saqs anatomy

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SAQs

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ANATOMY


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SAQs

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ANATOMY

VG Sawant MS (Anatomy)Professor and Head

Department of Anatomy

Padmashree Dr DY Patil Medical College

Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaFormer Professor of Anatomy

Terna Medical College

Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Grant Medical College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Third Edition

JAYPEE BROTHERS MEDICAL PUBLISHERS (P) LTD.

New Delhi Panama City • London • Dhaka • Kathmandu

®


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© 2013, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form orby any means without the prior permission of the publisher.

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This book has been published in good faith that the contents provided bythe author contained herein are original, and is intended for educational

purposes only. While every effort is made to ensure accuracy ofinformation, the publisher and the author specifically disclaim any damage,

liability, or loss incurred, directly or indirectly, from the use or application

of any of the contents of this work. If not specifically stated, all figuresand tables are courtesy of the author. Where appropriate, the readers

should consult with a specialist or contact the manufacturer of the drug ordevice.

SAQs in Anatomy

First Edition: 2003

Second Edition: 2005

Reprint: 2009

Third Edition: 2013

ISBN 978-93-5025-180-5

Typeset at JPBMP typesetting unit

Printed at

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Inc.City of Knowledge, Bld. 237, Clayton

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Dedicated to

My Parents

Wife Rekha

Daughter KshittjaSon Viresh


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Preface to the Third Edition

I have great pleasure in presenting the third edition

of this book.

I am thankful to all the students for theirresponse to the second edition of the book.

In the third edition, about 130 new SAQs,

especially in Brain and Genetics Section have been

added.

It is pleasure to thank all those who have written

letters of encouragement and have made useful

suggestions. Suggestions and comments are

welcome from teachers and students. I also wish

to thank Mr Tarun Duneja (Director-Publishing)

and Mr KK Raman (Production Manager),

M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd,

New Delhi, India, for their help to publish the book.

I would also like to thank Mr Chandra Shekhar

Gawde and Mr Ramesh Krishnamachari of

M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publisher (P) Ltd,

Mumbai branch, India, for their help.

VG Sawant


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Preface to the First Edition

The changing trend in evaluation, i.e. from essaytype questions to objective type questions isadapted by Medical Council of India (MCI) and mostof the medical universi-ties. Objective type of questioning gives equal opportunity to all studentsand covers wider syllabus.

Short answer questions (SAQs) are objective typeof questions which require answer in words or inshorter manner. SAQs are useful in measuring

learning outcomes in the lower and middle levelcognitive domains, i.e. knowledge comprehension,application and analysis. Therefore, in a medicalcurriculum, where a student is required to be wellaware of facts of life, disease and treatment, theSAQs can become a helpful tool to test their learningoutcome.

While framing a SAQ, one should remember thefollowing things:1. Use simple language2. Use any one of the following formats:

a. Question type.b. Enumerate the structures.c. Definition type.

d. Draw and label the diagram.e. Reasoning type.f. Comparison between two.

3. Do not ask SAQ in one or two words like a titleof short note, i.e. biceps brachii.This is a wrong SAQ as it is neither in questionformat nor in any one of formats which are

mentioned here. The student does not knowwhat specific answer he has to write. Instead,the SAQ on the same topic can be framed inthe following way:a. Specify the joints at which biceps brachii

acts.b. What are the movements produced by biceps

brachii at these joints?4. Avoid use of negative beginning.


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The SAQs are asked in theory examination for2 marks. So, the answers should be written inshortest manner (in some of the clinically-orientedSAQs, answers are little lengthy for understandingpurpose, but students can write in shortestmanner).

The SAQs included in this book, besides being

asked in theory examination, are also mostfrequently asked in viva voce during practicals. Inaddition, answers to these SAQs will also help thestudents to answer MCQs on the same topic.

Though this book is essentially for under-graduate students, it can be useful for the studentspreparing for postgraduate entrance examination.

Constructive suggestions, healthy criticism andcomments to improve this book are welcome from

Anatomy teachers and students.I thank Mr Tarun Duneja (Director-Publishing),

M/s Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd,

New Delhi, India, for his help to publish the book.

VG Sawant

x SAQs in Anatomy


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Contents

1. General Anatomy ......................................1

2. Superior Extremity ................................17

3. Inferior Extremity .................................. 37

4. Thorax........................................................ 53

5. Abdomen ................................................... 67

6. Head, Face and Neck...............................97

7. Brain ........................................................ 134

8. Histology ................................................. 157

9. Embryology ............................................ 184

10. Genetics ................................................... 210

11. Radiology ................................................ 222


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GENERAL ANATOMY 1

Q. 1. Define anatomical position of the body.

What are supine and prone positions of

the body?

Ans. Anatomical position—The body is erect, the

eyes look straight to the front, the upper limbs

hang by the side of the trunk with the palms

directed forwards and the lower limbs are

parallel with the toes pointing forwards. Supine position—Lying down position with the

face directed upwards.

Prone position—Lying down position with the

face directed downwards.

Q. 2. Give examples of three classes of levers

in the body.

Ans. I class lever—Triceps bringing about extension

at the elbow joint

R

E ↑ ∆F

II class lever—Rising on the toes.

↑

E RD

F

III class lever—Biceps bringing about flexion

at the elbow joint.

↑ ∆ E R

F

Q. 3. What is superficial fascia? Mention its two

functions.

Ans. Superficial fascia is a general coating of the

body beneath the skin made up of loose areolartissue with varying amount of fat.


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Functions:

1. It facilitates movement of the skin.

2. Conserves body heat.

Q. 4. What is deep fascia? Mention its two

functions.

Ans. Deep fascia is a fibrous sheet which invests

the body beneath the superficial fascia and is

devoid of fat. Functions:

1. Keeps the underlying structures in position.

2. Provides extra surface for attachment of

muscles.

Q. 5. Give any four modifications of deep fascia.

Ans. 1. Aponeurosis.

2. Retinaculum.3. Bursa.

4. Capsules of joint.

5. Sheaths around arteries—carotid sheath.

Q. 6. Give functions of articular capsule.

Ans. 1. It binds the articular bones together.

2. It supports the synovial membrane on the

inner surface.

3. Due to numerous sensory nerves supplying

capsule, it acts as a ‘watch’ dog by producing

reflex contraction of muscles thus protec-

ting the joint.

Q.7. Give functions of synovial membrane.

Ans. 1. The synovial fluid secrected by the synovial membrane provides nutrition to the

articular cartilage.

2. It liberates hyaluronic acid which main-

tains viscosity of the fluid.

3. It removes particulate matters and worn

out cartilage cells by the phagocytic activity.

Q. 8. Define terms origin and insertion of amuscle.

Ans. 1. Origin of a muscle—It is the proximal

attachment of a muscle, which is relatively

fixed during its contraction.

2. Insertion of a muscle—it is the distal

attachment of a muscle, which is relatively

movable during its contraction.


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General Anatomy 3

Q. 9. What is isotonic or concentric action of a

muscle? Give one example. Ans. Isotonic—Iso-means same. Tone of the muscle

remains same. Length of the muscle is reduced

by 1/3 or more during contraction and toneremains same.

Example—lifting a load by contraction of biceps and brachialis at the elbow joint.

Q. 10. What is isometric contraction of a muscle?Give one example.

Ans. Isometric—Iso-means same, metric-means

length. Length of the muscle remains same.During isometric contraction, the tension is

same as load and length of the muscle doesnot change.

Example—holding the arm outstretched.Q. 11. What is excentric action or paying out of a

muscle? Give one example. Ans. In excentric action the tension is less than the

load and the muscle lengthens while active

thus paying out gradually to control the speedand force of a movement in the direction

opposite to that normally produced by themuscle when it is shortening.

Example—lowering the arm to the side.

Q. 12. Give peculiarities of sesamoid bones.

Ans. 1. Develop in the tendon of a muscle

2. Ossify after birth3. Devoid of periosteum

4. Absence of Haversian system.

Q. 13. Give classification of cartilaginous joints

mention one example of each. Ans. 1. Primary cartilaginous joint-

the bones are connected by hyaline carti-lage and the joint is temporary.

Example—Spheno-occipital joint.

2. Secondary cartilaginous joint-united by a disc of fibrocartilage

Example—Symphysis pubis.

Q. 14. What are the swing and the shunt compo-

nents of a muscle? Ans. A swing component of a muscle produces

angular movement of the joint.

A shunt component of a muscle tends to draw

the bones along the shaft towards the jointand compress the articular surface.


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Q. 15. What is bursa? Give its function.

Ans. A bursa is a closed sac of synovial membrane

containing a capillary film of synovial fluid

lying between two mobiles but tightly opposed

surfaces.

A bursa reduces friction between two mobiles

but tightly opposing surfaces permit complete

freedom of movement within limited range.

Q. 16. Name any four types of normal bursae.

Ans. 1. Subcutaneous 2. Submuscular

3. Subfascial 4. Subtendinous

5. Communicating 6. Noncommunicating.

Q. 17. Name any four adventitious bursae.

Ans. 1. Student’s elbow

2. Porter’s shoulder3. Housemaid’s knee

4. Clergyman’s knee

5. Weaver’s bottom

6. Bunion

Q. 18. Give examples of sesamoid bones.

Ans. 1. Patella

2. Pisiform3. Two segamoid bones beneath the head of

Ist metatarsal in flexor hallucis brevis

4. Fabella in the lateral head of gastrocne-

mius

5. Rider’s bone in the Adductor longus.

Q. 19. What is active insufficiency of a muscle?

Give one example. Ans. When a tendon of muscle crosses several joints

it cannot work with efficiency at all joints

simultaneously. This is called as active insuffi-

ciency of a muscle. As Flexor digitorum, pro-

foundus crosses wrist metacorpophalangeal

interphalangeal joints, the fingers cannot be

fully flexed when the wrist is also flexed.Q. 20. What is closed-packed and loose-packed

position of a joint? Give one example.

Ans. A. Closed-packed position—when the joint

surfaces become completely congruent, their

area of contact is maximal and they are

tightly compressed, no further movement

is possible, e.g. knee-full extension,shoulder-abduction and lateral rotation.


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General Anatomy 5

B. Loose-packed position—when the joint

surfaces are not congruent, i.e. least packed

position.

For example, knee-semiflexion, shoulder-

semiabduction.

Q. 21. Define posture. Name any two postural

muscles.

Ans. Posture is defined as the relation of the seg-

ments of the body, i.e. head, trunk and limbs

to each other.

Postural muscles-soleus, gastrocnemius

quadriceps femoris, gluteus maximus erector

spinac.

Q. 22. Specify the line of gravity and centre of

gravity in standing position. Ans. The line of gravity passes anterior to the ankle

and knee joints, posterior to the hip joints,

behind the lumbar vertebrae, anterior to the

thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae and

through dens of the axis vertebra.

The centre of gravity in standing position lies

2-3 cm in front of the first sacral vertebra.

Q. 23. Name the synovial joints in which articular

surfaces are covered by white fibro-

cartilage.

Ans. 1. Sternoclavicular joint

2. Acromioclavicular joint

3. Temporomandibular joint.

Q. 24. Name intra-articular structures. Ans. Tendons—

1. Long head of biceps brachii

2. Popliteus

Cartilages—Intra-articular disc of TM and

sternoclavicular joints, menisci, labrum

glenoidule labrum acetabulum.

Ligaments—Cruciate ligaments of knee joint Fat—Haversion pad of fat.

Q. 25. Enumerate membranocartilaginous

bones.

Ans. 1. Clavicle

2. Occipital

3. Temporal

4. Mandible5. Sphenoid.


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Q. 26. Give functions of bones.

Ans. 1. They give shape and support to the body2. They provide surfaces for the attachment

of muscles, tendons and ligaments

3. They form joints where movements takeplace

4. Protection of viscera like lungs, heart brainspinal cord

5. Bone marrow manufactures blood cells6. Bones store body calcium and phosphorus.

Q. 27. Enumerate the factors which limit the

movements of a joint. Ans. 1. Reflex contraction of antagonistic muscles.

2. Approximation of soft parts3. Tension of the ligaments

4. Stimulation of mechanoreceptors in arti-cular tissue.

Q. 28. Name different types of sutural joints.

Ans. 1. Serrate 2. Denticulate3. Squamous 4. Limbous

5. Plane 6. Schindylesis

Q. 29. Name different types of epiphysis giving

one example of each. Ans. 1. Pressure epiphysis—head of femur

2. Traction epiphysis—trochanter of femur

3. Compound epiphysis (Pressure + trac-tion)—ischial tuberosity

4. Composite epiphysis—upper end of

humerus

5. Atavistic epiphysis—coracoid process of scapula6. Aberrant epiphysis—at the bases of

metacarpal bones.

Q. 30. Name uniaxial synovial joints giving oneexample of each.

Ans. 1. Hinge joint—elbow joint

2. Pivot joint—superior radioulnar joint.Q. 31. Name biaxial synovial joints giving one

example of each.

Ans. 1. Condylar joint—temporomandibular joint

2. Ellipsoid joint—wrist joint.

Q. 32. Name multiaxial synovial joints giving one

example of each.

Ans. 1. Saddle joint—first carpometacarpal joint2. Ball and socket joint—shoulder joint.


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General Anatomy 7

Q. 33. Give any four examples of skeletal mus-

cles with parallel fasciculi.

Ans. 1. Quadrilateral—thyrohyoid

2. Straplike—sartorius

3. Straplike with tendinous intersections—

Rectus abdominis

4. Fusiform—biceps brachii.

Q. 34. Give any four examples of skeletal mus-cles with oblique fasciculi.

Ans. 1. Triangular—Temporalis.

2. Unipennate—flexor pollicis longus

3. Bipennate—rectus femoris

4. Multipennate—deltoid

5. Circumpennate—Tibialis anterior.

Q. 35. Give any four characteristics of synovial joint.

Ans. 1. The articular ends are covered by articular

hyaline cartilage.

2. The joint is covered by joint capsule

3. The inner aspect of joint capsule and intra-

capsular non-articular parts of the bone are

covered by synovial membrane4. The joint cavity contains synovial fluid

secreted by synovial membrane

5. The joint is strengthened by ligaments

6. Some degree of movement is always pos-

sible.

Q. 36. Name the arteries supplying a long bone. Ans. 1. Nutrient artery

2. Epiphyseal artery

3. Metaphyseal arteries

4. Periosteal arteries.

Q. 37. Give morphological classification of

bones.

Ans. 1. Long bones2. Short bones

3. Flat bones

4. Irregular bones

5. Pneumatic bones

6. Sesamoid bones

7. Accessory bones.


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Q. 38. Give developmental classification of

bones mentioning one example each.

Ans. 1. Membranous bones—parietal

2. Cartilaginous bones—humerus

3. Membranocartilaginous bones-clavicle,

mandible.

Q. 39. Define a bone. Give its two functions.

Ans. A bone is highly vascular, constantly changing,mineralized living connective tissue.

Functions:

1. Gives shape and support to the body

2. Provides surface for the attachment of

muscles and tendons.

Q. 40. Give medicolegal importance of bones.

Ans. 1. Estimation of age2. Estimation of sex

3. Estimation of height

4. Cause of death.

Q. 41. Enumerate the areas of the body where

lymph capillaries are absent.

Ans. Epidermis, cornea, articular hyaline cartilage,

splenic pulp, bone marrow, liver lobule, brain,spinal cord.

Q. 42. Name the areas of the body where seb-

aceous glands do not open into hair folli-

cle but open directly on the skin surface.

Ans. Lips, nipple and areola of breast, tarsal glands

of the eyelids, glans penis, inner surface of pre-puce, labia minora.

Q. 43. Name the areas of the body where sweat

glands are absent.

Ans. Nipple, inner surface of prepuce, labia minora,

glans penis, glans clitoris, margins of lips, nail

bed.

Q. 44. Name the areas of the body where apo-

crine sweat glands are present.

Ans. Axilla, prepuce, scrotum, monspubis, labia

minora, areola of the breast and perianal

regions.

Q. 45. Enumerate the areas of the body where

fat is absent in the superficial fascia. Ans. Eyelids, external ear, penis, scrotum.


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General Anatomy 9

Q. 46. Name the structures present in the

superficial fascia. Ans. Cutaneous nerves and vessels, lymph nodes,

deeply situated sweat glands, mammary

glands, subcutaneous muscles in the face, neck

and scrotum.

Q. 47. Name any of the four end arteries in the

body.

Ans. 1. Central artery of retina

2. Arteries of spleen, kidney, lung

3. Central branches cerebral arteries

4. Vasa recti of small intestine.

Q. 48. Give examples of actual anterial anasto-

mosis.

Ans. 1. Palmar arches

2. Plantar arches

3. Circle of willis

4. Labial branches of facial arteries

5. Intestinal arcades

6. Uterine and ovarian arteries.

Q. 49. Name the organs where portal systems of

vessels are found. Ans. 1. Liver 2. Pituitary

3. Kidney 4. Suprarenal.

Q. 50. Name the areas where capillaries are

absent.

Ans. 1. Epidermis

2. Hair

3. Nails4. Articular hyaline cartilage

5. Cornea.

Q. 51. Classify nerve cells according to polarity

giving example of each.

Ans. 1. Unipolar—mesencephalic nucleus of

trigeminal nerve.

2. Bipolar—olfactory cells of nasal mucosa3. Psuedounipolar—Dorsal root ganglia

4. Multipolar—most of the neurones in the

body.

Q. 52. Enumerate the sites where smooth

muscles are present.

Ans. 1. Iris

2. All blood vessels3. Pulmonary tree


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4. Walls of gastrointestinal tract from the

lower portion of the esophagus to theinternal anal sphincter

5. Walls and tubes of genitourinary tract

6. Piloerector muscles.

Q. 53. What is a dermatome? Give its clinical

importance.

Ans. The area of skin supplied by one spinal nerve

is called a dermatome. The area of sensoryloss of the skin following injuries of the spinal

cord or of the nerve roots can be determined by

examining the dermatomes for touch, pain, and

temperature.

Q. 54. Enumerate the curvatures of the verteb-

ral column and mention the age at which

they develop. Ans. A. Primary curvatures-concave anteriorly

thoracic and sacral appear before birth.

B. Secondary curvatures-convex anteriorly

1. Cervical-3 to 4 months when the child

starts holding its neck

2. Lumbar-6 to 9 months when the child

starts sitting (according to some authorsabout 1 year i.e. when the child starts

standing).

Q. 55. Enumerate the abnormal curvatures of

the vertebral column.

Ans. A. Kyphosis-exaggerated thoracic curvature

B. Scoliosis-lateral bending

C. Kyphoscoliosis-Kyphosis + scoliosisD. Lordosis-exaggerated lumbar curvature.

Q. 56. Define a joint. Enumerate three main

varieties of joints.

Ans. A joint is a junction between two or more bones

or cartilage with or without movement.

Structural classification

a. Fibrous jointsb. Cartilaginous joints

c. Synovial joints.

Q. 57. Mention the dermatomes at the following

levels.

1. Sternal angle 2. Xiphoid process

3. Umbilicus 4. Pubis.

Ans. 1. Sternal angle-T22. Xiphoid process-T7


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General Anatomy 11

3. Umbilicus-T10

4. Pubis-L1

Q. 58. Draw and label a typical synovial joint.

Q. 59. Enumerate the functions of the inter-

vertebral discs.

Ans. 1. They form secondary cartilaginous joints

2. They give shape to the vertebral column.3. They act as shock absorbers

4. They take part in weight transmission

5. Because of their elasticity they allow slight

movements of vertebral bodies on each

other.

Q.60. Draw and label a diagram showing

distribution of a typical spinal nerve. Ans. Typical spinal nerve.


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Q.61. Give functional classification of blood

vessels. Mention one example of each.

Ans. 1. Conducting vessel – Aorta (Elastic Artery)

2. Distributing vessel – Brachial (Muscular

Artery)

3. Resistance vessel – Arteriole

4. Exchange vessel – Capillary

5. Capacitance vessel – Vein

Q.62. What are venae comitants? What are their

functions?

Ans. Below the knee and the elbow joints most of

the deep veins are arranged in pairs along the

sides of the arteries, which are called as venae

comitants.

Functions1. Venae comitants help in the return of blood

towards the heart by the transmitted

pulsations of the arteries.

2. They help in countercurrent heat exchange

between arteries and veins.

Q.63. Enumerate the valve less veins.

Ans. 1. Venae Cavae2. Hepatic

3. Ovarian

4. Renal

5. Spinal

6. Cerebral

7. Umbilical

8. Pulmonary9. Emissary

10. Veins having less than 2 mm diameter.

Q.64. What are cavernous tissues? Name any

three cavernous tissues.

Ans. Cavernous tissues are blood filled spaces lined

by endothelium and surrounded by trabeculae

containing smooth muscle fibres. Arterioles

and venules open directly into these spaces.

Cavernous tissues

1. Erectile tissue of penis

2. Erectile tissue of clitoris

3. Nasal mucous membrane

4. Cavernous sinus


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General Anatomy 13

Q.65. Give differences between red and white

muscles fibres.

Ans. Red Muscles White Muscles

1. They are red in 1. They are paler

colour due to more in colour due to

myoglobin and less myoglobin

rich capillary and poor capillary

plexus around plexus around

each muscles each musclefiber. fiber.

2. They show slow 2. They show fast

tonic contraction. phasic contraction.

3. They are rich in 3. They are poor in

mitochondria and mitochondria but

oxidative enzymes. rich in glycolytic

enzymes.4. They have less 4. They have more

cross striations cross striations and

more sarcoplasm. less sarcoplasm.

5. As they show 5. As they show

well developed anaerobic

aerobic metabo- metabolism,

lism, they are they are quite

highly resistant easily fatigued.to fatigue.

Q.66. Enumerate tortuous arteries in the body

Ans. 1. Facial 2. Occipital

3. Splenic 4. Uterine

5. Nutrient

Q.67. Enumerate the surfaces of the bodywithout hair.

Ans. 1. Palms

2. Soles

3. Glans penis

4. Labia minora

5. Umbilicus

6. Inner surface of labia majoraQ.68. Name the arteries formed by fusion of

other arteries.

Ans. 1. Basilar artery – vertebral arteries

2. Anterior spinal artery – anterior spinal

branches of vertebral arteries.

3. Azygous arteries of vagina – branches of

uterine and vaginal arteries.


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14 SAQs in Anatomy

Q.69. Enumerate hyaline cartilages.

Ans. 1. Articular

2. Thyroid

3. Cricoid

4. Tracheal rings

5. Costal

6. Nasal

7. Bronchial

8. Lower part of arytenoid

Q.70. Enumerate elastic cartilages.

Ans. 1. Cartilage of epiglottis

2. Cartilage of pinna

3. Corniculate

4. Cuneiform

5. Apex of arytenoid

6. Cartilage of auditory tube7. Cartilage of external acoustic meatus.

Q.71. Enumerate fibrocartilages.

Ans. 1. Intervertebral disc

2. Inter-pubic disc

3. Articular discs of temporomandibular,

sternoclavicular, and inferior radioulnar

joints

4. Labrum glenoidale and acetabulare

5. Mensci of knee joint

Q.72. A skeletal muscle is sometimes referred

to as voluntary muscle. However, it is an

unsatisfactory term. Explain.

Ans. The skeletal muscle is sometimes referred to

as voluntary muscle because the movements

in which it participates are often initiated

under conscious control. However, this is an

unsatisfactory term since it is involved in

many movements – breathing, blinking,

swallowing and the actions of muscles of the

perineum and the middle ear are examples—

that are usually or exclusively driven at anunconscious level.

Q.73. What are synergists? Give one example.

Ans. When the prime movers cross more than one

joint, the undesired actions at the proximal

joints are prevented by certain muscles called

as synergists. During making a tight fist the

flexor digitorum superficialis and profundus


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General Anatomy 15

flex the fingers. The wrist joint is fixed in slight

extension by extensors of wrist. These are

called as synergists.

Q.74. Define terms (a) Prime mover (b) Anta-

gonist. Give one example of each.

Ans. a. Prime mover—When a muscle is a chief

muscle or a member of a chief group of

muscles in producing a particular move-

ment is called a prime mover. Brachials is

a prime mover in the movement of flexion

of the elbow joint.

b. Antagonist—The muscle which opposes the

action of the prime mover is called the

antagonist. The treeps brachii opposes the

action of brachialis in flexing the elbow

joint. Antagonist actually help the primemover by active controlled relaxation due

to recprocal innervation.

Q.75. Mention the factors maintaining stability

of joints.

Ans. 1. Bony configuration

2. Ligaments

3. Tone of the muscles

4. Atmospheric pressure

Q.76. Mention functions of articular discs.

Ans. 1. Divide the joint cavity

2. Lubrication

3. Prevent wear and tear of the articular

cartilage

4. The upper compartment shows gliding

movement and lower compartment shows

angular movements.

Q.77. Why the shaft of a long bone is hollow?

Ans. The hollow shaft of the long bone confers high

strength in bending, minimizes bone mass and

increases the speed of the movement.Q.78. Name the skeletal muscles with no bony

attachments.

Ans. Frontalis, bulbospongiosus, risorius, palmaris

brevis, intrinsic muscles of the tongue,

subcutaneous part of external anal sphincter.


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16 SAQs in Anatomy

Q.79. Name unpaired muscles in the body.

Ans. Diaphragm, trachealis, posterior cri-

coarytenoid, external urethral sphincter, in-

ternal anal sphincter.

Q.80. Name elastic ligaments in the body.

Ans. Ligamentum nuchae, ligamentum flavam,

spring ligament.

Q.81. Name commonly ruptured tendons in thebody.

Ans. Tendon of quadriceps femoris, tendocalcaneus,

biceps brachii, supraspinatus, external

pollicius longus.

Q.82. Name the prevertebral muscles.

Ans. Longus capitis, longus colli, scalenus anterior,

medius and posterior, psoas major, quadratuslumborum, piriformis.


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SUPERIOR E XTREMITY 2

Q. 1. Name the nerves arising from the roots

and trunks of brachial plexus. Ans. A. Branches of roots

1. Long thoracic (Nerve to serratus ante-rior)

2. Dorsal scapular

B. Branches of upper trunk

1. Suprascapular nerve C5, C62. Nerve to subclavius C5, C6

Q. 2. Name the branches of medial cord of

brachial plexus.

Ans. 1. Medial pectoral C8, T12. Medial root of median C8, T13. Ulnar C7, C8, T1

4. Medial cutaneous nerve of arm C8, T15. Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm C8,T1.

Q. 3. Name the branches of lateral cord of

brachial plexus.

Ans. 1. Lateral pectoral C5, C6, C72. Musculocutaneous C5, C6, C73. Lateral root of median nerve C5,C6, C7.

Q. 4. Name the branches of posterior cord of

brachial plexus.

Ans. 1. Upper subscapular C5, C62. Lower subscapular C5, C63. Nerve to Latissimus dorsi C6, C7, C84. Axillary C5, C65. Radial C5, C6, C7, C8, T1

Q. 5. Name the branches of axillary artery.

Ans. I part—Superior thoracic

II part—

1. Acromio-thoracic artery

2. Lateral-thoracic artery.

III part—

1. Subscapular

2. Anterior circumflex humeral artery 3. Posterior circumflex humeral artery.


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18 SAQs in Anatomy

Q. 6. Name the branches of brachial artery.

Ans. 1. Profunda brachii2. Superior ulnar collateral

3. Inferior ulnar collateral

4. Nutrient artery to humerus5. Muscular branches

6. Radial7. Ulnar.

Q. 7. Name the arteries taking part in the ana-stomosis around the scapula.

Ans. A. Around body of scapula

1. Suprascapular artery (branch of thyro-cervical trunk)

2. Deep branch of transverse cervical artery3. Circumflex scapular (branch of subscap-

ular).B. Anastomoses over the acromial process

1. Acromial branch of thoraco-acromial

artery.2. Acromial branch of suprascapular

artery3. Acromial branch of posterior circumflex

humeral artery.

Q. 8. Name the arteries taking part in the

anastomosis around elbow joint.

Ans. A. In front of lateral epicondyle1. Anterior descending

2. Radial recurrent.B. Behind lateral epicondyle

1. Posterior descending

2. Interosseous recurrent.C. In front of medial epicondyle.

1. Inferior ulnar collateral2. Anterior ulnar recurrent.

D. Behind medial epicondyle1. Superior ulnar collateral

2. Posterior ulnar recurrent.

E. Just above olecrenon fossa. A branch from posterior descending anasto-

mosis with branch from inferior ulnar col-lateral.

Q. 9. Give the boundaries and contents of quadrangular space.

Ans. Boundaries: Superior:

1. Subscapularis in front

2. Capsule of shoulder joint


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Superior Extremity 19

3. Teres minor behind.

Medial:—Long head of triceps

Lateral:—Surgical neck of humerus

Inferior:—Teres major.

Contents:

1. Axillary nerve

2. Posterior circumflex humeral artery.

Q. 10. Give boundaries and structures passing through upper triangular space.

Ans. Boundaries

Medial—Teres minor

Lateral—Long head of triceps

Inferior—Teres major

Contents: Circumflex scapular artery.

Q. 11. Give boundaries and structures passing through lower triangular space.

Ans. Boundaries

Superior—Teres major

Medial—Long head of triceps

Lateral—Medial border of humerus

Contents:

1. Radial nerve2. Profunda brachii vessels.

Q. 12. Give boundaries of cubital fossa.

Ans. a. Laterally—medial border of brachio-

radialis

b. Medially—lateral border of pronator teres

c. Base—is directed upwards represented by

an imaginary line joining epicondyles of thehumerus.

d. Apex—directed downwards, formed by

meeting point of lateral and medial

boundaries

Floor:

i. Brachialis

ii. Supinator muscles.

Q. 13. Give contents of cubital fossa.

Ans. 1. Median nerve

2. Termination of brachial artery and begin-

ning of radial and ulnar arteries

3. Tendon of biceps with bicipital aponeurosis

4. Radial nerve between the brachioradialis

and extensor carpi radialis longus.


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20 SAQs in Anatomy

Q. 14. Name the branches of axillary nerve.

Ans. A. Muscular1. Deltoid

2. Teres minor.

B. Cutaneous—Upper lateral cutaneous nerveof arm

C. Articular—shoulder jointD. Vascular—To posterior circumflex humeral

artery.Q. 15. Name the branches of musculocutaneous

nerve.

Ans. A. Musculari. Bisceps brachii

ii. Brachialisiii. Coracobrachialis

B. Cutaneous—Lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm.

Q. 16. Name the branches of median nerve in

the forearm and palm. Ans. A. Forearm—

1. Muscular

i. Pronator teres

ii. Flexor carpi radialisiii. Palmaris longus

iv. Flexor digitorum superficialis

2. Anterior Interosseous

i. Flexor pollicis longus

ii. Pronator quadratusiii. Lateral half of flexor digitorum pro-

fundusIt supplies distal radioulnar andwrist joint.

3. Palmar cutaneous branch

4. Articular branch

i. Elbow joint

ii. Superior radioulnar joint.

5. Vascular: radial and ulnar artery.

6. Communicating branch to ulnar nerve.B. Palm: Muscular: Abductor pollicis brevis

Flexor pollicis brevis Apponens pollicis

Ist and 2nd lumbrical

Cutaneous: lateral 3½ digits.

Q. 17. Name the branches of ulnar nerve in the

forearm and palm. Ans. A. Forearm: Muscular


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i. Flexor carpi ulnaris

ii. Medial half of flexor digitorum profun-

dus.

Cutaneous: Palmar cutaneous branch

Dorsal cutaneous branch

Articular: Elbow joint.

B. Palm: Muscular:

i. Palmaris brevis

ii. Flexor digiti minimiiii. Abductor digiti minimi

iv. Apponens digiti minimi

v. Medial two lumbricals (3rd and 4th

lumbricals)

vi. Palmar and dorsal interossei

vii. Adductor pollicis.

Cutaneous: Medial 1½ fingers Articular: Wrist joint.

Q. 18. Name the branches of radial nerve.

Ans. Muscular

i. Before entering the spiral groove, long and

medial heads of triceps

ii. In the spiral groove, lateral, medial head of

triceps and anconeousiii. Below radial groove in front of arm Brachi-

alis, Brachioradialis and Extensor carpi

radialis longus.

Cutaneous:

i. Above radial groove, posterior cutaneous

nerve of arm.

ii. In the radial groove, lower lateral cutaneousnerve of arm and posterior cutaneous nerve

of forearm.

Articular branch: Elbow joint.

Q. 19. Name the branches of posterior interos-

seous nerve.

Ans. Muscular

i. Supinatorii. Extensor carpi radialis brevis

iii. Extensor digitorum

iv. Extensor digiti minimi

v. Extensor carpi ulnaris

vi. Abductor pollicis longus

vii. Extensor pollicis brevis

viii. Extensor pollicis longus and indices. Articular: Wrist and distal radioulnar joint.


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22 SAQs in Anatomy

Q. 20. Name different types of grips of hand.

Ans. 1. Power grip2. Precision grip

3. Hook grip

4. Power + precision grip

5. Complex manipulation.

Q. 21. Name the muscles inserted in the dorsal

digital expansion.

Ans. 1. Extensor digitorum

2. Palmar Interossei

3. Dorsal Interossei

4. Lumbricals

Q. 22. Name the rotator cuff muscles.

Ans. 1. Subscapularis 2. Supraspinatus

3. Infraspinatus 4. Teres minor

Q. 23. Name the structures passing through

bicipital groove.

Ans. 1. Tendon of long head of biceps brachii

2. Synovial sheath of above tendon

3. Ascending branch of anterior circumflex

humeral artery.

Q. 24. Give functions of interosseous membrane. Ans. 1. Binds radius and ulna (syndesmosis joint)

2. Provides attachment to muscles

3. Separates flexor and extensor compart-

ments

4. Takes part in weight transmission from

radius to ulna.

Q. 25. What is carpal tunnel? Name the struc-tures passing through it.

Ans. It is an osseofibrous tunnel formed by flexor

retinaculum and carpal bones. Structures

passing through carpal tunnel are:

1. Flexor digitorum superficialis

2. Flexor digitorum profundus

3. Tendon of flexor pollicis longus

4. Median nerve5. Radial and ulnar bursae.

Q. 26. Name the structure passing in front of the

flexor retinaculum.

Ans. 1. Tendon of palmaris longus.

2. Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve.

3. Palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve

4. Ulnar nerve5. Ulnar artery.


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Q. 27. Enumerate the structures piercing clavi-

pectoral fascia.

Ans. 1. Lateral pectoral nerve.

2. Thoracoacromial vessels (artery and vein)

3. Cephalic vein

4. Lymphatics (from breast and pectoral

region to apical axillary lymph nodes).

Q. 28. Name the muscles producing pronation. Ans. 1. Pronator teres

2. Pronator quadratus

3. Flexor carpi radialis assisted by

4. Palmaris longus.

Q. 29. Define Pronation and Supination.

Ans. Pronation: The head of the radius rotates

within annular ligament, and the lower end of radius rotates forwards, medially across the

lower end of ulna and the palm faces poste-

riorly.

Supination: It is reverse of pronation. The head

of the radius rotates within the annular

ligament and the lower end of radius rotates

laterally and backwards regaining its originalposition lateral to ulna and the palm faces

anteriorly.

Q. 30. Enumerate the movements of pectoral or

shoulder girdle.

Ans. 1. Elevation 2. Depression

3. Protraction 4. Retraction

5. Forward rotation 6. Backward rotation.

Q. 31. Name the joints of the shoulder girdle.

What type of joints are they?

Ans. Shoulder girdle consists of

1. Sternoclavicular joint—saddle joint

2. Acromioclavicular joint—plane synovial

joint.

Q. 32. Enumerate movements at the shoulder

joint.

Ans. 1. Flexion 2. Extension

3. Adduction 4. Abduction

5. Medial rotation 6. Lateral rotation

7. Circumduction.


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24 SAQs in Anatomy

Q. 33. Analyse briefly the abduction at the

shoulder.

Ans. Abduction takes place partly at the shoulder

joint and partly at the shoulder girdle. The

humerus and the scapula move in the ratio of

2:1. Throughout abduction, for every 15°

elevation, 10° occurs at the shoulder joint and

5° are due to movements scapula.

Q. 34. Name the muscles involved in the abduc-

tion of shoulder.

Ans. Ist 15° supraspinatus

15 to 90° Acromial fibres of deltoid

Above 90° Upper and lower fibres of Trapezius

with lower 5 digitations of serratus anterior.

Q. 35. Enumerate movements produced at themetacarpophalangeal joint and muscles

causing them.

Ans. 1. Flexion—Interossei and Lumbricals

2. Extension—Extensors of fingers

3. Adduction—Palmar interossei

4. Abduction—Dorsal interossei.

Q. 36. Give nerve supply and actions of lumbri-cals of hand.

Ans. The 1st and 2nd lumbricals are supplied by

the median nerve

The 3rd and 4th lumbricals are supplied by

the ulnar nerve

Actions—Lumbricals flex the metacarpo-

phalangeal joints and extend the interpha-langeal joint of the digit into which they are

inserted.

Q. 37. Specify the joints at which biceps brachii

acts. Name the movements produced at

these joints.

Ans. Biceps brachii acts at shoulder joint and elbow

joint

Shoulder joint—Flexion

Elbow joint—Flexion

Powerful supination in mid flexed position.

Q. 38. Enumerate the palmar spaces.

Ans. 1. Pulp spaces of the fingers

2. The digital synovial sheaths3. The ulnar bursa


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4. The radial bursa

5. The midpalmar space6. The thenar space

Q. 39. Give boundaries of triangle of auscul-

tation. Give its clinical importance.

Ans. Boundaries of triangle of auscultation.

Below—upper border of Latissimus dorsi

Medially—lateral border of trapezius

Laterally—medial border of scapula

Floor—6th intercostal space and rhomboideus

major.

By the use of stethoscope breath sounds can

be heard better in the triangle of auscultation

as compared to the remaining part of the back

which is covered by thick musculature.

Q. 40. Specify the nerve supply and actions of

lumbricals. Which position the hand will

adopt due to their paralysis.

Ans. Medial two lumbricals—ulnar nerve

Lateral two lumbricals—median nerve

Actions: lumbricals produce flexion at the

metacarpopharyngeal joints and extension at

the interphalangeal joints.Paralysis of lumbricals produces claw hand in

which there is hyperextension at the meta-

carpophalangeal joints and flexion at the

interphalangeal joints.

Q. 41. Give boundaries of the axilla.

Ans. Apex—Anteriorly–clavicle

Posteriorly–superior border of scapulaMedially–outer border of 1st rib

Base—Skin and fascia

Anterior wall

i. Pectoralis major

ii. Clavipectoral fasica enclosing pectoralis

minor and subclavius

Posterior wall—subcapularis above teresmajor and Latissimus dorsi below

Lateral wall—Coracobrachialis and short head

of biceps brachii. Upper part of shaft of

humerus.

Q. 42. Enumerate contents of the axilla.

Ans. Contents of the axilla:

1. Axillary artery and its branches2. Axillary vein and its tributaries


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26 SAQs in Anatomy

3. Axillary lymph nodes and associated

lymphatics

4. Infraclavicular part of brachial plexus

5. The long thoracic and intercostobrachial

nerves

6. Axillary fat and areolar tissue.

Q. 43. What is anatomical snuff box? Give

boundaries of anatomical snuff box. Ans. It is a skin depression that lies distal to the

styloid process of the radius.

Boundaries—medially-tendon of extensor

pollicis longus.

Laterally–tendons of abductor pollicis longus

and extensor pollicis brevis

Q. 44. Give clinical findings in injury to mediannerve at the elbow.

Ans. Clinical findings in injuries to median nerve

at the elbow:

The forearm is kept in the supine position

wrist flexion is weak and is accompanied by

adduction. No flexion is possible at the inter-

phalangeal joints of the index and middlefingers. The muscles of the thenar eminence

are paralyzed and wasted, so that the

eminence is flattened. The thumb is laterally

rotated and adducted. The hand looks flat-

tened and apelike. Sensory—There is loss of

skin sensation of the lateral half of the palm

of the hand and palmar aspect of the lateral

three and half fingers and the skin is warmerand drier than normal.

Q. 45. What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

Ans. Carpal tunnel syndrome is produced by comp-

ression of median nerve in the carpal tunnel.

It consists of burning pain or ‘pins and needles’

along the distribution of the median nerve to

the lateral three and half fingers and weak-

ness of thenar muscles.

Q. 46. Give the clinical findings in injury to the

radial nerve in axilla.

Ans. In injury to the radial in axilla, the patient is

unable to extend the elbow joint, the wrist

joint, and the fingers. Wrist drop or flexion of the wrist occurs.


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There is a small loss of skin sensations down

the posterior surface of the lower part of the

arm and down a strip on the back of the

forearm. There is also a variable area of sen-

sory loss on the lateral part of the dorsum of

the hand and dorsal surface of the roots of the

lateral three and half fingers.

Q.47. What is Erb’s paralysis? Give clinicalfindings of Erb’s paralysis.

Ans. Injury to the upper trunk (mainly C5 partly

C6) of brachial plexus causes Erb’s paralysis.

The deformity is known as policeman’s tip

hand or porter’s tip hand. The upper limb

hangs limply by the side, medially rotated and

adducted forearm extended and pronated.

There is loss of sensation along the lateral

side of the arm.

Q. 48. What is Klumpke’s paralysis? Give clinical

findings of Klumpke’s paralysis.

Ans. Injury to the lower trunk (mainly T1 partly C8)

of brachial plexus causes Klumpke’s paralysis.

The deformity is known as clawhand. There ishyperextension at the metacarpophalangeal

joints and flexion of the interphalangeal joints.

There is cutaneous anesthesia and analgesia

in a narrow zone along the ulnar border of the

forearm and hand.

Q. 49. What is Dupuytren’s contracture? Which

structures are involved in Dupuytren’scontracture and what is the position

taken up by them?

Ans. Dupuytren’s contracture is localised thicken-

ing and contracture of Palmar aponeurosis.

It starts near root of the ring finger, flexing it

at metacarpophalangeal joint and later

involving little finger in the same manner. Inlong-standing cases there is flexion at the

proximal interphalangeal joints.

Q. 50. What is Volkmann’s ischemic contrac-

ture? Involvement of which structure

causes this contracture? Which muscles

are mainly affected?

Ans. Volkmann’s ischemic contracture is a contrac-ture of muscles of the foreman following


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28 SAQs in Anatomy

fractures of the lower end of the humerus or

fractures of the radius and ulna.

Localised segment of brachial artery goes into

spasm reducing the arterial flow to the flexor

and extensor muscles so they undergo ischae-

mic necrosis.

Flexor muscles are longer than the extensor

muscles and they are, therefore, the ones

mainly affected.

Q. 51. Give clinical findings in injury to the ulnar

nerve at elbow.

Ans. The hand assumes characteristic claw defor-

mity (man en griff).

Motor—Flexion at the wrist joint will result

in abduction. Medial border of the front of forearm will show flattening.

The patient is unable to adduct or abduct

fingers. It is impossible to adduct the thumb.

The metacorpophalangeal joint becomes

hyper extended. Interphalangeal joints of the

4th and 5th fingers are flexed and wasting of

the hypothenar eminence.

Sensory loss of skin sensations over anterior

and posterior surfaces of the medial third of

the hand and medial one and half fingers.

Vasomotor—The skin areas involved in sen-

sory loss are warmer and drier than normal.

Q. 52. Give clinical findings in injury to ulnar

nerve at the wrist. What is ulnar paradox? Ans. Clinical findings in injury to the ulnar nerve

at the wrist—

Flattening of the hypothenar eminence. Meta-

carpophalangeal joints are hyperextend. Inter-

phalangeal joints of the 4th and 5th fingers

are markedly flexed.

Usually higher the lesion more obvious is thedeformity, but in injury to ulnar nerve at the

wrist joint flexor digitorum profundus is not

involved which actively produces marked

flexion at the interphalangeal joints of the 4th

and 5th fingers as compared to that produced

due to injury to ulnar nerve at the elbow. This

is called as ulnar paradox.


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Q. 53. Name any four structural changes at the

middle of the arm. Ans. 1. Cross-sectional changes of the humeral

shaft from upper cylindrical to lower tri-

angular

2. Median nerve crosses the front of brachial

artery from lateral to medial

3. Entry of radial nerve and profunda brachii

into spiral groove4. Basilic vein pierces deep fascia.

Q. 54. Name the bones to which flexor retina-

culum of superior extremity is attached.

Ans. 1. Scaphoid. 2. Pisiform

3. Hook of hamate 4. Trapezium.

Q. 55. Give functions of palmar aponeurosis.

Ans. 1. Provides firm attachment to the overlying

skin to improve grips

2. Protects palmar vessels and nerves and

prevents flexor tendons from bowstringing

3. Provides origin to the palmaris brevis

4. Palmar septa attached to aponeurosis sub-

divide palm into potential spaces.

Q. 56. The movements of thumb, test radial,

median and ulnar nerves. Explain.

Ans. The flexion of the thumb is brought about by

flexor pollicis brevis and flexor pollicis longus

which are supplied by median nerve.

The extension of the thumb is brought about

by extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis

brevis and abductor pollicis longus which aresupplied by radial nerve.

The adduction of thumb is brought about by

adductor pollicis which is supplied by ulnar

nerve.

Q. 57. List the groups of axillary lymph nodes.

What does the anterior group drain?

Ans. Axillary lymph nodes1. Anterior

2. Posterior

3. Lateral

4. Central

5. Apical

The anterior group of axillary lymph nodes

drain about 75% of lymphatics from the mam-mary gland.


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30 SAQs in Anatomy

Q. 58. Enumerate the factors which maintain

the stability of the shoulder joint. Ans. 1. Coracoacromial arch

2. Rotator cuff muscles

3. Glenoid labrum4. Long head of biceps brachii

5. Long head of triceps brachii.

Q. 59. Sternoclavicular joint is synovial, saddle,

compound, and complex joint. Explain.

Ans. Sternoclavicular joint:

A. Synovial—The joint cavity is lined by syno-

vial membrane

B. Saddle—The medial end of clavicle has

concavo-convex shape and the clavicular

notch of manubrium sterni also has

concavo-convex shape.C. Compound—Three elements taking part in

joint, i.e. medial end of clavicle clavicular

notch of manubrium sterni and Ist costal

cartilage

D. Complex—Intra-articular disc divides

joint cavity.

Q.60. Enumerate the muscles of thenareminence and specify their nerve supply.

Ans. The abductor pollicis brevis, the flexor pollicis

brevis and the oppones pollicis form the thenar

eminence. All these muscles are supplied by

the median nerve.

Q.61. Name the movements of the wrist joint

and the muscles producing them.

Ans. 1. Flexion – Flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi

ulnaris, palmaris longus

2. Extension – Extensor carpi radialis longus,

extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor

carpi ulnaris

3. Abduction – Flexor carpi radialis, extensor

carpi radialis longus and brevis, abductorpollicis, longus

4. Adduction – Flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor

carpi ulnaris.

Q.62. Give venous drainage of the breast.

Mention its applied importance.

Ans. Veins form a plexus beneath the areola. From

this plexus the veins radiate to the periphery


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and drain into the axillary, internal thoracic

and intercostals veins.

The veins draining the breast communicate

with the vertebral venous plexus. Through

these communications breast cancer can

spread to the vertebrae and to the brain.

Q.63. Specify the boundaries of the mid palmar

space.

Ans. The mid palmar space is bounded by

1. Anteriorly – palmar aponeurosis

2. Posteriorly – 3rd, 4th, 5th metacarpals and

the fascia covering the interossei of the 3rd

and 4th space and the medial part of the

transverse head of the adductor pollicis

3. Medially – medial palmar septum

4. Laterally – intermediate palmar septum

Q.64. Specify the contents of the mid palmar

space.

Ans. The mid palmar space contains

1. The flexor tendons of 3rd, 4th and 5th

fingers.

2. 2nd, 3rd and 4th lumbrical muscles

3. Superficial palmar arch

4. The digital nerves and vessels of the medial

three and half fingers.

Q.65. Enumerate the arteries supplying the

breast.

Ans. 1. Lateral thoracic, superior thoracic and

acromiothoracic branches of the axillary

artery.

2. Internal thoracic – perforating branches to

the 2nd, 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces.

3. Lateral branches of 2nd, 3rd and 4th

intercostal arteries.

Q.66. What is superficial palmar arch? Which

arteries take part in its formation? Ans. Superficial palmar arch is important

anastomoses between the ulnar and radial

arteries.

Superficial palmar arch is formed as the direct

continuation of the ulnar artery beyond the

flexor retinaculum (i.e. by the superficial

palmar branch). On the lateral side the arch

is completed by one of the following branches

of the radial artery –


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32 SAQs in Anatomy

1. Superficial palmar branch

2. The radialis indicis

3. The princeps pollicis

Q.67. Specify boundaries of the thenar space.

Ans. The thenar space is bounded by

1. Anteriorly – palmar aponeurosis

2. Posteriorly – fascia covering the transverse

head of the adductor pollicis and first dorsal

interosseous muscle.

3. Medially – intermediate palmar septum

4. Laterally – lateral palmar septum.

Q.68. What is rotator cuff? What is its function?

Ans. Rotator cuff is musculotendinous cuff formed

by the flattened tendons of the subscapularis,

supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minorwhich blend with the capsule of the shoulder

joint.

The cuff gives strength to the capsule of the

shoulder joint all around except inferiorly.

Q.69. Specify the contents of the thenar space.

Ans. The thenar space contains

1. The tendon of the flexor pollicis longus withits synovial sheath

2. The flexor tendon of the index finger

3. The first lumbrical muscle

4. The palmar digital vessels and nerves of

the lateral side of the index finger and of

the thumb.

Q.70. Enumerate branches of the radial artery. Ans. Branches of radial artery.

1. Muscular

2. Radial recurrent branch

3. Palmar carpal branch

4. Superficial palmar branch

5. First dorsal metacarpal artery

6. Radialis indicis7. Princeps pollicis

Q.71. Enumerate branches of the ulnar artery.

Ans. Branches of the ulnar artery

1. Muscular

2. Anterior and posterior ulnar recurrent

branches

3. Palmar and dorsal carpal branches


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4. Common interosseous artery

5. Superficial palmar branch (which is themain continuation of the artery)

6. Deep palmar branch

Q.72. Give lymphatic drainage of the breast. Ans. A. Lymphatics draining the parenchyma of the

breast and skin of areola and nipple.

75% Drain into axillary nodes. Majority to

anterior axillary group and few to posteriorgroup → central → apical → supraclavi-cular nodes.

20% Parasternal nodes (internal mam-

mary)5% Posterior Intercostal Nodes

From deep surface of the breast through

pectoralis major and clavipectoral fasciato the apical nodes.

B. From overlying skin excluding areola and

nipple.

From outer part – axillary nodesFrom upper part – supraclavicular nodes

From inner part – parasternal (bilateral)From lower part – sub peritoneal, sub-

diaphragmatic

Q.73. What is Mallet finger?

Ans. Mallet finger (cricket or baseball finger) results

from the distal interphalangeal jointssuddenly being forced into extreme

(hyperflexion). This avulses the attachmentof the terminal tendon of the extensor

digitorum from the base of the distal phalanx. As a result the patient is unable to extend the

distal interphalangeal joint.

Q.74. What is tennis elbow? Ans. Tennis elbow or elbow tendinitis is painful

musculoskeletal condition that may followrepetitive forceful pronation and supination

of the forearm. It is characterized by pain andpoint tenderness at or just distal to the lateral

epicondyle of the humerus and appears to be

resulting from premature degeneration of thecommon extensor attachment of the

superficial extensor muscles of the forearm.The pain is aggravated by activities that put

tension on the common extensor tendon. It is

commonly seen in tennis and golf players and

those using screwdrivers and shoveling snow.


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34 SAQs in Anatomy

Q.75. What is painful arc syndrome? How it is

caused?

Ans. Painful arc syndrome or subacromial bursitis

or supraspinatus tendinitis is characterised

by pain between 60 and 120 degrees of

abduction of the shoulder.

During abduction of the shoulder joint the

supraspinatus tendon is exposed to friction

against the acromion. Normally the amountof friction is reduced to minimum by sub-

acromial bursa.

Degenerative changes in the bursa followed

by degenerative changes in the supraspinatus

tendon, which may extend into other tendons

of the rotator cuff cause this syndrome.

Q.76. Give clinical findings in injury to theaxillary nerve. How it is damaged?

Ans. Damage to the axillary nerve results in

paralysis of the deltoid and teres minor

muscles. There is loss of power of abduction of

the shoulder joint and rounded contour of the

shoulder is lost. There is sensory loss over the

lower half of the deltoid.The axillary nerve may be damaged by

dislocation of the shoulder or by the fracture

of the surgical neck of the humerus.

Q.77. Give clinical findings that in injury to the

musculocutaneous nerve.

Ans. Injury to the musculocutaneous nerve leads to

paralysis of the biceps brachi and coraco-brachialis and the brachialis muscle is

weakened (as it is also supplied by radial

nerve). There is sensory loss along the lateral

side of the forearm.

Q.78. Give any four characteristics of the

clavicle.

Ans. 1. It is the first bone to ossify in the body2. It ossifies from two primary and one

secondary center

3. It is the only long bone placed horizontally

in the body

4. Though it is a long bone it ossifies in

membrane (According to some authorities–

partly membrane, partly cartilage).5. The shaft is curved


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6. It is subcutaneous

7. It is pierced by nerves (supraclavicular).

8. Its articular ends are covered by fibro-

cartilage

9. It has no medullary cavity

10. It is the only link between upper limb and

axial skeleton

11. It is commonly fractured at the junction of

medial 2/3 and lateraly 1/312. It acts like a strut.

Q.79. Give differences between metacarpals

and metatarsals.

Ans. Metacarpals

1. The head is rounded, larger than the base

and is directed below

2. The shaft is of uniform thickness3. The dorsal surface of the shaft has an

elongated flat triangular area

4. The base is irregular

Metatarsals

1. The head is flattened from side to side,

smaller than the base and is directed in

front2. The shaft trapers distally

3. The dorsal surface of the shaft uniformly

convex

4. The base is set obliquerly and projects

backwards and laterally

Q.80. Name the muscles having double nerve

supply and mention the nerves supplying them.

Ans. 1. Pectoralis major—Medial and lateral pec-

toral nerves

2. Brachialis—Musculocutaneous and radial

nerves

3. Flexor digitorium profundus—Median and

ulnar nerves.

Q. 81. Which is the only bone having three types

of epiphyses?

Ans. Scapula is the only bone having three types of

epiphyses

a. Glenoid- Pressure

b. Acromion- Traction

c. Coracoid process- Atavistic


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36 SAQs in Anatomy

Q.82. Why clavicle is fractured commonly at the

junction of medial two-third and lateral

one-third?

Ans. Junction of medial two-third and lateral one

third of clavicle is a weak point due to

a. Medial two-third is cylindrical and lateral

one-third is flattened making this point

weak.

b. Two curves of the clavicle meet at this pointc. This junction is devoid of muscular

attachment.

d. Two primay centers appear quite close to

each other at this junction.


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INFERIOR E XTREMITY 3

Q. 1. Enumerate the branches of the femoral

nerve.

Ans. Branches of femoral nerve (L2, 3, 4)

A. Anterior division

a. Muscular–sartorius

b. Cutaneous–medial and intermediate

Cutaneous nerve of thigh

B. Posterior divisiona. Muscular-rectus femoris vastus

medialis, lateralis and intermedius,

anticularis genu

b. Cutaneous-saphenous

c. Articular- knee joint and hip joint.

Q. 2. Enumerate branches of the sciatic nerve.

Ans. A. Articular—Hip jointB. Muscular—

1. Tibial part of sciatic—semitendinosus,

semimembranous, long head of biceps

femoris, ischial head of adductor mag-

nus

2. Common, peroneal part—short head of

biceps femoris.C. Terminal-tibial and common peroneal.

Q. 3. Enumerate branches of the tibial nerve.

Ans. A. Muscular—gastrocnemius, soleus, planta-

ris, popliteus, tibilalis posterior, flexor-

digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus.

B. Genicular—Superior medial genicular

–Inferior medial genicular–Middle genicular

C. Cutaneous—sural, medial calcanean

D. Articular—ankle joint

E. Terminal—Medial and lateral plantar

Q. 4. Enumerate branches of deep peroneal

nerve.

Ans. A. Muscular—Tibialis anterior, extensorhallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus,

extensor digitorum brevis, peroneus tertius.


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38 SAQs in Anatomy

B. Cutaneous branch supplies adjacent sides

of 1st and 2nd toes.

C. Articular-ankle joint, tarsal joint, and tar-

sometatarsal and metatarsophalangeal

joints of the big toe.

Q. 5. Enumerate tributaries of great saphanous

vein.

Ans. 1. Medial marginal vein2. Posterior arch vein

3. Anterior leg vein

4. Few veins from calf which communicate

with the small saphenous vein.

5. Anterolateral vein

6. Posteromedial vein

7. Superficial epigastric8. Superficial circumflex iliac

9. Superficial external pudendal

10. Deep external pudendal.

Q. 6 Give boundaries of Popliteal fossa.

Ans. Superolaterally—tendon of biceps femoris

Superomedially—semitendinosus and semi-

membranosus.

Inferolaterally—Lateral head of gastrocen-

mius and plantaris

Inferomedially—medial head of gastrocne-

mius

Roof—popliteal fascia

Floor—popliteal surface of femur, capsule of

knee joint, oblique popliteal ligament, poste-

rior part of upper end of tibia, fascia covering

popliteus muscle.

Q. 7. Enumerate contents of popliteal fossa.

Ans. 1. Popliteal artery and its branches

2. Popliteal vein and its tributaries

3. Tibial nerve4. Common peroneal nerve

5. Termination of small saphenous vein

6. Posterior cutaneous nerves of thigh

7. Genicular branch of obturator nerve

8. Popliteal lymph nodes

9. Fat


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Inferior Extremity 39

Q. 8. Why the medial meniscus is damaged

more frequently than the lateral menis-

cus?

Ans. The tibial collateral ligament is firmly

attached to the medial meniscus, which

restricts its mobility. During sudden locking

of the knee joint, as in kicking the football, the

medial meniscus is subjected to sudden grind-

ing force and gets torn.The lateral meniscus is less frequently

damaged because it is not attached to the

fibular collateral ligament and the tendon of

the popliteus which sends few of its fibres to

the lateral meniscus pulls it into more favour-

able position.

Q. 9. Give the clinical findings in an injury tothe common peroneal nerve.

Ans. Common peroneal nerve may be severed

during fracture of the fibular neck.

It results in the paralysis of all the muscles in

the anterior and lateral compartment of the

leg (dorsiflexors of the ankle and evertors of

foot). The loss of dorsiflexion of the ankle andeversion of foot causes foot drop. The foot drops

and the toes drag on the floor while walking.

Q. 10. Give functions of menisci of the knee joint.

Ans. 1. Menisci increase the concavity of the tibial

condyles for better adaptation with femoral

condyles

2. They serve as shock absorbers3. They act as swabs to lubricate the joint

cavity

4. Because of their nerve supply they have an

additional sensory function for better

stability of the knee joint.

Q. 11. Name the muscles under cover of Gluteus

maximus. Ans. 1. Gluteus medius.

2. Gluteus minimus.

3. Reflected head of rectus femoris.

4. Piriformis.

5. Obturator internus with 2 gemelli.

6. Quadratus femoris.

7. Obturator externus.


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40 SAQs in Anatomy

8. Origin of 4 hamstrings from ischial tubero-

sity9. Insertion of the upper (Pubic) fibres of

adductor magnus.

Q. 12. Name the vessels under cover of Gluteus

maximus.

Ans. 1. Superior gluteal vessels

2. Inferior gluteal vessels

3. Internal pudendal vessels

4. Trochanteric anastomosis

5. Cruciate anastomosis

6. First perforating artery.

Q. 13. Name the nerves under cover of Gluteus

maximus.

Ans. 1. Superior gluteal

2. Inferior gluteal

3. Sciatic

4. Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

5. Nerve to quadratus fernoris

6. Pudendal nerve

7. Nerve to obturator internus

8. Perforating cutaneous nerves.

Q. 14. Name the structure passing through the

Greater sciatic foramen.

Ans. A. Piriformis

B. Structures passing above the piriformis

i. Superior gluteal nerve

ii. Superior gluteal vessels

C. Structures passing below the piriformis are

i. Inferior gluteal nerveii. Inferior gluteal vessels

iii. Sciatic nerve

iv. Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

v. Nerve to quadratus femoris

vi. Pudendal nerve

vii. Internal pudendal vessels

viii. Nerve to obturator internus.

Q. 15. Name the structures passing through the

lesser sciatic foramen.

Ans. 1. Tendon of obturator internus

2. Pudendal nerve

3. Internal pudendal vessels

4. Nerve to obturator internus. The upper and

lower parts of the foramen are filled up bythe origin of two gemelli muscles.


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Q. 16. What are the boundaries of the femoral

triangle?

Ans. Boundaries of the femoral triangle

Laterally: Medial border of sartorius

Medially: Medial border of adductor longus

Base: Formed by the inguinal ligament

Apex: Point where medial and lateral

borders meet

Floor: Iliacus, psoas major, pectineus,adductor longus

Roof: Fascia lata

Q. 17. Name the contents of the femoral trian-

gle.

Ans. 1. Femoral artery and its branches

2. Femoral vein and its tributaries

3. Femoral sheath4. Femoral nerve

5. Nerve to pectineus

6. Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve

7. Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh

8. Deep inguinal lymph nodes.

Q. 18. Name the intra-articular structures of theknee joint.

Ans. 1. Medial and lateral menisci

2. Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments

3. Tendon of popliteus

4. Intra-articular pad of fat.

Q. 19. Name the bones forming the medial and

lateral longitudinal arches of foot. Ans. Bones forming the medial longitudinal arch

are:

1. Medial half of the calcanium

2. Talus

3. Navicular

4. Three cuneiforms

5. First three metatarsals

Bones forming lateral longitudinal arch are:

1. Lateral part of calcanium

2. Cuboid

3. Fourth and fifth metatarsals.

Q. 20. Name the branches of the obturator nerve.

Ans. Branches of the obturator nerve:

A. Anterior division—a. Muscular—


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42 SAQs in Anatomy

i. Pectineus

ii. Adductor longus

iii. Gracilis

iv. Adductor brevis.

b. Cutaneous—Branch to sub-sartorial

plexus

c. Articular- Hip joint.

B. Posterior division—

a. Muscular—i. Obturator externus

ii. Adductor magnus

iii. Adductor brevis, if not supplied by

anterior division.

b. Articular—knee joint.

Q. 21. Name the hamstring muscles.

Ans. 1. Semitendinosus

2. Semimembranous

3. Long head of biceps femoris

4. Ischial head of adductor magnus.

Q. 22. What is femoral sheath? What are its

contents?

Ans. The femoral sheath is a funnel- shaped sleeveof fascia enclosing the upper three to four cms.

of the femoral vessels. It is formed by down-

ward extension of the abdominal fascia i.e.the

anterior wall of the sheath is formed by fascia

transversalis and the posterior wall by the

fascia iliaca.

Contents of the femoral sheath:

a. Lateral compartment-1) femoral artery and

femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve.

b. Intermediate compartment-femoral vein.

c. Medial compartment-(femoral canal)

lymph node of cloquet, lymphatics and areo-

lar tissue.

Q. 23. Enumerate branches of femoral artery. Ans. 1. Superficial epigastric

2. Superficial circumflex iliac

3. Superficial external pudendal

4. Deep external pudendal

5. Muscular branches

6. Profunda femoris

7. Descending genicular


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Q. 24. Enumerate branches of popliteal artery.

Ans. 1. Cutaneous-skin of the back of the leg

2. Muscular branches

3. Superior medial genicular

4. Superior lateral genicular

5. Inferior medial genicular

6. Inferior lateral genicular

7. Middle genicular

Q. 25. Trace the pathway a cardiac catheter

takes when introduced into femoral artery

up to left ventricle of the heart.

Ans. Femoral artery—external iliac artery—

common iliac artery—abdominal aorta—

thoracic aorta—arch of aorta—left ventricle

of the heart.Q. 26. Trace the pathway a cardiac catheter

takes when introduced into femoral vein,

up to right atrium of the heart.

Ans. Femoral vein—external iliac vein—common

iliac vein—inferior vena cava—right atrium

of the heart.

Q. 27. Enumerate the arteries which anasto-

mose at the anterior superior iliac spine.

Ans. 1. Superficial circumflex iliac artery

2. Deep circumflex iliac artery

3. Deep branch of superior gluteal artery

4. Ascending branch of lateral circumflex

femoral artery.Q. 28. Specify the pathway of the femoral hernia.

Ans. The hernial sac first passes downward through

the femoral canal then forwards through the

saphenous opening and finally upwards along

the superficial epigastric and superficial

circumflex iliac vessels.

Q. 29. Enumerate the coverings of the complete

femoral hernia.

Ans. 1. Peritoneum of the hernial sac

2. Femoral septum

3. Anterior wall of femoral sheath

4. Cribriform fascia

5. Superficial fascia and skin.


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44 SAQs in Anatomy

Q. 30. Specify the type, of ankle joint. Enume-

rate the bones taking part in the ankle

joint. In which position is the ankle most

stable? In which position is the ankle least

stable?

Ans. The ankle joint is a hinge variety of synovial

joint.

The bones taking part in the ankle joint are

lower end of tibia with its medial malleolus of fibula and lateral malleolus and body of talus.

The ankle joint is most stable in dorsiflexed

position and least stable in planter flexed

position.

Q. 31. What is porta pedis? Name the structures

passing through it.

Ans. Porta means gate, pedis means foot. Theinterval between the flexor retinaculum and

the calcaneus forms the main gate of the sole

hence it is called as porta pedis.

The structures passing through the Porta pedis

are:

1. Tibialis posterior tendon

2. Flexor digitorum longus tendon3. Posterior tibial artery with a pair of venae

comitants

4. Tibial nerve

5. Flexor hallucis longus tendon.

Q. 32. Give functions of plantar aponeurosis.

Ans. 1. It maintains the longitudinal arches of foot

acting as tie beam.2. It provides origin to the superficial groups

of plantar muscles.

3. It protects plantar vessels and nerves from

compression.

Q. 33. What type of epiphysis is ischial tubero-

sity and what are the structures attached

to it? Ans. Ischial tuberosity is a compound type of

epiphysis—pressure and traction.

Structures attached to it are:

1. Superolateral area—Semimembranosus

2. Inferomedial area—

a. Semitendinosus

b. Long head of biceps femoris3. Inferolateral area—adductor magnus


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4. Sharp medial margin—attachment to

sacrotuberous ligament.5. Lateral border—ischiofemoral ligament.

Q. 34. What are the peculiarities of fibula and

why does it not obey the law of ossifica-tion?

Ans. The fibula violates the law of ossificationbecause the secondary centre which appears

first does not fuse last. The reasons for this violation are:1. The secondary centre appears first in the

lower end because it is a pressure epiphy-sis.

2. The upper epiphysis fuses last because thisis the growing end of the bone.

Peculiarities of fibula are:1. Does not take part in knee joint formation.2. Does not take part in weight transmission

3. Does not obey the law of ossification4. Decalcified fibula can be knoted.

Q. 35. Enumerate structures piercing the femo-

ral sheath.

Ans. 1. Femoral branch of genitofemoral nerve.2. Superficial epigastric, superficial circum-flex iliac and superficial external pudendal

branches of femoral artery3. Great saphenous vein.

Q. 36. Enumerate structure passing through

saphenous opening.

Ans. 1. Great saphenous vein2. Superficial external pudendal and super-ficial epigastric arteries.

3. Few lymph vessels connecting the super-

ficial and deep inguinal lymph nodes.4. Few branches of medial femoral cutaneous

nerve.

Q. 37. Enumerate the structures piercing theoblique popliteal ligament. Ans. Middle genicular vessels, middle genicular

nerve, genicular branch of the posterior

division of obturator nerve.

Q. 38. What is conjunct and adjunct, medial and

lateral rotations at the knee joint?

Ans. Conjunct rotation takes place automaticallyduring extension-flexion movements of the


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46 SAQs in Anatomy

joint duc to geometry of the articular surfaces

and tension of the ligaments. Its range isabout 20°. Adjunct rotation takes place in

semiflexed knee by the active contraction of

muscles and its range varies between 50° and70°.

Q. 39. Name any four of arteries taking part inthe anastomoses around the knee joint.

Ans. The arteries taking part in the anastomosesaround the knee joint:1. Five genicular branches of popliteal artery

2. The descending genicular branch of femoralartery

3. The descending branch of lateral circum-flex femoral artery

4. Two recurrent branches of anterior tibialartery.

Q. 40. Name the ligaments of the hip joint. Why

iliofemoral ligament is the strongestligament?

Ans. The ligaments of the hip joint are:

1. The fibrous capsule

2. The iliofemoral ligament3. The pubofemoral ligament4. The ischiofemoral ligament

5. The ligament of the head of the femur6. The acetabular labrum

7. The transverse acetabular ligament

The iliofemoral ligament is one of the strongestligaments because it prevents the trunk from

falling backwards in the standing posture.

Q. 41. What is inversion? Name two inverters of

the foot.

Ans. Inversion is a movement in which the medialborder of the foot is elevated, so that the sole

faces medially. Inverters of the foot are:1. Tibialis anterior

2. Tibialis posterior.

Q. 42. What is eversion? Name two evertors of

the foot. What is the axis of inversion and

eversion? Ans. Eversion is a movement in which the lateral

border of the foot is elevated so that the solefaces laterally. Evertors of foot are:

1. Peroneus longus2. Peroneus brevis


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Axis of inversion and eversion is oblique axis

which runs forwards, upwards and medially,

passing from the back of the calcaneum

through the sinus tarsi to emerge at the

superomedial aspect of the neck of the talus.

Q. 43. Name the contents of adductor canal.

Ans. Contents of adductor canal are:

1. Femoral artery

2. Femoral vein

3. The saphenous nerve

4. The nerve to vastus medialis

Q. 44. Name any four bursae around the knee

joint.

Ans. Bursae around the knee joint are:

1. Subcutaneous prepatellar bursa2. Subcutaneous infrapatellar bursa

3. Deep infrapatellar bursa

4. Suprapatellar bursa.

Q. 45. What is fascia lata? Mention its modifica-

tion.

Ans. The fascia lata is a tough fibrous sheath that

envelops the whole of the thigh like a sleeve.Its two modifications are:

1. Iliotibial tract

2. Cribriform fascia.

Q. 46. Specify root value of tibial part of sciatic

nerve and name any two muscles supplied

by it in the thigh?

Ans. The root value of tibial part of sciatic nerve isL4,5, and 1,2,3The muscles supplied by the Tibial part of

sciatic nerve are semimembranosus, semi-

tendinosus and the long head of biceps femoris.

Q. 47. Give boundaries of femoral ring. Why

femoral hernia is more common in

females? Ans. Femoral ring is bounded

Anteriorly by—Inguinal ligament

Posteriorly by—Pectineus and its covering

fascia

Medially by—Concave margin of the lacunar

ligament

Laterally by—septum separating it fromfemoral vein.


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Ans. 1. Gluteus maximus (extensor of the hip)

2. Quadriceps femoris (extensor of the knee)

3. Gastrocnemius

4. Soleus

Q. 52. Give characteristics of the hamstring

muscles.

Ans. 1. They take origin from the ischial tuberosity.

2. They are inserted beyond the knee joint tothe tibia, fibula or both bones.

3. They are supplied by the tibial division of

the sciatic nerve.

4. They act as flexors of knee joint and

extensors of hip joint.

Q. 53. What is reverse muscular action? Explain

with a suitable example. Ans. During muscular contraction when the

proximal end of a muscle (origin) moves

towards the distal end (insertion). It is called

as reverse muscular action.

The distal end (insertion) of the muscles of

lower limb move only when the feet are off the

ground, i.e. action from above but when thefeet are supporting the body weight the

muscles act in reverse (from below) i.e.

proximal end moves (origin) towards the distal

end. This is typically seen while rising up from

sitting posture and in going upstairs.

Q. 54. What is oblique popliteal ligament? Which

blood vessel and nerve pierce it? Namestructures supplied by the vessel and the

nerve.

Ans. Oblique popliteal ligament is an expansion

from the tendon of the semimembranosus

muscle. The middle genicular vessels and

nerve pierce it. Middle genicular vessels and

nerve supply cruciate ligaments and synovial

membrane of the knee joint.

Q. 55. Name the structures which are

represented by the following ligaments.

1. Tibial collateral ligament

2. Fibular collateral ligament

3. Long plantar ligament

4. Plantar aponeurosis

(plantar flexors of the

ankle)}


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50 SAQs in Anatomy

Ans. 1. Tibial collateral ligament – degenerated

tendon of adductor mag

saqs anatomy

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