space communications systems. overview objectives basic principles military satellite communications...
TRANSCRIPT
OVERVIEW
• OBJECTIVES• BASIC PRINCIPLES
• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS
• THE WAY AHEAD
OBJECTIVES
• UNDERSTAND BASIC CONCEPTS, PRINCIPLES AND ADVANTAGES OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• UNDERSTAND SYSTEM CAPABILITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR DOD, CIVIL, AND COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• UNDERSTAND POTENTIAL SUPPORT APPLICATIONS FOR MILITARY OPERATIONS
OVERVIEW
• OBJECTIVES
• BASIC PRINCIPLES• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS
• THE WAY AHEAD
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
• COMPONENTS• USER/TRANSMITTER SEGMENT• TRANSMISSION MEDIUM• USER/RECEIVER SEGMENT
• RELAY OR TRANSMISSION OF INFORMATION• TEXT• VOICE• VIDEO• DATA
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMLINKS
POINT A
POINT A
POINT A
POINT B
POINT B
POINT B
SIMPLEX(one way only)
HALF DUPLEX(one way or the other)
FULL DUPLEX(both ways simultaneously)
GEO-SYNCHRONOUS
• MOST COMMON ORBIT: LOW INCLINATION
• ALTITUDE: APPROXIMATELY 23,0000 NM
• LIFE SPAN: MEASURED IN YEARS
• MAJOR EFFECT ON LIFE SPAN: CONSUMABLES AND SYSTEM DEGRADATION
• PERIOD: USUALLY 24 HOURS
GEO-SYNCHRONOUS ORBIT
THREE SATELLITES IN NEAR-EQUATORIAL ORBITS CAN PROVIDE CONTINUOUS GLOBAL COVERAGE...
...EXCEPT FOR THE POLES
GEO-SYNCHRONOUS SATCOM
HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL
• MOST COMMON ORBIT: NEAR POLAR
• ALTITUDE: 200 TO 10000 NM
• LIFE SPAN: 1 YEAR OR LONGER
• MAJOR EFFECT OF LIFE SPAN: CONSUMABLES
• PERIOD: 90 MIN TO 11 HRS
HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL ORBIT
...DO NOT PROVIDE CONTINUOUS GLOBAL COVERAGE
HIGHLY INCLINED, ELLIPTICAL ORBITS COVER THE POLES, BUT...
HIGHLY ELLIPTICALORBITS
NEAR-EARTH
• MOST COMMON ORBIT: NEAR POLAR
• ALTITUDE: 100 - 200 NM
• LIFETIME: LESS THAN 1 YEAR
• MAJOR EFFECT ON LIFESPAN: ATMOSPHERIC DRAG
• PERIOD: 90 MIN
NEAR-EARTH ORBIT
NEAR-EARTH SATCOM SYSTEMS USE MANY SMALL, CHEAP SATELLITES TO PROVIDE WIDE AREA COVERAGE
NEAR-EARTH ORBITS
SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMMGENERAL ADVANTAGES
• LINE OF SIGHT NOT REQUIRED BETWEEN USERS
• COMMUNICATION COST & QUALITY LESS SENSITIVE TO DISTANCE AND TERRAIN EFFECTS
• MOBILE COMM LINKS BEYOND LINE OF SIGHT
• DIRECT COMMUNICATIONS TO REMOTE AREAS, NO NEED FOR INTERMEDIATE GROUND RELAYS
• WIDE AREA OR FOCUSED BROADCAST OPTIONS
• LARGE CAPACITY FOR MESSAGE TRAFFIC
• MINIMUM RESTRAINT ON USERS
SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMMMILITARY RELATED ADVANTAGES
• SMALLER TERMINALS THAN WHOLE TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM
• LOW PROBABILITY OF INTERCEPT OR DETECTION
• HIGHER DEGREE OF RELIABILITY AND SURVIVABILITY
• REDUCED LOGISTICAL BURDENS
• REDUCED SITING PROBLEMS
• RAPID NETWORK DEPLOYMENT, RECONFIGURATION
• EASILY EXPANDED
• FLEXIBLE CONNECTIVITY
• COLLOCATED WITH UNIT FOR DEFENSE
SATCOM VS TERRESTRIAL COMMLIMITATIONS
• HIGH COST FOR SATELLITES, SPACELIFT, TERMINALS, AND COMMAND & CONTROL RESOURCES
• FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
• ORBITAL POSITION AVAILABILITY
• VULNERABILITY TO ASAT WEAPONS & JAMMING
OVERVIEW
• OBJECTIVES
• BASIC PRINCIPLES
• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS
• THE WAY AHEAD
PROVIDE TIMELY ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND DISSEMINATION OF DECISIONS TO GLOBALLY DEPLOYED MILITARY FORCES
DSCSDSCS
FLTSATCOMFLTSATCOM
UFOUFO
MILSTARMILSTAR
AFSATCOAFSATCOMM
MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS
HARD-CORE
SOFTCORE
GENERAL PURPOSE
HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD
SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS
LOWER PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL PURPOSECOMMUNICATIONS
• USERS• MOBILE TERMINALS• TACTICAL BROADCAST
• SATCOM SYSTEMS• FLEET SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS • UHF F/O• COMMERCIAL
MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS
HARD-CORE
SOFTCORE
GENERAL PURPOSE
HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD
SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS
LOW PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS
SOFTCORECOMMUNICATIONS
• USERS• AUTODIN/AUTOSEVOCOM• DEFENSE DATA NETWORK (DDN)• DEFENSE SWITCHED NETWORK (DSN)• DIPLOMATIC TELECOMM SERVICE (DTS)• GROUND MOBILE FORCES (GMF)
• SATCOM SYSTEMS• DEFENSE SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
SYSTEM (DSCS)
MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS
HARD-CORE
SOFTCORE
GENERAL PURPOSE
HIGH CAPACITY, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR DOD
SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMAND AND CONTROL FOR HIGH PRIORITY USERS
LOW PRIORITY COMMUNICATIONS WITH MINIMUM SURVIVABILITY REQUIREMENTS
HARD-CORE COMMUNICATIONS
• USERS• NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITY/CINC NETWORKS
• EMERGENCY ACTIONS MESSAGE DISSEMINATION TO STRATEGIC FORCES
• TAKE CHARGE AND MOVE OUT (TACAMO)
• AIRBORNE WARNING AND CONTROL SYSTEM (AWACS)
• SATCOM SYSTEMS• MILSTAR
• AF SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM (AFSATCOM)
UHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
• ADVANTAGES• GREATER CHANNEL CAPACITY• SMALL, ECONOMICAL, HIGHLY MOBILE• MATURE TECHNOLOGY ==> RELIABLE• EXCELLENT QUALITY• 300-3000 MHz
• DISADVANTAGES• VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT• SUSCEPTIBLE TO JAMMING AND INTERCEPT• CROWED SPECTRUM
UHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
• LARGE AREA COVERAGE
• MOBILE TERMINALS
• MINIMAL PROTECTION
• LDR, SOME MDR
FLEET SATELLITE MISSION
GLOBAL, UNPROTECTED TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT, SURFACE SHIPS, SUBMARINES AND SHORE
STATIONS
FLEET SATELLITE SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
• CAPABILITIES• 23 CHANNELS (FLEET BROADCAST, FLEET RELAY AIR
FORCE NARROWBAND AND DOD WIDEBAND)• TERMINALS ARE MANPACKS, AIRBORNE, SHIP/SHORE
AND SIOP MISSION TERMINALS• EHF TEST PACKAGE ON LAST TWO FLIGHTS• NO POLAR COVERAGE
• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 4 OPERATIONAL SATELLITES • 5 YEAR DESIGNED LIFE• LAUNCHED 1978 TO 1989• 1 SATELLITE PER SECTOR
UHF F/O MISSION
GLOBAL, UNPROTECTED TACTICAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL AIRCRAFT, SURFACE SHIPS, SUBMARINES AND SHORE STATIONS
• REPLACES FLTSAT/LEASED SATELLITE CONSTELLATION• GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR NAVAL FORCES• EAM AND SIOP DISSEMINATION (AFSATCOM)• PRESIDENTIAL COMMAND NETWORK
UHF F/O SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
• CAPABILITIES• 39 CHANNELS (SOME POSSESS ANTI-JAM CAPABILITY)
• TERMINALS ARE MANPACKS, AIRBORNE, SHIP/SHORE AND SIOP MISSION TERMINALS
• EHF TEST PACKAGE ON FLIGHTS 4-10
• NO POLAR COVERAGE
• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 6 SATELLITES ( 1 ACTIVE, 1 TACO)
• 14 YEAR DESIGNED LIFE
• COMPLETE DEPLOYMENT BY 1998 (10 SATELLITES)
• PAYLOAD CONFIGURATION BY NAVAL SPACE COMMAND
• SATELLITE CONTROL BY AF SPACE COMMAND
FLTSAT & UHF F/O USERS
• NUCLEAR FORCE COMMANDNUCLEAR FORCE COMMAND• & CONTROL& CONTROL
• TT&CTT&C • DATA DISTRIBUTIONDATA DISTRIBUTION• I&WI&W• FLEET BROADCASTFLEET BROADCAST• TACTICAL INTELTACTICAL INTEL• OTHER WARFARE USESOTHER WARFARE USES
UHF CH 23
DOD WIDEBAND USERS
• EAM DISSEMINATION
UHF
CH 1-10
UHF
CH 11-22
AFSCN
USAF NARROWBAND
USN LAND, SEA, AIR FORCES
SHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
• ADVANTAGES• GREATER CHANNEL CAPACITY• WIDESPREAD CONNECTVITY• ROUTING DIVERSITY• LESS VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT AND
SCINTILLATION
• DISADVANTAGES• LIMITED FREQUENCY ALLOCATION• LIMITED ANTI-JAMMING CAPABILITY• GROUND EQUIPMENT IS LARGE AND COSTLY
SHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
• REGIONAL COVERAGE
• TRANSPORTABLE/FIXED TERMINALS
• LIMITED AJ PROTECTION
• MDR, SOME HDR
DSCS MISSION
• SECURE, SURVIVABLE COMMUNICATIONS FOR THE GLOBAL C2 SYSTEM (GCCS); MANAGED BY THE DEFENSE INFORMATION SYSTEMS AGENCY (DISA)
• ADDITIONAL AFSATCOM SUPPORT VIA THE DSCS III SINGLE CHANNEL TRANSPONDER (SCT)
DSCS II SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
• SYSTEM CAPABILITIES• TWO EARTH COVERAGE, TWO NARROW BEAM ANTENNAS
• 1200 SIMULTANEOUS TELEPHONE USERS
• LIMITED MOBILITY
• NO POLAR COVERAGE
• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 3 ACTIVE SATELLITES
• 10 YEAR DESIGN LIFE
• LAUNCHED 1971-1982
DSCS III SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
• CAPABILITIES• EARTH COVERAGE, SPOT, MULTIBEAM ANTENNAS• 10,000 SIMULTANEOUS TELEPHONE USERS
• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 6 OPERATIONAL SATELLITES--3 RESERVES IN GEO-
STATIONARY ORBIT• 10 YEAR DESIGN LIFE• LAUNCHED 1982 TO PRESENT 5 DSCS OPERATIONS
CENTERS WORLDWIDE, OPERATED BY USARSPACE• SATELLITE HEALTH SUPPORTS BY AFSPC
DSCS EMPLOYMENT APPLICATIONS
• NUCLEAR SURVIVABILITY
• ROBUST COMMAND AND CONTROL SYSTEM
• ANTIJAM AT HIGH DATA RATES
• SIOP AND CINC EAM/FDM MSGS
GROUND MOBILEFORCES
EARLY WARNING
NAOC
GCCS
ARMY SPACECOMMAND
AF SPACECOMMAND
PAYLOAD CONTROL TT&C
DSCS EMPLOYMENT APPLICATIONS
EHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
• ADVANTAGES• EXTENSIVE BANDWIDTHS• JAM RESISTANT• NON-CROWDED SPECTRUM• SMALL EQUIPMENT, SATELLITE APPLICATIONS• LEAST VULNERABLE TO NUCLEAR BLACKOUT
• DISADVANTAGES• TECHNOLOGY RISK -- BRAND NEW• SUSCEPTIBLE TO RAIN AND ATMOSPHERIC ATTENUATION• CAPABILITIES UN-EXPLOITED
EHF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
• PRIMARILY SPOT COVERAGE
• MOBILE TERMINALS
• AJ, AS, LPI PROTECTION
• LDR, MDR, HDR
MILSTAR MISSION
PROVIDE SURVIVABLE, ENDURING, MINIMUM ESSENTIAL COMMUNICATIONS FOR COMMAND & CONTROL OF THE WARFIGHTING FORCES OF THE
UNITED STATES
MILSTAR SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
• CAPABILITIES• SECURE AND ENDURING COMMUNICATIONS• MIX OF ORBITS -- POLAR ADJUNCTS AND INTERLINKING• USER DATA STORED ON SATELLITE TO IMPROVE SYSTEM
FLEXIBILITY AND SURVIVABILITY• ARMY, NAVY AND AIR FORCE TERMINALS INTEROPERABLE• ENCYPTED VOICE, DATA, TELETYPE OR FACSIMILE COMM
• CONSTELLATION SPECIFICS• 2 MILSTAR ON ORBIT• INITIAL LAUNCH IN 1992
MILSTAR USERS
• CINCS ARE APPORTIONED CAPACITY, AND CINCS DIRECT IMPLEMENTATION FOR THEIR USERS
• AIR FORCE (COMING)• PRIMARILY FOR COMMAND POST USE• SOME TERMINALS BACKWARD COMPATIBLE WITH
AFSATCOM
• NAVY (AVAILABLE)• SHORE, SHIP, & SUBMARINE USE • FEWER OPTIONS THAN AF TERMINAL
• ARMY (COMING)• SCAMP MANPACK; SOF/VIP APPLICATIONS• SMART-T (HMMWV MOUNTED)
AFSATCOM MISSION
• SECURE, RELIABLE, SURVIVABLE, TWO-WAY GLOBAL COMMUNICATIONS BETWEEN THE COMMAND ELEMENT AND ALL SEGMENTS OF THE FORCES THROUGH ALL LEVELS OF CONFLICT
• AFSATCOM• EAM DISSEMINATION• JCS-CINC INTERNETTING• FORCE DIRECTION & REPORTING• NON-SIOP FORCES
AFSATCOM SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
• CAPABILITIES• WORLDWIDE CAPABILITY• DOWNLINK VULNERABILITY• DEPENDENT ON HOST SATELLITE
• CONFIGURATION• TRANSPONDERS ON FLTSAT, UFO, AND
DSCS SATELLITES• MANAGED BY HQ AFSPC/SC
OVERVIEW
• OBJECTIVES
• BASIC PRINCIPLES
• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS
• THE WAY AHEAD
COMMERCIAL SATELLITE AUGMENTATION
• AUGMENTATION OF DOD SYSTEMS
• HIGH THROUGHPUT COMMUNICATIONS
• NO SURVIVABILITY CAPABILITY
• FIXED AND SEMI-FIXED TERMINALS
INMARSAT
• DESIGNED TO PROVIDE FULL DUPLEX COMMUNICATIONS TO SHIPS FOR TELEPHONE, TELETYPE, FACSIMILE AND DATA.
• DOD LEASE OF CHANNELS CALLED “GAPFILLER”.
• PORTABLE TERMINALS LEASED TO SUPPORT DESERT STORM.
INMARSAT SATELLITE
INTELSAT
• INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SATELLITE ORGANIZATION • 125 MEMBER NATIONS• HALF OF ALL INTERNATIONAL
TELEPHONE CALLS• NEARLY ALL TRANSOCEANIC
TELEVISION
• NINETEEN COMSATS DEPLOYED
• SIX GROUND STATIONS WORLDWIDE
LEASAT
• COMMERCIAL SYSTEM TO AUGMENT THE FLEET SATELLITE CONSTELLATION
• FOUR SATELLITES, LAST DEPLOYED IN 1990
• OPERATED BY HUGHES COMMUNICATION FOR THE US NAVY
LEASAT
OVERVIEW
• OBJECTIVES
• BASIC PRINCIPLES
• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS• THE WAY AHEAD
DOD WARFIGHTERS
• HIGHLY MOBILE USERS• AIR/FLEET OPERATIONS• DRUG ENFORCEMENT AGENCY (DEA)• WHITEHOUSE COMMUNICATIONS AGENCY
• NUCLEAR CAPABLE FORCES• NATIONAL COMMAND AUTHORITITES• INTEGRATED TACTICAL WARNING ASSESSMENT• EAM DISSEMINATORS
• COVERT/SPECIAL OPERATIONS FORCES
MILSATCOM REQUIREMENTS PERSPECTIVE
AIR FORCE18%
OTHER35%
JOINT STAFF/CINC
6%
INTEL27%
MARINES1%
NAVY3%
ARMY10%
OVERVIEW
• OBJECTIVES
• BASIC PRINCIPLES
• MILITARY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• COMMERCIAL SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS
• WARFIGHTER APPLICATIONS
• THE WAY AHEAD