satellite communications system installation

Satellite System Installation

©Copyright Global Technology Group, LLC

Break Room

Restrooms

DesignatedSmoking Area

fire exits

Suite 100

Suite 100 Evacuation Area AFence Area of Rear Parking Lot


OBJECTIVES

Enhance Field Personnel knowledge of Satellite Communications Technology to meet or exceed Customer needs and to complete Satellite Installations without rework.



•Analog to Digital Conversion •PCM (DS-0)

•Voice Compression •ADPCM•ACELP•LCP

Digital Communications Overview



•ORBITS•SPACE SEGMENT•MODULATION TECHNIQUES•FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION•ACCESS METHODS

SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS FUNDAMENTALS



- Filtering- Sampling (PAM)

– Nyquist sampling rate: twice thehighestfrequency

– 8000 samples persecond

- Quantizing– 256 discrete amplitude levels (companded)

- PCM– Encode quantized sample using an 8 bit word– 8 x 8000 = 64,000 bits per second

Digitizing Analog Signals


Voice Compression Algorithms

MusicSpeechOriginal Music File

(64Kbps PCM)Original Speech (64Kbps PCM)

ADPCM (32Kbps)

CSACLEP(8Kbps)

CELP (4.8Kbps)

LPC (2.4Kbps)

CELP (12Kbps)

LPC (5Kbps)


The Main Objective Of A Communications System Is To Provide Satisfactory Communications Service Between

USERS

COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS


Frame Relay Interfaces

•User to Network•Network to Network


Terrestrial Service to Customer

HUB - Houston

PSTN InterfaceFrame Relay Access

Device

Customer LocationRadio Modem

Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Satellite System Components

HUB - Houston

PSTN InterfaceHUB Frame Relay AccessDevice

Telstar 11

Customer LocationModem

Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router

UPLINK (Earth Station Transmit)

DOWNLINK (Earth Station Receive)


SATELLITE ORBITS


Low Earth Orbit


Medium Earth Orbit


Polar Orbit

A Polar orbit is a particular type of Low Earth Orbit. The only difference is that a satellite in polar orbit travels a north-south direction, rather than the more common east-west direction.


Why use a Polar Orbit?


Iridium


Iridium System


Globalstar


Geosynchronous Equatorial Orbit

(from Geo = Earth + synchronous = moving at

the same rate)


Elliptical OrbitA satellite in elliptical orbit follows an oval-

shaped path. One part of the orbit is closest to the center of Earth (perigee)

and the other part is farthest away (apogee). A satellite in this orbit takes

about 12 hours to circle the planet. Like polar obits, elliptical orbits move in a north-south

direction.


The GEO (Clarke) Belt


Latitude / Longitude


Satellite Spacing


Inclinations


Polar Coverage


Footprints


AMC-6 Footprint


Link Budget


AMC-6 Link Budget


Link Budget Analysis

UPLINK

UPLINK

DOWNLINK

DOWNLINK


Signal To Noise Ratio10-1

10-2

10-3

10-4

10-5

10-6

10-7

10-8

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 dB

Bit

-err

or

rate

, B

ER

Eb

No


Analyzing Link Budget Reports

Satellite Parameters

Earth Station Parameters

Circuit Requirements

Network Availability

Atmospheric Effects

Analysis:

Antenna Sizing

Transmitter Sizing

Bandwidth Requirements

Power (EIRP) Requirements Power =/> Bandwidth

Interference Potential

What they tell you:


Link Budget Report

TELSTAR 11 FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENT

Date:

Subject:

Carrier Xpdr Info. Mod.

ID # Site Ant Frequency L-Band IF Pol Site Ant Frequency Pol Rate Type Rate Type(m) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (m) (MHz) (kbps)

BNewNEW 16870 21

Houston, TX, USA

5.6 14,210.250 1,160.250 54.250 VST 316,

Gulf_of_Mexico1.2 11,910.250 H 2000 QPSK 1/2

Turbo

BNewNEW 16964 21

ST 316, Gulf_of_Mexico

1.2 14,217.395 1,167.395 61.395 VHouston, TX,

USA5.6 11,917.395 H 128 QPSK 3/4

Turbo

NOTEs:

May 7, 2003

Frequency Assignment for CapRock's New 128k return circuit betw een ST 316, Gulf_of_Mexico and Houston, TX, USA. Outbound Carrier is 16870.

The frequency assignments and carrier configuration parameters are as follow s:

When contacting the satellite vendors, please identify this netw ork as CapRock Services.

Most satellite vendors require that advance notice be given to their Operations Center at least 24 hours before activation/crosspole of a carrier.

Uplink Dow nlink Coding

Loral Skynet 1-800-631-3562 or 1-570-226-6622

SATMEX 1-877-728-6391

GE 1-800-772-2363 Option 6

CODING 1 = NO R-S,Viterbi 204/188 = Reed-Solomon

SATMEX 5 T18 116.8 W 14360 MHZ -H-/12060 MHZ-V-

GE 6 T 3 72 W 14060 MHZ-H-/11760 MHZ-V-

TELESTAR 11 T30 37.5 W 14226 MHZ-H-/11926 MHZ-V-

TELESTAR 11 T21 37.5 W 14226 MHZ-V-/11926 MHZ-H-


Link Budget ReportCUSTOMER CapRock

SERVICE SCPCFull Duplex

SI NumberCross-Pol Feeds

NOTES Any In-Band Frequency

Carrier ID Number 16870Tracking Sub-Number 6XA 6YYCalculation Target % or dB 12.87 30.6

COVERAGE Satellite T11 T11Transponder K21 K21

INFORMATION Information Data Rate kbps 2134 128BW Spacing Factor 1.4 1.4

UPTransmit City, Country Houston, TX, USA ST 316,

Gulf_of_MexicoLINK Transmit Antenna Size meter 5.6 1.2

Uplink Power Control dB 3 0

DOWNReceive City, Country ST 316,

Gulf_of_MexicoHouston, TX, USA

LINK Receive Antenna Size meter 1.2 5.6LNA or LNB Temperature ºK 90 90Modulation Type QPSK QPSK

MODEM FEC Rate 1/2 3/4Reed Solomon 1 1Receive Threshold Eb/No dB 3.2 4.1Coding Type Turbo TurboEquipment Generic C3/4T

HPA Waveguide Loss 0 012.87 12.87

HPA Power (0dB OBO) Watt 1.34 0.67Uplink Power Density dBW/4kHz -26.8 -15.8Uplink EIRP dB 57.8 41.4

MAIN Estimated Availability % 99.41 99.69RESULTS Bandwidth (BW) kHz 2,990 120

Power Equivalent BW kHz 5,830 100Carrier Output Backoff dB 12.87 30.60

C/N (Thermal)

C/I (Interference)

C/N and C/I

UP DOWN

C/N and C/I

UP DOWN


Link Budget ReportClear Sky Margin, ΔOBO dB 5.51 6.77Clear Sky EbNo dB 8.21 10.37Uplink Availability % 99.75 99.75Downlink Availability % 99.66 99.94

TOTAL Up / Down Elevation < 10 º NO / NO NO / NOLINK Simultaneous Rain Fade NO NO

Overall Carrier C/(N+I) dB 8.4 12.3Overall Carrier C/N dB 9.9 16.9Overall Carrier C/I dB 13.9 14.2Symbol Bandwidth kHz 2134 85

BANDWIDTH Noise Bandwidth kHz 2561 102Mod Index 2 2

Track ing Number rjg 041002095409rjg 041002095409rjg

SATELLITE TRANSPONDERSatellite Longitude º East -37.5 -37.5Input Back-Off dB 3.0 3.0Output Back-Off dB 3.2 3.2

SATELLITE SFD Constant dBW/m2 -74.30 -74.30Gain or -Pad dB 10 10Adjusted Constant dB -84.30 -84.30Bandwidth MHz 54 54


Link Budget ReportUPLINK PARAMETERSBand Ku Ku

TRANSPONDER Center Frequency kHz 14,217 14,217Polarization V VG/T Saturated dB/K 11.2 6.7Latitude º North 29.75 28.07Longitude º East -95.42 -90.72

EARTH Azimuth º 107.3 109.4STATION Elevation º 19.3 24.0

Antenna Diameter meter 5.6 1.2Antenna Efficiency % 0.65 0.65Antenna Gain dB 56.6 43.2Range km 39,694 39,236

PATH Spread Loss dB -163.0 -162.9Area of Isotropic Antenna dB -44.5 -44.5Zone N N

RAIN Outage Probability (%) % 0.25 0.25Attenuation @ 99.99 Avail dB 22.93 22.50Rain Loss dB 8.41 6.68

C/N C/N dB 23.0 19.3Xpol C/I dB 27.6 23.8

C/I ASI C/I dB 22.8 23.5Overall C/I dB 21.5 20.6


Link Budget ReportDOWNLINK PARAMETERSBand Ku Ku

TRANSPONDER Frequency kHz 11,917 11,917Polarization H HEIRP Saturated dB/K 44.8 45.8Latitude º North 28.07 29.75Longitude º East -90.72 -95.42Azimuth º 109.4 107.3Elevation º 24.0 19.3

EARTH Antenna Diameter meter 1.2 5.6STATION Antenna Efficiency % 0.65 0.65

Antenna Gain dB 41.6 55.0Earth Station G/T dB/K 19.9 33.3Range km 39,236 39,694

PATH Spread Loss dB -162.9 -163.0Area of Isotropic Antenna dB -43.0 -43.0Zone N N

RAIN Outage Probability (%) % 0.34 0.06Attenuation @ 99.99 Avail dB 15.74 16.11Rain Loss + Delta T dB 6.68 14.00

C/N C/N dB 10.1 20.5Xpol C/I dB 30.6 26.8

C/I ASI C/I dB 16.6 27.0InterMod C/I dB 19.8 16.0Overall C/I dB 14.8 15.4


AMC 9 Ku-Band


Satmex 5 Ku-Band


Satmex 5 C-Band


Telstar 11 Ku Band


Frequency Bands


Satellite Anatomy


FREQUENCY (RE)USE

36 MHz B/W + 4 MHz Guard band X 12 Transponders = 500 MHz total B/W on one C-Band Satellite


AMC-6 C-Band Frequency Allocation


AMC-6 Ku-Band Frequency Allocation

11700 MHz - 12200 MHz = 500 MHz

Horizontal Beacon = 12198 MHz


LINEAR POLARIZATION


CIRCULAR POLARIZATION


Amplitude Modulation


Frequency Modulation (FSK)


Phase Modulation (BPSK)


Differential Phase (QPSK)


Error Control Coding

Forward Error Correction

Interleaving

Convolutional Codes (Viterbi)

Concatenated Codes


CODEC

Encoding refers to the process of adding coding bits to the uncoded bit stream.

Decoding refers to the process of recovering the original (uncoded) bit stream from the coded bit stream.Both processes are usually combined in one unit termed a CODEC.


Forward Error Correction

Adds redundant data to the data streamDoes not require acknowledgementCorrects errors detected to accurately reproduce original data

Decreases the effective data throughput

Does not ensure error-free data


Interleaving


Error Control Coding Concatenated Codes


Bandwidth, Data Rate and Modulation


ERROR CONTROL CODING GAIN


(FDMA) Frequency Division Multiple

Access


(TDMA) Time Division Multiple Access


(DAMA) Demand Assigned Multiple

Access

Transponder bandwidth divided into channelsEach channel (or number of channels) are assign according to demandEfficient overall use of bandwidth


Single Channel Per Carrier (SCPC)


HUB UPLINK =TDMA / SCPC

Satellite System Access

Hub - Houston

PSTN IntefaceHUBFrame Relay Access

Device

Telstar 11


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router

Remote DOWNLINK=TDMA / SCPC


Satellite System Access

Hub - Houston

PSTN InterfaceHUBFrame Relay Access

Device

Telstar 11


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router


Multiplexer

Telephone/Fax

Workstation

Router

HUB DOWNLINK =SCPCL band freq.+ 10.75Ghz

REMOTE UPLINK= SCPCL band freq + 13.05Ghz


Atmospheric Attenuation and Absorption


Solar Outage


Parabolic Curve


Deep vs. Shallow


Prime Focus Antennas


Subreflector Antennas

Gregorian Cassegrain


CassegrainAntenna

•Small sub-reflector located at the front and center of the dish

•Higher in efficiencies because feedhorn looks up at the “cold” sky

•Most often used at uplink earth stations and cable TV head end


Gregorian Antenna


Offset Antennas


Offset Gregorian


Offset Antenna Feeds


AZ/EL Antenna Mount


Antenna Beamwidth


Offset Antenna Feeds


LNB - Low Noise Block {Down}Converter


Optimum LNB noise

performance


OMT - Orthogonal Mode Transducer


BUC - Block Up Converter


Ku Band Feedhorn

TX FILTER

LNB

OMT

SCALER HORN

FLEXIBLE WAVEGUIDE TO

BUC


L-Band Modem“IP Express”


Assembling ODU to IDU

Title:

Ku-Band VSAT Station DetailPath/Filename:

FXS Telephony

Transmit RF

Receive RF

Composite Serial Data

10BaseT LAN

Key

Block UpconverterChannel MasterModel 124 or 183

Outdoor EquipmentRF Subsystem

L Band Tx (950 - 1450 MHz)

Ku-Band Tx

L-Band Rx (950-1450 MHz) LNBKu-Band Rx

RG-214 Coax Cable

N-Connector

OMTLinear Feed

(Antenna mount)

CISCO 2600 Router

ComStream SDM-300LSatellite Modem

Indoor EquipmentIF Subsystem

"IP Express"

N- Connector

EIA-449 InterfaceDB-37 SerialConnector

10BaseTInterface

RJ-45 RJ-11

ToCustomerEthernet

Hub

ToCustomerTelephone

FXS Interface

Block Down converter

BUCRG-214 Coax Cable

L-Band Modem


L-Band (ODU)

BUC

Flexible Waveguide

OMT

LNB

SCALER HORN


ComStream Satellite Modem (IDU)

CM701


Transceiver (ODU)


Assembling ODU to IDU

Title:

Ku-Band VSAT Station DetailPath/Filename:

FXS Telephony

Transmit RF

Receive RF

Composite Serial Data

10BaseT LAN

Key

CODAN Ku-BandTransciever

Channel MasterModel 124 or 183

Outdoor Unit (ODU)RF Subsystem

Tx IF (70 MHz)

Receive IF (70 MHz)Ku-Band

L-Band Rx (950-1450 MHz)

LNCKu-Band Rx

N-Connector

N-Connector

RG-11CoaxCable

FlexibleWaveguide

OMTLinear Feed

(Antenna mount)

NUERA Multiplexer

ComStream CM-701Satellite Modem

Indoor Unit (IDU)IF Subsystem

OffshoreDedicated Digital

System"ODDS"

N-Connector

EIA-449Interface

DB-37 SerialConnector

10BaseTInterface

RJ-45RJ-11

ToCustomerEthernet

Hub

ToCustomerTelephone

FXS InterfaceRouter

V.35

SSPA

PowerSupply

Unit

AC In

DC Pwr

Pwr & Control

Line Con-ditioner ACPwr

ACIn

70 MHz Transceiver


Transceiver (ODU)

LNB

SSPA

OMT

SCALER HORN

Transceiver


Transceiver (ODU)


Installation PracticesProper Grounding

Generator Power Distribution (Part of the Rig or Platform)

STEEL HULL

Grounded-Nuetral Low-Voltage Distribution

Distribution Panel(Breaker Box)

Ground Bus

Step-Down

Transformer

LOAD

Chassis

BranchCircuit

Normal Current Conductors

Black Wire (Line)

White Wire

(Neutral)

GreenWire

Don't confuse this step-down transformer with theIsolation transformers that Cprk sometimes provides

Generator

Plant

Green Wire

(Equip Ground)

Neutral-GroundConnection


Installation Practices

Proper Weatherproofing

“One drop of water in a VSAT System will ruin your day” GJM


Installation PracticesProper Weatherproofing


COMMISSIONING•Peak Antenna, verify RX Lock

•Call NOC for cross-pol and adjacent carrier check

•Identify Satellite and Transponder

•Give Uplink frequency & data rate

•Transmit CW upon request

•NOC will ask to skew feedhorn

•Be ready to modulate upon request

satellite communications system installation

Engineering