schmall crim today8e_ppt_ch12
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Criminology TodayAn Integrated Introduction
CHAPTER
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Crimes Against Property
12
Copyright © 2017 by Pearson Education, Inc.All Rights Reserved
Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
Burglary
• UCR definition The unlawful entry of a structure to
commit a felony or theft• Residential burglaries do not involve
direct confrontation but can cause fear with lasting effects.
• Commercial burglaries can affect the continued viability of the business.
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Social Ecology of Burglary
• Lifestyle and routine activities theories emphasize how criminal opportunity is affected by victims' and offenders' everyday activities/environments.
• The structure of social life affects how easy it to carry out one’s inclination to offend.
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A Typology of Burglars
• Low-level burglars (mainly juveniles) Work with others, easily deterred,
limited rewards, often desist with age• Middle-range burglars
Older, vacillate between crime and legitimate activities, less easily deterred
continued on next slide
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A Typology of Burglars
• High-level burglars Professionals, work in organized crews,
earn a good living from burglary
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The Locales and Times of Burglary
• Nighttime residential and daytime commercial burglary are considered the most serious.
• Burglary is a "cold crime" because there usually is little physical evidence to link the offender to the crime.
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The Motivation of Burglars
• Most prevalent rationale for residential burglary is need for fast cash.
• Why offenders choose burglary Burglary is familiar, the "main line." It is less risky than other offenses. The offender may not own the
necessary equipment for robbery.
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Target Selection for Burglary
• Commercial burglaries Suitability Retail establishments preferred over
other types (e.g., wholesale or service businesses)
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Target Selection for Burglary
• Residential burglaries Key factors include knowledge of
occupants, tips, observation of potential target.
Other factors include signs of occupancy, security devices, dogs, access to area.
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The Costs of Burglary
• Most household burglaries involve economic loss. Stolen property/money Time lost from work
• Property crimes like burglary have a greater effect on the decision to move than violent crimes.
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Burglary-Drug Connection
• Increased demand for crack cocaine in the 1980s affected crime rates. Burglary decreased, robbery increased
• Crack trade created preference for cash-intensive crimes (robbery) over burglary.
• Crime shift consistent with view that property offenders tend to be generalists.
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Criminology Today: An Integrated Introduction, 8eFrank Schmalleger
The Sexualized Context of Burglary
• Some burglaries have associated sexual dynamics (fetishists, voyeurists).
• Some sexually motivated homicides begin as burglaries.
• Can be explained from the perspective of opportunity theory
• Home-intrusion rape
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Larceny-Theft
• The unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession, or constructive possession, of another
• Most frequently occurring property crime
• Does not involve force or other means of illegal entry
• A crime of opportunity
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Shoplifting and Employee Theft
• Retail theft includes shoplifting and theft by store employees. Most are short-term workers. Internal theft more serious than loss due
to shoplifting• Technology is one of the best ways to
address both types of theft.• Shoplifting crosses class lines, not
committed primarily by women.
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Who Shoplifts?
• Juveniles overrepresented as shoplifters More serious, chronic forms found
among economically disadvantaged• Majority of juveniles admit to shoplifting
at some point in their lifetime.• Maturing out pattern
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Flash Mobs and Larceny
• Flash mobs Purposeful crowds brought together at a
moment's notice through use of social media web sites
• Some involve organized criminal activity
• Larcenies committed by flash mobs are considered multiple-offender crimes.
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Identity Theft
• Unauthorized use of another's personal information to commit fraud
• Main categories Existing account fraud• Thieves obtain information on open
accounts. New account fraud• Thieves use personal information to open
new accounts in the victim's name.continued on next slide
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Identity Theft
• Costs of identity theft Direct losses to victims Indirect costs to businesses for fraud
prevention and harm mitigation Indirect costs to victims• Civil litigation, obstacles in obtaining or
retaining credit Consumers' fears of victimization can
harm the digital economy.continued on next slide
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Identity Theft
• 1998 Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act Made identity theft a federal crime
• 2004 Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act Increased federal prison sentences for
various types of identity theft
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The Incidence of Identity Theft
• BJS definition of identity theft includes: Unauthorized use/attempted use of
existing credit cards Unauthorized use/attempted use of
other existing accounts Misuse of personal information to obtain
new accounts or loans, or to commit other crimes
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Identity Thieves: Who They Are
• Hard to classify identity thieves• Often have no prior criminal
background, sometimes have preexisting relationship with victim
• Increased involvement of foreign organized criminal groups in computer- or Internet-related schemes
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Motor Vehicle Theft
• UCR definition The theft or attempted theft of a motor
vehicle• Automobiles are the most commonly-
stolen type of vehicle.• Car theft violates victim beyond
financial loss.
continued on next slide
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Motor Vehicle Theft
• Largest percentage of vehicles stolen from parking lot or garage
• Most motor vehicle thefts reported to police
• Motivations include: Joyriding Temporary transportation needs Use in a crime Stripping
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Theft of Car Parts
• Motivations Car parts may be worth a lot. Can be sold easily Harder to identify than entire cars
• 1984 Motor Vehicle Theft Law Enforcement Act called for marking of cars' major sheet metal parts with VINs
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Joyriders: Car Theft for Fun
• Opportunistic car theft committed for fun or thrills, usually by groups of teens
• Expressive act with little or no extrinsic value
• Most vehicles stolen by joyriders are recovered, usually found abandoned, often after having been crashed.
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Professional Car Theft
• Less common as thefts for other uses• Professional auto thieves work in
groups characterized by planning and calculation in target selection.
• Professional thefts have lowest recover rates.
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Arson
• UCR definition The willful or malicious burning or
attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, of a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another, etc.
• Majority of arrestees white males• Motives vary from profit to thrill
seeking.
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Fire Setters
• Majority of those involved in arson are juveniles.
• Almost half of all cleared arsons involve a juvenile offender.
• Juveniles overrepresented in both residential and commercial arson
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Groups of Juvenile Fire Setters
• Children under 7 Start fires accidentally or out of curiosity
• Children between 8–12 Fire setting represents underlying
psychosocial conflict• Children between 13–18
Have history of fire setting, usually undetected
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Persistent and Professional Thieves
• Professional criminal Offender who makes a living from crime,
is recognized by other offenders as a professional, engages in planned and calculated offending
• Persistent thief Offender who continues in common law
property crimes despite no better than an ordinary level of success
continued on next slide
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Persistent and Professional Thieves
• Offense specialization Preference for a certain type of offense Limited among property offenders
• Cafeteria-style offending Heterogeneous and unplanned nature of
offending among gang members• Occasional offender
Offender whose offending patterns are guided primarily by opportunity
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The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders
• Phases of criminal career in property crime Break-in period Stable period Burnout phase
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Property Offenders and Rational Choice
• Rationality Activities identified by their impersonal,
methodological, efficient, and logical components
• Burglars employ a "limited, temporal rationality."
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Receivers of Stolen Property
• Basic elements Buying and receiving Stolen property Knowing it to be stolen
• Fence is least common method for most thieves to dispose of stolen goods.
• Most common method used by professional burglars
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The Role of Criminal Receivers
• Professional receiver Regularly buys stolen goods for resale May be generalist or specialist
• Avocational receiver Part-time, fencing is secondary to but
associated with primary business.• Amateur receiver
Otherwise honest person who buys stolen property on relatively small scale