share in export for Japan.

Share of technology intensive industries for Japan

Primary initiatives:

The national government helped Japanese high-tech industries to become more advanced:

By funding them

By assisting in the acquisition of foreign technologies

By cartelizing industries, and protecting the domestic market from outside

competition until Japanese firms were prepared to compete, the government

successfully built Japanese high-tech firms into the global powerhouses

Persistence of very strong ties between corporations and various government and

quasi-government entities.


The transition from labour-intensive industries to technology-intensive industries

was the most vital step in the ladder of national development.

Source : bing images


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In which high-tech technologies?

With strong support from the government coupled with the aggressiveness, Japanese

electronics companies stand well-positioned to utilize their expertise in production

technology to market the world's most advanced microprocessor, memory, and display

technologies. In nearly every key area involving "digitization" - including digital encoding,

high-density recording, and high-density packaging - Japanese firms either possess world-

class technology, or are pioneers in the field. Japanese companies also lead in such areas asflat panel displays, flash memory, video compression chips,

batteries, and optical discs.


CONTRAPUNTO: Following the Meiji Restoration (1868), Japan was opened to the West. Theprime motivating factor for Japan then was not profit, but fear that the more-advanced foreign

technology might be used against Japan. The embarrassment of being forced to accept the

"unequal treaties" imposed upon Japan by the Western powers (including the United States) set

the stage for Japan's quest to ensure its survival and national security.

Going through the

adjacent country wise

share of global high-tech

market it can be observed

that in between 1980 and1995 Japan had a

whopping share of 22-30%

of this progressive market.

It illustrates the success of

the aforementioned

government initiatives

along with the global

competitiveness andaggressiveness of the

Japanese High Tech

companies.


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COOPERATION AMONG INDUSTRY, GOVERNMENT AND THE

UNIVERSITIES

1. Expansion of fund supply to universities

Sufficient funds have been appropriated to support research and development activities by

academia in. Appropriations for science and technology in the Japan government budget for 1997 FY

total about 3.0 trillion!

In 1996 the Basic Science and Technology Promotion Plan has been enacted to serve the

purpose to a much larger extent.

2. Promotion of technology transfer

A unique system of providing licenses to industry in order to make use of the intellectual property

rights resulting from research by universities has been enacted. This would pave the way toacademia-industry cooperation is to set up an organization by which to transfer technology from

academia to industry.

"The Law for Promotion of University-Industry Technology Transfer was enacted in 1998

to serve the purpose.

3. Promotion of joint Research and internships

In Japan,joint research centres have been established at universities since 1987 for the promotion

of industry-academic cooperation. The centres number 56 in fiscal 2000. At national universities,

etc., the numbers of the cases of joint researches with private businesses and those of entrusted

researches by the private businesses have increased 4.4 times in case and 2.7 times in people from

10 years ago. The entrusted researches have grown substantially as much as 9.7 times in terms of

amount of money.



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1. Subsidy and debt guarantee to Technology Licensing Organizations. The Japanese government will give asubsidy of 50% and a full debt guarantee to the establishment cost of a TLO by universities and privatecompanies through the Industrial Infrastructure Fund (Sangyoukiban-seibi-kikin).2. Exemption from fee on patent registration and maintenance. With regards to patents from universities andnational universities, the TLO will be exempt from paying fees on patent registration and maintenance.3. Financing to collaboration between universities and small-medium sized companies by the Small-MediumSized Companies Supporting Corporation. Small-medium sized companies can play an important role in

commercializing results of universities' research but do not have sufficient finances to support it fully. Therefore,the Small-Medium Sized Companies Supporting Corporation, which was established by the Japanesegovernment, provides financial supports to collaborative research expenditure, and subsidies to collaborationbetween universities and small-medium sized companies.4. Advertisement of universities technology transfer plans. The Industrial Infrastructure Fund will advertise, i.e.universities technology transfer plans to private companies that can buy, i.e. universities licenses, especially tosmall-medium sized companies.5. Deregulation on non-governmental business of national universities' staff in TLO. National universities areprohibited from engaging in non-governmental business by staff of the Governmental Officials Law. The new lawwill make it easy for staff of national universities to work for a TLO as a prescribed private company.6. Subsidy for collaborative research between industry and university. The Ministry of International Trade andIndustry will provide a subsidy of 2200 million to collaborative research projects between industry and universitythrough impartial evaluation in 1998FY

Fig. The universities' share in the nation's research and development expenditures is 20.1% in Japan. This figure

compares favourably with the corresponding outcomes of the Govt efforts to strengthen the bilateral ties and

promotion of technology transfer

. Source: Japan; Statistics on Science and Technology in Japan, Management and Coordination Agency.

All these legalisations and steps show the extent of importance given by the Japanese

government, universities and industry to the university-industry interaction and linkage. That shows

that how the three partners, key players i.e. the government, higher education institutions /

universities / engineering institutions and industry are cooperating, interacting with each other for

the benefits for all.


Certain provisions of the Law of Promoting Technology Transfer from University to Industry:

1. Subsidy and debt guarantee to Technology Licensing Organizations. The Japanese government will give asubsidy of 50% and a full debt guarantee to the establishment cost of a TLO by universities and privatecompanies through the Industrial Infrastructure Fund (Sangyoukiban-seibi-kikin).2. Exemption from fee on patent registration and maintenance. With regards to patents from universities andnational universities, the TLO will be exempt from paying fees on patent registration and maintenance.3. Financing to collaboration between universities and small-medium sized companies by the Small-Medium

Sized Companies Supporting Corporation. Small-medium sized companies can play an important role incommercializing results of universities' research but do not have sufficient finances to support it fully. Therefore,the Small-Medium Sized Companies Supporting Corporation, which was established by the Japanesegovernment, provides financial supports to collaborative research expenditure, and subsidies to collaborationbetween universities and small-medium sized companies.4. Advertisement of universities technology transfer plans. The Industrial Infrastructure Fund will advertise, i.e.universities technology transfer plans to private companies that can buy, i.e. universities licenses, especially tosmall-medium sized companies.5. Deregulation on non-governmental business of national universities' staff in TLO. National universities areprohibited from engaging in non-governmental business by staff of the Governmental Officials Law. The new lawwill make it easy for staff of national universities to work for a TLO as a prescribed private company.6. Subsidy for collaborative research between industry and university. The Ministry of International Trade andIndustry will provide a subsidy of 2200 million to collaborative research projects between industry and universitythrough impartial evaluation in 1998FY


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LEGAL MEASURES FOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

a) The Foreign Exchange Law (1949)

Laws enacted (1949-1957)

Realising the urgency to catch up very quickly in the technological as well as economicalaspects, the government of Japan enacted various laws to facilitate the foreign technologies

and in turn enhancing the technological excrescence.

b) Establishment of the Industrial Standardization Law and the JIS mark (1949)

c) The Foreign Law (1950)

d) The Law of Extraordinary Measures for Promotion of the Electronic Industry (1957)

Despite of the hazardous post war effect of the World War II, Japan is considered to be the

most successful among the Asian industrial economies based on various criteria. This was

accomplished, in part, by these numerous legislative measures that were enacted aroundthe early 1950s to meet up with technological standards generally accepted by other

industrialized countries.

a) MITIs Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)

Establishment of various organisations

MITIs Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) administers the

introduction of new technologies, promotes the development of national resources,

introduces modernization, upgrades and standardization in industry, as well as

subsidizing R&D in Japans private sector. The AIST has taken a number of steps to

promote regional technological development.

b) Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC)

Since 1961, the Research Development Corporation of Japan (JRDC) has also played a

major role in the development and transfer of technologies.

Japans experience in this area has focused on:

Importing basic technologies and then producing supplemental technologies locally.

Spreading imported technologies to various local firms to create competitive

pressure for increased innovation.

Market sharing quotas for foreign and internal technologies as a means of promoting

utilization and competition.

Concerted action by the government to regulate technology import so as tostimulate local development.

Creating a suitable environment for science and technology education, R&D

institution etc.

Eventual privatization of industries.



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Tax incentives for R&D programs

The JRDC offered various tax incentives to encourage Research and Development in the

private sector. This included the provision of finances and loans for various technologicalprojects.

1)

a) Tax system for the facilitation of research and development in fundamental

technologies:

Tax incentives for technological development

Special tax deductions for increased expenditures on experimental research

were available.

b) Tax system for mining and industrial technological research associations, including:

Depreciation of costs to research association members who promote miningand industrial technology for the acquisition of fixed assets for experimental

research.

Condense recording (down to one yen) of charges imposed by cooperatives

for acquiring fixed assets necessary for the study of mining and industrial

technology.

Reduction of tax on fixed assets for research.

Special reduction in life of research assets subject to depreciation.

Special permission to calculate donations to research corporations as losses.

2)

Funds are provided at attractive interest rates for commercialization of important

industrial technologies and construction of special structures for advanced basic

research that will make a significant contribution to the advancement of industrial

technology and play a key role in upgrading the industrial structure.

Financing for the promotion of industrial technological development

3)

Conditional loans relating to technological development are awarded to encourage

development of technologies that will contribute to the activation of industry, to

R&D on energy-saving technology, and to the development of practical use for

petroleum substitutes, energy technologies, and new power generation

technologies.

Conditional loans for R&D projects

4)

Taking into account of the efficiency and importance of joint research by enterprises,

this system gives legal status to cooperative research organizations that produce

technology related to industry and mining.

The Japan key technology centrewas established in response to a proposal by the

private sector. It conducts activities seeking overall improvement of the environment

for private research and development of fundamental technologies. Some of its

more important activities are:


Research association system for the development of mining and industrial

technology


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Capital Investment

The Centre provides capital investment for joint

research performed by companies.

Loan Service

The Centre provides conditional interest-free loans to help in

reducing R&D-related risks and costs.

Arranging Joint Research

Assistance is given to private companies wishing

to conduct joint research with national research institutions.

Execution of Consigned Research

The Centre brings together experts from

government, industry, and academia to conduct research consigned to the

Center by private companies.

Japan Trust International Research Cooperation Service

The Centre has

established a charitable trust called the Japan Trust Fund. The operating

profits from this fund are used to invite foreign researchers in key

technologies to Japan.

Research Information Service

The Centre collects and sorts a wide variety

of important research literature which is then kept on file at national

research institutes and other organisations.

Other Services The Centre conducts various kinds of surveys to aid private-

sector research in key technologies.



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PART D.

CO-RELATEDNESS AND DIRECT OUTCOMES OF ABOVE MENTIONED STEPS ON THE VARIOUS

COMPONENTS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

1. Life-expectancy

Source: Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World

Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision and World Urbanization Prospects: The 2005 Revision,http://esa.un.org/unpp

Scientific and technological advances, socioeconomic development, improved

communication, better hygiene and increased food intake have helped to increase life

expectancy and reduce mortality rates. Life expectancy now surpasses 83 years in Japan, the

highest level in the world.

Japan owes this credit not primarily due to S&T (most of vaccines

have been developed by the USA and the Europeans, but Japan has cleanly surpassed them all!).

There are two reasons of it:

The Japanese have very stringent and effective policies for infant immunization whichare further ensured that they are followed by the citizens

Their typical diets are very natural and are mostly derived from nutritious marine foods.


Japans successes in terms of Life expectancy do prove that: other than S&T, an apt

social dynamics and an effective policy making are indispensable in procuring

the very best results!
http://esa.un.org/unpphttp://esa.un.org/unpphttp://esa.un.org/unpphttp://esa.un.org/unpp


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2. GDP per capita index of Japan

Source: www.businessweek.com

There has been 3 times increase in the real annual GDP per capita income on logarithmic

scale (1000 times in reality!) of Japan since the last thirty years. A large percentage of it

attributes to the Mammoth automobiles industries and ever prospering electronic goods

export.

This speaks of the extent of success of different legalisations, tax incentives and S&T

strategies to promote indigenous industries as well as absorbing the most progressive

technologies in the world. Today Japan stands as the third largest economy in the world.

http://www.businessweek.com/http://www.businessweek.com/http://www.businessweek.com/http://www.businessweek.com/


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3. Education Index of Japan

Source: UNDP database

The education index for Japan received setback in around 1992 when it was passing

through the phase of economic crisis, otherwise it has improved since 1980. With accord

to the Fig. 6, the dominant contribution to the science and technology output of Japan

have been the bachelors of engineering(brown), the no. of researchers(white) and thefinal value added to the high tech products(yellow). Of which the former two are

directly related to the education index.



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4. Energy Efficiency of Japan

Japan has been among the most energy efficient nations in the world since a long time.

Source: METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry - Japan)

Japans all time emphasis on the end-use efficiency pattern (which is reflected in high

efficient automobiles and electric appliances) as well as consistent thrust to make the

industries more energy efficient has resulted in the decrease of primary energy input/GDP.

AND HENCE CONCLUSIVELY,

5. Trend in Overall HDI of Japan

We guess the trend doesnt need any further explanation.



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In context of Japan,

END

Science

andTechnology

EffectivePolicy

Making

Welladapted to

socialdynamics

Incrementof HDI

science and technology for human development with special reference to japan

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