2019 年(第 28回) ブループラネット賞

受賞者記念講演会

2019 Blue Planet Prize Commemorative Lectures

エリック・ランバン教授

講演スライド集

持続可能な土地利用の効果的解決法

Prof. Eric Lambin

Slides for the Lecture

Scaling up solutions for

sustainable land use

Scaling up solutionsfor sustainable land use

Eric LambinUniversity of LouvainStanford University

Premises• A sustainability transition is required

• Most solutions are already known

• These solutions are already successfullyimplemented in pilot projects

• Up-scaling is the problem

1

Tropical deforestation

• 8 million hectares per year• CO2, biodiversity, water cycle, soils• Indigenous communities

• Palm oil, soy, beef, timber• International policies

1. Payments for ecosystem services

Jayachandran, de Laat, Lambin et al., Science, 2017

120 villages

2

Tree cutting, UgandaBefore and after

Jayachandran, de Laat, Lambin et al., Science, 2017Red: forest Cyan: crop fields

Baseline Endline

Jayachandran, de Laat, Lambin et al., Science, 2017

Regressions:- Subcounty fixed effects- Village-level baseline variables- (2) (3) control for forest area

• 32% enrollment in treatment villages;

• Tree cover declined by 4.2% in treatment vs 9.1% in control villages;

• PES caused 5.5 ha relative increase in tree cover per village;

• No evidence of leakage to nearby villages;

• Value of delayed CO2 emissions: 2.4 times as large as program costs.

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2. Eco-certification

Forest cover change, ColombiaLandsat 2003-2009

Rueda & Lambin, World Dev., 2014

474 farms

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9.00

10.00

% Tree-cover loss % Tree-cover gain* % Net tree-cover gain*

Tree-cover change for paired sample of certified and non certified farms n = 474

Certified farms

Non-certified farms

Rueda & Lambin, World Dev., 2014

Reforestation on eco-certified farmsin Colombia

1986-2001 2001-2011

Properties owned by JSP corporations

Persistent forests

Forest expansion

Forest conversion to plantations

Forest conversion to other uses

Persistent plantations

Other plantation expansion

Non-forest uses

Heilmayr & Lambin, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 2016

Chile: natural forest conversion to plantations4175 properties112 companies

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“Farming for the future”, South Africa

Thorlakson, Hainmuller & Lambin, GEC, 2018

228 farms, 953 audits

3. Company code of conduct

4. National-scaleforest transitions

Costa Rica’s forest cover

Vietnam’s forest cover

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Spillovers, leakage

Off-shoring of deforestation, Vietnam

From EIA / TelapakMeyfroidt & Lambin, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 2009

Volume of imported timber

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Jadin, Meyfroidt, Lambin, 2015

Off-shoring of wood extraction, Bhutan

40% of the wood consumed in Bhutan is from India (1996-2011)Imports

Exports

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

1960

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63

1966

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69

1972

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75

1978

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81

1984

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87

1990

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93

1996

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99

2002

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05

2008

20

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Thou

sand

s hec

tare

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Other Selected crops Pasture Forest Costa Rica

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Reforestation on old pastures

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50

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300

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1961

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63 19

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Thou

sand

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tare

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Pineapples

Oil Palms

Bananas

Soybeans

Maize

Sugarcane

Rice

Coffee

Expansion of fruit crops• Stagnation of staple crops

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0

1.000.000

2.000.000

3.000.000

4.000.000

5.000.000

6.000.000

7.000.000

1985

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86

1987

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1989

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1991

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1993

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1995

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1997

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1999

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2001

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2003

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2005

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2007

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2009

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2011

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2013

Num

ber o

f pal

lets

Others Plantains Mangoes Cassava Oil palm Melons Pineapples Bananas

Jadin, Meyfroidt, Lambin, Land, 2016

Number of pallets used

Wood pallets to export fruitsare a threat to new forests

• Small solutions tend to stay small

550 PES programs (2018): 36-42 $ billion in annual

transactions = < 0.1% of value of international trade

Market shares of eco-certified products: 2-22%

300 progressive multinational companies among 80,000

5 to 7 forest transition countries

• “Small is beautiful, but big is necessary”Attributed to BRAC

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The challenge is not so much the speed of transformation, but rather its scale.Up-scaling

Public sector

Privatesector

Civilsociety

Multiple stakeholders

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Sustainability standards

Amplification mechanisms to create tipping points of adoption:

1. Public policies that support or endorse sustainabilitystandards or practices, or make them mandatory,

1. Adoption by private companies as part of their internal codesof conduct and their sustainable sourcing commitments.

Lambin et al. (2019) In: Green Growth That Works, Island Press

1a. Role of governments in producing countries

Integrate sustainability standards in public policy:• Bolivia: forest code in 1990s inspired by Forest Stewardship

Council (FSC) standards• Mozambique: government embedded Better Cotton principles

and criteria in national regulations• Minas Gerais’ State government developed “Certifica Minas

Café” standards based on the Utz’s standards for coffee• Peru: forest concession holders reduce yearly lease payment by

70% if they adopt FSC standards• Guatemala: FSC certified producers obtain 25-year land-use

concessions

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1b. Role of governments in consuming countries

Increase demand for eco-certified commodities:• Public procurement policies• EU’s Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT)

action plan accepts FSC and PEFC certifications for legalityassurance and licensing

• US Lacey Act recognizes private timber certification schemes asproviding evidence of “due care”

• EU’s Renewable Energy Directive accepts InternationalSustainability and Carbon Certification (ISSC), Roundtable onSustainable Biofuels (RSB), RSPO for market entry.

• France: duty of vigilance law (2017)

2. Role of private companies

Integration of voluntary sustainability standards in internal codes of conduct and sourcing practices:

• >85% of companies with a Zero Deforestation Commitmentrelied on 3rd party certification to identify commitment-compliant commodity supply (2015)

• 87% of companies with a palm oil ZDC relied on RSPO (2018)

• Starbucks: largest US buyer of Fair Trade coffee

• IKEA’s sustainability commitments rely on FSC and BetterCotton Initiative (BCI)

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Sustainable sourcing practices by companies

Thorlakson, de Zegher and Lambin, Proc. Nat. Ac. Sci., 2018

450 food, wood & textile companies

Adoption predicted by:- high brand value,- large revenues,- serving European markets,- not serving Asian markets,- consumer-facing companies,- headquarter in country with high NGO density

Market differentiation

Most progressive actors

Laggards

Most sustainable practices

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System-wide transformation

Most progressive actors

Laggards

Most sustainable practices

Complementarity between public & private policies

Lambin et al., Glob. Environ. Ch., 2014

sustainabilitystandard

sustainabilitystandard

sustainabilitystandard

sustainabilitystandard

Government

or

private company

Threat of sanctionsfor laggards from government

Incentives for front-runnersby market

Government supports, endorses,creates enabling conditions

Agenda setting,Evaluation

Policy design,implementation,

monitoring

Absorption Carrott and stick

Support & enableDivision of tasks

Pioneer

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Take-home messages

• Need for “small” solutions + up-scalingmechanisms to create system-wide changes

• Develop synergies between voluntary standards,public policies, and supply chain commitments

• Promote public-private partnerships, multi-stakeholder initiatives, hybrid governance

• Account for heterogeneity between actors

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