saqartvelos sota rustavelis teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo...

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saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universiteti

SHOTA RUSTAVELI THEATRE AND FILMGEORGIAN STATE UNIVERSITY

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Tbilisi2011

Tbilisi

XX saukunis xelovneba

ART OF THE XX CENTURY

saxelovnebo procesebi

1900-1930

ART PROCESSES1900-1930

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ISBN 978-9941-9187-1-1(tomeuli)ISBN 978-9941-9187-2-8 (wigni 1)

© saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti,

gamomcemloba `kentavri~, 2011

© Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University Publishing House`Kentavri~, 2011

krebulSi gaerTianebuli statiebi saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisada kinos saxelmwifo universitetis 2010 welis sameniero konferenciazewakiTxuli moxsenebebis safuZvelze Seiqmna. procesebi, romlebic XX saukuneSixelovnebis sxvadasxva dargebSi mimdinareobda isev da isev ipyrobs mkvlevarTayuradRebas. universitetis xelovnebis, socialur mecnierebaTa, biznesisa damarTvis fakultetis sabWos gadawyvetilebiT prioritetul Temad gamocxaddaXX saukunis saxelovnebo procesebis kvlevebi. ganzraxulia XX saukunisxelovnebisadmi moZRvnili sami krebulis gamocema, winamdebare krebuli -`saxelovnebo procesebi - 1900-1930~ aRniSnuli seriis pirvel gamocemaswarmoadgens.

gamomcemeli: nato gengiuri, sruli profesori, fakultetis

xarisxis uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris xelmZRvaneli.

The united collection of articles was established in Shota Rustaveli Theatreand Film Georgian State University, on the basis of the reports. Read at the scientists’conference in 2010 Year. Processes, which in were going in the XX century art various fields of again and again attracts the attention of researchers. Council of the Arts, Social Sciences, Business and Management Faculty of theUniversity announced the decision of the priority theme of the XXcentury art process research. There have been definition to established three edit ions, dedicated to theXX century’s art collection of - ”The processes of art -”1900-1930”. This edition isthe first of the series.

Publisher: NATO GENGIURI, Full Professor, Head of the faculty quality assuranceservice

redaqtorebi: vasil kiknaZe, nato gengiuri, lela oCiauri.

inglisuri teqstis redaqtori: Tamar cagareli.

literaturuli redaqtori: mariam iaSvili

damkabadonebeli: ekaterine oqropiriZe

Editors: Vasil Kiknadze, Lela Ochiauri, Nato GengiuriEditor of English texts: Tamar TsagareliLiterary Editor: Mariam IashviliBook Binding: Ekaterine Okroporidze

sarCevi

T e a t r m c o d n e o b a

Tamar bokuCavapolonuri dramaturgia XX-saukunis

20-30-ian wlebSi .......................................................................................11

(stanislav ignasi vitkeviCisa da vitold gombroviCis Semoqmedeba)mixeil kalandariSvilikonstruqtivizmisa da neorealizmis

sazRvarze ....................................................................................................20

maia kiknaZe

aleqsandre axmetelis debiuti saxelmwifo

qarTuli dramis (rusTavelis

saxelobis) Teatris scenaze ................................................25

guliko mamulaSvili

sparsuli yajaruli xelovneba ...........................................34

nino maWavarianilope de vegas `fuente ovexuna” (`cxvris wyaro”)

rusTavelis TeatrSi .....................................................................40

gubaz megreliZe

daviT CxeiZis mniSvnelovani mogoneba ............................53

manana turiaSvilikote marjaniSvilis reJisura moskovis

samxatvro Teatris SemoqmedebiTi

Ziebebis fonze (1910 _ 1913) ...............................................................67

Tamar quTaTelaZemodernuli periodis rusuli

Teatraluri reJisura ...................................................................93

lamara RonRaZemsaxiobis aRzrdis problemis praqtikuli

gadawyvetis gzebi saqarTveloSi ...................................103

giorgi cqitiSvili

bralmdebeli da braldebuli ...................................................113

k i n o m c o d n e o b a

elisabed erisTavi

munji kinodan Tanamedrove ekranamde .......................125

lia kalandariSvili`gayinuli dro~ _

saerTo hiperteqstis Sedegi ...............................................132

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manana lekboraSvili

teqnikuri progresi da esTetikuri

regresi pirvel xmovan filmebSi ....................................149

maia levaniZegermanuli eqspresionizmi, `saSinelebaTa

simfonia~ da kote miqaberiZis `Cemi bebia~ ..............160

dinara maRlakeliZeucxos kinematografiuli asaxva

vaimaris respublikis kinoSi .....................................................170

lela oCiaurisabWoTa miTi da sabWoeTis kinoistoria ................179

Teo xatiaSvilimodernistuli mimdinareobebis gavlena

20-iani wlebis qarTul kinoSi ..............................................188

m e d i o l o g i a

nana doliZe

mediazemoqmedebis mecnieruli kvlevis

dasawyisi .................................................................................................... ..........198

x e l o v n e b a T m c o d n e o b a

nato gengiurikonstruqtivizmi da 1920-iani wlebis

qarTuli arqiteqtura ...............................................................207

ekaterine kiknaZe`erovnuli forma~ da evropuli avangardi

XX saukunis 10-iani 20-iani wlebis mxatvrobaSi

(lado gudiaSvilis Semoqmedebis magaliTze) ..............................223lali osefaSviliXX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli monumenturi

mxatvrobis Taviseburebani ....................................................227

k u l t u r u l i t u r i z m i

Rvinjilia malxazi

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis turistuli

potenciali XX saukunis dasawyisSi ..............................237

ilustraciebi ....................................................................................... .....

T H E A T R E S T U D I E STamar BokushavaPOLAND DRAMA IN 20-30TH YEARS(Creative of the Stanislav Ignasy Witkevitz and Witold Gombrovitz) ..............245Mikheil KalandarishviliON BORDERS CONSTRUCTIVISM AND NEOREALIST .............................245Maia KiknadzeALEKSANDRE AKHMETELI’S DEBUT ON THE STAGE OF GEORGIAN STATE DRAMA (RUSTAVELI) THEATRE ......................................................246Guliko MamulashviliTHE PERSIAN QAJARIAN ARTS ......................................................................247Nino MachavarianiFUENTE OVEJINA (“SHEEP SPRING”)IN THE RUSTAVELI THEATRE .............................................................................247Gubaz MegrelidzeTHE IMPORTANT MEMORIES BY DAVID CHKHEIDZE ...........................249Manana TuriashviliSTAGE DIRECTOR OF KOTE MARJANISHVILI AGAINST A BACKGROUND OF THE CREATIVE SEARCHING OFTHE MOSCOW ART THEATRE .......................................................................250Tamar QutateladzeRUSSIAN THEATRE PRODUCER OF THE MODERN PERIOD ..................250 Lamara GongadzeWAYS OF PRACTICAL RESOLUTION OF ACTOR’S EDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS IN GEORGIA .................................................................................251Giorgi TskitishviliPROSECUTOR AND ACCUSED ..........................................................................252

F I L M S T U D I E SEliso EristaviFROM SILENT FILM TO CONTEMPORARY SCREEN ................................255Lia Kalandarishvili “FROZEN TIME”, SUCH AS COMMON HYPERTEXT’S NEW RESULTS(From K. Mikaberidze’s ”My Grandmother” – To E. Shengelaia’s “Blue mountain, or unbelievable story”) .......................................................................255Manana LekborashviliTECHNICAL PROGRESS AND ESTHETICALREGRESS IN EARLY SOUND FILMS ..............................................................256

INDEX

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T e a t r m c o d n e o b a

Maia LevanidzeGERMAN EXPRESSION “SYMPHONY OF HORRORS” AND KOTEMIKABERIDZE’S “MY GRANDMOTHER” .....................................................257Dinara MaglakelidzeTHE CINEMATOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF A STRANGER IN THECINEMA OF THE WEIMER REPUBLIC ............................................................257Lela OchiauriSOVIET MYTH AND SOVIET CINEMA HISTORY ........................................258Teo KhatiashviliMODERNISM WAVE OF 20IES IN GEORGIAN CINEMA .............................259

M E D I A S T U D I E SNana DolidzeTHE BEGINING OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH ....................................................261

A R T S T U D I E SNato GengiuriCONSTRUCTIVISM AND GEORGIANARCHITECTURE OF THE 1920 YEARS .............................................................265Eka Kiknadze NATIONAL FORM AND EUROPIAN VANGUARD IN THE PAINTING OFTHE XX CENTURE’S 10-20TH YEARS ..............................................................266Lali OsepashviliCHARACTERISTICS OF GEORGIAN MONUMENTAL PAINTING OFTHE BEGINNING OF XX CENTURE ..................................................................267

C U L T U R A L T O U R I S MMalkhaz GvinjiliaTRAVEL POTENTIAL OF GEORGOA BLACK SEA COUNTRY INTHE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY ................................................................269

ILLUSTRATION

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Tamar bokuCava

polonuri dramaturgia XX-saukunis

20-30-ian wlebSi

(stanislav ignasi vitkeviCisa da vitoldgombroviCis Semoqmedeba)

stanislav ignasi vitkeviCis Sesaxeb pirvelad 1997 welsSevityve, maSin slovakeTis qalaq nitris Teatralur festivalsveswrebodi da polonelebis speqtaklic vnaxe. isic ki armaxsovs, ra piesas TamaSobdnen, radgan im dRes, mgoni mesamewarmodgenas vuyurebdi, rogorc es festivalebze xdeba xolme.ena ar mesmoda, piesas ar vicnobdi, magram iyo raRac amgaugebar speqtaklSi iseTi, ramac samudamod damamaxsovraTavi – ucnauri scenografia, romelic scenis siRrmeebSimimarTul vertikalze moqmedebis ramdenime adgilisa daramdenime planis disonansur sinTezze iyo agebuli. maxsovs,sul ukana planze sabiliardos interieri moCanda, sadacramdenime msaxiobi axalgazrda mamakacebis Tavdauzogavi CxubisZalian bunebriv scenas warmoadgenda. sabiliardos viwrokaridan iribad danaxuli Serkineba spontanurobisa daSemTxveviTobis STabeWdilebas axdenda. TiTqos arc undaarsebuliyo avanscenaze mimdinare dialogis fonze, magram ismainc arsebobda, arsebobda jiutad, rogorc raRac WeSmaritebisdasturi, rogorc realobis umarTavobis simptomi. iq myofniimdenad namdvilni, araTeatralurni iyvnen, rom maTi ufroaxlos danaxvis, am veluri energiis amofrqvevis wyarosTanmiaxlovebis survils aCendnen. festivalis programaSi avtorisSesaxeb mcire, magram damaintrigebeli informacia ewera,poloneli avangardisti, primitiuli kulturebisa daaRmosavleTis trfiali, okeanis eqspediciis monawile...

vitkeviCis ramdenime piesa gacilebiT gvian wavikiTxe dawakiTxulma gamakvirva, radgan tragikuli msoflgancdis sulsxva esTetikis mqone mxatvrul realobaSi aRmovCndi. vitoldgombroviCi, polonuri prozis erT-erTi brwyinvalewarmomadgeneli da vitkeviCis Tanamedrove, mas `sami giJis~

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politikurma viTarebam XIX-XX ss. mijnis polonurkulturas Taviseburi daRi daaCnia.

1890-1918 wlebSi arsebuli moZraoba àxalgazrdapoloneTis~ erT-erTi legendaruli figura stanislav vispianski,polonuri avangardis adreuli warmomadgeneli, adamiani,romelTan Sinagani dialogi da erTgvari polemika polonurTeatrSi, mwerlobasa da dramaturgiaSi dRemde grZeldeba,mTeli Tavisi Semoqmedebis manZilze `poloneTsa dapolonurobasTan mudmivi kamaTis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda~,_ wers Jurnali axali poloneTi~.1 misi Semoqmedeba polonurinacionaluri sulis kritikul analizs, damoukideblobisdakargvasTan dakavSirebul borgvaTa mxatvrul-saxeobrivdemonstrirebas axdenda. veravin SesZlo ise Rrmad CaswvdomodapolonelTa daavadebis mizezebs, rogorc es vispianskim moaxerxa.vispianskis pirvelive dramatul nawarmoebSi `legenda~gamovlinda misi esTetikis principebi, warsulis realurmovlenaTa miTologiur-simbolistur WrilSi xedva. misSemoqmedebaSi zogadad Zalian Zleria legendaruli elementi,antikuri, slavuri Tu litvuri miTologiis motivebi, sizmarTada halucinaciaTa fantastika. eJi grotovskis erT-erTi yvelazegaxmaurebuli speqtakli swored vispianskis àkropolisis~safuZvelze Seiqmna, reJisorma moqmedeba taZridansakoncentracio banakSi gadaitana, riTic TiTqos gaaSiSvlapolonur dramaturgiaSi arsebuli apokalifsuri tendencia.

vispianskis, rogorc dramaturgis, damsaxureba imaSimdgomareobs, rom man Tavis dramebSi socialuri sinamdvilisada metafizikis, realizmisa da fantastikis, pozitivizmisa dapoeziis sakvirveli sinTezi Seqmna, izolirebul samyaroTaSoris mijnebi waSla da droisa da sivrcis axali koncefciaaago.

katastrofizmisa da reflqsiis tendencia polonur dramasromantizmis periodidan mosdevs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sworedam tendenciis farglebSi eqceva vitkeviCis Semoqmedebac, romliskatastrofizmis gancda I msoflio omisa da ruseTisrevoluciis gavleniT Zlierdeba. vitkeviCis filosofiurmsoflgancdas osvald Spenglerisa da ortega i gasetis

ricxvSi moixseniebda – osvencimSi daxvretili mxatvrisa daprozaikosis bruno Sulcisa da sakuTari Tavis gverdiT.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom vitkeviCi Tavisi epoqisa da Tavisi erisyvela seniT iyo Sepyrobili. avangardulad gamomwvevi daepataJuri erTgvari klaustrofobiiT iyo Sepyrobili. erisgenetikuri mexsiereba piradma gamocdilebam gaumZafra,pavlovskis polkis oficers Tavzari daeca, rodesac polkirevoluciis momxreTa da iniciatorTa Soris aRmoCnda. amperiodis gaxseneba ar uyvarda, Tumca masebis amboxebissaSinelebaTa xilvam samudamo daRi daasva.

vitkeviCis (sur. 7,8) klaustrofobia mis piesebsa dabiografiaSi ikiTxeba. cixe, mosacdeli, daxuruli sivrce,satanjveli sakani – misi cnobili piesebis realiebia, adamianismier gasavleli saSineli etapi, adamianuri bunebis daTmobiskenmimavali gza. memarcxene poloneli mwerali vati nobeliantmweral Ceslav miloSTan saubarSi ixsenebs, rom vitkeviCscixisa da patimrobis paTologiuri SiSi hqonda, gansakuTrebiTsabWoTa cixisa. vatma 8 kvira gaatara patimrobaSi da vitkeviCisul ekiTxeboda, amden xans rogor gaZelio. 1939 wels, rodesacSeityo, rom poloneTSi dasavleTidan nacistebi Semovidnen,xolo aRmosavleTidan sabWoTa armia, vitkeviCma sicocxleTviTmkvlelobiT daasrula, Tanac, dasazRvevad, erTdrouladTavic moiwamla da venebic gadaiWra.

Ceslav miloSi wers, rom vitkeviCis piesa `TerZebi~`fantastikuri igavia inteleqtualuri da zneobrivi dacemisada maTi damagvirgvinebeli ori revoluciis, faSisturisa damarqsistulis Sesaxeb, romelsac safuZvlad koSmarulisizmris metaforuli poetika daedo~.

poloneTis istoria didi reC pospolitas, poloneT-litvisuniis daSlasa da prusias, avstriasa da ruseTs Soris qveynissami danawilebis ambavs inaxavs, aRmosavleT-dasavleTis presisaxelmwifos bediswerad eqca. XIX saukuneSi sabolooddakargul damoukideblobas rusifikaciis mkacri politikadaerTo, ìs, rac rusulma Stikma ver daasrula, rusuliskola daamTavrebso~, ambobda poloneTSi rusuliadministraciis erT-erTi warmomadgeneli muraviovi.

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`TerZebSi~ ramdenime revoluciuri gadatrialebaxorcieldeba. prokurori skruvi, romelic burJuaziul wes-wyobilebas icavs, TerZebis mCagvrelia. TviTon igi tantalestanjvas ganicdis irina zbereJnickaias gamo, romelic sadisturisiamovnebiT axelebs skruvis mamakacur vnebas da gamudmebiTamcirebs mas sxvebTan arSiyiTa da aristokratuliamoralurobis demonstraciiT. skruvis aristokrati qalismimarT mudmivi arasrulfasovnebis kompleqsi stanjavs, racZalze axalisebs gamomwvev qalbatons. irina Tavisiwarmomavlobis klasobrivi miuwvdomlobiTa da privilegirebulidausjelobiT sargeblobs. gnebmon puCimordas faSisturorganizaciasTan erTad skruvi saxelmwifo gadatrialebasawyobs da diqtatorad gardaiqmneba. aristokratebi daxelosnebi cixeSi aRmoCndebian, sadac maT mimarT dasjisgansakuTrebuli meTodebi gamoiyeneba. irina fexsacmelebiskerviT isjeba, TerZebi usaqmobiT, rac maTSi SromispaTologiursa da daucxromel Jins gaaRviZebs da axaligadatrialebis Taosnebad aqcevs, gamarjvebuli TerZebiTavdaviwyebul da adre saZulvel Sromas sitkboebiT miecemian.Tumca, gadatrialebaTa seria amiT ar sruldeba, gamarjvebulrevolucias gnebmon puCimordac uerTdeba, xolo anaqronulisocialis _ saetan tempes likvidacia kidev erTi safexuriarevoluciuri ganviTarebisa. jaWviT dabmuli prokurori skruvimTlianad Tavis wyeuli fiziologiuri miswrafebebismsxverplad iqceva. finalSi axali eris hiper-personaJi hi per-mSromelic gamoCndeba, rogorc axali sazogadoebis totalurimeqanizaciisa da socialuri nivelirebis simbolo. groteskuliklaustrofobuli piesis personaJTa Soris, vitkeviCs favoritebiara hyavs. is adamianur motivaciaTa fiziologizaciasgvaCvenebs. civilizaciis ganviTarebis erT-erT mTavar problemadpoloneli absurdisti swored metafizikuri gancdis gaqrobas,uRmerTo pozitivistur religiaTa formirebas miiCnevs. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom vitkeviCis drama artos sisastikis Teatrsa daabsurdis dramasTan monaTesave elementebs Seicavs. droisada sivrcis fardobiTobis, maTi deformaciis, maTi gardaqmnisideas vitkeviCi absurdis dramis oficialur aRiarebamde

kulturologiur koncefciebs adarebdnen. am periodis polonurliteraturaSi mravali avangardistia, Tumca, maT umravlesobasaxali formis Zieba memarcxene ideologiasa da axalimkiTxvelis postulatTan aaxloebs. maT momavlis gacilebiTufro optimisturi xedva gamoarCevT, im periodSi gavlenianipoeturi jgufis _ `krakovis avangardis~ liderma daTeoretikosma tadeuS paiperma futuristuli tipis saprogramolozungic ki Seqmna: `qalaqi, masa, manqana~.

vitkeviCi am avangardul optimizms ar iziarebs. teqnikuriTu socialuri revoluciebis mexotbeebisagan gansxvavebiT,mwerals kulturul RirebulebaTa daRupvis, kulturuliapokalifsis winaTgrZnoba awuxebda. moaxloebul msofliokriziss is ganixilavda rogorc zogadcivilizaciur process,romelsac Sedegad dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis daRupvamohyveboda. kulturis dasasruli Tavisufali individualurisulis daRupviT iqneboda ganpirobebuli, sulisa, romelsacsocialuri revoluciis koleqtiuri manivelirebelizemoqmedeba gamoiwvevda. adamianis socialurad gagebuli rolisprimatisadmi mas mkveTrad uaryofiTi damokidebuleba gaaCnda,es kargad Cans vitkeviCis dramaturgiaSi, Tundac piesaSi`TerZebi~, sadac mwerali sami socialuri klasis – e. w.wvrili mewarmeebis, burJuaziisa da aristokratiiswarmomadgenelTa nekrofilur fiziologiur mizanswrafvebsgvaCvenebs. klasobrivi cnobierebis hipertrofia sazogadoebisnevrozis simptomia, iseve, rogorc klasobriv prizmaSi aRqmuliTu marTuli samyaro – kulturis dasasrulis mauwyebelia.`TerZebSi~ moqmedeben personaJebi: fexsacmelebis mkeravi saetantempe da misi ori axalgazrda TanaSemwe, Tavadi irinavsevolodis asuli zbereJnickaia-podberiozskaia, plebeuriwarmomavlobis prokurori robert skruvi, xoxoli – igivesazamTrod CaliT SefuTuli vardis buCqi, vispianskis`qorwilidan~, gnembon puCimorda, ori Tanamdebobis piri –batoni abramovski da batoni iqsi da sxvebi. piesa dawerilia1927-1934 ww. aq dayenebulia sazogadoebaSi adamianis bedisada civilizaciis bedis sakiTxebi.

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`gavazaxardnen~. am piesaSi vitkeviCi pirquSi esTetizmisa dagroteskis saocar nazavs gvTavazobs. realoba da fantasmagoria,filosofosoba da `kanibalizmi~ erTmaneTs erwymis dapostadamianuri sinamdvilis demonstrirebas axdens.

vitkeviCis piesebSi yvela revoluciis finali identuria– iqmneba homogenuri sazogadoeba, romelSic cxoveluri sawyisisulierze dominirebs, xolo revolucias cinikuri dafariseveli diqtatorebi marTaven.

gansakuTrebul individTa ganadgurebasa da saSualoTabatonobis dadgomas vitkeviCi metafizikur grZnobaTa atrofiasukavSirebda. xelovnebis amocanad is mimezisis nacvladmayurebelsa da mkiTxvelSi `adamianis yofierebis arsisgenezisis Zlier da Rrma gancdas miiCnevda~.2 mravaliavangardistis msgavsad, is amtkicebda, rom es xelovnebismier dakarguli funqciaa da misi kvlav SeZena mxolod wmindaformis meSveobiTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic Sinaarsisagandamoukideblad, metafizikur refleqsiasa da esTetikur emociaswarmoqmnis. wminda forma miiRweva xmovani, dekoratiuli,fsiqologiuri da sxva xasiaTis elementebiT samyarosgroteskuli deformaciiT, absurduli situaciisa da rTuliasociaciuri kavSirebis SemoyvaniT. swored aseTi forma miscemsadamians saSualebas `metafizikuri wyurvili~ daikmayofilos,`yofierebis ucnauroba~ ganicados. saidumloebasTan SexebavitkeviCisaTvis umaRlesi Rirebulebaa, xolo xelovneba,SesaZloa, erTaderTi WeSmaritad adamianuri formaa pirovnebisganxorcielebisa. Tavad Teatri mwerlisaTvis iyo taZari`metafizikuri grZnobis gancdisaTvis~.

vitold gombroviCi, kidev erTi poloneli ironisti damistifikatori, gaxmaurebuli romanebis `ferdidurkas~,`kosmosisa~ da `pornografiis~ avtori postsabWoTa sivrceSiukanasknel wlebSi gaxda popularuli. 1939 wels isic gaeqcarealobas, oRond vitkeviCisagan gansxvavebiT, argentinaSi wavidaemigraciaSi. bolo xanebSi sakmaod xSirad idgmeba gombroviCis30-ian wlebSi dawerili piesa, `ivona, burgundiis princesa~,erTgvari anti-konkia, kidev erTi provokaciuli da tragikulixumroba, ambavi ivonaze, romelic yvelaSi mxecs aRviZebda.

gvTavazobs. piesa `diubal vazaxari anu absurdisuReltexilebze~ 1921 welsaa dawerili. am nawarmoebSivitkeviCi momavali kacobriobis infernalur samWedlosgvaCvenebs. diubal vazaxaris uzarmazar mosacdelSi yvelasocialuri fenis, asakisa da orive sqesis warmomadgenlebiicdian. maTi molodini religiur grZnobamde misuli morCiliTayvaniscemisa da sado-mazoxisturi TviTgvemis magaliTswarmoadgens. piesas epigrafad fridrix nicSes sityvebi aqvswamZRvarebuli: `Zalaufleba Zviri jdeba – is aTayvanebs~.vazaxari mudmiv transSi myofi titanuri zomis eTnografiulielementebiT Sezavebul kostiumSi gamowyobili lideria,Zalaufleba misTvis TviTmizania, sisastike _ grandiozulieqsperimentis warmoebis saSualeba, romelsac racionaluridaniSnuleba ar gaaCnia, _ esaa Zalaufleba ZalauflebisaTvisda sisastike sisastikisTvis. eqimi ri pmani vazaxarisxelisuflebis ideologia, is adamianebis daxarisxebiTa damaTi genetikuri gadakeTebiTaa dakavebuli, vazaxari maT mudmiviSiSisa da SantaJis atmosferoSi amyofebs, xolo TviTonmxolod patara gogonasTan _ svintusia makabreskusTanmegobrobs, mcirewlovan naTelmxilvelTan, romelsac Ziavazaxari ebraleba. vazaxaris da svintusias urTierToba,vazaxaris infantilizmi, sruliad moulodnelad, meore pesimistimwerlis, rusi emigrantis vladimer nabokovis `lolitas~gvaxsenebs, sadac danaSauli, infantilizmi da fiziologizmiSeferxebuli fsiqikuri ganviTarebis simptomebs warmoadgens.Zalauflebis eqstazSi myofi vazaxari ukanasknel monologswarmoTqvams (romelSic kulturuli identobis dakargvazeminiSneba ikiTxeba) da Tavisive jalaTis xeliT iRupeba. `mear varsebob – ara, es sakmarisad ar JRers. Cemi arsigaurkvevlobaa, me masSi vcxovrob. meCveneba, rom yvelaferSivar. yofierebis sisavsiT var gaJRenTili. yvelaferiusasrulobaSi dainTqmeba! momkaliT, Torem sakuTari TaviswinaSe aRfrTovanebisagan gavskdebi. ra bednierebaa! ra netarebaa!ar icode vin xar, imas niSnavs, rom yvelaferi xar!~ mkvdarivazaxaris jer kidev cxel-cxel cxedars uZvirfases jirkvalsamoaclian, raTa misi energetika ar daikargos da sxva liderebi

18 19

«Иностранная Литература» 2006 №2, Драматургия Польши. ХХвек: Пьесы. Светлана Новикова-Ганелина.В. Гомбрович, «Ивонна, Принцесса Бургундская». Alternative theatre in Poland, 1954-1989, By Kathleen M. Cioffi, OPA,

1996.

paradoqsalisti gombroviCi konkias antiistorias mogviTxrobs,mdumare, pasiuri da uprotesto ivona garemomcvelebzeSokismomgvrelad moqmedebs, maTSi Zaladobis instinqts aRviZebs,farul vnebebsa da danaSaulis grZnobas aRviZebs, am Seuxedavsada daCagrul gogonas yvelas agresiis gamowvevisa da yvelasyuradRebis mizidvis sakvirveli unari aqvs. gombroviCi rogorcmas sCvevia, sruliad moulodneli kuTxiT udgeba adamianisbunebas da momxibvlelsa da demokratiul samefo ojaxsnebayoflobiTi mkvlelebis bandad warmoaCens, rac ufro cudadeqcevian ivonas, miT ufro ezizRebaT da eSiniaT misi. racufro mokrZalebulia qaliSvili, miT ufro uZlierdebaTbaqiaobis, misi damcirebis, gawvalebis survili. bolos, mefisTaosnobiT, ivonas sajaro da saseiro mkvlelobas dagegmaven– nadimisaTvis fxian Tevzs SeukveTaven da mxolod ivonasaiZuleben mis Wamas, raTa konfuzisagan daixrCos. gegma mizansaRwevs, ivona kvdeba da samudamo mdumarebaSi miaqvs samefokaris moulodnel vnebaTa bakqanalia. gombroviCis ucnauri,orazrovani manera piesis radikalurad gansxvavebuliinterpretaciebis saSualebas iZleva. Tevzis simbolikaqristianuli mowy aleb is a d a borotebasTanSeuwinaaRmdegoblobis Temas gvagonebs.

Tundac mxolod es mcire magaliTebi kmara imisaTvis, romXX saukunis polonuri saTeatro mwerlobis mniSvneloba damasStabebi cxadyos.

1. ix.: «Новая Польша», 2007, #11.2. (В. Хорев,Станислав Игнацы Виткевич на русском языке, «ИностраннаяЛитература», 2007, №10).

Cz. Milosz. The history of Polish literature. London,1969.«Новая Польша», 2007, #11.Освальд Шпенглер, «Закат Европы», Закат Европы, “Наука”, 1993.«Иностранная Литература», 2007, №10http://lib.aldebaran.ru/: Дюбал Вазахар, или На перевалахАбсурда, Каракатица, или Гирканическое мировоззрение,Сапожники;

20 21

brZolis gamZafreba mxolod xelovnebas ar exeboda. es,qveyanaSi mimdinare saerTo procesebis logikuri ganviTarebaiyo. `sisxlze~ dafuZnebuli axali samyaro, ukve, adidebulisisxlis niaRvars waeRo da daxrCobiT emuqreboda.axlovdeboda revoluciis aTi wlis iubile. Sedga imaucileblad dasadgmel dramaturgiul nawarmoebTa nusxa,romlebic unda warmoedginaT akademiuri Teatrebis scenebzecda periferiaSic. sia iwyeboda sami savaldebulo piesiT: vs.ivanovis `javSnosani 14-79-iT~, b. lavrenevis `rRveviTa~ dad. furmanovis àmboxiT~.

rusTavelis Teatris 1927 wlis 26 dekembris sarepertuaromxatvruli sabWos sxdomaze, `rRveva~ yovelgvari ganxilvisada kamaTis gareSe iqna miRebuli dasadgmelad. xelisuflebiswarmomadgeneli - a. TaTaraSvili, romelic aRniSnul krebaseswreboda, sul ori kategoriuli replikiT Semoifargla:`rRveva~ - aucileblad unda daidgas~ da `rusTavelis Teatrsevaleba `rRvevis~ dadgma Cveni SekveTis Tanaxmad~. `rRvevis~dadgma s. axmetelisTvis vaWrobis sagani gaxda: samagierod,igi, repertuarSi kvaWi kvaWantiraZis~, berikaobisa~ da jumamaSidis~ Setanas moiTxovda.

`rRvevis~ sarepeticio procesSi axmetelma TbilisisgazeTebs interviu misca, sadac acxadebda, rom speqtaklis Ida III aqti dadgmuli iqneboda neorealizmis, xolo, II da IV- konstruqtivizmis stilSi. erTi speqtaklis farglebSi, amgansxvavebuli stilebisadmi erTdrouli, ekleqtikuri mimarTvisfaqti uCveulo iyo da xmauriani azrTa sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia.

TeatrmcodneobaSi s. axmetelis speqtakli rRveva~ sakmaodfarTodaa ganxiluli. igi saetapo movlenad iqca qarTuliTeatris cxovrebaSi da TviTYavtoris, boris lavrenevisgansakuTrebuli aRfrTovanebac ki gamoiwvia, romelmac qarTuli`rRveva~ Tavisi piesis saukeTeso dadgmad aRiara.

maSasadame, `rRvevis~ dadgma unda ganvixiloT, rogorc`savaldebulo~ programis Sesrulebis aucilebloba, romelzecbevrad iyo damokidebuli axmetelis bedi _ qarTuli Teatrismxatvruli xelmZRvanelis rolis morgebisa da reJisorisTviTdamkvidrebis saqmeSi. mxedvelobaSi maqvs, misi maswavleblis,

mixeil kalandariSvili

konstruqtivizmisa da neorealizmis

sazRvarze

centraluri komitetis 1925 wlis 18 ivnisis cnobilmarezoluciam daasrula xelovnebis ganviTarebis Tavisufalietapi, gadaxaza sabWoTa avangardis yvela miRweva da ganacxada:klasobrivi brZolis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi gadatanisaucileblobaze, anu, moaxdina cxovrebis ideologizireba. mZimedavadmyofma beladma leninma, am process erTi wliT adregauxsna mwvane Suqi. Tavis dokumentur narkvevSi maqsim gorkimaRwera leninis, ase vTqvaT, usazRvro~, siyvaruli xelovnebismimarT: àraferi vici apasionataze ukeTesi, mzad var, masyoveldRe movusmino, magram musikis mosmena xSirad ar SemiZlia,nervebze moqmedebs. survili miCndeba adamianebs Tavze gadavusvaxeli... magram dRes aravis mofereba ar SeiZleba, xels mogaWamen.saWiroa TavSi urtya, unda urtya Seubraleblad, Tumca idealSiCven Zaladobis winaaRmdegebi varT.~1

didi gamWriaxoba ar esaWiroeba imis mixvedras, rom aqsaubari, sulac ar aris leninis politikur mowinaaRmdegeebze– am droisTvis, maT Tavisi ukve miRebuli aqvT. ara, laparakiaùmadurebze~, xelovnebis moRvaweebze _ yvelafriT ukmayofilomemarcxene Semoqmed inteligenciaze, romelic beladisTvisautaneli trockis lozungiT izRvevda Tavs da xelovnebisTavisuflebas qadagebda. maTTan angariSsworeba kidev didxansgagrZeldeba, magram pirveli gafrTxileba Tavad beladis xmiTgaJRerda.

socialisturi realizmis mamamTavarma – maqsim gorkimCvenamde moitana leninis mZime Setevis aRwera, rogorc erTgvariZvirfasi ànderZi~, romelsac, momavalSi, e. w. `xalxTa mama~stalini Seasrulebs. TviT gorki, ki, male mTlianad gadaxedavssakuTar warsuls, im revoluciur romantizms, romelmacmwerlis Semoqmedebas adreul periodSi msoflio aRiarebamoutana. gadaxedavs, gadaafasebs da gaxdeba despoturi reJimispirveli xma...

22 23

xumroba ar SeiZleba, maSin man sapasuxod meore disputzeganacxada: konstruqtivizmi moiTxovs statikas, xolo Cvendinamika gvqonda piesaSi mocemuli da amitom konstruqtiuligaformeba ar moxerxdao, magram rodesac Cven amis SesaxebacmovaxseneT rom konstruqtivizmisaTvis statika savaldebuloar aris da es reJisorma unda icodes, maSin axmetelmaTeatralur TaTbirze moitana ramodenime citata bexterevisa,gauria stanislavskis citatebSi da TviTonac Sig Caeria . . .magram rodesac amis sapasuxod vuTxariT, rom yvela misi esnalaparakevi absurdia da gaugebroba, maSin man sapasuxodganacxada: `me saerTod laparaki ar vicio~ da moskovSigaemgzavra. s-C-i.~

mimarTulebaTa gavlena da ganlageba am periodSi, urTulesSenaerTs warmoadgenda saerTod yvelgan, evropaSi da miTufro, im sabWoTa kavSirSic, sadac 1925 w. jer kidevTavisuflebis sunTqvis inercia rCeboda, amitom, gasagebi dasruliad damajerebeli xdeboda nebismieri stiluri Zieba Tumoduri mimdinareobis aRqma-gaazreba. simon Ciqovanis aqtiuriyuradRebis miRma mniSvnelovani detali darCa, is, rom, axmeteli,am ori mimarTulebis Sinaarsobriv da programul ideebs, ariziarebda – igi, ubralod, gulisxmobda speqtaklis gaformebaSikontrastul dapirispirebas, anu sivrcobriv gadawyvetas,romelsac mis reJisorul xelovnebaSi yovelTvis centraluriadgili ekava. am TvalsazrisiT, meore da meoTxe moqmedebaSimTel scenas ikavebda kreiseris konstruqcia, xolo pirvelida mesame moqmedeba Tavisi tempo-ritmiT moskovis samxatvroTeatrisTvis damaxasiaTebel fsiqologizms uaxlovdeboda, rac,mizanscenebSic poulobda asaxvas. saerTod, konstruqtivizmisurbanistulma ideebma TeatrSi popularoba da ganviTarebamaincdamainc ver miiRes. mTel msoflio TeatrSi, mxolodori speqtaklia aRiarebuli konstruqtivizmis umaRles miRwevad:meierholdis Великодушный рогоносец~ da tairovis Человек,который был четвергом~.

rac Seexeba, meores - neorealizms, rasakvirvelia, igi arunda agverios bevrad ufro gviandel italiur neorealizmSi.TviT es cneba, CvenTan anglo-amerikul filosofiidan movida

kote marjaniSvilis gavlenisagan mtkivneuli da rTuliganTavisuflebis procesi. am konteqstSi, sayuradReboa axmetelisgaZlierebuli yuradReba formaluri amocanebis daZlevismimarTulebiT, meTodisa da stilis daxvewis intensiurimcdelobebi... aSkarad Cans, rom scenuri nawarmoebis formiseul,mxatvrul gadawyvetas, ufro did mniSvnelobas aniWebda,vidre yovelive im danarCens, rac am politikuri da tendenciuripiesis arss warmoadgenda obieqturad.

sandro axmetelma `rRvevaSi~ praqtikulad moaxerxarefleqsologiisa da scenuri ritmis urTulesi problematikisaTviseba, masobrivi scenebis organizaciis axali principebisdamkvidreba da, rac mTavaria, konstruqtivizmsa da neorealizmsSoris iseTi zRvris gavleba, romelmac uCveulod gaaerTianadapirispirebuli mimarTulebebi (sur. 4).

axmetelis mier gazeTSi gakeTebulma gancxadebam, erTspeqtaklSi am ori mimarTulebis gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, simonCiqovanis risxva gamoiwvia, romelmac, Tavis mxriv, ar daayovnada Jurnal `memarcxeneobaSi~ gamoaqveyna werili Semtevi dadamcinavi saTauriT _ `erTi tvinis evolucia~. es masalakargadaa cnobili axmetelis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTaTvis, TumcaratomRac, ganxilvis sagnad arasdros qceula. vfiqrob, romigi sainteresoa, magram, ara axmetelisa da Ciqovanis piradiurTierTobaTa SeuTavseblobis gamo, aramed im saerToprocesebis gasagebad, romlebic gansazRvravdnen xelovnebasXX saukunis ociani wlebis miwuruls. werili SemoklebisgareSe momyavs: `rusTavelis TeatrSi `rRvevis~ dadgmisgamo gazeTebSi daibeWda interviu reJisor al. axmetelTan,sadac is acxadebda: `meore da meoTxe moqmedeba `rRvevisa~gansxeulebulia konstruqtiul formebSio,~ magram rodesacmivediT da vnaxeT dadgma, iq araviTari konstruqtivizmi araRmoCnda, es ambavi Cven gadaveciT axmetels, man sapasuxodganacxada, rom es neokonstruqtivizmia.

magram rodesac Cven vuTxariT erT-erT disputze romaseTi mimdinareoba ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes,man sapasuxod ganacxada: `mogatyueTo~, magram rodesac Cvenxelmeored avuxseniT, rom oficialur presaSi tyuili da

24 25

maia kiknaZe

aleqsandre axmetelis debiuti

saxelmwifo qarTuli dramis

(rusTavelis saxelobis) Teatris

scenaze

me-19 s.-is dasasrulsa da me-20 s.-is dasawyisSi, TeatralurxelovnebaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi SeiniSneba. qarTvelreJisorTa axali Taobis gamoCenam, romelTac praqtikuli daTeoriuli ganaTleba samxatvro TeatrSi miiRes, sareJisoroxelovnebis amaRlebam da ori didi reformatorismarjaniSvilisa da axmetelis moRvaweobam gansazRvres 20-iani wlebis qarTul TeatrSi mimdinare procesebi.

pirveli msoflio omis dros qarTuli Teatri mZimemdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda: dass ekonomiurad gauWirda, TeatrisSenoba daiwva (1914), qarTvel msaxiobTa survilisganxorcieleba marjaniSvilis saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb,SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. Zveli Taobis msaxiobebis nawili TeatrsCamoSorda, zogic CamoaSores. axali Taoba aSkaradukmayofilebas gamoTqvamda Zveli repertuaris `xanumas~,`xaTabalas~, samSoblos~, qeTevan wamebulis~ da sxva piesebismimarT. swored amas gulisxmobda axalgazrda mixeiljavaxiSvili, romelmac akaki wereTels pativcemul qarTvels~kritika Sebeda da qarTul TeatrSi repertuarisa da TeatralurxelovnebaSi Zireuli cvlilebebis aucileblobisaken miuTiTa.am periodSi, 1903 wels, roca javaxiSvilis werili (Cven daCveni Teatri) iwereboda, al. axmetelaSvilis gvari ganjissakrebulo darbazSi, qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvisgamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis sasargeblod gamarTulsaprogramo afiSaze, pirvelad gamoCnda (iTamaSa `xanumaSi~msaxur timoTes roli). scenismoyvareTa dadgmebSi monawile`msaxiobi~ (1905 w. kvlav iTamaSa istoriul dramaSi italielielCi pietro dela vale da maruCa~ pietro dela valesroli) Tavis speqtaklSi `Ralati~ (dadga 1910 w. sof.maCxaanSi), romlis dadgmac Semdgom (1916) profesiuli Teatris

da raselisa da platonizmis gavlena ganicada. TeatralurxelovnebaSi, am mimarTulebis mimdevrad tairovma gamoacxadaTavi. i. golovaSenko werda: `kameruli Teatris Seqmnis dros,tairovi `naturalistur~ da `pirobiT~ Teatrebsupirispirdeboda da amitomac deklarirebda sasceno xelovnebas,romelsac neorealizmi daarqva~3.

20-iani wlebis. bolos, rodesac realizmi savaldebulomimarTuleba xdeba, es cneba, ukve, erTgvar saSualebaswarmoadgens im xelovanTaTvis, romelTac gadarCena surT.aqedan ibadeba realizmis uamravi modifikacia da e. w.`usazRvro~ realizmi. vaxtangovi Tavis Semoqmedebas uwodebs`fantastikur~ realizms, meierholdi `musikalur realizms,tairovi ki xsnis yovelnair rekords da laparakobs konkretul,struqturul da dinamikur realizmze.Dgava sul ramdenimeweliwadi da gorkis doqtrina `socialisturi realizmi~sabolood CaaxrCobs WaobSi sakuTar mravalsaxeobas dasabWoTa xelovnebas mTlianad.

imedi maqvs, rom adamianebi Tavis gadasarCenad sxvagvaradibrZvian, vidre es darvinis cnobil naSromSia aRwerili. gmirebi,romlebic me vaxsene: axmeteli, meierxoldi, ... kurbasi, daxvrites.stanislavski, marjaniSvili, vaxtangovi da tairovi bunebrivad,sakuTari sikvdiliT gardaicvalnen, magram Tavisi SemoqmedebiT,yvelam gamoxata protesti im sinamdvilis mimarT, romelSiccxovreba gaatares. adamianis sicocxle bevrad ufro Rirebulia,vidre misi dakargvis SiSi. Cven dRes SeiZleba gagviWirdesimis gageba, Tu rogor eSinodaT, rogor alagebdnen bargs,rogor emSvidobebodnen ojaxis wevrebs, magram isic sakmarisia

vicodeT, rom es arasdros unda ganmeordes.

1. ix. lenini. literaturis da xelovnebis Sesaxeb. – m., 1957, gv. 567.2. s. Ciqovani. erTi tvinis evolucia. memarcxeneoba~ 1928, #2, gv. 62.

3. i. golovaSenko. tairovis sareJisoro xelovneba, m., 1970, gv. 73.

DA DAD

26 27

TeatrSi misvlas reJisorebi da msaxiobebi didi sixaruliTar Sexvedrian. `saidan gamoZebna Cvenma Teatris megobarma~ esreJisori, _ dacinviT aRniSnavdnen~.2 Tumca Teatralur wreebSiaxmetels werilebiTa da sajaro gamosvlebiT ukve icnobdnen.albaT, advili ar iyo axmetelisTvis 1915 wels waekiTxaleqcia `aris Tu ara qarTuli Teatri qarTuli?~, (romelicSemdgom presaSic gamoqveynda. Jurn. `Teatri da cxovreba~1915 #21, 22, 25, 27.) maSin, roca jer kidev moRvaweobdnenqarTuli samsaxiobo skolis korifeebi: mako safarova, vasoabaSiZe, elisabed CerqeziSvili, aleqsandre imedaSvili, nucaCxeiZe, valerian gunia da sxvebi. am periodSi reJisorebidandidi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen: mixeil qoreli, akaki faRava,aleqsandre wuwunava, kote andronikaSvili, faqtiuradaxalgazrda iuristi ara marto ufrosi Taobis msaxiobebs,aramed profesional reJisorebsac upirispirdeboda, rocaeWvqveS ayenebda qarTuli Teatris TviTmyofadobis sakiTxs.aseTi siTamame kadnierebad CaiTvleboda, rom mas erovnuliTeatris ganviTarebis koncefcia ar hqonoda. mis statiebsaTu gamosvlebSi naTlad ikveTeboda evropuli da rusuliTeatraluri Ziebebis konteqstSi qarTuli Teatris ganaxlebisidea. swored qarTuli Teatris modernizaciis surviliTSepyrobili axmeteli iwyebs repeticias sandro SanSiaSvilispiesisa `berdo zmania~.

`berdo zmania~ sandro SanSiaSvilma pirvelad 1916 wlis25 marts qarTuli sityvakazmuli mwerlobis gamgeobis miermowyobil saliteraturo dilaze waikiTxa. am faqts Jurn.`Teatri da cxovreba~ (1916, #14) ase gamoexmaura: `... erTismosmeniT, raRac bundovnad eCveneba kacs, Siga da Sig ki saucxooleqsTa wyobaa. mSvenieri Sedarebani, magram jer kidevdaumuSavebeli. TiTqos nawarmoebi Rrmad ar aris awonil-gancdili. aseTi aCqareba ar Seefereba damsaxurebul avtors,xolo gaz. saqarTvelos~ cnobiT (1916 17 marti, #69) avtorimxurvale taSiT daajildova sazogadoebam~.

sandro SanSiaSvilis Semoqmedebis mkvlevaris giorgiciciSvilis gadmocemiT3 `kiTxvis Semdeg sityviT gamosulank. yifiani, iv. javaxiSvli da sxvebi~. cxare kamaTic gamarTula:

scenaze undoda da rogorc viciT, gegmac Sedgenili hqonda,(Teatri da cxovreba 1916 #35) amave dros werilebiTa dapublikaciebiT ecnoba sazogadoebas. jer kidev studentiaxmeteli 1912 wels gamoqveynebul statiaSi `Cveni Teatriskrizisi~1 Teatris ganaxlebis konceptualur programasayalibebs da am ganaxlebaSi erovnuli koncefciis Tu erovnuliideologiis~ anu `Sinagani wyaroebis~ sabaziso mniSvnelobazemiuTiTebs. ganaxlebisaTvis brZolis idea, romelmac moicvamTeli qarTuli kultura saqarTveloSi modernistulimimdinareobis SemoWras, zogjer ki, maT aRrevasac (simbolizmi– eqsprezionizmi) ukavSirdeba. futuristebi, dadaistebi,simbolistebi, eqspresionistebi, _ yvelani erTad qmnidnenqarTuli modernistuli Ziebebis mravalferovan suraTs. axalmaTaobam, romlebmac ganaTleba evropaSi miiRo (p. iaSvili, k.gamsaxurdia, m. javaxiSvili, s. SanSiaSvili, d. kakabaZe dasxvebi) da ruseTSic (t. tabiZe) mxars uWerdnen da propagandaseweodnen evropasTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi cota nagvianebmodernistuli mimdinareobis damkvidrebas, iwereboda daikiTxeboda leqciebi impresionizmze, eqspresionizmze,simbolizmze.

cisferyanwelebis Zlierma talRam sruliad sxva masStabebiSesZina qarTul modernistul Ziebebs. qarTul azrovnebaSiSemoiWrnen rembos, verlenis, malarmes saxelebi. iTargmnebodameterlinkis, edgar pos nawarmoebebi. modernistuli Ziebebisfonze, qarTuli Teatric nel-nela interesdeboda simbolisturipiesebiT: d’anuncios `jokonda~ (1911), iorios asuli (1914),meterlinkis `da beatrisa~ (1908), gedevaniSvilis `sinaTle~(reJ. wuwunava, SalikaSvili), mogvianebiT (1920) ki s. axmetelidgams `berdo zmanias~.

1920 wlis 15 ivliss, sandro axmetelma xelSekrulebagaaforma Tbilisis dramatuli sazogadoebis gamgeobasTanqarTuli dramis TeatrSi misi erTi wliT reJisorad daniSvnisSesaxeb. axmeteli didxans ar Tanxmdeboda `reJisorobas~,magram al. wuwunavas da `Teatris megobris~ (igulisxmebasolomon axvlediani) Txovnas dasturi im pirobiT misca,rom saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi muSaobas Sewyvetda. axmetelis

28 29

suls ùcnauri survilebiTa da moCvenebebiT xiblavs~. bedia,romelic bedisweris wigniT xelSi~ gvevlineba berdos Caketilikaris dalewvasa da zRudis gadalaxvas urCevs. berdosa dabedias, anu bediswerasTan dapirispirebasa da bedisadmi usityvomorCilebaSi TandaTan ikveTeba berdos xasiaTi, misi orsaxovanibuneba. amave dros bedisweras avtori upirispirebs sikvdils,romelsac adamianis gaTavisufleba misgan SeuZlia, Tumcasikvdilic gangebis mier aRTqmul dros Cndeba.

berdo zmiania, Sinagani dapirispirebis simbolur saxesqmnis. igi xan erT saxed – berdod, amqveyniur borotebadgvevlineba, xan zmaniad (ocnebisTvis Serqmeuli saxelia)sikeTed, romelic etrfis cisias – àmaRlebul idealebs.~ (g.ciciSvili) srulyofili bednierebis Sesacnobad gaWrilberdos, bedisweram mwared dascina da avxorculi cxovrebismorevSi CaiTria.

igi jer monaa, Semdeg batoni da am gzaze araerTi borotebisCamdeni. xarbi vnebebiTa da survilebiT Sepyrobili berdoTavis idealebs advilad cvlis amqveyniur siamovnebaze.Zalauflebas aRwevs, mefobasac, bednierebas ki vera.sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili, ukve xanSi Sesuli daWaRaraSereuli mefe-berdo xvdeba, rom didebasa da simdidres,Zalauflebas, adamianisaTvis Tavisufleba ar moaqvs da Tavisoreul zmanias Svelas sTxovs, `Tu kidev Svela SesaZloagza, gza miCvene~. zmania, romelic jer amxels:

`Sen miaRwie soflis didebas;sad mxolod Seni saxeli mosCans,magram TviT aqac netareba ar gaqvs sruli.Seni mizani darCa mainc miuwvdomeli.~6

Semdeg gamosavals sTavazobs: _ `piraduli unda uarhyo~.SeSinebuli berdo mzad aris mxolod sikeTes emsaxuros,oRond kvlav axalgazrdad iqces. warsuli daubrundes, risgamoc mefis gvirgvinsac da skiptrasac daTmobs àRar varmefe, minda viyo adamiani~.

berdos lamazi qalis saxiT sikvdili ecxadeba, cotasgaibrZolebs, _ `gamiSvi xeli cxovrebasTan yofna mwyuria~,magram kvdeba. finali berdos sindisis qenjniTa da àdamianad

iv. javaxiSvili da umravlesoba piesas dadebiTad afasebda,xolo ramdenime avtori uaryofiTad. amave dros, iqve ekranzeuCvenebiaT vl. sidamon-erisTavis mier Sesrulebuli naxatebi,rasac sazogadoebis interesi gamouwvevia. piesa yuradRebisgareSe, arc Teatralur moRvaweebs darCeniaT. axmetels miaCnda,rom `berdo zmanias~ saxiT qarTul literaturas kidev èrTiganZi~ Seemata. s. SanSiaSvilis mogonebidan viciT,4 romsaavadmyofoSi mwoliare axmetels, roca mas avtori gasarTobad`berdo zmanias~ ukiTxavda, uTqvams: rom movrCebi `berdozmianias~ davdgamo. axmeteli gaitaca piesis ara mxolodformam, aramed misma Sinaganma ritmma da simboloebis masStabebma,realuri azrebisa da zmanebebis aRrevam, sikeTisa da borotebisòreulTa~ saxiT warmodgenam, àxali adamianis~ Ziebis cdam,saxeTa abstraqtulobam (cecxli, Suri, grigali), ritmisa dapaTosis Cvenebam, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo simbolistur daeqspresionistuli piesebisTvis axmetelisTvis sruliad misaRebiaRmoCnda.

10-ian wlebSi qarTul TeatrSi, realisturi mimarTulebisparalelurad, profesionaluri reJisuris formirebaSi didrols TamaSobda naturalizmi. axmetelis reJisuras kisafuZvlad daedo simbolizmi, nawilobriv eqspresionizmi.SemTxveviTi ar iyo, rom axmetels xSirad sayvedurobdnenrealizmisadmi Ralats, misma modernistulma Ziebebma aurzaurigamoiwvia. 20-ian wlebSi ki pirdapir ambobdnen, rom axmeteliganudga stanislavskis realizms, uaryo qarTuli Teatrisrealisturi tradiciebi. principSi axmeteli qarTuli Teatrisistoriis tradiciisTvis uCveulo gziT iwyebs moRvaweobas,rac pirvel rigSi speqtaklSi `berdo zmania~ gamovlinda.

`berdo zmiania~5 5-moqmedebiani tragedia abstraqtulgaremosa Tu samyaroSi, sadRac miwierisa da zeciuris zRvarzeviTardeba. zRudes, romelic or samyaros Suaze hyofserTmaneTisgan berdos dedis, anu dedamiwis (dedias) sulisbrZanebiT mcvelebi darajoben, radgan ar moswons vaJis axireba,_ àma soflis iqiaTa idumali samyaros Secnobisken romiltvis~. amitom am zRudeze gamoCenil bedias, anu bedisweras,Sesvlas ukrZalavs, radgan bedia sasaxleSi gamoketil berdos

30 31

Secvala Zveli Teatraluri sivrce, speqtaklis mxatvruligaformeba da scenografiasa da reJisuraSi àxali stili~daamkvidra. germanel reJisorze msjelobis dros (fuqsi)axmeteli gabeduli gmiris – ze-pirovnebis, `qarTuli rasisada temperamentis~ (gr. robaqiZe) Teatris Seqmnisa da amavedros `meSCanuri~ Teatraluri formebis daZlevis gzebzefiqrobda, rasac mxatvris Tanamonawileobis gareSeSeuZlebladac miiCnevda. axmetelis moRvaweobis Semdgomiwlebic amis saukeTeso dasturia da dRes warmoudgenelickia misi Teatrluri esTetika irakli gamrekelis monawileobisgareSe. arc vl. sidamon-erisTavis Rvawli unda miviCnioTumniSvnelod. axmetelis Semoqmedebis sawyiss etapze. maTiTanamonawileobis Sedegi swored `berdo zmania~ iyo.

mxatvarma vl. sidamon-erisTavma SesaniSnavi ferebi gamoiyena,dekoraciac da tansacmelic kargad iyo Sesrulebuli (sur.1,2). man Tejirebi Semoitana scenaze. II moqmedebaSi peizaJebisada Sirmis SeerTeba Zalzed rTuli aRmoCnda, ris gamocteqnikuri personali ukmayofilebas gamoxatavda. raswarmoidgenda axmeteli, speqtakls mogvianebiT, 1923 wlis 17maiss teqnikuri personalis sabenefisod Tu warmoadgendnen,rac udaod dekoraciis konstruqciul mTlianobasa dadaxvewilobaze miuTiTebda. speqtaklSi axmetelma mbrunaviscena gamoiyena, scenaze gaizarda ganaTebis roli, scena ganaTdaara rampidan, aramed maRlidan `tyis scenis~ epizodSi, 10kviparosi iyo Semotanili. sikvdilisa da maradiuli glovissimbolo kvi parosi, romelic siluetiT cecxlis enasmogvagonebda, speqtaklSi miznis miuRwevlobis simbolosgamoxatavda.

`berdo zmania~ 79 repeticiiT daidga, rac im droisaTvisuCveulo movlena iyo. Tumca disciplina TeatrSi moSliliiyo, xSirad iyo gacdenebic da dagvianebebic. wesrigismoyvaruliaxmeteli ki disciplinas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcevda.disciplinis moSlasa da teqnikur mxaresTan dakavSirebulsiZneleTa garda, muSaobas arTulebda msaxiobTa ori Taobismonawileoba. erTi mxriv, n. daviTaSvili, iuza zardaliSvilida sxvebi, meore mxriv, ak. vasaZe, v. anjafariZe, T. WavWavaZe, m.

gaxdomis~ ganuxorcielebeli surviliT mTavrdeba.zogadsakacobrio ideebis warmoCena àdamianad darCena~ Tu`gaxdoma~, rogorc maradiuli sikeTisadmi swrafva axmetelisspeqtaklis mTavar Temad iqca.

piesis Sinaarsis gadmocema scenaze, avtorisaTvis imdenadZneli warmosadgeni iyo, rom SanSiaSvili amis Sesaxeb aRniSnavdakidec `ver warmomedgina rogor unda ganexorcielebinaT,radgan umetes SemTxvevaSi ideebTan mqonda saqme... scenazeadamiani unda gaorebuliyo mraval moqmed kompleqtiT –erTi adamianis `sulis tragedia unda gadmoecaT~.7 Tumcaaxmeteli ase ar fiqrobda, mas moswonda `tragedia didebulisifaqiziT moculi~, èrTi sulieri konfliqtidan meorezegadasuli~. sceniuris mxriv ki mas `mgrZnobiared daefeqturad~ miiCnevda. piesis wakiTxvisTanave axmetelmajuanSeris fsevdonimiT miseuli interpretacia da Sefasebagadmogvca (gaz. `saqarTvelo~ 1916, #18), sadac yuradRebag aa m ax vila p irovn e bis a d a x elova nis br Zolaz eTavisuflebisaTvis da mis damarcxebaze bediswerasTan WidilSi.

axmetelma `berdo zmanias~ repeticiebi 1920 wlis 1seqtembers daiwyo. mas pirvel rigSi dasSi ndobisa daavtoritetis mopoveba unda SesZleboda, rac arc Tu iseadvili iyo. msaxiob nino daviTaSvilis gadmocemidan viciT,8

Tu rogor undoda zogierT msaxiobs pirvelive repeticiidanvestveniT gaestumrebina reJisori protestis niSnad, magramyvelaferi piriqiT moxda, repeticiis Semdeg taSis grialigaisma.

piesa Tavdapirvelad dasisTvis ucxo da gaugebari aRmoCnda.ak. vasaZe igonebda: `piesa maSin uCveulo formiT dawerilimogveCvena, ver mivxvdiT, rom saqme gvqonda pirveleqspresionistul dramasTan qarTul TeatrSi~.9 axmetels esmoda,rom dass ar hqonda informacia im siaxleTa Sesaxeb, racevropul TeatrSi xdeboda, amitom cdilobda msaxiobebisTviswarmodgena Seeqmna `msoflio Teatralur da mowinavemimdinareobebze~. axmeteli kargad icnobda rainhardis,meierxoldis, fuqsis Teatralur mogonebebsa da xerxebs. gordonkregisa da adolf apias Teatralurma Ziebebma Zireulad

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d. kasraZes ar daubeWdes recenzia im gazeTSic ki, romelicaxmetelisa da SanSiaSvilis daarsebuli iyo (gaz.`saqarTvelo~), magram miuxedavad azrTa sxvadasxvaobisa, yvelaaRiarebda, rom speqtakli TeatrisTvis àxali sityva~ (n.daviTaSvili), axali movlena iyo. uS. CxeiZe, romelmac, rogorccnobilia, mogvianebiT miatova àxmetelis Teatri~ da k.marjaniSvilTan gadavida, isic aRfrTovanebiT miuTiTebdaspeqtaklis dadebiT mxareebze, rac gamowveuli iyo kargimasobrivi scenebiT, originalurobiT, msaxiobTa TamaSSiplastikisa da Jestis srulyofilad gamosaxviT.

`berdo zmianias~ dadgma imdenad gansxvavebuli iyo, romar SeiZleba vilaparakoT raRac evoluciur procesze.axmetelis gamoCena moaswavebda Tavisebur `revolucias~;gansakuTrebiT, es, rogorc avRniSne, gamoCnda msaxiobebTan,mxatvarTan da kompozitorTan muSaobaSi. isic xazgasmiT undaiTqvas, rom speqtakli warmoadgenda dapirispirebas qarTulTeatrSi arsebuli `mTvlemare naturalizmis atmosferoSi~(a. duduCava) speqtaklis paTetika da adamianis Tavisuflebisideis gamoxatva, axali gmiris Ziebis cda da bedTan Widilismiseuli interpretacia, sadac mocemulia adamianis maradiulibrZola Sinagani Tavisuflebis misaRwevad, garkveuladukavSirdeba axmetelis erovnuli Teatris koncefcias, romelicufro naTlad realizdeba Semdgom mis saukeTeso speqtaklebSi.

1. al. axmeteli – dokumentebi da narkvevebi, t. I, Tb. 1978.2. rusTavelis Teatris krebuli, 1934, gv. 62.3. g. ciciSvili – sandro SanSiaSvilis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba Tb.,1962, gv. 131.

4. rusTavelis Teatris krebuli, 1934, gv. 63.5. s. SanSiaSvili – piesebi, t. I, Tb., 1962.6. iqve, 332.7. rusTavelis Teatris krebuli – dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 64.

8. iqve, gv. 62.9. ak. vasaZe – mogonebebi, fiqrebi, sTs, 1977, gv. 96.10 rusTavelis Teatris krebuli, gv. 64.

Wiaureli da sxvebi. ase, rom axmetels mouwia gansxvavebuliesTetikis mqone msaxiobTa gaerTianebac. man Tvisobrivad SecvalagamomsaxvelobiTi formebi. speqtaklis arqiteqtonika, aamaRla`dramis ritmi~. amgvari tempo-ritmiT agebuli sxva speqtaklsqarTul TeatrSi maSin ver davasaxelebdiTo~, _ igonebs ak.vasaZe. xeli Seuwyo sasceno leqsikis ganaxlebas. S. afxaiZisazriT10, msaxiobebma pirvelad aiTvises sityva, rogorcmxatvruli saxis gadmomcemi iaraRi. samusiko nawils asrulebdasimfoniuri orkestri al. gvelesianis lotbarobiT. gaizardamxatvrisa da musikis roli, rac Tavis mxriv, ritmis gaZlierebasuwyobda xels. kompozitorma daviT arayiSvilma speqtaklisaTvissagangebod 8 opusi Seqmna, es Zalzed mniSvnelovani faqtia,vinaidan `manamde qarTul TeatrSi musika specialurad ariwereboda da Tavisi daniSnulebiTac Tanmxlebi iyo~.11 amisgamo msaxiobebi kiTxulobdnen kidec ès dramis Tu operisTeatriao~. speqtaklSi CarTuli iyo sabaleto nomrebi, risgamoc msaxiobTa erTi nawili aRSfoTebulic ki iyo, `Cvenbalerinebi da momRerlebi ki ara varTo~. miuxedavad msaxiobTaCivilisa, rom reJisorma `msaxiobebi gatanja~, axmetelmaTiToeul gmirs Taviseburi plastika da metyveleba mouZebna.reJisoris damsaxureba swored is iyo, rom mospo zRvaripirvel da meorexarisxovan msaxiobebs Soris. sworedTavdauzogavi muSaobis Sedegi iyo ciciSvilis mierSesrulebuli Suri, romelsac mayurebeli soflismamasaxlisebisa da tetiebis rolSi icnobda. `Surs yvelaartistuli SuriT vucqerodiTo~ _ werda ak. vasaZe.imdroindeli recenziebi ZiriTadi sami rolis Semsrulebelsgamohyofda berdo – m. Wiaureli, zmania – S. gomelauri dabedia – i. zardiliSvili, xolo roca speqtakli kvlavganxorcielda teqnikur personalTa sabenefisod, berdos rolsak. vasaZe asrulebda. masobrivi scenebis saukeTesod damdgmelmaaq gmiri masaTi Secvala, masa ki `mTavari gmiris ganwyobasada moqmedebas gamoxatavda~ da ar iyo dekoraciis danamatadqceuli.

premieram 1920 wlis 19 dekembers warmatebiT Caiara.Tumca, speqtakls bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavda. ase magaliTad,

34 35

marto misteriul Teatrad, aramed Teatrad am sityvisdasavluri gagebiTac.

am p eriodis `Ta`zie~-s warmodgenebi , romelicTaqiedoulaTSi2 idgmeboda struqturulad, Sinaarsobrivadda scenaTa SedgenilobiT swraf cvlilebebs ganicdida. masemateboda axal-axali scenebi, zogi Zveli, zogic axladSeTxzuli. zog maTgans glovasTan uSualo kavSiri arc hqonda.aRwerilia magaliTad aseTi scena: me-19 saukunis evropelimogzauri qali, Tanamedrove tansacmliT, aqlemze an cxenzemjdari moxvdeba qarbalas velze. mas axlavs adgilobrivigamyolebi, Rames karavSi atarebs. sizmrad ieso qristegemoecxadeba, romelic uyveba qarbalas tragediis ambavs. esmonayoli tradiciul `Ta`zies~-s warmoadgens. qali rwmeniTganimsWvaleba da Siizmze moeqceva.

diax, yajarTa droindeli warmodgenebi droTa ganmavlobaSimxolod samgloviaro piesebs ar efuZneboda. iyoimprovizaciebic an kidev damoukideblad sxva Janris (Tematikis)piesebsac dgamdnen. igrZnoboda, rom tradiciisa da glovisgarda mayurebels garTobac undoda, rac dasavluri kulturisgavlenis gaZlierebasTan erTad gansakuTrebiT aSkara gaxda.imave TaziexaneebSi paralelurad Semovida komediebi(xalxuric) da sxvadasxva gasarTobi, TavSesaqcevi Janrispiesebi. aseTi dadgmebiT aSkarad ikveTeba yajarTa epoqissuliskveTeba: evropasTan, dasavleTisken swrafva, evropulcivilizaciasTan ziareba da Serwyma. imavdroulad aSkaraareligiaTa daaxloebis survilic. warmodgenaSi iesosmonawileoba da TanagrZnoba Siiti wamebulebisadmi, saerTosakacobrio Rirebulebebis da saerTo sulieri faseulobebiswarmoCenaa. yovelive did interessa da pativiscemas iwvevdairanSi Camosul dasavlel mogzaurebSi, di plomatebSi,mecnierebSi, saqmian oficialur pirebSi.

sparsulma misteriis Teatrma `Ta`zie~ Tavisi ganviTarebisumaRles safexurs miaRwia sefianTa xanaSi ispahanSi da yajarTaepoqaSi TeiranSi. yajarebi xels uwyobdnen ra evropulikulturis ganviTarebas, rogorc Cans, arc sparsul kulturasRalatobdnen. nasredin Sahis dros yajarTa mfarvelobiT

11. n. uruSaZe, meore sicocxle, Tb., 1987, gv. 59.

guliko mamulaSvili

sparsuli yajaruli xelovneba

XIX saukunis dasasrulsa da XX saukunis dasawyisSigaZlierda dasavleTis, kerZod ruseTisa da inglisis, gavlenairanze. igi faqtobrivad am qveynebis naxevar koloniad iqca.

1795 wels aRa-mahmad xani saqarTvelos dalaSqvrisa daaoxrebis Semdeg iranSi imdroindel mmarTvelebs zendebs1 Zlevsda qveyanas misi Zalauflebis qveS aerTianebs. amis Semdeg igiTavs Sahad, xolo Teirans dedaqalaqad acxadebs. swored amdroidan iRebs saTaves yajarTa dinastia. 1797 wels, masSemdeg, rac SeTqmulebma aRa-mahmad xani mokles, yajarTadinastias saTaveSi kvlav Turquli warmoSobis xelisufalniCaudgnen, romelTa mmarTveloba lamis saukunenaxevarigagrZelda. yajari mmarTvelebi yovelmxriv uwyobdnen xelsdasavleTTan (inglisTan, safrangeTTan da evropis sxvaqveynebTan) aseve amerikasTan kontaqtebis gafarToeba-ganmtkicebas, rac ucxouri kapitalis Semotanasa da kulturisSemodinebaSi gamoixata. es periodi sparsul kulturaSirevoluciuri gardaqmnebiT gamoirCeva, rac mogvianebiT`yajaruli stilis~ saxelwodebiT mkvidrdeba. CvenTvis ammxriv gansakuTrebiT saintereso Teatraluri xelovnebaa.

iranSi xalxuri Teatri, anu, Siituri misteria `Ta`zie~,romelic islamis droidan TuU visaubrebT da uZveles epoqasaRar SevexebiT, adreuli Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba, anu, islamisepoqis saTaveebidanve momdinareobs. igi Tavdapirvelad mxolodsamgloviaro-religiuri misteria iyo. yajarTa epoqaSiSesaZlebeli aRmoCnda `Ta`zies~ Serwyma zog dasavlurTeatralur elementTan. amave dros igi aristokratul daelitarul sanaxaobad gadaiqca, rac sparsuli Teatris bunebrivdinamikaze miuTiTebs. vfiqrobT, es dinamikuri procesi dResacgrZeldeba. Semdeg Ta`zie~ ise ganviTarda, rom axali SenakadebiSeiZina da Sua saukuneebis bolosaTvis da XX saukunisdasawyisisTvis arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia da gadaiqca ara

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gansazRvravda maTi xma. yvela rolisTvis SemuSavebuli iyoesa Tu is xma, laparakis stili, yvirili, tirili, simRera da a. S.

dasebSi mravalricxovani personaJi iyo. ganarCevdnenscenarists, reJisors, reJisoris TanaSemwes, musikalur dass,wamkiTxvelebs, momRerlebs, motiralebs, meomrebs, cxovelebTanmomuSaveebs da sxvebs. maTi gasamrjelo mTlianad maTdafinansebaze iyo damokidebuli da imxanad Zalian uxvi iyo.dedaqalaqis profesiuli dasebis wevrebi SeZlebul adamianebadiqceodnen da pativiscemiTac sargeblobdnen.

msaxiobebs tansacmlis gamosacvleli oTaxebi hqondaT,Tanamedrove kulisebi. aseve kulisebis saxiT mowyobili iyocxovelebis adgili gamosvlamde da sxva damxmare saSualebebi.

Tanamedrove evropuli tipis Teatri aRmosavleTis qveynebSiindoeTSi, CineTSi da iranSi XIX saukuneSi damkvidrda. iranelidramaturgiis saTaveebi yajarebis mmarTvelobis periodisdasavlur dramatul mwerlobasTan aris dakavSirebuli.yvelaferi ki imiT daiwyo, rom faTali Sahis memkvidrem abasmirzam gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi iranel studentTa erTijgufi ganaTlebis misaRebad evropaSi (inglisi, safrangeTida sxva) gagzavna. es axalgazrdebi eziarnen ra dasavlurkulturas, TavianTi TargmanebiT iranelebs evropuli dramatuliliteratura gaacnes. pirveli, vinc ramdenime piesis msgavsinawarmoebi dawera, yajarTa dinastiis reformatori mweralimalqom xan nazem aadoule iyo. dasavluri kulturis kargmacodnam mas SesaZlebloba misca saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobisdargSi `winaswarmetyveluri wigni~ da `wesebis davTari~daewera. misi mizani iyo inteligenciasTan dialogis saSualebiTiranis kulturul sazogadoebaSi gaeRrmavebina dasavleTiskulturisadmi interesi da pativiscema.

yajarTa dinastiis (nasredinis dros) mmarTvelobisas erT-erTi TvalsaCino mwerali iyo mirza abdurrahim TalibufTabrizi. igi axundovis msgavsad aRmosavlurTan erTad kargadicnobda dasavleTis kulturasa da azrovnebas. misiTxzulebebis umetesoba (`ahmad ia safine Talebi~ – `ahmadian mZebnelis gemi~, `masal aqalmohsenin~ – `keTilmqmnelTasakiTxebi~, `ma sael al hraT~ _ `sicocxlis sakiTxebi~,

`Ta`zie~-s marTlac erovnuli Teatri mdidarTa daaristikratiis fufunebad gadaiqca, imavdroulad pativad, radgan`Ta`zie~-s dafinanseba da mxardaWera didebulebs RirsebadeTvlebodaT.

ispahanSi da TeiranSic arsebobda uzarmazari Taqieebi.warmodgenebi uSualod sasaxlis karzec imarTeboda da yajarTasagvareulos zogi warmomadgeneli Tavadac msaxiobobda.didebulebi ki am mxriv baZavdnen Sahs da mis ojaxs, xelsuwyobdnen Teatraluri Senobebis mdidrulad morTvas dagalamazebas. bevrgan aRwerilia da Caxatulic aris TeiranismTavari Taqie, - TaqiedoulaTi, romelic Ta`zie~-s brwyinvalebisanu sparsuli erovnuli Teatris centrad gvevlineba amdroisaTvis. TaqiedoulaTi aTasobiT mayurebels itevda, qalebimamakacebisagan gamoyofilad sxdebodnen. aivnebi ramdenimesarTulad adioda, sadac didebulebs sakuTari, aRmosavlurstilSi gamoWrili, yajarTa epoqis sparsuli mxatvrobiTa daCuqurTmebiT morTuli loJebi gaaCndaT. garda amisa, iyonaklebad SeZlebulTaTvis qandarebi da gasasvlelebi, sadacuamravi adamiani eteoda. aTasobiT qali da bavSvi specialuradgilze sxdeboda. TaqiedoulaTi yoelTvis gadaWedili iyoaRtacebuli mayurebliT. Yyvela evropeli TviTmxilveliaRfrTovanebiT aRgviwers imdroindel Teatralur viTarebasda ganwyobas, rac TaqiedoulaTSi da sxva TamaSxaneebSi sufevda.centraluri Teatrebi da pirvel rigSi TaqiedoulaTi uaRresadmdidruli dadgmebiT xasiaTdeboda. dekoraciebi, Cacmuloba,atributika, grimi, cocxali cxovelebis (cxenebis, aqlemebisda sxva) monawileoba. yovelive grandiozuli iyo damonumentur, waruSlel STabeWdilebas tovebda. farTodiSleboda bataluri scenebic iaraRis JRaruniTa da SeZaxilebiT,cxenebis WixviniTa da yvela saTanado aRWurvilobiT.

TaqiedoulaTi imdroindeli evropuli Teatris teqnikurxerxebs flobda da aRWurvili iyo xmis, sinaTlis da sanaxaobisefeqtebiT. zemodan eSvebodnen angelozebi, sulebi, dasrialebdnennivTebi, iqmneboda burusi, Rrubeli, naTeba, cecxli da sxva.mZlavri iyo xmovani efeqtebic. es didi modernistulinovatoroba iyo. Tavad msaxiobebis karg TamaSs didad

38 39

dasavluri kulturis mZlavri nakadis SemoWrisas dagacxovelebuli kontaqtebisas, XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSiiranma, zogadad aRmosavleTma mZlavrad gaiwia Tavisimravalgvari interesebiT dasavleTisken, iranuli kulturidanda xalxuri eposidan aRmocenebuli misteria Tazie~, romelSicimTaviTve Zveli ebrauli, Semdeg qristianuli da bolos arabulielementebic iyo SeTvisebuli, yajarTa mmarTvelobisasevropuli piesis saxiT idgmeboda da amas erTdrouladaRmosavleTic uWvretda da dasavleTic.

1. zendebi marTavdnen irans XVIII s-is II naxevarSi.

2. TaqiedoulaTi – saxelmwifo Teatraluri nageboba.

siassTTalebi – (politikosoba, politikis maZiebloba)) qveynispolitikuri, socialuri da kulturuli cxovrebis gardaqmna-ganaxlebis, modernizmis da reformebis surviliTaa gaJRenTili.gardaqmnaSi igi upirvelesad evropasTan daaxloebasgulisxmobda. yovelivem didi roli Seasrula iranulikulturis, maT Soris Teatraluri xelovnebis evropulkulturasTan urTierTobis gafarToeba-ganmtkicebaSi.

yajarul kulturaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravsminiaturul xelovnebas. marTalia igi sparsuli xelovnebiswamyvani dargi ar yofila, magram sasanidebis dinastiidanmoyolebuli sparsuli erovnuli kulturis ganuyofelinawilia. Sirazis, Tavrizisa da ispahanis miniaturuli skolebiamdidrebda da nacionalur iers hmatebda sparsul xelovnebas.sparsulma miniaturulma xelovnebam, romelmac Tavis drozeCinuris garkveuli gavlena ganicada, mogvianebiT Tavad gaamdidraSua saukuneebis qarTuli miniatura.

iranSi literaturuli nawarmoebebis miniaturebiT Semkobisdidi tradicia iyo. Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic xelnawerebixSiradaa damSvenebuli miniaturebiT. sayuradReboa rom`vefxistyaosanis~ miniaturebi garkveul msgavsebas avlenen Xsaukunis udidesi sparseli poetis firdousis `Sahnames~miniaturebTan. saqarTveloSi xelnawerTa institutSi daculiaris sparsuli miniaturebi, xolo xelovnebis muzeumSi _yajaruli portretebi. am umSvenieresma da unikalurmakoleqciam akademikos Salva amiranaSvilis ZalisxmeviTermitaJidan missave daarsebul xelovnebis muzeumSi XIXsaukunis 30-iani wleebSi daido bina.

amrigad sparsulma Teatrma yajarebis mmarTvelobisperiodSi Tavisi ganviTarebis zenits miaRwia iranuliminiaturis axali principebis Camoyalibebasa da damkvidrebaSididi roli iTamaSa erovnulma xelovnebam.Yyajaruli mxatvrobisunikaluri nimuSebi iranuli miniaturidan dazguri ferwerismimarTulebiT evoluciis, tradiciuli iranuli kulturisda dasavlur-evropuli dazguri ferweris mxatvruli sinTezissaukeTeso magaliTia.

40 41

xalxi mxolod socialuri problemebiTa da im adamianuriproblemebiT iqneboda dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, romelsacsiyvaruli da megobroba erqmeoda saxelad. k. marjaniSvili,upirvelesad, xelovani iyo. a. lunaCarski werda, rom revoluciaSinaganad Tanxmieri aRmoCnda marjaniSvilis Teatraluritemperamentisao. reJisors gulwrfelad sjeroda imsazogadoebis, romelSic cxovrobda. sxvagvarad is vergaxdeboda kievis Teatrebis komisari _ am udidespasuxismgeblobas gamarTleba sWirdeboda da manac gaamarTla_ misi `fuente ovexuna~ kievis yof. solovcovis TeatrSisabWoTa Teatris uzarmazari gamarjveba iyo.

genialuri lope de vegas es piesa gansakuTrebiT aqtualurigaxda sabWoTa xelisuflebis damyarebis pirvel wlebSi.sakmarisia Teatris istoriidan gavixsenoT, rom wiTel generlebsTeTrgvardielebis winaaRmdeg omSi gasagzavnad Sekrebili jarisnawilebi jer am speqtaklze mohyavdaT da meore diliTagzavnidnen frontze, Tvlidnen ra, rom amaze ukeTesi agitacia,rac tiranis winaaRmdeg ajanyebuli soflis erTianobisa dasimtkicis Teatraluri Cveneba iyo, ar arsebobda da marTlac,jariskacebi kiTxvaze, romelsac cxvris wyaros mcxovreblebsusvamdnen _ `vin mokla gomes~, nacvlad msaxiobTa pasuxisa,darbazSi grgvinavdnen: `fuente ovexunam~ da am yviriliTegz altirebulni d a s abr Zolvelad anTe bulni ,`internacionalis~ simReriT tovebdnen darbazs.

g. kriJicki statiaSi kote marjaniSvilis fuente ovexuna~werda, rom am piesam samjer miipyro yuradReba da gamoxataxalxis saukeTeso miswrafebebi da ideebi. es iyo sami dadgma:1876 wels moskovis mcire TeatrSi m. ermolovas monawileobiT,1919 wels kievSi _ v. iurenevas monawileobiT da 1936-38wlebSi gmirul madridSi _ karmen munias garis monawileobiT.

am sami warmodgenis paTosi gaiziara 1922 wlis 25 noembersqarTul sabWoTa TeatrSi ganxorcielebulma `fuenteovexunamac~, romelic mravalmxriv saetapo aRmoCnda misTvis.

kote marjaniSvili qarTul TeatrSi maSin movida, rodesacukve idga misi daxurvisa da studiur muSaobaze gadasvlissakiTxi. is TbilisSi rusuli Teatris mowveviT Camovida

nino maWavariani

lope de vegas `fuente ovexuna”

(`cxvris wyaro”) rusTavelis TeatrSi

qarTuli sabWoTa Teatris istoria is istoriaa, romelSicTeatrs Tavisi problemebi da miznebi, Tavisi mxatvrulisaTqmeli da mizandasaxuleba socialurma yofam dapolitikurma situaciam Seucvala da axali drois mxardamxarsiaruli dausaxa miznad. qarTulma Teatralurma sinamdvilemmxari ver auba sayovelTao aRfrTovanebas axali droisdadgomasTan dakavSirebiT da am faqts Tanamedrove cxovrebisamsaxveli dramaturgiis ararsebobasTan erTad axaligamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis, mxatvruli meTodisa da stilisaucileblobis problemac daerTo. erovnuli dramaturgiakargi iyo, magram is socialur problematikas exeboda da arapolitikurs. axal xelisuflebas ki sWirdeboda Teatri-tribuna Tavisi ideebis ukeT gamoxatvisaTvis. anu, sxva sityvebiTrom vTqvaT, politikuri Teatri.

sabWoTa xelisuflebis gamarjvebisas marjaniSvili imxelovanTa rigebSi idga, vinc revolucia ganaxlebad miiRoda sixaruliT Sexvda mas. swored am mRelvare dros dainaxaman Teatris didi roli xalxze ideuri zegavlenis moxdenisTvalsazrisiT.

Teatrs genialuri kote marjaniSvili dResaswauladaRiqvamda. `... xelovnebis azri mudam iyo, aris da iqnebadResaswauli, e. i., is ritmi, romelic xelovnebis nawarmoebidangadmoecema Cvens sisxls da aiZulebs Cvens guls ara yofiTiyoveldRiurobiT, aramed sul sxvagvarad cemdes.~1 is yofiTSieZiebda amaRlebuls, amaRlebulSi ki _ diads. istoriisqartexilebma mis Semoqmedebas Taviseburi kvali daaCnia _yovelma movlenam, romelic misi boboqari cxovrebis boboqarwlebSi moxda, axali speqtaklis an speqtaklis axleburad,Tanamedroveobis aqcentiT dadgmis idea aRZra masSi. isgulwrfelad etrfoda xalxis Tavisuflebis, mCagvrelTawinaaRmdeg brZolis da demokratiuli erTianobis ideas, sadac

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mesxiSvili daasaxela da mas patriotuli dramis batonobauwoda; Tanamedrove periodis ganxilvisas ki aRniSna, romganvlili repertuari aRar Seefereba Teatrs. saWiroa pirvelrigSi, repertuaris gardaqmnao.5

TbilisSi marjaniSvilis Camosvla did movlenad iqca.xelisuflebis organoebma da qalaqis inteligenciam qarTuliTeatris ganaxlebis saqmeSi moiwadines misi CarTva, magramdidi reJisoris mizani qarTul TeatrSi muSaoba ar yofila.

1922 wlis 11 seqtembers gaimarTa ganaTlebis saxalxokomisariatis mTavari saxelovnebo komitetis sxdoma, romelzecixileboda qarTuli dramis muSaobis Semdgomi gaumjobesebissakiTxi da misi ganxilvisaTvis mowveul iqna marjaniSvilic.igi Sepirda sxdomis wevrebs, rom dadgamda erT speqtakls.`me Camovel TbilisSi droebiT, samudamod aq darCena arSemiZlia. me axal ZiebaTa gzaze var... Cemi TbilisSi muSaobaiqneba epizoduri. aqedan me vfiqrob evropaSi wasvlas da iqmuSaobas. mxolod TbilisSi yofnis dros minda intensiurimuSaobis gaCaReba, rom raime sargebloba movutano adgilobrivTeatralur xelovnebas. me minda safuZveli Cavuyaro axalmiRwevaTa Ziebas, axal Teatrs. SemdegSi muSaoba gagrZeldebainerciiT da siyvaruliT...~.6 SemdgomSi reJisorma isaubrasinTezuri Teatris, sinTezuri msaxiobis Sesaxeb. man TeatrismesveurT SesTavaza studiis Camoyalibeba da Tu arsebobda,mis muSaobaSi monawileobis miReba, magram masTan muSaobisyvelaze kargi skola mis warmodgenebSi monawileoba iyo,risi bednierebac male wilad xvda rusTavelis Teatrisaxalgazrdobas.

kievis brwyinvale dadgmis paTosis qarTul scenazegadmotana SesaniSnavi idea iyo. qarTul Teatrs swored esrevoluciuri paTosi da sabrZolo suliskveTeba sWirdebodaaxali drois majiscemis gadmosacemad. rusTavelis Teatrismomavali imaze iyo damokidebuli, rogor miiRebda axali,sabWoTa saqarTvelo da misi mayurebeli axal speqtakls. isunda yofiliyo revoluciuri suliT gamsWvaluli, xalxismebrZoli sulisa da misi ideebis gamomxatveli.

1922 wlis 6 seqtembers. ruseTSi 25 wlis moRvaweobam masgamoCenili da niWieri xelovanis saxeli daumkvidra.` marjaniSvili magaliTi iyo erovnul kulturaTaurTierTzegavlenis im rTuli procesisa, romelic Tavis daRsasvams Teatrs da gulisxmobs sxvadasxva erovnebiswarmomadgenelTa nayofier TanamSromlobas~.2

1918 wels g. jabadaris xelmZRvanelobiT Seiqmna studia,magram qarTuli Teatris aRmavlobaSi verc man da verccalkeuli Teatraluri dasebis Camoyalibebam gardatexa verSeitana.

1921 wlis 1 maisis dekretiT saqarTvelos yvela Teatrisnacionalizacia gamocxadda. maisSive saqarTvelos ssr saxalxokomisarTa sabWos dadgenilebiT Seiqmna saxelmwifo TeatrebissammarTvelo. gansaxkomis Teatraluri ganyofilebis gamgeddainiSna S. dadiani.

`cxovrebis yovel mxares etyoba ganaxleba, axlis Zieba.mxolod Teatri gvimaspinZldeba Zveli, momabezrebeliSablonebiT. samwuxaroa, rom Teatris direqcias sxva veraferimounaxavs Tu ar `avgarozi~, `sinaTle~, `Tamar cbieri~ dasxva aseTi dramatuli sacodaobani~, _ werda imdroindelipresa.3 revoluciuri piesebis uqonlobam da aTasgzisgadaReWili piesebis gadamRerebam ara mxolod mayurebelidaukarga Teatrs, Teatris moRvaweebic moaduna da presa kiise ganarisxa, rom a. wereTlis `Tamar cbieri~ da a. cagarlis`xanumac~ ki daawunebina.

1922 wlis 7 maiss rusTavelis TeatrSi gaixsna sruliadsaqarTvelos msaxiobTa yriloba, romlis dRis wesrigSiqarTuli Teatris savalalo mdgomareobis sakiTxic undaganxiluliyo. am sakiTxze moxsenebiT gamovidnen al. imedaSvilida al. axmeteli. msaxiobi reJisuris gaumjobesebas moiTxovda,axalgazrda reJisori ki – meti erovnuli suliskveTebisgamomJRavnebas speqtaklebSi.4 gaz. lomisma~ qarTuli TeatrisganviTarebis istoria etapebad dayo _ g. erisTavis da mismimdevarTa (z. antonovi, a. cagareli) _ am periodma msaxiobebismTeli pleada Seqmna n. gabunias, v. abaSiZis, k. yifianis, m.safarov-abaSiZis saxiT; Semdegi etapis magaliTad lado

44 45

marto siuJeti, e. i., is araa, ras `TamaSob~, aramed `rogorTamaSob~... ai, am `rogor TamaSob~-Si mJRavndeba formaca daSinaarsic...

`...Cvens winaSea lope de vegas `cxvris wyaro~... nuTuimiT aris igi saintereso, rom cxvris wyaros glexebs aviwroebskalatravis ordenis tirani da konfliqtSi keTilmowyalemefe Caereva da Tavisi kurTxeuli xeliT xalxs tiranismkvlelobas apatiebs?!..

ara, amiT ki ara, siuJetis iseTi gamoyenebiT, rom dRevandelimayurebeli davrazmoT. xalxs Tu raime safrTxe moelis, mankoleqtiurad gasces mters pasuxi. maSin msaxiobebis kiTxvaze _

vin mohkla gomec?parteridan miviRebT gulwrfel SeZaxils _ fuente ovexunam!!!ai, Cemi dadgmis miznobrivi mxare~.8

rogorc cnobilia, cxvris wyaro~ pirveli qarTuli sabWoTaspeqtaklia (sur. 3). misi novatoruli xasiaTi, upirvelesad,dadgmis Tvisobrivad axal mxatvrul principSi mdgomareobda,romlis erTi mTavari niSanTagani swored is iyo, rom yovelipersonaJi speqtaklis mTliani mxatvruli gaazrebisa da mkveTrisocialuri ideis Sesatyvisi da srulfasovani gamomxatveliunda yofiliyo. es iyo motanili msaxiobTa TamaSiT,scenografiiT, scenuri moZraobiT. marjaniSvilma saTeatromxatvrobas speqtaklis Sinaarsisa da misi dedaazris gaxsnaSierT-erTi mTavari roli miakuTvna. man xuTmoqmedebiani piesasam moqmedebad da 33 epizodad dayo. erTmaneTs dinamiuradcvlidnen scenebi _ pirveli plani aq dramis mTavar personaJs_ xalxs hqonda daTmobili da amdenad, xalxuri scenebimoedanze TamaSdeboda. meore plans warmoadgenda epizodebisasaxleSi da sasamarTlos scenebi. scenis marjvena mxaresdiagonalur xazze aRmarTuli iyo espanuri arqiteqturisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi sasceno dazgidan ori safexuriTamaRlebuli sada kamara. kamarazec sada farda iyoCamofarebuli. farda kedlis moxatulobiT warmoadgendasasaxlis darbazs, sasamarTlos, mgistris saxlis derefansda a. S. scenis marcxena mxares ritmulad iyo ganlagebuli

pirveli Sexvedra dasTan 1922 wlis 28 seqtembers Sedga,magram damdgmeli reJisoris pirveli emociebi pirvel, meoreda mesame repeticiaze msaxiobTa upasuxismgeblodamokidebulebam CaaxSo. isini CaiSala maTi gamoucxadeblobisgamo. am faqtidan erTi daskvnis gamotanac SeiZleba _ qarTuliTeatri zereled ekideboda SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis sirTuleebs_ teqstis arcodna, dagvianeba, repeticiis an sulac speqtaklisgacdena Cveulebriv movlenad aRiqmeboda. pirveli, rac qmnisSemoqmedebiT atmosferos, es disci plina da wesrigia,gansakuTrebiT iseT koleqtivSi, rogoric Teatria, romelicSemoqmedebiT produqts mxolod koleqtiurad qmnis. gardareJisor-damdgmelis movaleobisa, marjaniSvils disciplinisaRdgena, msaxiobTa SemoqmedebiT wesrigSi moyvanac daekisra.Teatris mxatvruli xelmZRvaneloba udidesi misia iyo, raSicmas didi energiis daxarjva mouxda. maSasadame, es iyo dasisorganizaciuli, teqnikuri da mokled rom vTqvaT,marjaniSviliseul Teatralur ritmSi moyvanis periodi, racreJisorma Tavisi cnobili SemoqmedebiTi simkacriT ioladSeZlo.

`marjaniSvili amsxvrevs Cveulebriv normebs~ (igulisxmebabenefisebis, patara jgufTa gastrolebis sistema, damkvidrebulirevoluciamdel TeatrSi – n. m.), amkvidrebs msaxiobTa muSaobisaxal princi pebs... msaxiobebTan muSaobis dros is didmniSvnelobas aniWebda piesis ambisa da rolebis Rrmafsiqologiuri analizis meTods, gmirTa qcevis SinaganimimarTulebisa da maTi swori urTierTobis gansazRvras, piesisda rolebis ganxilvas nakveTebisa da amocanebis mixedviT,detalebis povnas, msaxiobTa erTiani da mwyobri, erTi ideiTgaerTianebuli ansamblis Seqmnas.7

`fuente ovexuna~ erTaderTi piesaa aRorZinebis epoqisa,romelSic xalxi mTavari mamoZravebeli Zala da mTavaripersonaJia. piesis monarqistuli finali lope de vegas epoqisdawerili iyo. sxvagvarad dramaturgi kvlav inkviziciissamsjavroze moxvdeboda, sadac ara erTxel gamocxadebulaTavisi cxovrebis manZilze.

repeticiebis dawyebamde dasisadmi mimarTul sityvaSimarjaniSvili ase ganmartavda piesis dadgmis mizans: ` ... saqme

46 47

ar SeuZlia arseboba drois, epoqis gareSe, radgan udavoa, romyovel epoqas gaaCnia Tavisi Teatri iseve, rogorc Tavisisinamdvile~.11 Zveli, saxelmoxveWili msaxiobebi amCnevdnen, rogoriazrebda marjaniSvili TviTeul sityvas, ramden qveteqstsdebda masSi. reJisoriseuli sityva, moqmedeba, Jesti,gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis simdidre, Suq-Crdilebisazrobrivi datvirTviT gamoyeneba da, rogorc i. griSaSviliSeniSnavda, novelebiviT dawerili mizanscenebi ara mxolodmayureblis, TviT Teatris msaxiobTa aRtacebas iwvevda.

msaxiobi b. gamrekeli Tavis mogonebebSi aRniSnavda: `kotemsul mokle xanSi moaxerxa yvela monawilis SemoqmedebiTiTaviseburebis gamovlena... bevr dros andomebda sityvaze daxmaze muSaobas, sxeulis gawrTobas. amitom Cven ukve amspeqtaklis Semdeg vgrZnobdiT, rom udidesi skola gaviareT,rom win ufro saintereso muSaoba mogvelis~.12

ase gardaiqmnen msaxiobebi erTmaneTis Tvalwin T. WavWavaZisnacvlad _ cecxlovan laurensiad, g. daviTaSviliseul eSxianda siyvaruliT anTebul frondozod, a. vasaZiseul xumaramengod, t. abaSiZiseul celq da enaWikWika paskvalad,imedaSviliseul brZen estevanad...

speqtakli kontrastebze iyo agebuli. sasixarulo gancdebisepizodebs enacvleboda mwuxarebis scenebi da kvlav piriqiT.am monacvleobiT reJisors undoda eCvenebina, rom Tavisuflebismosapoveblad saWiroa ara monoba da xvewna-mudara, aramediaraRiT xelSi brZola. am ganwyobis gasaRviveblad manaucileblad CaTvala Seemcirebina komandoris dialogebimsaxurebTan, magistrTan (meore moqmedebis pirveli, meore, mexuTegamosvlebi), scenebi magistrTan toroSi, tordesilarSi daalmagroSi da mTeli finali Seekveca, ris gamoc darCenilmascenebma meti dinamikuroba SeiZines da ideuri CanafiqrigamokveTes. amave mosazrebiT iyo gadajgufebuli rigi epizodebi.mag., komandoris jariskacebis mier xasintas motaceba meoremoqmedebis me-11 suraTidan me-9 suraTSi iyo gadatanili,komandoris wasvla siudad-realze gasalaSqreblad me-6suraTis nacvlad me-10-Si iyo gadatanili da amdenad, komandorisuxamsi qcevebi fuente ovexunaSi yofnisas naCvenebi iyo

sami koSki. or koSks Sua adioda kibe, mesame ki perspeqtivisTvisiyo gankuTvnili. ase iyofoda scena did da patara scenebad.naTdeboda xolme is mxare, sadac mimdinareobda moqmedeba.sicocxle da xalisi Cqefda axalgazrdebis epizodebSi.marjaniSviliseuli Suq-Crdilebi am speqtaklSi maqsimaluradiyo gamoyenebuli. piesis dasawyisidanve komandoris Cabnelebulscenas laurensias, mengos, paskvalas, frondozos gamoCenisTanavemzis mcxunvare sxivebiT daferili aremare cvlida. mTeliwarmodgenis manZilze sikeTe ebrZoda borotebas _ sinaTleebrZoda sibneles.

kompozitori Tamar vaxvaxiSvili did reJisorisscenografiul muSaobas ase aRwerda: `kote uaRresad faqizadepyroboda kompozitoris Sromas... misTvis Zvirfasi iyo yovelimusikaluri fraza... kote marjaniSvili speqtakls xedavdaferebisa da musikis prizmaSi. sinaTlis gama Tan axlavdamusikas, es ki TavisTavad SeTanxmebuli iyo sityvasTan dayvelaferTan, rac scenaze xdeboda. musikisa da ferebis(sinaTlis) Serwymas speqtaklSi k. marjaniSvili iseT didmniSvnelobas aniWebda, rom speqtaklis montaJis drosac kiibarebda orkestrs da samxatvro nawils.~9

m arjaniSvilma axalgazrda kompozitors yvelamniSvnelovani scenisa da msaxiobisaTvis calk-calke daawerinamusikaluri daxasiaTeba. eseni iyo: saqorwino, mengos somRera,komandorisTvis saCuqrebis mirTmevis, da sxv. lirikulimelodia gaismoda laurensias sasiyvarulo teqstebiswarmoTqmisas, Zlier emociur scenebSi gongi JRerda.gamoyenebuli iyo mZime da msubuqi hangebis gaZliereba-Sesustebis efeqti. yvela es erTian partituras qmnida, romelicmusikalurad amTlianebda speqtakls mxatvrul efeqtebTanerTad. erTianobaSi ki is did mxatvrul zemoqmedebas axdenda.

`mizanscenebze gadasvlisas yvela sulganabuli,gancvifrebuli Sescqeris marjaniSvils... erTi mizanscenidangamomdinareobs meore, mesame, meoTxe... ager wyvili, jgufi,didi masiuri scena... ra ganlageba, ra skulpturuli jgufebi...ra dinamiuroba~.10

`marjaniSvili Tvlida, rom Teatrs unda SeeZlosTanamedrove cxovrebis tempis SegrZneba. Teatris xelovnebas

48 49

kani, elvare sayureebi, kabis Sriali _ yovelive es harmoniuladerwymoda mis unapiro energias, avlenda mis mozeime, sicocxliTsavse, mxiarul bunebas. msaxiobi laurensias mebrZol, gmirulsuls warmosaxavda~,13 _ speqtaklis aqtioruli ansambli amscenuri saxis gamkveTrebas emsaxureboda, magram es speqtaklimniSvnelovani iyo imiT, rom TviTeuli msaxiobi, Tavis rolTanerTad grZnobda gverdiT mdgom kolegas da TamaSobda masTanerTad. aq ar iyo mxolod sakuTar rolze fiqri. es iyoWeSmaritad koleqtiuri Semoqmedeba, romelic namdvil nayofsiZleva. amouwuravi iyo a. vasaZis mengos Sinagani energia,moswrebuli xumrobebi, vaJkacuri, moxdenili frondozo – g.daviTaSvili mgznebared iyo Seyvarebuli laurensiaze,impozanturi estevani _ al. imedaSvili organulad iyo CarTuliaxalgazrdebis emociur TamaSSi.

speqtakli imdenad didi politikuri mniSvnelobis damxatvruli masStabis movlena iyo, rom man waruSleli kvalidaaCnia saqarTvelos kulturul cxovrebas. imdroindelirecenziebi ufro emociur xasiaTs atarebdnen, vidre kvleviTs.isini ZiriTadad exebodnen dadgmas. calkeul Semsruleblebski gakvriT aRniSnavdnen. gansakuTrebiT mcirea masala immsaxiobTa Sesaxeb, romlebic epizodur rolebSi iyvnendakavebulni.

SeiZleboda Seevso msaxiobebis mogonebebs, magram arc t.abaSiZe ixsenebs Tavis paskvalas, arc n. gociriZe _ Tavispirvel rexidors, imedaSvili Tavis wignSi erT sityvasac aruTmobs estevanis saxis ganxilvas _ isini yvelani vrcladda farTod saubroben marjaniSvilze da mis did rolzeqarTul TeatrSi.

speqtaklis naTeli da xalisiani ganwyobis erT-erTibrwyinvale gamomxatveli swored t. abaSiZis paskvala yofila.arc sakvirvelia, _ ukve saxelmoxveWili msaxiobi qali, didivasosa da makos Rirseuli memkvidre, mTeli Tavisi aqtiorulibunebiTa da gamocdilebiT savsebiT Seesatyviseboda paskvalassaxes da, rogorc ostati, bevrad uaxlovdeboda kidecmarjaniSvilis ocnebas `sinTetur msaxiobze~.

TanmimdevrobiT, ris Sedegadac glexTa ukmayofilebaviTardeboda da aRwevda kulminacias _ isini janydebodnen.

`cxvris wyaros~ idea rusTavelis Teatris dadgmaSi iyo_ revolucias xalxi qmnis. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom speqtakli`cxvris wyaro~ imdroindeli qarTuli TeatrisaTvis uCveulomtkice ansambliT gamoirCeoda, rom dadgmis mTavari ZarRvi _amboxebulTa erTsulovneba _ yvela monawileTa gasaocradzusti, SeTanxmebuli TamaSisa da SemoqmedebiTi enTuziazmisSedegad iqmneboda, maSin, cxadia, rom `cxvris wyaros~ didigamarjveba imis nayofi iyo, rom speqtaklis yvela monawileswarmatebiT Seusrulebia Tavisi roli.

mTavari mainc Tamar WavWavaZis laurensia iyo. am axalbedamsaxiobze iyo damokidebuli speqtaklis bedi. Zlieri xma,cecxlovani Tvalebi, aseTive temperamenti, axalgazrduliSemarTeba da siTamame _ rusTavelis TeatrSi marjaniSvilismier gamarTul gamocdaze gasuli Tamari, romelsac kotemlaurensias rolis Seswavla daavala, speqtaklSi, savaraudod,didi reJisoris mier msax. a. qiqoZis dubliorad iyomoazrebuli. a. qiqoZem uari Tqva rolze. misma gamgzavrebamqalaqidan reJisori ganarisxa, axalgazrda Tamars ki frTebiSeasxa.

es roli sakmaod rTuli iyo Tavisi kontrastebis gamo _mxiaruleba da sevda, mixvedriloba da miamitoba, ukiduresisiamaye da aseTive damcireba, anTebuli temperamentiTwarmoTqmuli sityvebi da gulcivi dacinva axalgazrdamsaxiobis SesrulebaSi organulad iyo Serwymuli, racaRafrTovanebda reJisors. patara, sofleli gogona mayurebelTaTvalwin gardaiqmneboda Zlier pirovnebad, romelmac `cxvriswyaros~ _ am simbolurad mJReri, wynari soflis mcxovreblebissabrZolo suliskveTebiT anTeba da tiranis damxobisaTvissaWiro emociebis gamowveva SeZlo. misi monologi, ramacxalxi sabrZolvelad darazma, iyo speqtaklis is dramatulikulminacia, romelic aRelvebda scenasa da darbazs. `WavWavaZelaurensias rols didi STagonebiT asrulebda. laurensiaSiboboqrobda simamace da SemarTeba. misi mxiaruli Rimili,kekluci siaruli, momajadoebeli TeTri kbilebi, Savgvremani

50 51

gadaiqca, romlis Caqrobac aravis ZaluZs. vaSa Tqven, Zvirfasomegobrebo! qarTveli megobrebi maradJams TqvenTan iqnebian~.

aRfrTovanebuli recenzentebi reJisors qarTuli Teatrisganmaaxleblad miiCnevdnen. qarTveli mwerali raJden gvetaZewerda: `gamoCnda mesia (es ar aris hiperbola –r. g.), romelmaces mosalodneli da naxevrad faqtadqceuli sircxvili(igulisxmeba mosazrebebi Teatris sezonis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb– n. m.) aaSora qarTul Teatrs... sanaxaoba molodins aWarbebs,msaxiobebis gamocnoba Zneldeba – yvela maTgani ise ariangardaqmnilni da Tavis pirvel Tavs daSorebulni, gakvirvebasiwvevs maTi moZraobis ritmi da taqti _ uCveulo CveniscenisaTvis. ufro cxoveldeba interesi masiuri scenisTanamwyobriTi moqmedebiT. ansambli, _ es yovelTvis disonansiyovel warmodgenaSi, gasaocari organiuli kavSiriT miyvebapiesis nervs. SeuCerebeli moqmedeba... arc erTi wami moZraobisgareSe... arsad harmoniis darRveva... arc sufliori... da asebolomdis... aseTi Sesruleba qarTul scenas ar unaxavs~.16

Teatrs am did gamarjvebas ulocavda aseve al. sumbaTaSvil-iuJini: `me ar makvirvebs Tqveni niWi, arc Tqveni temperamentiarc sxeulis moqniloba da lamazi pozebi, arc umaRlessafexuramde aweuli sasceno teqnika!. CemTvis, rogorc sascenospecialistisaTvis, gansacvifrebeli da didmniSvnelovania is`grZnoba zomierebisa~, egreTwodebuli Sinagani ritmi, racTqven gamoiCineT dRes da rac iSviaTi movlenaa scenaze...~.17

gansakuTrebuli siTboTi aRwers speqtaklsa da mis mTavargmirs u. CxeiZe, romelic Tvlis, rom laurensias rolis `T.WavaWavaZeze ukeT ganmxorcielebels ver ipovida qarTulscenaze~.18

`cxvris wyaroSi~ farTod iCina Tavi marjaniSvilisgasaocarma unarma _ aRuZras msaxiobs SemoqmedebiTi iniciativa,Rrmad Caaxedos igi personaJis bunebaSi, amomwuravi sisruliTgamoamJRavnebinos mas Tavisi aqtioruli monacemebi. albaTamis Sedegi iyo, rom Tumca speqtakli Tavisi aqtiorulimizandasaxulobiT, gadawyvetiT, mxatvruli xerxebis momarjvebiT,ansambliT, ritmiT da saerTod mTeli SemoqmedebiTi kompleqsiT,axali da uCveulo iyo msaxiobebisaTvis, maT mainc SeZlesgamarjveba.

aseve aRsaniSnavi iyo axalgazrda, sruliad gamoucdelimsaxiobis a. vasaZis SesaniSnavi namuSevari. u. CxeiZe werda:`cxvris wyarosTan~ dakavSirebiT SeuZlebelia ar movixsenioTmisi ori monawile T. WavWavaZe da ak. vasaZe ara marto imisgamo, rom speqtaklis gamarjvebaSi maT gansakuTrebuli roliiTamaSes, aramed, rogorc T. WavWavaZisTvis, ise ak. vasaZisTvis`cxvris wyaros~ hqonda udidesi mniSvneloba, radgan laurensiasda mengos rolebSi daisaxa aqtioruli SemoqmedebiTi gza.marjaniSvilma Tu i pova T. WavWavaZesa da ak. vasaZeSilaurensiasa da mengos saukeTeso Semsrulebelni, maT amrolebSi monaxes Tavi, rogorc aqtiorebma.14

g. kriJickim rusTavelis TeatrSi dadgmul cxvris wyaros~optimisturi tragedia uwoda.

1922 wlis 25 noembris premiera samudamod aRibeWdaqarTuli Teatris istoriaSi. aRfrTovanebul mayurebelsspeqtaklis damTavrebis Semdeg meore speqtaklis naxvac mouxda,romelic, pirvelisagan gansxvavebiT, aravis dadgmuli iyo daspontanurad daibada _ misi gamomwvevi mizezi kvlavmarjaniSvilis genia iyo. gamoCenilma qarTvelma poetma sosogriSaSvilma eqspromti miuZRvna did reJisorsa da msaxiobebs:

`gaxeuli dramis farda gahkereT da agviristeT,da me giJad vin momnaTlavs, rom migiRoT axal qristed!Cvens qviSian oqros zodebs gasarCevad xeli axle,da ruseTiT Camosulma espaneTSi dagvasaxle.Senma niWma Cvens scenaze TviT qvebic ki aTamaSada mec meti raRa meTqmis: vaSa! vaSa! vaSa! vaSa! 15

aRfrTovanebul ovaciebSi paolo iaSvilma meore iarusisloJidan mimarTa sityviT: `...promeTeosis msgavsma didmaxelovanma kote marjaniSvilma olimpis mTidan mostaca muzebscecxli da `cxvris wyaroSi~ iseTi koconi daanTo, rom axlaaravis ZaluZs misi Caqroba. xelovnebis sardal kotes gverdSiamoudgnen Wabukni da turfa asulni _ Tamar WavWavaZe, giorgidaviTaSvili, akaki vasaZe, daviT CxeiZe, veriko anjafariZe, mixeillorTqifaniZe, uSangi CxeiZe, xolo Zveli gvardiidan _ tasoabaSiZe, aleqsandre imedaSvili, niko gvaraZe da brZolac moiges,ferflSi mbJutavi naRverdali gaRvivda da iseT cecxlad

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gubaz megreliZe

daviT CxeiZis mniSvnelovani mogoneba

saqarTvelos Teatris, musikis, kinosa da qoreografiissaxelmwifo muzeumSi (f. 1, saqme-756, x _@20580/1, 20892/11)daculia cnobili Teatraluri moRvawis daviT CxeiZis (1892-1973) saintereso mogoneba. igi sandro axmetelis cxovrebisada moRvaweobis im detalebs exeba, romlebic specialistebisada sazogadoebisaTvis DdRemde ucnobia.

daviT CxeiZe 1917 wels aqtiurad monawileobda msaxiobTakavSiris daarsebaSi da airCies gamgeobis wevrad. 1920-27wlebSi rusTavelis Teatris msaxiobia, xolo 1922-23 ww.amave Teatris komisari. 1927-28 ww. baqos qarTuli Teatrisgamge da msaxiobia, 1928 w. moRvaweobda `saxkinmrewvSi~, 1929w. Seadgina uxuces msaxiobTa dasi da warmodgenebs marTavdaTbilissa da saqarTvelos raionebSi. 1931-48 ww. marjaniSvilisTeatris msaxiobia. 1948 w. iyo xelovnebis muSakTa saxlisdireqtoris moadgile da samxatvro xelmZRvaneli. 1954 w.gardacvalebamde saq. Teatraluri sazogadoebis prezidiumispasuxismgebeli mdivani.

mogonebebi oTx sxvadasxva variantad arsebobs, romlebicstilisturad gavmarTeT, movlenebi SevajereT, qronologiuraddavalageT da gaerTianebuli saxiT warmovadgineT, rom sxvagangafantuli epizodebi ar dakarguliyo, Tumca avtoriseulistili SevinarCuneT. erTi maTgani daTariRebulia 1967 wlis14 apriliT, rodesac s. axmetelis dabadebidan 80 wlisiubile aRiniSna, magram avtors igi ar gamouqveynebia. sxvavariantebi dauTariRebelia.

daviT CxeiZe saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis s. axmetelispeterburgSi swavlis periodze, qarTvel studentTascenismoyvareTa warmodgenebisa da monawileTa Sesaxeb, romelTagvarebi pirvelad ixsenieba. im periodSi igi fsiqonevrologiurinstitutSi swavlobda, magram pirveli msoflio omis dawyebisSemdeg samSobloSi dabrunda. Semdgom avtori exeba 1917wels msaxiobTa kavSiris daarsebasa da rusTavelis TeatrSi

albaT amis Sedegi iyo isic, rom revoluciamdeli qarTuliTeatris gamoCenili msaxiobebi da axalgazrdebi, romlebicmarjaniSvilma warmoaCina Teatralur sarbielze, daeuflnenerTian SemoqmedebiT enas, erTian mxatvrul stilSiganaxorcieles rolebi da safuZveli Cauyares sabWoTa qarTuliTeatris samsaxiobo ostatobis tradiciebs.

scenaze momxdar movlenebs ar SeiZleboda asociaciebi argamoewvia qarTvel mayurebelSi, romelsac axlo warsulSidamoukideblobisaTvis brZolis, socialuri Tu erovnuliCagvris da uamravi msxverplis gaRebis Semdgom axalipolitikuri realobis winaSe dgoma mouxda. xalxi, romelicimarjvebs _ es ocneba qarTul scenaze romantikulisaburveliT Seimosa da is miRebul iqna, rogorc axalimxatvruli realoba _ is silamaze da dResaswauli, romlisSeqmnac kote marjaniSvilis SemoqmedebiT devizs warmoadgenda.

1. S. maWavariani. qarTuli sabWoTa Teatri, Tb., 19622. e. guguSvili. kote marjaniSvili, Tb., 1972, gv. 3493. ix.: gaz. `komunisti~, 1922. 12. 01. #94. ix.: gaz. `komunisti~, 1922. 17. 05. #110

5. ix.: gaz. `lomisi~, 1922. 03. 09. #1; 1922. 17. 09. #3.6. ix.: k. marjaniSvili, memuarebi, 19477. e. guguSvili. kote marjaniSvili, Tb., 1972, gv. 3688. k. marjaniSvili. memuarebi, 1947, gv. 81

9. krebuli cxvris wyaro~, Tb., 1959, gv. 4910. iqve: gv 32.11. e. guguSvili. kote marjaniSvili, Tb., 1972, gv. 31312. krebuli cxvris wyaro~, Tb., 1959, gv. 33

13. e. guguSvili. kote marjaniSvili, Tb., 1972, gv. 36914. kreb. cxvris wyaro~. Tb., 1959, gv. 59)15 k. marjaniSvilis saiubileo krebuli, Tb., 1948, gv, 4916 ix.: gaz, `komunisti~. 1922. 28. 11. #273

17 ix.: gaz, `lomisi~. 1923. 01. #18.

18 u. CxeiZe. mogonebebi da werilebi. Tb., 1956, gv. 52

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amasTan yvelas smenas miswvdenoda _ reJisors arc saTeatroganaTleba aqvs da arc gamocdilebao.Ees sandrosTvismourideblad pirSic bevrs uTqvams.

moicaT, aba naxavT, ras izams eg anaga-vaqireli!Aimedianadmxolod Salva dadiani ambobda da yvelas aSoSminebda. TavisgumanSi arc Semcdara.~

Semdgom daviT CxeiZe igonebs: `a. axmeteli kvlavanxorcielebs ruTavelis TeatrSi g. erisTavis davas~. SeiZlebaiTqvas, rom speqtaklma mwyobrad Caiara~.Aaq avtori cdeba,radgan es speqtakli 1921 wlis 23 oqtombers, reJisorma k.andronikaSvilma dadga da amitomac ZiriTad teqstSi arSevitaneT.

avtori sainterso cnobebs gvawvdis s. axmetelis pirvelispeqtaklis `berdo zmanias~ dadgmis axali detalebis Sesaxeb,rac amdidrebs am dadgmis Sesaxeb arsebul mwir masalas. s.axmtelis biografiaSi dRemede ucnobi iyo, rom mas voroncovismoedanTan melnis qarxnis msgavsi warmoeba hqonia.Md. CxeiZezogadad asaxelebs axmetelis politikur saqmianobas. viTarebisnaTelsayofad, ufro detalur cnobebs moviyvanT. s. axmetelma1918 wels radikal-demokratiuli partia daaarsa da mismajgufma daiwyo yovelkvireuli Jurnal `radikalis~ gamocema,romelmac arseboba male Sewyvita. igi 1917 noembridan 1919wlis 12 noembramde iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis wevri daprofesiiT Jurnalistad iricxeboda. 1919 wels es partiamonawileobda damfuZnebeli krebis arCevnebSi, magram deputatismandati ver moipova. 1921 wlis ianvarSi radikal-demokratiulida nacional-demokriuli partiebi gaerTiandnen saqarTvelosdemokratiuli partiis saxelwodebiT, romlis centralurkomitetSic s. axmeteli Sedioda.

d. CxeiZe aRniSnavs: `1921-22 wlis sezonSic axmetelsTeatrSi ar umuSavia.~Aam periodSi igi aqtiur politikurmoRvawobas eweva. 1922 wels sagangebo komisiam daakava 26maisis savaraudo gamosvlebTan dakavSirebiT. 1923 wels kiigi daapatimres `samxedro centris~ wevrebTan erTad da misisicocxle safrTxeSi aRmoCnda. swored misi ganTavisuflebaaqvs aRwerili d. CxeiZes, rac mxolod am mogonebaSi gvxvdeba

1918-19 wlebSi muSaobis rTul periods.Ppirvelad vxvdebiTsandro axmetelis TeatrSi mowvevis aqamde ucnob versias.mogonebebSi igi gansxvavebulad aris aRwerili.Aamitom moviyvanim nawils, romelic ZiriTad teqstSi ar Sevitane. A

ai, es fragmenti: `TbilisSi dabrunebis Semdeg, axmeteliqarTuli gazeTebis furclebzec werda sakmaod Sinaarsianrecenziebs. werda SeniSvnebs zogierT dadgmebze da bevrsxvadasxva literaturul sakiTxze. Salva dadiani maTkiTxulobda, siamovnebisagan gaSlil xelebs kmayofiladifSvnetda.

Salva dadiani, sadRac sandro axmetels Seyroda, rogorRacmoswoneboda es ganswavluli axalgazrda da saubarSi xSiradaxsenebda. roca kiTxavdnen _ vin aris, ras warmoadgenso,Salva yvelas mSvidad miugebda _ naxavT, gaicnobT!Bboloscdunebas veRar gauZlo. sazogadoebis sarevizio komisiiswevri solomon axvlediani da gamgeobis wevri, am sityvebisavtori daviT CxeiZe moulodnelad erTad ixmo.Ddauviwyaridialogi Sedga: `ra gnebavT? _ Tqveni sikeTe!~ _ mere daviTCxeiZes mimarTa: `peterburgSi nuTu ar icnobdiT sandroaxmetels? Senc xom iq swavlobdi? Semwvarsa da moxarSulsacvicnob, im Tqven sandros... veubnebi. daviT, Semwvarsa damoxarSuls Tu icnob, mjera winaaRmdegi ar gamixdebi. ise kimainc, rogor icnob? mSvenieri recenzentia, gonebamaxvili,Tanac cnobili.Mmarto iq ki ara, peterburgSi! Cvens TbilisSic.maS, aqac imas Cadis, rasac peterburgSi? xiTxiTebs Salva.Ddiax,imis dasja xom ar gadawyviteT? SevekiTxe Salvas. modimoviwvioT. iciT sad? TeatrSi! maS monaxeT, moiyvaneTsazogadoebaSi CemTan. CaviTrioT muSaobaSi. Teatri SevTavazoT.danarCeni me vici! xvalve aq gavaCenT~.

Salva dadianTan es dialogi 1919 wels Sedga. maSin amsaubris Semswreebs gulianad gaecinaT _ es Salva dadianira enTuziastiao. marTlac enTuziasti!Yyvelaze cxadi isiyo, rom msaxiobebi da sazogadoeba sandro axmetels aricnobdnen, rogorc Teatrals. rusulad gamoqveynebuli imrecenziebisa da werilebis oriode mcodnes garda, masdamsaxurebad aravin uTvlida xelovnebis kalos lewvaSi.

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gaerTianebulni iyvnen, rogorc studentebi, ise sxva moRvaweebic:petre qavTaraZe, daviT faRava, aleqsandre mgalobliSvili,al. arabiZe, ana CxeiZe, daviT CxeiZe,Mmaro SalibaSeli, e.RoRoberiZe, n. kelenjeriZe, e. nikoleiSvili da sxvebi.saTvistomos sasargeblod qarTuli warmodgenebi, saRamoebi,Tu literaturuli Sexvedrebi sistematurad imarTeboda.

erTxel, TviTmoqmedi dramwris wevrebma gaiges, rompeterburgis umaRles saswavlebelSi sandro axmeteliswavlobda, magram is jer aravis enaxa. gasacnobad arc aravisTanmisuliyo da arc raime sazogadoebriv muSaobaSi ucdia Cabma.erTi sityviT, misi araferi vicodiT, magram bolos erTbaSadgamoCnda.

am ucnaurma studentma, mxolod Tavis tyavSi rom trialebdada qarTul sawreo-sazogado muSaobas TiTqos Tavs aridebda,Turme Cvenze ukeT icoda peterburgelTa yvela wamowyeba dasawadeli, rasac cxadyofen is recenziebi qalaqis presaSisandro axmetelis xelmoweriT rom ibeWdeboda.AaxladgamoCenilirecenzentis gamWriax Tvalsa da gonebas, imdroindeli CvenimoRvaweebis, Tu CrdiloeTis did qalaqSi moswavle-axalgazrdobis kulturul-sazogadoebrivi saqmianobidan arcerTi RirsSesaniSnavi movlena ar gamoepareboda. saSualotanadobis, mxarbeWCafskvnili, janiani, odnav Seweuli saxismqone, cecxlis mkveravi molurjo Tvlebiani, maRali gaSliliSubliT, saqoCreze rom gvirgviniviT adga mayvaliviT Savi,xuWuWi Tma. aseTi warudga peterburgel qarTvelebs sataxtoqalaqis recenzenti sandro axmeteli. is oci-ocdaori wlisZlivs iqneboda.

pirveli imperialisturi omis ubedurebam mTeli ruseTiaria da qarTveli studentebic daiqsaqsnen.Uumetema nawilmasaqarTvelos moaSura. Mmec iZulebuli viyavi 1915 welsiqaurobas gamovclodi, radgan jarSi unda waveyvaneT damefis mTavrobis mier araviTari SeRavaTi ar iyo. sayovelTaomobilizacia rom gamocxadda, gasawvevT TavianT binebSicxovrebis ufleba ar hqondaT.Ppolicia, meezoveebi dak ar isk ace b i (S v eic ar ebi ) g a mud me biT Tvalyursgvadevnebdnen.Qqalaqidan gasvlac akrZaluli iyo. samSobloSi

da qarTuli Teatris istoriisTvis mniSvnelovan SenaZenswarmoadgens. am faqtis Sesaxeb dRemde marto zepiri gadmocemebiarsebobda. Mmxolod akaki xorava Tavis mogonebaSi zogadadaRniSnavs, rom marjaniSvilma igi cixidan daixsna (saq. Teatris,musikis, kinosa da qoreografiis sax. muzeumi. Ff. 1, saqme 389,x - 20). s. axmeteli sagangebo komisiis 1923 wlis 3 agvistosdadgenilebiT gaanTavisufles da xeli moawerines partiisdaSlis deklaraciaze. man uari ganacxada yovelgvararalegalur antisabWoTa muSaobazec.Dd. CxeiZis mogonebiTirkveva, rom k. marjaniSvili da delegaciis sxva wevrebi s.orjonikiZes 1923 wlis ivlisSi Sexvdnen.

d. CxeiZe gvawvdis marjaniSvilisa da axmetelis konfliqtisTavisebur versias da cdilobs obieqturad dagvanaxos amdapirispirebis arsi da mizezebi, rac am sakiTxis Seswavlismasalebs amdidrebs.

amdenad, warmodgenili mogoneba, romelic pirvelad qveyndebamniSvnelovani SenaZenia qarTuli Teatris istoriisa daTeatrmcodneebisTvis, rac xels Seuwyobs XX s. 20-iani wlebismovlenebis mecnierul kvlevebs.

Sexvedrebi aleqsandre axmetelTan

aleqsandre axmetels sakmaod axlos, jer kidev 1911 wlidanvicnobdi, rodesac oriveni peterburgSi vimyofebodiT. isuniversitetis iuridiul fakultetze swavlobda, me kisaeqimoze.Aam wlebSi iq qarTveloba sakmao iyo, rogorcstudentebis, ise mravali qarTuli ojaxi. Camosuli abiturienti,rogorc ki matrikuls miiRebda, binas airCevda, misi meorenabiji peterburgSi adre damkvidrebuli Tanamemamulis moZebnaiyo. mere, klimatis mxriv advilad ver gasaZleb bumberazqalaqSi Zveli da axlebi megobrul cxovrebas Seudgebodnen.qarTveli studentebi kargadac mecadineobdnen da gaWirvebisdros erTmaneTs Zlier exmarebodnen.

pirveli imperialisturi omis wina wlebSi, Tundac 1910wels, peterburgSi sakmaod daxelovnebuli scenismoyvarTawre arsebobda, romlis erT-erTi iniciatori viyavi. masSi

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gviTmobdnen.Mmanamade operis TeatrSi kidev ori dRe gveZleoda,sadac muSaoba yovlad autanel pirobebSi gvixdeboda.repeticiisTvis adgili gamoyofili ar gvqonda, aseve scenazegeneraluri repeticiis gavlis SesaZlebloba didi damadlebiTmxolod erTxel Tu gveZleoda. kuTxis Sovna mudam saZebarida sul savaWro iyo, Tumca qarTul dass normalur pirobebSimuSaobis uflebac hqonda.

me da sarevizio komisiis wevrma solomon axvledianmamovilaparaleT al. axmetelis mowvevis Sesaxeb. Cveni mosazrebaSalva dadians gavuziareT da man Tanxmoba ganacxada. SeiZlebaamaze wera zedmetic iyos, magram zogan rogor yalbad arisnaCvenebi, viTom axmeteli s. axvledianis da al. wuwunavasmier iyo mowveuli.Aal. wuwunava axmetels axlos ar icnobdada am saqmeSi araviTari monawileoba ar miuRia. amasve, TavisdRiurebSi adasturebs taso rostomaSvili, axmetelis pirvelimeuRle.

sul cota xanSi Teatrma sandro SanSiaSvilis piesa berdozmania~ miiRo. sandro axmeteli am piesam Zlier daainteresa,dasadgmelad xeli mohkida da rolebis ganawilebas maSinveSeudga.Aaxmetelis muSaobas yvela gafacicebiT adevnebdaTvals.Mmsaxiobebi umizezod ar wuxdnen. axmetels isinirampasTan TiTqmis ar icnobdnen.Ppirveli repeticia yvelasgansakuTrebiT aRelvebda.Ees dRec dadga. mTeli dasi Segrovda.SiSma agvitana – msaxiobebs obstruqcia ar moewyoT. reJisormapirvelma daarRvia samariseburi siCume.Aaxmetelma erT msaxiobsmimarTa da sTxova amxanagebisTvis eambna, Tu rogor esmodaTavisi roli, an rogor apirebda mis gansaxierebas.MmsaxiobmareJisoris survili Seasrula da gzadagza miRebuli SeniSvnebirogorRac TavisTavad miiRo. aq moxda is, rasac aravineloda.Uundoblobis yinuli gatyda.Ddasi damwyeb reJisorsmiendo. repeticiis Semdeg sandro axmeteli taSiT daajildoves.SvebiT amovisunTqeT, gansakuTrebiT axmetelis momxreebma. axlajeri sazogadoebaze iyo _ is ras ityvis?

Teatri gadaWedilia _ midis `berdo zmania~.Mmayurebelismenadaa gadaqceuli.Ddasrulda ramdenime aqti. niSnebi kargia.s. axmetels wilad xvda sazogadoebisa da msaxiobebis

wamosasvlelad sanam rames viRonebdiT, Ramis gasaTevad ramdenimekaci carskoe seloSi wavediT da sastumroSi movTavsdiT.MmTelidRe quCaSi vimyofebodiT da daRlilebs CagveZina. Ramis samisaaTi iqneboda karze kakuni gvesmis. gavaReT kari da rasvxedavT _ policiis moxeleni gamogvecxadnen... Cveni pirovnebisdadgenas Seudgnen. vina varT, carskoe seloSi ratom CavediTda sxva aseTi.

vicodiT, rom am qalaqis komendatad generali vaCnaZe iyo(romelic SemdgomSi sergo qavTaraZis simamri gaxda). Tavirom dagveRwia ganvucxadeT, viTom vaCnaZis sanaxavad CamovediT.SuaRame gadasuli iyo, Sesamowmeblad binaze rom urekaven.ekiTxebian gvicnobs Tu ara da sxva. Cvens arasasurvel stumrebsvTxove telefonis mili gadmoecaT. Txovna Semisrules dauSualod SesaZlebloba momeca vaCnaZisTvis meTqva, rom friadsaWiro saqmisTvis misi naxva gvsurda.Mme mas qarTuladvelaparakebodi, rac ar eWaSnikaT da SeniSvna momces. vaCnaZemacuTxra CvenTvis Tavi daenebebinaT.MdiliT vinaxuleT da yovelivedaumalavad movaxseneT.Mman xumrobiT gvipasuxa: `Tagvma Txara,Txara kata gamoTxarao~.Bbevri wvalebis Semdeg Tavi davaRwieTda samSoblos movaSureT.

ukve TbilisSi vcxovrobdi. qarTuli Teatris Senobacecxlma STanTqa da msaxiobebs sxvadasxva klubSi muSaobagvixdeboda.

1917 wlis aprilSi Salva dadianis iniciativiT sruliadsaqarTvelos msaxiobTa kavSiri daarsda, romlis SeqmnaSi,sxvebTan erTad, mec mimiZRvis wvlili. kavSiris amocana iyomsaxiobTa muSaobis pirobebis gaumjobeseba, qarTuli Teatrissezonebis xelmZRvaneloba Tbilisisa da periferiebis TeatrebSi,xeli Seewyo dasebis CamoyaliebisTvis, repertuaris SedgenisTvisda speqtaklebis gamarTvisTvis.Yyrilobaze gamgeoba da sareviziokomisia airCies. gamgeobaSi mec Sevdiodi.Aam moRvaweobisprocesSi, Salva dadiani gzadagza swavlobda msaxiobTaSesaZleblobebs, axlos ecnoboda Teatralebsa da dramaturgebs.

axland el rusTavelis Te atrSi rusuli d asimoRvaweobda.Ddidi mecadineobis Sedegad am TeatrSi muSaobagveRirsa.Ees iyo 1918-19 wels, sadac mxolod sami dRes

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ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatSi cnobili TaTbiri Sedga,romelsac daeswrnen rogorc Teatris muSakebi, ise mwerlebi,mecnierebi, saxviTi xelovnebis ostatebi da sxva sazogadomoRvaweni. qarTuli Teatris sicocxle bewvze kidia! aSkaradTqves kulisebSi.Aasea, ase! udasturebdnen maT sxvebi _ araris Semtkicebuli dasi, ar moipoveba mcodne, gamocdilixelmZRvaneli. erTi sityviT, Teatri ar gvaqvs da mgoni aRarcaris saWiro!Gganacxada viRacam da daamata _ axla, yvelacocxal sanaxaobas kino cvlis da axali kadrebis momzadebasunda SevudgeTo, ganacxada krebis erTma monawilem. arc erTidRiT! Caeria ase cudad warmarTul laparakSi erTi ucxopirovneba _ mere ki mtkiced, Sinagani cecxliT daaskvna _rao? vin sTqva qarTuli Teatri unda daixuroso! qarTuliTeatris daxurva, vTqvaT, erTi dRiTac SeuZlebelia! is ucxopirovneba, bevrisTvis jer kidev ucnobi, kote marjaniSviligaxldaT, romelic moskovidan droebiT TbilisSi Camosuliyoda TaTbirze moewviaT.

TaTbiris monawileTa sixaruls sazRvari ar hqonda.Eessixaruli gaaTkecda, rac kotem survili gamoTqva _ speqtaklsdavdgamo.

kote marjaniSvili muSaobas umalve Seudga.Ddasadgmeladlope de vegas `cxvis wyaro~ airCia, romelsac is samoqalaqoomis dros revolucioner muSebsa da glexebs, wiTeli armiisnawilebs ukrainaSi uCvenebda.

saqarTveloSi maRalkvalificiuri msaxiobi sakmaod aRmoCnda.kidev metic, TeatrTan TandaTanobiT Tavi moiyara TeatralurixelovnebiT gatacebulma axalgazrdobam. gaCdnen sruliadaxali dramaturgebi. miZinebulma, daqveiTebulma saTeatroxelovnebam saswrafod iwyo aRorZineba.

yvela Teatrali Tavis adgilas!Mmouwoda kote marjaniSvilmadainteresebulT da, rogorc erTxel Salva dadianma, manacmouxmo sandro axmetels. masac aRar uyoymania, TeatrSimaSinve gaCnda.MmarjaniSvilma masze SeaCera Tavisi yuradRebada maT Soris megobruli damokidebuleba damyarda. ra gindadadga? maSinve SeekiTxa marjaniSvili _ oskar uaildis`salome~ _ iyo pasuxi. oRond swrafad da maRalostaturad!uTxra marjaniSvilma.

ovaciebi.Aam speqtaklSi axmetelis mier Setanili iyo cekvebi.rogorc xSirad xdeba bevrs moewona, bevri akritikebda TviTpiesas da aseve mis reJisorul gaxsnas. saerTod, im dros esaxali sityva iyo.

samwuxarod, am speqtakls presa naklebad gamoexmaura,miuxedavad imisa, rom es udavod axal movlenas warmoadgendaqarTul TeatrSi. piesam ver gaimarjva, Tumca axmetelisnamuSevars mayurebeli da dasi dadebiTad afasebda.

am speqtaklis Semdeg axmeteli Teatridan gagveqca daaraerTxel mivmarTeT dabrunebuliyo. voroncovis moedanTangaxsna melnis qarxnis msgavsi raRac `qarxnad~ wodebuli.Semdeg, erT-erTi gazeTis redaqtoroba daiwyo, romlic samikacisagan Sedgeboda. Seqmna partia, raTa adgili moepovebinadamfuZnebel krebaSi, rogorc deputats.Aase, am mousvenarmdgomareobaSi wlebma gaiara.Mmoxda saqarTvelos gasabWoeba.saxelmwifom Tavs ido misi patronoba. 1921 wels, axmeteliSalva dadianis miwveviT muSaobda gansaxkomis saTeatroseqtorSi. 1921-22 wlis sezonSic axmetels TeatrSi arumuSavia.

qarTuli Teatri kriziss ganicdida da TiTqmis daSliliiyo, miuxedavad imisa, rom gvyavdnen niWieri reJisorebi: al.wuwunava, m. qoreli, ak. faRava da k. andronikaSvili. agreTveSesaniSnavi msaxiobebi: n. CxeiZe, ef.Mmesxi, n. daviTaSvili, nat.javaxiSvili, el. CerqeziSvili, elo andronikaSvili, t. abaSiZe,an.QqiqoZe, v. abaSiZe, val.Ggunia, al. imedaSvili, g. aradel-iSxneli, viq.GgamyreliZe, alisa qiqoZe, ak. vasaZe, uS. CxeiZe, g.daviTaSvili, mix. lorTqifaniZe da sxv. ratomRac inteligenciagulgrilobas iCenda da Teatrs mayurebeli gaecala.samwuxarod, aRmoCndnen Teatris sruliad daxurvis momxreni,romlebic studiur muSaobaze gadasvlas moiTxovdnen. erTmamaTganma aSkarad Tqva _ rad irjebiT? Teatri daiSala. igiaRaravis sWirdeba.Mmis aRdgenaze fiqric usargebloao.AammdgomareobaSi vimyofebodiT.

1922 wlis agvistoSi TbilisSi kote marjaniSviliCamovida.Mmisi Camosvla yvelas gagvexarda.Aam dros msaxiobobisgarda, Teatris direqtorad viyavi daniSnuli da yovelimovlenis uSualo mowme gaxldiT.

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orjonikiZem sabolood ase ganmarta _ k. afxazi Wkvianikacia, Cvenze bevrad ganaTlebuli, arasdros Segvirigdeba damis ganTavisuflebas ver SegpirdebiTo. Semdeg, siaSi iyvnencnobili generlebi: wulukiZe, axmeteli, mazniaSvili,gedevaniSvili, ximSiaSvili, andronikaSvili da bolos aleqsandreaxmeteli. mazniaSvili SeiZleba gavanTavisufloT, radgan baTumSiTaTrebis Semosevis dros mogvexmara, danarCenebze saimedosverafers getyviTo. xolo rac Seexeba gedevaniSvils daaxmetels, CvenTvis isini saSiSroebas ar warmoadgenen _Ахметели это перелетная птица, сегодня наш завтра ваш. ase, rommisi ganTavisufleba SesaZlebeliao. Znelia im wuTebis gaxseneba.aRar maxsovs rogor davSordiT da saxlamde rogor mivaRwieT.

rusTavelis Teatris sezoni davxureT da dasi Semdegisezonis mosamzadeblad borjomSiDgaemgzavra.Aamis Semdeg, erTmaTvem ganvlo, sanam axmetels gaanTavisuflebdnen.AganTavisuflebuliaxmeteli borjomSi Camovida. bina CemTan daude. ise iyonervebaSlili, rom arafris Tavi ar hqonda. muSaobaze laparakicSeuZlebeli iyo. misi didi xniT marto datoveba ar SeiZleboda.meSinoda, TavisTvis araferi aetexa. vcdilobdi masTanrepeticiidan Tavisufali msaxiobi misuliyo. sabednierod, Cvenibinidan samuSao adgili ramdenime nabijiT iyo daSorebuli.

axmetelma ramdenime dRis Semdeg ganacxada, romsaqarTveloSi darCena ar SeuZlia da daxmareba gvTxova, romruseTSi gagvegzavna.Mmisi daJinebuli Txovnis miuxedavad ardavTanxmdi, radgan meSinoda ar gadaxvewiliyo da ardaRupuliyo.Bbevri axsna-ganmartebis Semdeg, rogorc iqnadavtoveT da ar gavuSviT. borjomSi sakmaod nayofieri muSaobisSemdeg TbilisSi davbrundiT.Mmasze mzrunveloba arSegviwyvetia. gansakuTrebiT marjaniSvli yovelnair xerxsmimarTavda, rom axmetelisTvis normaluri pirobebi Seeqmna.Aasevekoleqtivis mTliani Semadgenloba mowadinebuli iyo gamoeyvanaTi m bur anid an , r aTa norm aluri muS aob aSesZleboda.Aaxmetelisadmi aseTma damokidebulebam nayofigamoiRo da muSaobis dawyebis SesaZlebloba mieca.

mayurebelma es ucxouri piesac `berdo zmania~-samebrmiiRo. mizezi? piesa Cinebulad iyo gaazrebuli dagaformebuli.Ees speqtakli axmetelma dadga marjaniSvilismeTvalyureobiT.Aase dawyebuli mWidro megobroba kotesa dasandros Soris oTxi-xuTi weli gagrZelda. kote kargadafasebda axmetelis reJisorul niWs da Tavis marjvena xeladTvlida.

samwuxarod, male axmeteli represirebul iqna im TxuTmetkacTan erTad, romelic paritetCikebis jgufad iyogamocxadebuli.Aam moulodnelma SemTxvevam koleqtivi didadSeawuxa da yvela erTad mowadinebuli iyo rogorme uvnebladdaebrunebinaT. marjaniSvili namdvil mamobriv mzrunvelobasiCenda da sadac ki xeli da sityva miuwvdeboda misganTavisuflebas cdilobda.

iZulebuli SeviqeniT, rogorme sergo orjonikiZemdemigveRwia.Mmis sadarbazos win auarebel xalxs moeyaraTavi.Eisini im TxuTmeti kacis Wirisuflebi, naTesavebi iyvnen.AamsuraTma Cvenze auwerlad mZime STabeWdileba datova.M

man sakuTari binis samuSao oTaxSi delegacia SemdegiSemadgenlobiT migviRo: kote mayaSvli (mweralTa kavSirisTavmjdomare), nino nakaSiZe, Salva dadiani, kote marjaniSvilida am striqonebis avtori. lmobierad Segvxeda. davsxediT.saubari kote mayaSvilma daiwyo. is TxuTmeti kaci saTiTaodganumarta, Tu vin iyvnen, ra sargeblobis motana SeuZliaTCvenTvis da sxva. rig-

rigobiT vlaparakobdiT. vcdilobdiT masze gavlenamogvexdina da yvela maTgani dagvexsna.Kkote mayaSvilma maTidacva meored rom daiwyo cudad Seiqmna.Ddivanze davawvineT.orjonikiZem valerianis wveTebi da dasvelebuli pirsaxocigamoitana. rogorc iqna ukeT Seiqna.Aamis Semdeg, meore oTaxidandatusaRebulTa sia gamoitana. sia anbanze iyo Sedgenili dakote afxazidan daiwyo. kote afxazi iyo ilia WavWavaZisdisSvili, Tbilisis guberniis TavadaznaurTa yofiliwinamZRoli. ganaTlebuli, ramdenime enis mcodne, gadaWarbebuladTavmdabali, iSviaTi garegnobiT.

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pozitiuri roli Seasrula.Mmisi daxmarebiT disciplinasagrZnoblad ganmtkicda, xeli Seuwyo TeatrSi intensiuriSemoqmedebiTi atmosferos Seqmnas.

droTa ganmavlobaSi, korporaciam Tavisi progresuli saxedakarga. man kasturi xasiaTi miiRo. daiwyes kote marjaniSvilissaTeatro politikaSi Careva. sabolood, korporaciam Tavispirvandel daniSnulebas gadauxvia. Teatridan marjaniSviliswasvlis erT-erTi mizezi isic iyo, rom `duruji~ missaqmianobaSi ereoda da amiT arev-dareva Sehqonda. samwuxarod,Teatris saqmeSi mesame pirebi da SemTxveviTi adamianebi Caerivnen,romlebic areulobis Semotanas xels uwyobdnen da aRvivebdnen.

koleqtivi or banakad,MmarjaniSvilisa da axmetelismomxreebad, gaiyo. rogorc uSualo mowme, SemiZlia dabejiTebiTganvacxado, rom marjaniSvils danaSauli ar miuZRvis. igiTavisi xasiaTiT, iseTi kaci iyo, rom brZolis unari arhqonda.Mmas axmeteli udavod niWier Semoqmedad miaCnda.ufrTxildeboda, rogorc mSobeli mama. arafers iSurebdaoRond axmeteli swor gzaze daeyenebina.Aaxmetelic didisiy v aruliT d a p ativisc e miT i yo ga m sW valulimarjaniSvilisadmi.Kkote marjaniSvils sandro axmeteli misigabeduli SemarTebisTvis uyvarda. zogjer,YmaT Soris Tumwvave kamaTsac hqonda adgili, amiT marjaniSvili TviTonacWeSmaritebisken miiltvoda da mowinaaRmdegesac iqiT ezideboda.

SemiZlia vTqva, rom axmetels TeatrSi yvelaze axlosvicnobdi. mimaCnda rogorc didad saWiro pirovneba TeatrisTvisda axlo megobrebic viyaviT, am sityvis swori gagebiT.vufrTxildebodi rogorc sakuTar Zmas. iSviaTi samegobro,gamtani pirovneba iyo. masTan xSirad mqonia saubaridajgufebebis garSemo. vurCevdi, im jgufebis mzakvrul ambebsar ahyoloda.Bbevri usiamovnebac Semaxvedres, magram ise auqciesmxari, rom rom saqmis gamosworeba aRaraferiT moxerxda.sabolood, mesame pirebisa da SemTxveviTi adamianebisarakeTilsindisieri CareviT gaTiSva mainc moxda. kidev vimeoreb,marjaniSvils brZolis unari rom hqonoda, mcdarad moazrovnejgufi ar gaimarjvebda.Aamis gamo, marjaniSvili iZulebuligaxda poziciebi daeTmo da Teatridan wasuliyo.

ram gamoiwvia konfliqti k. marjaniSvilsa daal. axmetels Soris

Cems Tavs nebas vaZlev yovelive simarTliT aRvniSno daerTxel da samudamod naTeli moefinos marjaniSvilisa daaxmetelis urTierTdamokidebulebas. sxva ara iyos ra, essaWiroa icodes momavalma Taobam. qarTuli Teatris istoriasvis rogor surs, ise aSuqebs Jurnal-gazeTebSi, kamaTis drosda sxva. naTqvamia: `qmari omSi iyo da coli omis ambavsaxvedrebdao~. jer kidev darCenilia ramdenime pirovneba,romlebic momswreni arian yovelive warsulisa.Mmakvirvebs,sad aqvT aseTi utifroba, Tu swori ar gageba, rasac isiniamis garSemo weren. ratom ar fiqroben, rom uSualo mowmeniimyofebian.Aarafers angariSi ar eweva da vis rogorc surspirad gamorCenisTvis, Tu pirad sargeblobisTvis, ise xelaRebiTayalbeben istorias.

aris iseTi jgufi, Tu wre, rac gindaT vuwodoT, romelTacarc erTi unaxavT da arc meore.Aarc maTi muSaoba ician daTiTqos akvnidan icodnen yovelive maTi saqmianobisa. Tukiromelime am striqonebs waikiTxavs, keTili inebos dadaamtkicos, rom es ase ar iyo. darwmunebuli brZandebodnen,rom saerTo saqmisTvis saWiro ar aris maTi moRvaweobis arczedmeti gandideba da gakeTebulis arc raimes dakleba.

rusTavelis TeatrSi erT jgufs azrad korporaciis Seqmnamouvida. misi Camoyalibebis iniciativa sandro axmetelsekuTvnis.Mkorporaciis lozungi iyo: `erTi yvelasaTvis dayvela erTisaTvis~. sainiciativo jgufSi Sediodnen: al.axmeteli, ak. xorava, ak. vasaZe, d. anTaZe, S. RambaSiZe, vasopataraia (romelic im dros CvenTan muSaobda), v. jiqia, uS.CxeiZe, k. patariZe da am striqonebis avtori.Kk. MmarjaniSvilmaamis Casaxvis Sesaxeb araferi icoda, sanam sabolood argadawyda.

1924 wlis 29 ianvars, korporacia `duruji~ TavisimanifestiT gamovida, romelic miuRebel formulirebebsacSeicavda, magram arsebiTad sapatio mizans isaxavda.Ddroisgarkveul monakveTSi, axali Teatris SeqmnaSi, korporaciam

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manana turiaSvili

kote marjaniSvilis reJisura moskovis

samxatvro Teatris SemoqmedebiTi

Ziebebis fonze (1910 _ 1913)

am periodSi moskovis samxatvro Teatris xelmZRvanelobakrizisidan gamosavals repertuarisa da msaxiobebisSemadgenlobis ganaxlebiT cdilobda. a. Cexovisa da m. gorkisdonis piesebi aRar iwereboda. Tanamedrove rusulidramaturgia susti iyo. Teatrs yavda didi dasi, romelicerTdrouli repeticebis drosac ki sam piesas eyofoda. dassk. s. stanislavskisa da vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkos garda sxvadamoukidebeli reJisorebi ar yavda. orive Tavis speqtaklebSireJisorebad amuSavebdnen mxatelebs. gadawyvites reJisorebis`garedan~ mowveva. mimdinareobda molaparakeba gordon kregTan,aleqsandre benuasTan.

TeatrSi samuSaod miiRes kote marjaniSvili. ramdenimeTvis Semdeg k. marjaniSvilis muSaobiT ukmayofilo reJisorl. a. sulerJickis k. s. stanislavski werda: `gana luJskimpirvelive cdaze ar gviCvena Tavisi umweoba? rumiancevis damoskvinis speqtaklebi _ riTi damTavrda? aleqsandrovissisuste mtkicebulebas saWiroebs? da gana Tqveni janmrTelobagaZlevT saSualebas am saqmes xeli mohkidoT? vis mivandoTes saqme Tu ara marjanovs; is eZebs ufro met samuSaos,energiuli da Teatraluri adamiania~.1

mxatis xelmZRvanelobis mxridan reJisorebTanTanamSromlobis motivaciebi gansxvavebuli iyo. gordon kregisada aleqsandre benuas SemoqmedebiTi ideebiT xelmZRvanelobasTeatris gadaxaliseba undoda, xolo k. marjaniSvilis mowveviTmomqmedi damoukidebeli reJisoris `Seqmna~, romelicstanislavskisa da nemiroviC-danCenkos Sromas Seumsubuqebda.unda SeerCiaT is reJisorebi, romelnic TanaugrZnobdnen mxatismimarTulebas da moindomebdnen Teatris 12 wliani gamocdilebisSeswavlas. stanislavskis azriT axal reJisors jeruxelmZRvanelebednen, uceb ar miscemdnen damoukideblobas.

marjaniSvilTan erTad Teatri veriko anjafariZem da mecdavtoveT. erTi wlis Semdeg wamyvani msaxiobebi _ TamarWavWavaZe, elene donauri, cecilia wuwunava, sesilia TayaiSvili,xaTuna WiWinaZe, uSangi CxeiZe, Salva RambaSiZe, vaso goZiaSvili,mixeil lorTqifaniZe, mixeil sarauli da sxvebi iZulebulniSeiqmnen rusTavelis Teatri daetovebinaT. SemdgomSi axmetelinanobda, magram samwuxarod ukve gvian iyo. rusTavelis Teatris av alalo mdgom areobaS i aRmoCnd a . x alxm a p ir iibruna.MmarjaniSvilis niWier mowafes, sandro axmetels didiSroma dasWirda, rom Teatri gansacdelisgan exsna.Aamisdadasturebaa is, rom al. axmetelma, romelic wlebis manZilzerusTavelis Teatrs saTaveSi edga, Tavisi brwyinvalespeqtaklebiT qarTuli Teatri araerTxel asaxela, rogorcTbilisSi, ise moskovSi, leningradsa da xarkovSi sagastrolomogzaurobebiTa da festivalebSi monawileobiT.

samwuxarod, niWier reJisors qarTuli Teatris mimarTTavisi mravali Canafiqris ganxorcieleba da moskovSi erovnebaTaTeatris Camoyalibeba ar dascalda, romelzedac igi ocnebobda.

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marjanovi, romelsac uSualod arasodes ar umuSaviastanislavskisTan, da aqedan gamomdinare jer kidev ar icoda`sistemis~ daubadebeli da Camouyalibebeli saidumloebebi,rogor SeZlebda `sistemiT~ swavlebas?~6

1910 wlis 6 seqtembers k. s. stanislavski l. a. sulerJickiswerda `... Cemi mxridan marjanovis mowvevis erT-erTi mizaniiyo axalgazrdebisa da msaxiobebis paraleluri speqtaklebismomzadeba maT gasavarjiSeblad.... ugunureba iqneboda, imedimqonoda, rom es speqtaklebi axali kacis xelmZRvanelobiTCemi sistemiT daidgmeboda. amas ver vaRwevT samxatvroTeatrSic ki~.7

petrovis gulistkivili, rom marjaniSvils damoukidebelidadgmebi ar hqonda, gasagebia, magram naTelia stanislavskisCanafiqric, romelsac undoda reJisor-eqsperomentatori _marjaniSvili CaeTria~ Tavis fiqrebSi, gamxdariyo TanamoazreyvelaferSi da misi niWi samxatvro TeatrisTvis gamoeyenebina_ oRond k. s. stanislavskis prizmis gavliT. am Canafiqrispirveli safexuri _ `sistemis~ SeswavlaGgaxda, romelicmoswavleebTan mecadineobiT marjaniSvilisTvis ufrosisxlxorceuli iqneboda. marjaniSvilis pedagogiurimoRvaweoba xuTi-eqvsi Tvis Semdeg Sewyda. mecadineobisas,magidasTan mas ar SeeZlo bolomde mieyvana nawarmoebis erTinawyveti mainc. Sua nawyvetSi, gansakuTrebiT kuliminaciuradgilebSi, misi reJisoruli fantazia da xelovanistemperamenti, samuSaos mSvidobian analitikur msvlelobasafeTqebda xolme da is gatacebuli da vnebiT iwyebda nawyvetebisreJisorul agebas. n. petrovi werda: `Cven moswavleebidanvxdebodiT msaxiobebi, is ki pedagogidan gardaiqmnebodareJisorad~.8

1910 wlis ivlisis bolos vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenko werswerils i. m. moskvins: `konstantine sergeeviCi (stanilavski _m. t.) wers, rom erTaderTi, rac mas am sezonSi ainteresebsTanamSromlebTan, es, _ patara piesebia, romelsac marjanovidadgams kabareSi. oho, madlobT! Zviri siamovnebaa~.9 im periodSi`kabares~ momzadebisTvis monawileobdnen nemiroviC-danCenko,moskvini, luJski, marjaniSvili da sulerJicki. k. s. stanilavskis

1910 wlis 5 Tebervals k. s. stanislavski reJisor n. a.popovs werda: `marTvelobas surs mowveul reJisors miandosgarkveuli saqme, romelic gaamarTlebs mis materialuranazRaurebas. ase magaliTad: saerTo Tvalyuris devneba scenazeda misi wesebis dacva, Tvalyuris devneba sazafxulo samuSaobze,romelic am wels iqneba Zalian rTuli `hamletis~ dadgmiswyalobiT da a. S.

es pirobebi, vici, TqvenTvis miuRebelia.marjanovi am pirobebs Rebulobs aRfrTovanebuli da iRebs

mokrZalebul Semosavals~.2

1910 wlis 22 Tebervals kote marjaniSvili col-Svils werda: `...TeatrSi Cemi mdgomareoba Zalian mZimea _dasis nawils ukve winaswar ar vuyvarvar da yovelgvariwvrilmaniT magrZnobinebs. samuSao jer ara maqvs. Tumc, meCveneba,rom `hamletze~ muSaobaSi Cabmas mipireben~.3

im periodSi `samxatvro Teatris skola daxuruli iyo da1909-1910 wlebis sezonSi axalgazrdebs TeatrSi Rebulobdnen,TanamSromlebad da ara rogorc moswavleebs~,4 _ wers erT-erTi TanamSromel-moswavle n. petrovi. miReba samsafexurianigamocdebiT xdeboda. moswavleTa saboloo siis damtkicebiswin vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkosTan individualuri saubrebiimarTeboda. Tumca, Semdeg mecadineobebi aRar tardeboda daisini pirdapir praqtikiT swavlobdnen: monawilebdnen masobrivscenebSi, TamaSobdnen patara epizodur rolebs.

sezonis bolos swavleba aucilebeli gaxda da saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi samuSao kote marjaniSvils Caabares. 1910wlis zafxulSi vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenko Teatris axalgazrdamsaxiobTa monacemebis ganviTarebis Taobaze k. s. stanislavskiswerda: `marjanovi daTanxmda maTTan mecadineobaze kviraSiorjer, es maT akmayofilebT, dae, rogorc mas surs ise imuSaos.maTze Cven imden dros davxarjavT ramdenic saWiroa, romweliwadSi orjer vnaxoT isini da gavakeToT zogadiSeniSvnebi~.5 n. petrovi wers: `is, rom marjanovi pedagogikiTdakavda, amaSi gaugebari araferi iyo, gaugebari iyo is, rom ammecadineobebs uwodebdnen `k. s. stanislavskis sistemisSeswavlas~. TviTmyofadi, ukve formirebuli Semoqmed-reJisori

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rolze, marjaniSvili ofelias rolze (o. v. gzovskaia, a. g.kooneni _ dubliori) da mefisa da ofelias scenebze.`stanislavski xSirad amowmebda Cems muSaobas~ _ werdamarjaniSvili.

1910 wlis gazafxulze Teatri sagastrolod petrogradSiwavida. kregi florenciaSi gaemgzavra. marjaniSvils saqmeaRar hqonda. petrogradSi gamgzavrebis win nemiroviC-danCenkomk. marjaniSvils SesTavaza h. ibsenis qali zRvidan~ da keisrisgandgomis~ dadgma. es piesebi marjaniSvilma ver ganaxorciela.mxatis xelmZRvanelobam SesTavaza Tavad aerCia piesebi. amisSesaxeb, 1910 wlis marts k. marjaniSvili meuRles werda: `medavasaxele `mkvdari qalaqi~ da `princesa maleni~. aRmoCnda,rom pirveli piesis dadgma ar SeiZleba, radganac TvalSimosvlia germanovas da sxva Semsrulebels am rols veRarmiscem. masTan dadgmaze ki ar daTanxmdeba stanislavski. meore,`princesa maleni~, rogorc ici meterlinks ekuTvnis da misidadgma unda Tavad stanislavskis kregTan erTad~.11

dasis gastrolebidan dabrunebis Semdeg, Teatris sabWossxdomaze gadawyda: zafxulSi marjaniSvili `hamletze~imuSavebda. mas da mxatvar sapunovs dautoves mTeli teqnikuripersonali. marjaniSvilma kregis yvela Canaweri Seiswavla:moqmedi gmirebis daxasiaTebebi, scenis dagegmarebis naxazebida Seecadnen amis mixedviT gadaewyvitaT amocana. uzarmazariSirmebi aqeT-iqiT gadahqonda, radgan eZebda axal-axalkombinaciebs Sirmebisa da sinaTlesTan dakavSirebiT. k. s.stanislavski gordon kregze wers: `mas Cemebr sZuldaTeatraluri dekoracia. msaxiobisTvis saWiroa sada foni,romlisganac xazebis, Suq-Crdilebis da sxv. nairgvarikombinaciiis meoxebiT SevZlebT usazRvrod mravalferovaniganwyobilebebis Seqmnas~.12

marjaniSvilis gankargulebaSi iyo kregis xis manekenebi,am manekenebis mixedviT kostiumebis kombinaciebs axdendnen.cdilobdnen SeenarCunebinaT kregiseuli plastika da sxeulisgamoxatuleba, romelic am manekenebs axasiaTebdaT. k.marjaniSvili werda: `rodesac Cven vwyvetdiT samefo jgufissakiTxs, sadac kregi oqros Sirmebs moiTxovda, me azrad

cnobiT: jer kidev moskovis `literaturisa da xelovnebissazogadoebaSi~ ewyoboda mxiaruli parodiisa da xumrobissaRamoebi. kapustnikze gamoirCeoda zogierTi nomeri, romelicruseTisTvis sruliad axali, xumrobis, karikaturis, satiris,groteskis Teatris elementebs Seicavda. swored am saqmesmohkides xeli n. balievma da n. tarasovma. mogvianebiT SeiqmnaTeatri Ramura~, romelic iZulebuli gaxda sxvadasxva mizezTagamo Zveli mimarTulebidan gadaexvia da simReriT, cekviTa dadeklamaciiT Sevsebuli, lamazi, zogjer WeSmaritad mxatvrulisuraTebisa da scenebis dadgmebisTvis moekida xeli. k. s.stanislavski werda: `aseTi repertuari ti puri Seiqmna`RamurasaTvis~, mTel msoflioSi gaxmaurda da sakmaodaacnobili~.10

1917 wels, petrogradSi kote marjaniSvili msaxiob n. i.tamarasTan erTad xsnis kabare `bi-ba-bos~ («Áè-Áà-Áî»),romelic moskovis `Ramuras~ msgavsi iyo. Semdeg kievSi 1918wels krivoi jimi~, 1921 wels kote marjaniSvili petrogradSikvlav qmnis Ramis kabares, romelsac `koWli jo~ erqva.

samxatvro TeatrSi `hamletze~ Catarebuli reJisorulisamuSao sam periodad SeiZleba daiyos: 1909-1910 ww. gordonkregi xSiradaa moskovSi da muSaoba misi xelmZRvanelobiTwarmoebda. 1910 wlis maisi-ivlisi, rodesac mTeli Teatrisazafxulo ardadegebzea da muSaobas mxolod k. marjaniSvilida mxatvari sapunovi agrZeleben. 1911 wlis marti-dekemberi,rodesac `hamlets~ k. s. stanislavski xelmZRvanelobda.

gordon kregs CamosvlisTanave dauaxlovda l. a.sulerJicki. k. s. stanislavski `Cemi cxovreba xelovnebaSi~`hamletze~ muSaobis procesze werda: xelmZRvanelobda kregi,me da sulerJicki mas vexmarebodiT. Cvens kompaniaSi daSvebuliiyo kidev reJisori marjanovi~. stanislavski, sulerJicki damarjaniSvili unda Caswvdomodnen, aeTvisebinaT gordon kregisCanafiqri da Semdeg amis mixedviT msaxiobebi speqtaklisTvismoemzadebinaT. Tavdapirvelad stanislavski muSaobda hamletis

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1910 wlis ivlisis bolosa da agvistos dasawyisSi,kislovodskidan k. s. stanislavski l. a. sulerJickis werda:`marjanovs vwer, rom Tu mas ar scalia, gzovskaia TqvenmogceT. masTan muSaoba zafxulSi ver movaxerxe, da amitomis sruliad umweoa.

raki marjanovi saerTo repeticiebs atarebs, gaigeT, romar SeiZleba misi Tavmoyvareobis Selaxva. raTa Tqven svlamogimzadoT, vwer mas~. amave werilSi stanislavski agrZelebs:`kostiumebis Semdeg Cven unda mivxedoT kaCalovs da gzovskaias,sanam marjanovi saerTo ansambls agvarebs~.17

erT Tvis Semdeg, kote marjaniSvilis repeticiebiTukmayofilo l. a. sulerJicki, `sistemis~ gamo Sewuxebuli, k.s. stanislavskis saqmis yurSi ayenebs. 1910 wlis 6 seqtembrs`arasasurveli konfliqtebi~-s Tavidan asarideblad k. s.stanislavski amSvidebs, Tavis uaxloes megobars _ sulerJickis:`marjanovma gonebiT Seicno da ara SeigrZno Cveni sistema _geTanxmebiT. magram amis aTviseba gana SeiZleba moxdesxangrZlivi praqtikis gareSe? gana Cveni movaleoba ar arismivceT es praqtika da frTxilad vadevnoT Tvali, raTa gzaar daebnes mas? magram marjanovi TviTdajerebulia _ dae,iyos es misi nakli, magram es jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom igi,rogorc reJisori, uimedoa; ratom unda veloliavoT? _ikiTxavT Tqven. imitom, rom gviyvars Cveni Teatri da xelovnebasvemsaxurebiT~.

sulerJicki samxatvro TeatrSi reJisorad muSaobda, xSiradavadmyofobda da bunebrivia Zalze eWvianobda. amas grZnobsstanislavski da imave werilSi agrZelebs: `Tqven ar ambobdiT,rom marjanovis mosvliT mowyeniloba gtovebT, da essinamdvileSi asea. marjanovi saWiroa Savi samuSaosTvis dais Sromismoyvarea. meCveneba, rom jer ufleba ar maqvs mivandoparaleluri speqtaklebi, roca TeatrSi masze ufro Rirseulniarian. gana ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi igive saqmes argTavazobdiT Tqven, luJskis, moskvins, aleqsandrovs?..

Tu gnebavT, rom TeatrisTvis ukiduresobamde aucilebelies saqme iyos mxatvruli, pirveli nabijebisTanave saswrafoddaexmareT mas da rac mTavaria misi keTilmosurne iyaviT~.18

momivida mTeli sasaxlis kari, mefesTan da dedofalTan erTad,oqroSi Camesva, asec moviqeciT~.13 k. s. stanislavski gordonkregis Canafiqrze wers: `taxtze mefe-dedofali zis. mefe-dedoflis orive mxares, ukana kedlis gaswvriv, ramdenimerigad didebulebi sxedan. maT, iseve rogorc mefes da dedofals,oqrosagan Camosxmuli kostiumebi da mosasxamebi acviaT dabrinjaos qandakebebs mogvagoneben~.14

1911 wlis 13 agvistos, TiTqmis erTi wlis Tavze, roca 8Tviani avadmyofobis Semdeg stanislavski 1911 wlis martSikvlav daubrunda `hamlets~ Tavis meuRles, m. p. lilinaswerda: `... sapunovi da marjanovi yoCaRebi arian! mSvenierikostiumebi daamzades, SesaZloa ufro Wreli, vidre kregismixedviT unda iyos, magram miuxedavad amisa, kregi daculi damSvenieria. meore suraTi _ taxtze mjdomi mefe da garSemosul oqro _ yovelgvar qebas aRemateba.

Cvenma yeyeCebma pirvelad gaiges kregis genia~.15

k. s. stanislavski dasasveneblad kislovodskSi wavida.iqidan gamogzavna ofelias rolis monaxazi: `es egzemplarisWirdeba marjanovs saerTo xelmZRvanelobisaTvis danawyvetebis aRsaniSnavad~. 1910 wlis 27 ivliss o. v. gzovskaiaswerilSi avalebs, rom man da marjaniSvilma damoukidebladmoiniSnon nawyvetebi da Semdeg Seadaron mis egzemplars. Tuwarmoiqmneboda gaugebroba unda aReniSnaT da CaeweraT, `meremarjanovTan erTad daiwyeT Tqveni surviliT nawyvetebisaRniSvna~. stanislavski Tan Tavisuflebas aZlevs marjaniSvils,ainteresebs misi gadawyvetac da Tan amowmebs. varaudobs, rommarjaniSvilma amgvari samuSaos ararTuli saidumlo gaigo.am saqmeSi stanislavskis sulerJickis CarTvac surs, magrammarjaniSvilis Tavmoyvareobas ufrTxildeba, o. v. gzovskaiaski mianiSnebs: `Tqvenc frTxilad iyaviT, raTa ar SelaxoTjer kidev gamoucdeli Tavmoyvareoba... rasakvirvelia SesaZloaiyos Secdomebic da azrTa sxvadasxvaoba, magram, gana aserTulia maTi gasworeba? Camosvlisas, ramdenime repeticiaSierTad gavakeTebT.

CemTvis es Savi samuSaoa~.16

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daRupva uxaria. piriqiT, mas namdvilad gauxardeba, rocagaigebs, rom misi qmnileba, misi mxarSi amodgomis gareSecmyarad dgas fexze...~20

1910 wlis agvistos dasawyisSi vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenko wers werils v. v. luJskis `rac ufro metadCaerTvebiT `karamazovebSi~, miT ufro mSvidad viqnebi, romcmomixdes `misereres~ didi xniT gadadeba! magram me vfiqrob,rom yvelafrisTvis movnaxavT dros da Zalebs da marjanovimixedavs hamsuns~.21 kote marjaniSvili am dros, rogorc zeviTmogaxseneT `hamletze~ muSaobda, magram Semdeg, viTarebaTacvlilebis gamo, hamsunis nacvlad karamazovebis~ repeticiebzeaRmoCnda.

nemiroviC-danCenkom romanis inscenireba k. marjaniSvilsdaakisra. miuCines aTi studieli, iyides dostoevskis romanisTormeti egzemplari, makratlebi, webo da daiwyes `Wra-kerva~.aT dReSi marjaniSvilma nemiroviCs gamzadebuli piesawarudgina. es teqsti Semdeg nemiroviCma luJskisTan erTaddaamuSava da inscenirebis avtori gaxda. es ar iyo romanisinscenireba. Teatrs `Zmebi karamazovebi~ ar gadaukeTebia. maTSeqmnes fabulasTan met-naklebad dakavSirebuli suraTebisrigi. rigis wyoba SesaZloa nemiroviCma gadaanacvla, magram k.marjaniSvilis damontaJebul suraTebs ase swrafad verSecvlida. speqtakli xom or TveSi dadges.

1910 wlis 29 agvistos nemiroviC-danCenko meuRles wers:`axla, sxvadasxva xelSi, muSavdeba 12 scena _ CemTan, marjanovTanda luJskisTan. magram movaswreb Tu ara yvelafris gasworebas,msaxiobebi moaswreben Tu ara am saxeebSi gardaqmnas~.22

1910 wlis Semodgomaze k. s. stanilavskis avadmyofobagaurTulda da amis gamo Teatris sarepertuaro gegma Seicvala.SeCerda muSaoba `hamletzec~, romliTac sezonis gaxsnasvaraudobdnen. gadawyda, sezoni gaexsnaT `Zmebi karamazovebiT~.nemiroviC-danCenko mxolod 1910 wlis 5 seqtebers uyvebastanislavskis 6 agvistos sxdomis Sesaxeb, sadac karamazovebze~muSaoba gadawyda. amave werilSi uyveba 8 agvistos dasisSekrebis Sesaxeb da mere dawvrilebiT aRwers `karamazovebze~muSaobas. CamouTvlis yvela movlenisa Tu epizodis saTaurebs,

`hamletis~ dadgmisTvis muSaoba ganaxlda 1911 wlisgazafxulze k. s stanislavskis xelmZRvanelobiT. premieraSedga 1911 wlis 11 dekembers.

damdgmeli reJisori _ gordon kregi. reJisorebi: k. s.stanislavski da l. a sulerJicki; mxatvarebi gordon kregi,k. n. sapunovi (kostiumebi). marjaniSvilis gvari arsad Cans.iqneb k. s. stanilavskim angariSi gauwia Tavis megobars daamitomac wamowia win misi Sroma da k. marjaniSvilis samuSaoki ugulebelyo.

vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenko ukve 1910 wlis zafxulSiemzadeboda f. dostoevskis Zmebi karamazovebis~ da s. iuSkeviCis`Miserere~ dadgmisTvis. 4 agvistos k. s. stanislavskis muclistifi Seeyara. 6 agvistos samxatvro Teatris marTvelobissxdomaze nemiroviC-danCenkom daayena pirveli sakiTxi: davdgaT`hamleti~ k. s. (stanislavski _ m. t.) gareSe Tu ara? xom argamogveZaxa kregi da saerTo ZalebiT misi, suleris, marjanovisada CemiT dagvedga `hamleti~? gadavwyviteT, rom Cven amiTgavTelavdiT k. s. sanukvar ocnebebs da es uarvyaviT. maSinarCevanze davayene ori gegma _ erTi `karamazovebiT~, meoremaT gareSe. didxans yoymanobdnen. maSin me ase vTqvi:warmovidginoT batonebo, SeZlebisdagvarad realurad, romCvenTan zis k. s. da gamovicnoT, ras gvipasuxebda. erTxmadTqves _ is gadawyvetda `karamazovebis~ gegmas. _ maSinsafiqralic araferi yofila~.19 gamWriaxma vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkom gansazRvra, rogorc Tavad wers direqtor-reJisoris~k. s. stanislavskis avadmyofobis mosalodneli Sedegebi da`karamazovebze~ muSaoba sxdomidan 2 dReSi daiwyo, 1910wlis 8 agvistos. 8 agvistos nemiroviC-danCenko dasis saerToSekrebaze k. s. stanislavskize sityviT gamovida: `... k. s.avadmyofobisas misi yvelaze saukeTeso mxardaWera iqnebodamTeli Teatris udidesi Sroma da Teatris didi warmateba.veravin gabedavs daabralos mas wvrilmani pativmoyvareoba.es is administratori araa, roca saqmes CamoSorebuli, saqmis

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ingreoda speqtaklis garegnuli pirobiToba. scenaze gamovleniltalants xelborkilebi exsneboda, farTovdeboda horizontebi~.27

`karamazovebSi~ epoqisa da oTaxis STabeWdilebas SeqmnidaSesaferisi aveji. es mdgomareoba sxva mniSvnelovan amocanaswyvetda _ piesaSi unda SenarCunebuliyo avtoriseuli daskvnebida daxasiaTebebi... moqmedebaSi Tavisuflad SeiZlebodamkiTxvelis Semoyvana, romelic nebismier adgilas, dinamikisdaurRvevlad, SesZlebda gadaeca msmenelisTvis yvelaferi, racavtors mocemul adgilas undoda eTqva. k. marjaniSviliwerda: `gana es ar warmoadgenda Cems gacocxlebul remarkas`Sliukidan?~ me SemeZlo mezeima: Cemi ideebis SeRwevas samxatvroTeatrSi erTi welic ar mondomebia. marTalia, SemTxveviTobiswyalobiT, magram mainc SeaRwies samxatvro TeatrSi, da gulissiRrmeSi amiT Zalian vamayobdi~.28 `karamazovebis~ premierazemkiTxvelis roli zogma rTulad aRiqva, sxvebma, piriqiT, _`berZnuli qoros msgavsad~, Teatraluri warmodgenismniSvnelovan elementad CaTvala.

`Zmebi karamazovebis~ inscenireba nemiroviCma Caifiqra,rogorc ornawiliani didi scenuri tilo _ speqtaklsTamaSobdnen ori saRamo.

Tavdapirvelad dasamuSaveblad nemiroviC-danCenkom alioSasda katerina ivanovnas scenebi aiRo, luJskim _ yvelaze didida Zneli scena, _ «Мокрое». fsiqologiuri scenebis didiumravlesoba _ mitias scena (l. m. leonidovi), ivanesi (v. i.kaCalovi), smerdiakovis (a. gorevi), lizasi (l. m. koreneva)da `saubari eSmakTan~ marjaniSvils daawva mxrebze. sabolood`Zmebi karamazovebi~ Sedgeboda oci suraTisgan, aqedan xuTigaakeTa marjaniSvilma.

marjaniSvilis reJisoruli manerisTvis uCveulo iyomagidasTan didxans muSaoba, scenaze _ repeticiebis minimumamdedayvana. mas romanis didi nakveTebi acbunebda, eCveneboda, rommayurebeli moiwyenda. am saSiSroebas bevri mxateli grZnobda.`karamazovebis~ premieris Semdeg nemiroviC-danCenko k. s.stanislavskis werda: `ara mxolod viSnevski CamCurCulebdauknidan yurSi, rom es mosawyeni iqneba, aramed marjanovic,romelic Txrobis gasacocxleblad melodramatuli xerxebis

moqmed gmirebs da Semsruleblebs. am saangariSo gegmaSiuceb rTavs kote marjaniSvils: `magram marjanovi, saerTodSesaniSnavad, ganuwyveteli energiiT momuSave korenevasTanukve Sakikamde mivida. magram iTamaSebs Cinebulad (l. m.koreneva `karamazovebSi~ TamaSobda lize-s _ m. t.). werilisbolos vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenko wers: `... axla veZeb droshamsunisTvis. marjanovi daiwyebs Sav repeticiebs da rogorcki `karamazovebi~ damTavrdeba, hamsunisa da iuSkeviCisparaleluri repeticiebi wava~.23

Zmebi karamazovebis~ reJisorebad vl. nemiroviC-danCenkosgarda dainiSnen k. marjaniSvili da v. v. luJski.

inscenirebis moqmedebebi sxvadasxva adgilas mimdinareobda,saWiro iyo dekoraciebis safuZvliani damzadeba, rac Zaliandid dros moiTxovda. muSaoba ramdenime Tve gagrZeldeboda,arada sezoni `Zmebi karamazovebiT~ unda gaexsnaT. kotemarjaniSvili wers: `maSin v. v. luJskim winadadeba Semoitanagvesargebla Cemi ideiT, romliTac gadavwyvite `Sliuk daiau~ nezlobinTan. e. i. ubralod, udekoracioT gveTamaSa~.24

Tavdapirvelad nemiroviCi winaaRmdegi iyo, magram meredaTanxmda. 1910 wlis 5 seqtembers nemiroviCi m. p. lilinaswers: `luJskim moifiqra inscenirebis kargi xerxi. dekoraciaar iqneba, magram butaforia unda iyos tipuri da saintereso.yvela suraTis foni erTi da igive iqneba~.25 gadawyda, piesaeTamaSaT erT romelime fonze. 1909 wels presaSi `Sliuk daiaus~ dadgmaze daibeWda interviu k. marjaniSvilTan: ukanaskneldros vgrZob, rom minda scenaze msaxiobi wvrilmanebisagangavanTavisuflo, romelic momabezreblad TvalSi geCxirebada Semsruleblis TamaSs Crdilavs. amitom davdgam `Sliukda iaus~ ise, rogorc dadgamdnen Seqspiris epoqis moxetialekomediantebi, anu dekoracia ar iqneba _ is saerTo foniTSeicvleba, davtoveb mxolod imas, rac moqmedebismsvlelobisTvis aucilebelia~.26 1913-14 wels nemiroviC-danCenko`Zmeb karamazovebze~ wers: `dekoraciebi saerTod ar iyo.SesaZlebeli gaxda mowyobilobis stili gamogvexata mxolodavejiT da kostiumebiT da a. S. da a. S. erTi sityviT,

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daskvna, rom avtoris fsiqologiuri wvdoma, msaxiobSi gancdismiRweva mxolod mcire scenaze unda moxdes. `did scenazeunda waxvide maSin, roca sulSi siZlieres grZnob, mxolodori repeticiiT!..

amas me adrec vambobdi da axla sabolood davrwmundi:didi scena unda ekuTvnodes mxolod dekoratorebs,eleqtroteqnikosebs da butaforebs~.32 bunebrivia, es mosazrebakargad icodnen msaxiobebma, romlebic ewinaaRmdegebodnen dakote marjaniSvilmac, romelic TiTqmis yvela repeticiis saqmiskursSi iyo. nemiroviC-danCenko premieris wina dReebSi wers:`... gamodis rom, me gaviare 100-ze meti repeticia, calkemarjanovma _ daaxloebiT 50, luJskim uCemod _ daaxloebiT25-30~.33 (Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма,т. 2. Москва, «Искусство», 1979 , ст. 35). unda gaviTvaliwinoT,rom ukmayofilo `pirvel msaxiobebTan~ kote marjaniSvilicaqtiurad muSaobda, unda warmovisaxoT Teatris kuluarebic,sadac Teatris yvela TanamSromlis TiToeuli nabijis garCevaCveulebrivi ambavia. ar gamovricxavT, rom marjaniSvilistemperamenti da Tamami reJisoruli fantazia ar eTanxmebodavl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkos `karamazovebze~ ganmtkicebulTeoriul mosazrebas, Tumc amis Sesaxeb Tavis `mogonebebSi~ar saubrobs. magram misma ganwyobam rom `gaJona~ cxadia.iqneb swored amiTaa motivirebuli nemiroviC-danCenkos mierkote marjaniSvilis aRqma e. n. Cirikovis nawarmoebis `ivanmironiCis~ mTavar gmirad, romelic pedanturi da mSralipersonaJia. `karamazovebis~ premieramde ramdenime dRiT adrenemiroviC-danCenko k. s. stanislavskis wers: `... marjanovikvlavindeburad araCveulebrivad energiulia, magram jer aricis msaxiobis fsiqologiasTan mopyroba. ganviTarebuli araaqvs alRo, ras moeWidos msaxiobSi, raTa is gacocxldes. ...ivan mironiCia...~34

1910 wlis 14 oqtombers, `karamazovebis~ premieridanmeore dRes, vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkos k. s. stanislavskisadmigagzavnil telegramaSi kvlav adasturebs `karamazovebze~marjaniSvilis monawileobas: ori Tvis manZilze mTeli Teatrisaocari keTilsindisierebiT muSaobda. mTeli repeticiebi Cemi,luJskis da marjanovis 150-ze meti iyo~.35

gamoyenebas cdilobda~.29 nemiroviC-danCenko repeticiebzeTeoriulad amtkicebda, rom Tu rolis fsiqologias sworadCawvdebi da Tu Semsrulebeli rolSi sworad icxovrebs, misigancdebi ocdamexuTe rigamdec miaRwevda. nemiroviC-danCenkowerda: `viSnevskis da knipers es ar esmiT. is, vinc arasworadcxovrobs da oinebze midis, darbazis pirvel rigebsac ki vergadaurCeba~.30 smerdiakovis rolis Semsrulebeli f. p. goreviavad gaxda da Sesaferisi msaxiobi ar hyavdaT. rocamarjaniSvili erT-erT repeticiaze kaCalovs scenas uxsnidada smerdiakovis fsiqikis Sesaxeb elaparakeboda, misi yuradRebamiiqcia reJisoris TanaSemwem s. n. voronovma, romelic iseganicdida moqmedi piris mdgomareobas, rom yvelaferi saxezeexateboda. am faqts yuradreba miaqcia kaCalovmac. uCvenesnemiroviCs, romelmac jer undoblad miiRo es ambavi, meredaTanxmda. premieris wina dReebSi nemiroviC-danCenko k. s.stanislavskis meuRles m. p. lilinas werda: bolos da bolossmerdiakovs TamaSobs voronovi... reJisoris TanaSemwe brZenSi~...misi garegnoba smerdiakovisTvis zedgamoWrilia. nervi kargiaqvs, diqciac. dakvirvebulia, gemovnebiani, magram axalgazrdada gamoucdelia~.31 ucnauria, vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenko piradwerilebSi wvrilmanebamde aRwers Teatris yvela SemoqmedebiTmovlenas da avadmyof k. s. stanilavskis yovelives saqmisyurSi ayenebs, magram smerdiakovis rolis Semsrulebeli, romkote marjaniSvilma `i pova~, ar saubrobs. presam erTxmadaRiara voronovi-smerdiakovi. mitias roli, romelic leonidovmaSeqmna marjaniSvilis daxmarebiT speqtaklis erT-erTimniSvnelovani saxe iyo.

nemiroviC-danCenkos werilebidan irkveva, rom axalbedebimas uxmod miyvebodnen. gamocdili, aRiarebuli msaxiobebi kiewinaaRmdegebodnen. scenaze gancdis misaRwevad nemiroviC-danCenkosTvis aucilebeli iyo avtoris sulSi wvdoma. magramam fsiqologiurma wvdomebma~ imdenad gaitaca, rom mas mxolodpersonaJebis Sinagani mdgomareoba ainteresebda. amis Sedegadki msaxiobis gamomsaxvelobiT xerxebs veRar egueboda, amitomacCioda kaCalovze, moskvinze, luJskize da marjaniSvilzec.gadaWarbebulad gveCveneba vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkos ucnauri

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`karamazovebis~ premieridan TiTqmis or kviraSi vl. i.nemiroviC-danCenko wers k. s. stanislavskis, rom reJisorulmmarTvelobasTan erTad unda Camoyalibdes literatuliganyofileba. ganyofilebaSi ramdenime kaci unda muSaobdes.maT unda Seiswavlon msoflio romanistikis Sedevrebi.`servantesis, floberis, mopasanis aseulobiT araCveulebrivimoTxroba _ unda vicodeT, SeviswavloT TeatraluriTvalsazrisiT. jerjerobiT CvenTan amisTvis gamodgebian suleri,likiardopulo, nawilobriv marjanovi...~39

`karamazovebis~ premiera 12 da 13 oqtombers Sedga. 1910wlis 25 noembers k. s. stanislavski wers vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkos: `da mainc, es aranormaluria, rom aseTi Teatrimxolod or pirovnebas eyrdnoba. ratomaa, rom CvenSi ary alibd ebi a n da moukid ebeli moRvaw ee b i , rogorcadministratorebi, aseve msaxiobebi? nuTu Cven ase vzRudavTmaT? es xom saSinelebaa! mzad var Tavi movikla, raTa sxvebzease cudad ar vimoqmedo. me mgonia, marjanovs aqvs esdamoukidebloba da iniciativa~.40 rogorc Cans stanislavskismarjaniSvilis muSaobis Sesaxeb msaxiobebisgan kargi ambebimisdis. unda vivaraudoT, rom ZiriTadaT stanislavskis sayvarelmsaxiobs kaCalovs miuZRvis didi wvlili, nemiroviC-danCenkosorazrovani Sefasebac k. s. stanislavskis ndobas gamoiwvevda.iqneb amitom wers nemiroviC-danCenkos stanilavski: `me mgonia,marjanovs aqvs es damoukidebloba da iniciativa~. es frazaukve nebarTvaa da marjaniSvilis mxardaWera, dadgas speqtakli.es werili stanislavskim nemiroviCs gaugzavna 25 noembers,marjaniSvilma k. hamsunis `cxovrebis brWyalebis~ samagidorepeticia 11 oqtombers (`karamazovebis~ premieris wina dRes)daiwyo da 26 oqtombers mTeli piesa msaxobebTan gaarCia.Cveni varaudiT mere repeticiebi Sewyda, radgan kotemarjaniSvili nemiroviC-danCenkos miserereze~ (s. s. iuSkeviCis`Miserere~) exmareboda, romlis premiera 1910 wlis 17dekemebers Sedga. speqtaklSi umetesad dakavebuli iyo Teatrisaxalgazrdoba. k. s. stanislavski am speqtaklze wers: mogvixda`Miserere~-s dadgma, romelic miiRes rogorc savarjiSo dasisaxalgazrda nawilisTvis~.

9 oqtombers nemiroviC-danCenko asaxelebs 180 repeticias,14 oqtombers 20 repeticias aklebs da asaxelebs _ 150repeticias (albaT daazusta monacemebi). samxatvro Teatrissaarqivo monacemebiT `Zmeb karamazovebze~ iricxeba 110repeticia. nemiroviC-danCenkos `rCeuli werilebis~ 2 tomisbolos SeniSvnaSi weria: aSkaraa, rom iyo ufro meti repeticia,romelic protokoliT ar dafiqsirebula~.36 ratom ardafiqsirda 40 repeticia? es samxatvro Teatris mkacr Sina-ganawes da disciplinas ar Seesabameba. Cven vTvliT radgankote marjaniSvilis gvari oficialur dokumentebSi araadafiqsirebuli ese igi misi samuSao `Zmeb karamazovebze~aradamakmayofilad CaTvales an ugulebelyves. Tumcorazrovania nemoroviC-danCenkos mosazreba marjaniSvilismsaxiobTan muSaobis Sesaxeb. is aRiarebs kote marjaniSvilisfsiqologiaSi wvdomis unars, Tan urTierTsawinaaRmdegoSefasebebiT ganixilavs mis usazRvro energias: «Онвеликолепно толкует психологию, не хуже меня. Но ужочень общо, как-то без применения к актерам. Арепетирует по кусочкам, добиваясь как с учениками, чембеспокоит актерев. Показывать не берется. Оченьэнергичен. Но энергия его пока какая-то электрическая, скакой-то холодной горячностью. Без настоящего нерва, приогромной работоспособности. При всем том его сценылегко было исправлять. В три репетиции можно былосладить со всем, так много он давал своей работой.

Обидчив очень, самолюбив до чрезвычайности. Всевремя с ним надо быть осторожным».37 speqtakls didiwarmateba xvda wilad. is samxatvro Teatris gaugonar vadaSi_ or TveSi dadges. werdnen beletristikuli nawarmoebisscenuri interpretaciis axal xerxze... araviTari naturalizmi...mxatis yvelaze `aqtioruli~ speqtakli. g. kriJicki wers:`premieridan ramdenime wlis Semdeg marjanovi mayurebelTadarbazidan uyurebda `karamazovebs~. rasakvirvelia, kulisebSimiiwvies, ixsenebdnen mis repeticiebs.

_ nuTu es me davdgi, _ Tqva konstantine aleqsandroviCma_ rogor cudad vmuSaobdi maSin!~38

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nemiroviC-danCenkosTan molaparakebis Semdeg gadawyda piesasdadgamda k. marjaniSvili, mxatvari v. simovi, kompozitori i.saci. mTavar rolebSi dakavebulni iyvnen: o. l. kniper-Cexova,v. i. kaCalovi, l. m. leonidovi, a. l. viSnevski, v. f. gribunini...

dekoraciis gegma muSavdeboda TeatrSi, mere grZeldebodamarjaniSvilebTan _ saxlSi. simovi da marjanovi gadavidnenmcire scenaze, yvelasgan moSorebiT da TiTqmis ori TvemuSaobdnen naTeli ferebis im gamis misagnebad, romelic ucebdaamsxvrevda xalxisTvis Cveul samxatvro Teatrisganwyobilebas.

simovs gauZnelda `Seleoda~ realur oTaxebs, karebs dafanjrebs da a. S. marjaniSvils am sakiTxSi daexmara is, romsimovma pirobiTad gaakeTa `karamazovebis~ dadgma _ fardebSi.sapoJnikovis maRaziaSi SeiZines uamravi sxvadasxva qsovili.maT maRal lantebze kidebdnen da eleqtronis uZlieresiSuqiT anaTebdnen. bolos simovma miagno ferTa gansacvifrebelgamas.

gadawyda oTaxebi ar iqneboda, mxolod bundovani warmodgenaoTaxebze, Seqmnili fardebiT, ubralod qsovilebis naWrebiT.am SenobaSi mcxovrebTa xasiaTisa da sazogadoebrivimdgomareobis mixedviT aveji ar SeurCeviaT. marjaniSviliwerda: ...Cven ubralod veZebT wkriala, metyvel sagnebs, TanacveswrafviT, rom maTi brwyinvaleba gamoscen larnakebSi,grafinebSi da sxv. srulebiT ar vuwevT angariSs fanjrebidanSemoWril sinaTles.

restoranSi, mTeli scenis ori mesamedis manZilze vdgamTuzarmazar divans (absurdia _ sad gagonila es?) da zedvyriT ramdenime aTeul ferad baliSs.

mxolod aseT giJurad naTel ferebSi SeiZlebodagveiZulebina o. l. kni peri misuliyo iseT `usircxvilo~mizanscenamde, roca is xteba divanze da warmosTqvams TiTqmiserotikul monolgs siyvarulis wyurvilze~.43

marjaniSvilis moTxovnaze daerRviaT metyvelebis ubraloeba,`bunebrioba~ msaxiobebi ukmayofilod Sexvdnen. maT TxovdnenelaparakaT mkveTrad, qmediTad, feradovnad, gamomxatveli JestiT.msaxiobebi saCivriT midiodnen nemiroviC-danCenkosTan,

1907 wels samxatvro Teatrma dadga k. hamsunis cxovrebisdrama~, k. s. stanislavski TamaSobda karenos rols. speqtaklisreJisorebi iyvnen: k. s. stanislavski da l. a. sulerJicki.1908-1909 wlis sezonSi vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkom da v. v.luJskim dadges k. hamsunis `samefos karibWesTan~.

roca aRiarebulma norvegielma mweralma, knut hamsunmapiesa `cxovrebis brWyalebSi~ dawera (1910), dasadgmeladsamxatvro Teatrs gaugzavna. nemiroviC-danCenkos SefasebiThamsunis piesa susti iyo da yoymanobda, magram k. s. stanislavskisainteresebda am piesis dadgma. Tanac hamsuni mxats maincunda daedga, radgan sxva Teatrebi icdidnen, misi dadgmispirveloba ki samxatvro Teatrs ekuTvnoda. stanislavskisada nemiroviC-danCenkos piradi werilebidan unda vivaraudoT,rom rolebi gaanawiles marjaniSvilma da nemiroviC-danCenkom,stanislavski ar Careula.

roca 1910 wlis 11 oqtombers marjaniSvilma hamsunisrepeticiebi daiwyo, imave dRes nemiroviC-danCenko wers meuRles,rom jer misereres~ dadgmas moagvarebs, romlzec did imedebsar amyarebs da mere: wava hamsunis piesa _ kvlav kompromisebi,romlebic sruliadac ar maxarebs.~41 aqedan vaskvniT, rom arcnemiroviC-danCenkos undoda `cxovrebis brWyalebis~ dadgma.Teatris xelmZRvanelebma k. marjaniSvils misces dasadgmelad.

damoukidebel muSaobas mowyurebuli marjaniSvili abuntdada daiwyo fiqri imaze SeiZleboda Tu ara am piesisagannaTeli da mziuri speqtaklis Seqmna, romelic mayurebelsyoveldRiurobaze maRla aiyvanda. marjaniSvilis azriT,stanislavskis an nemiroviCs rom daedgaT es piesa, gamovidodaspeqtakli, romelic mayurebels daimorCilebda Tavisi`ganwyobilebiT~ da Cveulebrivi fsiqologiiT. k. marjaniSviliwerda: `meore mxriv, roca gyavs nabobi _ TiTqmismelodramatiuli figura da es kadnieri kobra, eSmaksac wauRiayovelgvari mokrZaleba, yovelgvari `kargi gemovneba~... dagaSli iseT kaSkaSa da mziur simxurvales, romelic mayurebels`karmenis~ msgavsi TavawyvetilobiT moajadoebda...~42.

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winadadeba daedgaT ibsenis `qali zRvidan~, romlis dadgmac1910 wlis gazafxulze SesTavzes kote marjaniSvils. sabWossxva wevrebma airides `direqtor-ganmkargulebelis~ meorewinadadeba _ daedgaT d’anuncios `mkvdari qalaqi~, romlisdadgmac 1910 wlis gazafxulze nemiroviC-daneCkos SesTavazamarjaniSvilma. orive piesa marjaniSvils unda daedga. k.marjaniSvilis warmatebis gamo xom ar ieWviana k. s.stanislavskim? 1911 wlis 7 noembers nemiroviC-danCenkomweriliT mxatis sabWos, k. s. stanilavskis da a. a. staxoviCis~saprogramo sityviT mimarTa, sadac erT-erTi ZiriTadi sakiTxiiyo, rom saTanado piesis ZiebaSi Tveebi gadis da aravinarafers akeTebs. mmarTvelobas adanaSaulebs misdamiundoblobaSi da am undoblobas uwodebs borotebas. misiazriT ndobisas xan imarjvebs speqtakli da xan ara. sworedam dros asaxelebs kote marjaniSvils `magram warmatebisramdeni SemTxvevaa. Sors ar waval: `cxovrebis brWyalebSi~.eskizebis mixedviT marjanovisa da simovis Canafiqri ar momewona,magram me vuTxari: RmerTma xeli mogimarToT da imuSaveT.maT vende _ da ar vnanob: warmodgenas savsebiT mxatvruladar vTvli, magram Teatris Rirseba ar Selaxula. Tumca didiSemosavali moitana da amasTan marjanovs daexmara praqtikazedaenaxa Tavisi Secdomebi da Cven _ imedi, rom is momavalSiam Secdomebs Tavs aaridebs~.48 piesebze saubrisas kvlav axsenebskote marjaniSvils: `... mocemul SemTxvevaSi Tavisufalimarjanovi ar iRebs dasadgmelad yofiT piesas~. nemiroviC-danCenkos angariSis Semdeg stanislavskim samxatvro TeatrissabWos mimarTa, sadac nemiroviC-danCenkos sruli ndobagamoucxada: piesebis arCevaSi, rolebis ganawilebaSi da dadgmebisvadebis gansazRvraSic. CvenTvis sainteresoa Sedegi: 1911 wlis12 noembers samxatvro TeatrSi daamtkices rolebis ganawileba.d’anuncios `mkvdar qalaqis~ reJisorad daniSnes kotemarjaniSvili. cxadia nemiroviC-danCenko marjaniSvilisspeqtakls mxars uWerda da gza gauxsna mis adrindel Canafiqrs,ganexorcielebina d’ anuncio. es speqtakli qarTvel reJisorsar daudgams. 1912 wlis agvistoSi hamsunis dadgmidan 18TveSi nemiroviC-danCenko `cxovrebis brWyalebze~ werda, rom

stanislavskis ukmayofilo werilebs werdnen. marjaniSviliwerda: `...dRemde gaocebuli var, rom vladimer ivanoviCi arCaeria Cems repeticiebSi da droze ar Sewyvita `skandali~.44

v. simovis cnobiT: speqtakls vdagmdiT direqciis rCevebisada miTiTebebis gareSe; marjanovs aravin exmareboda. albaT,Teatrma ganizraxa Caetarebina gamocdis msgavsi ram daSeemowmebina gastroliori~.45 unda aRiniSnos, rom damuSavebulscenebs nemiroviC-danCenkos uCvenebdnen, romelic maT SeniSvnebsaZlevda da Semdeg axlidan gegmavnen, xandaxan calkeul scenebscvlidnen.

25 Tebervals Sav repeticiaze `darbazSi dauSvesmayurebeli: a. i. adaSevis skolis moswavleebi da sxv. 26-SigaimarTa sajaro generaluri~, xolo 1911 wlis 28 TebervalsSedga premiera, romelsac gansakuTrebuli warmateba hqonda.marjaniSvilisadmi mtrulad ganwyobili kritikac iZulebuligaxda gamarjveba eRiarebina. mag. em. beskini samxatvro Teatrisukanskneli wlebis saukeTeso speqtaklad aRiarebs. Tumc amwarmodgenas mowinaaRmdegeebic hyavdnen. speqtakli iTamaSes163-jer _ im dros es maCvenebeli Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo.kote marjaniSvili werda: WeSmaritad, cxovrebis brWyalebSi~iyo Cemi pirveli qarTuli warmodgena _ dae, iTamaSon rusulenaze, rusma msaxiobebma, rusul TeatrSi, is mainc mTlianadqarTuli qmnileba iyo.

…es iyo ori nacionaluri kulturis Sejaxeba. diax, ara!`cxovrebis brWyalebSi~ kavkasieli abragis yaCaRuri Tavdasxmaiyo samxatvro Teatris mdumare, Cafiqrebul wylebze~.46

1911 wlis ianvarSi k. s. stanislavski ruseTidan germaniaSiwavida samogzaurod. moskovSi Camodis cxovrebis brWyalebis~premieris Semdeg. k. marjaniSvili werda: `stanislavskim armiiRo piesis Cemi gageba, marTalia is Camovida, es dadgma naxa,magram araferi miTxra. erTi sityvac ar uTqvams. mis siCumeSinaTlad vgrZnobdi, rom es misTvis ar iyo simarTle, ar iyo`realoba~, igi miuRebeli iyo misTvis~.47 TiTqmis 9 TvemarjaniSvils TeatrSi samuSao ara hqonda. 1911 wlis 4noembers samxatvro Teatris sabWos sxdomaze repertuarisganxilvisas stanislavskim ukuagdo nemiroviC-danCenkos

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1912 wlis 9 oqtombers marjaniSvilma ÌÕÒ-Si uCvena Tavisimeore da bolo namuSevari h. ibsenis per giunti~. dekoraciebin. k. rerixis, gamoiyenes edvard grigis musika, romelic ruseTSipirvelad sruldeboda. es warmodgena samxatvro TeatrisTvisrigiT mecxre da ukanaskneli ibseniseuli speqtakli iyo. pergiunti _ l. m. leonidovi, oze _ s. v. xaliutina, solveigi_ l. m. koreneva, anitra _ a. Ò. kooneni.

Teatraluri dRiuris mixedviT, kote marjaniSvili da a.s. burjalovi (burjaliani) paralelur repeticiebs gadiodnen.Semdeg, 1912 wlis 10 seqtembers muSaobaSi CaerTo vl. i.nemiroviC-danCenko, rogorc samxatvro xelmZRvaneli, romelicZalian dainteresebuli iyo `per giuntis~ warmatebiT. ufromogvianebiT SemouerTdnen kompozitori i. saci da didi Teatrisbaletmeisteri a. gorski; bevr repeticias eswrebodawarmodgenis mxatvari n. k. rerixi. speqtali dadges or TveSi.g. kriJicki werda: `ai aseTi tempebiT muSaobda maSin moskovissamxatvro Teatri~.

ibsenis filosofiuri poemis gadatana scenaze didsiZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. didi teqstebi, uamravi moqmedigmiri da moqmedebis adgilis xSiri cvalebadoba (scenebidedamiwis sxvadasxva kuTxeSi viTardeba), rom aRaraferi vTqvaTideur Sinaarsze. piesaSi realuri irealurTan, cxovreba dayofa fantastikasTan, alegoriasa da simbolikasTan, filosofiapoeziasTan aris gadaxlarTuli. Janris moZebnac rTulia.teqsti Zalian Seamcires: peris mravali msjeloba da sentencia,saubari sfinqsTan, Tavgadasavali sagiJeTSi, peris brZolamzareulTan gemis daRupvis dros da a. S. Teatri filosofiasTmobda. samxatvro Teatris tradiciis mixedviT, masalebisSesagroveblad k. marjaniSvili norvegiaSic ki wavida.

anitras rolis Semsrulebeli a. kooneni werda: `vl.nemiroviC-danCenko h. ibsenis poemas samxatvro Teatristradiciul formebSi aRiqvamda, sadac mTavari yofiTirealuroba da gmirebis garTulebuli nair-nair azrebiT savsefsiqikaSi detaluri SeRweva iyo. `marjanovi piesas aRiqvamdapoemad, is iRwvoda ganrideboda konkretulobas da simbolomdemisuliyo. Seeqmna speqtaklSi legendis, zRapris koloriti...~53

roca mayurebels SesTavazes myvirala da efeqturigaSiSvlebuli piesa: musikiT, restorniT, gveliT, is kmayofilidarCa. Savkanianic ki gamoiyvenes. `magram es ise miCqmales,rom gamovida SesaniSnavi speqtakli, Cinebuli `tyuili~.49

stanislavski am speqtaklSi aRiarebda: I _ samsaxioboSesrulebis maRal dones; II _ ar miiRo gamomsaxveli xerxebismkveTri efeqturoba; III _ Teatris repertuarisTvis am piesassaWirod ar miiCnevda, Tumc samxatvro Teatrma es speqtakliramdenjerme aRadgina (1920, 1922-1923, 1925, 1933.).

n. Jivokini marjaniSvilze werda: `samxatvro Teatrismkacrad gansazRvruli wesis mixedviT, piesaze mizanSewoniliiyo ramdenime Tve muSaoba, rac kotes xasiaTs ar eTanxmeboda,es mas Trgunavda da guldawyvetiT ambobda, rom am droSiaTamde speqtakls dadgamda~.50

samxatvro TeatrSi muSaobisas k. marjaniSvilma orjerdadga sxva TeatrSi _ moskovSi a. s. voznesenskis `cremlebi~da Tbilisis rusul dramaSi h. f. hofmanstalis `oidiposmefes.~

1912 wlis mart-aprilSi nemiroviC-danCenko wers k. s.stanislavskis: `sezonisTvis maqvs mxolod ori piesa _ `pergiunti~ da andreevis piesa. `per giuntis~ dadgmaSi arisprincipuli kiTxvebi da Tqven SegiZliaT maTi gadawyveta.amisTvis gamoviTxove marjanovi peterburgidan. anu majanovseCveneba, rom yvelaferi naTelia, rogor dadgas piesa, me kimaincdamainc ver vendobi. rac ar unda iyos sadadgmo piesaa~.51

aq naTlad Cans nemiroviC-danCenkos motivacia _ ibsenis amurTules nawarmoebSi k. s. stanislavskis CarTva surs.

1912 wlis 20 agvistos vl. i. nemiroviC-danCeko meuRleswers: `madloba RmerTs, marjanovi duRs, muSaobs dilis 10saaTidan iwyebs repeticiebs. rumiancevi _ sameurneo nawilSia_ mec gaRizianebuli var. ase rom, SemiZlia Teatris yvelasaqmeSi ar Caverio da xandaxan mTeli dRiT davrCe saxlSi.dRiTi dRe Zalas vikref~.52

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gamovida mxolod ori scena _ ozes sikvdilis SesaniSnaviepizodi, perisa da solveigis bolo Sexvedra, epizoduriroli `qali mwvaneSi~ _ v. v. barabanovskaia.

rogorc aRvniSneT samxatvro Teatri grZnobda ganaxlebismoTxovnilebas. am mizniT `garedan~ Semosuli axali ZalebiSemoiyvana da gansxvavebuli mimarTulebis scenis moRvaweebzedayrdnobiT krizisuli situaciidan gamosvlas cdilobda. imwlebSi afiSebze gamoCndnen saxelebi: l. a. sulerJicki, g.kregi, k. a. marjanovi, a. benua. 1912-13 wlis sezonSistanislavskim da nemiroviC-danCenkom a. benuasTan erTadmolieris piesebi dadges. magram mowveul reJisorebs hqondaTTavisi `kredo~ da uceb xvdebodnen samxatvro Teatriskontrolis qveS. a. kooneni werda: Teatrs ganaxleba swyuroda,magram Tavis programas xelovnebaSi eWvianad icavda~.

1917 wels k. marjaniSvili Svils wers: ...Художественныйтеатр, куда я не просился, как многие другие..., но в которомчувствовал это постоянно, к чему рвалас моя душа... меня позвалитуда, и какой это был праздник _ я думал, что подошол кподлинному чистому источнику искусства... Потом борьба в нем_ мой протест против их будней, против той пошлости, с которой иони будто бы боролис...55

1. К. С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, Москва, изд., «Искусство»,1960 г. ,т. 7, ст. 4722. К. С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, Москва, изд. «Искусство»,1960 г. , т. 7, ст. 4613. К. А. Марджанишвили, Творческое наследие, Тбилиси, изд. «Литературада хеловнеба», 1966 г. , ст. 614. Н. Петров, Короткие встречи, К. А. Марджанишвили. Творческоенаследие, Тбилиси, изд. «Литература да хеловнеба», 1966 г., ст. 4055. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, т. 2. Москва,«Искусство», 1979 , ст. 11

a. kooneni agrZelebs: ... vigrZeni, konstantine aleqsandroviCisCanafiqrs ar exmianeboda, rac scenaze xdeboda da SesaZloascenis miRmac, magram mTeli muSaobis manZilze Cven ar gagvigoniaTundac megobruli konfliqti an kamaTi vladimer ivanoviCTan,daeJinebina (igulisxmeba k. marjanovi) Tavisi survilebi daspeqtaklis sxva reJisorisTvis Tavisi pirobebi waeyenebina~.

1912 wlis 23 noembers kompozitor i. a. sacisxsovnisadmi miZRvnil saRamoze vl. i. nemiroviC-danCenkom Tqva:`grigis `per giunti~ ar Camouvardeba ibsenis `per giunts~.magram ibseniT STagonebuli grigis per giunti~ damoukidebelinawarmoebia. misi adgilia _ sakoncerto darbazi. da rocaibsenis poemas grigis musikiT TamaSoben, rogorc es dauSvasamxatvro Teatrma, maSin msmeneli imyofeba uwyvet gaorebaSi,maTi daZabuli yuradReba da saqme sakoncerto ganwyobilebidangadadis Teatralur-dramatulisken, _ mgrZnobiare ZvrebiT, anbiZgebis SegrZnebebiT. amis gamo drama kargavs Tavis uSualobas,dramatul uwyvetobas, xolo musika im mkafioobas da sisufTaves,romelic mas koncertze eqneboda~.54

i . sobolevi speqtaklis warumateblobas piesisganxorcielebis sirTuleSi xedavda, magram aRiarebs kargadSesrulebul rerixis dekoraciebs, grigis musikis SesaniSnavgamoyenebas da msaxiobebis karg TamaSs. n. efrosi samxatvroTeatris JamTaaRmwereli ambobda, rom fuWad daikarga Zalebida Teatrma mniSvnelovan Sedegebs ver miRwia, Tumc isicrerixs aqebda, grigis melodikas, rigi scenebis Cinebulgadawyvetas da peris rolis _ leonidovis natif TamaSs. s.glagoli reJisors akritikebda zogierTi scenis damaxinjebasda mis gadaWarbebul gatacebas dadgmis garegnuli mxariT,misi teqnikiT, magram aRiarebda musikiTa da mxatvris ferweriTSeqmnili ganwyobilebis fonze gaSlil moqmedebas _ reJisorismier didi ostatobiT Seqmnili, msaxiobebi Zal-Rones ariSureben.~ isic speqtaklis warumateblobis mizezs ibsenispiesaSi eZebs, da a. S., TiTqmis yvela uklebliv aRiarebsqorwilis scenis brwinvale gadawyvetas. dramaturgisa dakritikos p . gned iCis azriT, speqtaklSi areuliasxvadasxvagvari stili: naturalizmi, pirobiToba, realizmi.

90 91

26. К. А. Маджанишвили, Творческое наследие, Тбилиси, 1958, ст. 76 27. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Рождение театра. Воспоминания, статьи,заметки, письма. Москва, изд. «Правда», 1989 г. ст. 37128. К. А. Маджанишвили, Творческое наследие, изд. Заря востока, Тбилиси,1958, ст. 63.29. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 4530. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 4431. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 3532. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 4533. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 3534. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 3635. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 3936. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 56337. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2, ст. 4738. Г. Крыжицкий, К. А. Марджанов и русский театр, всероссийскоетеатральное общество, Москва, 1958, ст.7139. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979 , т. 2, ст. 4340. К. С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, изд. «Искусство», Москва,1960, т. 7, ст. 49041. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979 , т. 2, ст. 5742. К. А. Маджанишвили, Творческое наследие, Тбилиси, 1958, ст. 65.43. k. marjaniSvili, mogonebani~, krebuli _ kote marjaniSvili, gamomc.xelovneba, 1961, gv. 78

44. К. А. Маджанишвили, Творческое наследие, Тбилиси, 1958, ст. 67.45. В. Симов, «У жизни в лапах», К. А. Марджанишвили, Творческоенаследие, Тбилиси, 1966, ст. 43546. К. А. Маджанишвили, Творческое наследие, Тбилиси, 1958, ст. 65.47. k. marjaniSvili, mogonebani~, krebuli _ kote marjaniSvili, gamomc.xelovneba, 1961, gv. 76

6. Н. Петров, Короткие встречи, К. А. Марджанишвили. Творческоенаследие, Тбилиси, изд. «Литература да хеловнеба», 1966 г. , ст. 405-4067. К. С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, изд. «Искусство», Москва,1960, т. 7, ст. 4718. Н. Петров, Короткие встречи, К. А. Марджанишвили. Творческоенаследие, изд. «Литература да хеловнеба», Тбилиси, 1966, ст. 4069. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, т. 2. Москва,«Искусство», 1979 , ст. 1810. k. s. stanislavski, Cemi cxovreba xelovnebaSi, nakaduli~, Tbilisi,

1988, gv. 44611. К. А. Марджанишвили. Творческое наследие, изд. «Литература дахеловнеба»,Тбилиси, 1966, ст. 6212. k. s. stanislavski, Cemi cxovreba xelovnebaSi, nakaduli~, Tbilisi,

1988, gv. 40813. k. marjaniSvili, `mogonebani~, krebuli _ kote marjaniSvili,gamomc. xelovneba, 1961, gv 7314. k. s. stanislavski, Cemi cxovreba xelovnebaSi, nakaduli, Tbilisi,

1988, gv. 40915. К. С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, Москва, изд. «Искусство»,1960, т. 7, ст. 53216. К. С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, изд. «Искусство», Москва,1960 , 7, ст. 46817. К. С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, изд. «Искусство», Москва,1960 , 7, ст. 47018. К. С. Станиславский, Собрание сочинений, Москва, изд., «Искусство»,1960, т. 7, ст. 47219. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2. ст. 2720. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2. ст. 2721. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2. ст. 20.22. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2. ст. 2223. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979, т. 2. ст. 30-3124. k. marjaniSvili, `mogonebani~, krebuli _ kote marjaniSvili,gamomc. xelovneba, 1961, gv. 74

25. Вл. Немирович-Данченко, Театральное наследие, изд. Искусство, М.1954, т. 2. ст. 292

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Tamar quTaTelaZe

modernuli periodis rusuli

Teatraluri reJisura

XX saukunis pirveli naxevari Teatris istoriisumniSvelovanesi periodia. mas ukavSirdeba rusuli modernulireJisuris Camoyalibebis procesi, Teatraluri xelovnebisreformatorebis konstantine stanislavskis, vsevolodmeierxoldis, evgeni vaxtangovisa da aleqsandr TairovisSemoqmedebiTi Ziebebis, maTi ZiriTadi miRwevebis Sedegebi. xoloXX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan iwyeba modernuli periodisaxalgazrda reJisor-novatorTa gansakuTrebiT mZafridapirispireba gancdis Teatris esTetikis kanonizaciis,dramaturgiseuli nawarmoebis ilustrirebis winaaRmdeg. maTimizania aRadginon da myarad daamkvidron Teatraluri formisprimati da mravalferovani realizmi. amave periods ganekuTvnebareJisor-liderTa mier momavlis Teatris safuZvlebis formireba,e. w. sistemebisadmi~ maTi mkafio damokidebulebis formulireba,zemsaxiobis aRzrdis praqtikuli da Teoriuli bazis momzadeba,konceptualuri reJisuris Camoyalibeba...

Teatris istoriaSi 1902 weli gardamtexi periodi aRmoCnda.swored am wels datova meierxoldma samxatvro Teatri dagaxda gancdis Teatris aqtiuri oponenti. nicSeaneli reJisori,romelic gatacebuli iyo didi filosofosis cnobili deviziT,,iyavi is, rac xar~, eswrafoda sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi fantaziisTviTgamovlenis saSualebis mopovebas. imave wlis Semodgomazeman sezoni gaxsna xersonis saqalaqo TeatrSi, sadacreJisoruli moRvaweoba daiwyo mxatiseuli mizanscenebiTdadgmuli Teatris yvelaze warmatebuli speqtaklebiT.mogvianebiT is aRiarebda, rom stanislavskisadmi brmamimbaZvelobiT ganxorcielebuli speqtaklebi misTviswarmoadgenda didebul skolas praqtikul reJisuraSi.paralelurad axalgazrda reformatori eqsperimentebiT iyodakavebuli da samoedno Teatris xerxebiT dgamda speqtaklebsmravalricxovani apartebiT, uxeSi farsuli koliziebiTa da

48. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные писма, изд. Искусство,Москва, 1954, ст. 31049. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979 , т. 2, ст. 9550. Н. Д. Живокини-Марджанишвили, Из прошлого, ст. 60, yvarelis kotemarjaniSvilis saxelmw. muzeumi _ kmsm #277551. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979 , т. 2, ст. 8852. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Избранные письма, Москва, «Искусство»,1979 , т. 2, ст. 97 53. А. Коонен, Умение верить в стоящего рядом, К. А. Марджанишвили,Творческое наследие, Тбилиси, 1966, ст. 30154. Вл. И. Немирович-Данченко, Рождение театра. Воспоминания, статьи,заметки, письма, Москва, изд. «Правда», 1989 г. , ст. 30355. К. А. Марджанишвили, Творческое наследие, Тбилиси, 1966, ст. 67

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gaxda. dRes ar SeiZleba, rom reJisori mxolod Suamavaliiyos Teatrsa da avtors Soris~1, _ acxadebda igi uaxloesgaremocvaSi. xolo mogvianebiT aRiarebda, rom yovelTvismeierxoldis Tanamoazre iyo.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ori didi epoqis zRvarze moRvawestanislavskiseuli mignebebic modernuli azrovnebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli midgomebiT iyo gamorCeuli da TeatrisistoriaSi damkvidrda kidec rogorc yvelaze didi novatorinovatorTa Soris. mis mier formirebuli sistema~ warmoadgendatradiciuli saSemsruleblo xelovnebisa da axali epoqismignebaTa mecnierulad gadamuSavebis Sedegs. Tu maestrosTavdapirvelma miRwevebma ganapiroba axali periodis maRalireJisoruli xelovnebis dabadeba da triumfi, mogvianebiTTviT stanislavskimac gaiziara axalgazrda kolegebiswarmatebuli mignebebi da safuZvliani koreqtivebiT warmarTasakuTari meTodologiis daxvewis procesi. garda amisa, k.stanislavskisac miaCnda, rom Teatralur reJisuras uswrafesadunda moexdina reagireba mimdinare, elviseburad cvalebadmovlenebze, ganeviTarebina tradiciuli saxelovnebo formebi,moeZia novatoruli xerxebic da adaptirebuliyo moarulsaTeatro procesebTanac, sinTezireba moexdina Zveli da axalidrois saSemsruleblo xelovnebis monapovarTan. Tumca mizezTagamo, is kvlav moiazreboda martosul retrogradad, gancdisTeatris ualternativo apologetad, meierxoldis TqmiT –martosulad. k. stanislavskis myarad swamda, rom saxelovanwinamorbedTagan mravalgzis aprobirebuli scenuri simarTlisgareSe Teatri ver iarsebebda. amitomac mis mier `sistemad~formirebuli winaparTa miRwevebi TiTqmis myarad miaCndascenaze msaxiobis marTali ganwyobis warmosaqmnel fundamentad.`axali dramiT~ axalgazrduli gaxelebiT gatacebulimeierxoldi, maestros mecnieruli Ziebebis pirveli umZafresioponentic aRmoCnda da mogvianebiT am `sistemis~ apologetic.Tumca, Tavdapirvelad tradiciuli Teatris saSemsrulebloxerxebis winaaRmdeg amboxebuli axalgazrda reJisoriagresiulad ignorirebda gancdis Teatris ganaxlebisTviswarmarTul Sromas da eswrafoda evropul TeatrSi mimdinare

melodramatuli efeqtebiT. Tamamad daarRvia meoTxe kedelida Seicno, rom mxatisaTvis sruliad aradamaxasiaTebel xerxebsuaRresad efeqturi zemoqmedeba hqonda mayurebelze. samxatvroTeatris mier SemuSavebuli principebi ar iyo universaluri,realobis sruli iluziis Seqmna arc aucilebeli iyo daarc SesaZlebeli. am faqtis gacnobierebis Semdeg meierxoldisreJisuraSi iwyeba axali Teatraluri formebisaTvis gabeduliZiebebis periodi. am wlebSive daibeWda valeri briusoviscnobili werili `usargeblo simarTle~, sadac simbolistipoeti mwvaved ilaSqrebda stanislavskiseuli gancdis TeatriswinaaRmdeg. xolo zinaida gipiusis werili samxatvro Teatrs`Teatraluri xelovnebis sasaflaos~ uwodebda. amrigad, XXsaukunis dasawyisisTanave mxatiseuli Teatris esTetikiswinaaRmdeg, romelic gaTanabrda naturalizmTan, poziciebsimyarebda axali mimdinareoba-simbolizmis saxiT da iwyebodamZafri brZola amaRlebuli xelovnebisTvis. aRsaniSnavia romXX saukunis dasawyisis germanuli Teatris reformatorimaqs reinhardtic swored 1902 wels daSorda dadaupirispirda oto bramis dramaturgiseuli nawarmoebisilustraciul reJisuras. iseve, rogorc rusi kolegebi, maqsreinhardtic eswrafoda aRedgina da ganeviTarebinawinamorbedTa mier Teatridan gandevnili poeturi pirobiToba.

1905 w. 5 maiss gaxsnil studiaSi stanislavski da misioponenti meierxoldi kvlav TanamSromlobdnen da erToblivadeZebdnen axal formebs Teatris ganaxlebisaTvis. maestromacaRiara, rom realizmis epoqa dasrulda da dadga droirealurisaTvis. Tumca, 24 oqtombers uecrad ganacxada, romstudias xuravs. umcrosi kolegebisagan sifrTxiliTgamorCeuli reformatori politikurad arastabilur garemoSiprioritets msaxiobis TviTaRzrdisaTvis gamiznuli sistemis~Seqmnas, teqnikurad sworad da gaazrebulad rolis SeqmnisaTvismyari fundamentis momzadebas aniWebda. amave dros kiaRSfoTebuli iyo misdami mkacri damokidebulebis gamo. `CveniTeatrisagan revoluciurobas moiTxoven, meierxolds ki saiTmihyavs Tavisi Teatri, ras gvaswavlis? Cemi azriT, _ nihilizmsxelovnebaSi. politika Cveni cxovrebis ganuyreli nawili

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iwyeboda baleti da sad mTavrdeboda gundi. lermontovis`maskaradSi~ (1917., mxat. golovini), romelsac uwodes operamusikis gareSe, safuZveli Caeyara biomeqanikas da emociisyovel moZraobas moeZebna zusti plastikuri eqvivalenti.biomeqanikis principze dafuZnebuli msaxiobis TamaSi iqcaplastikuri formebis xelovnebad, sadac saxisa da grZnobisakengza iwyeboda ara gancdiT, aramed msaxiobis musikaluriritmiT aRWurvili moZraobidan. Sesabamisad uwoda kidecmeierxoldma sakuTar reJisuras musikaluri realizmi. misibiomeqanika amzadebda komediants, virtuoz msaxiobs, romlisyoveli moZraobac unda yofiliyo lakonuri da mizandasaxuli,dafuZnebuli del-artes, cirkis, samoedno Teatrismravalsaukuneobriv tradiciebze, reJisoris diqtatisfarglebSi Seqmnil improvizaciaze. meierxoldis mosazrebiTmsaxiobis Tavisufleba reJisoris mier maTematikuri sizustiTSeqmnil partituraze morCilebiT miiRweoda, romelic aniWebdaSemsrulebels Sinagan simSvidesa da SesaZleblobas Tavadacgaemdidrebina partitura im mravalmxrivi niuansebiT, racmxolod msaxiobisTvisaa xelmisawvdomi. meierxoldiseuliSemoqmedebiTi Ziebebi kidev ufro Tamami gaxda revoluciisSemdeg. maiakovskis `misteria-bufis~ dadgmaSi (speqtaklsaformebda supermatisti k. maleviCi, 1918 w. 7 noemberi.), dagansakuTrebiT, mis meore variantSi (1921 w. 1 maisi.) gaZlierdacirkisa da balaganis xerxebi. am warmodgenaSi futurizmiwarmatebiT adaptirda Tanadroul plakatur-mitingurgaremosTan. aq ukve aRar iyo scena da darbazi. monumenturmoedanze mayureblis Tvalwin awyobdnen da Slidnen, SemohqondaTda gahqondaT dekoraciebi. darbazSi Sesvla SeiZlebodamoqmedebis msvlelobisasac. daSvebuli iyo mowonebisas ovacia,dawunebisas – stvena. warmodgenis bolos Tavad msaxiobebicuerTdebodnen mayurebels. verxarnis ,,ganTiadSi’’ (1920 w.)speqtaklis formad iqca mitingi. msaxiobebi xrinwiani, gaciebulixmebiT kiTxulobdnen telegramebsa da politikur informaciebs.darbazis sinaTle ar qreboda warmodgenis msvlelobisasac,xolo msaxiob-oratorebze mimarTuli iyo proJeqtorebis didiWavli. dekoraciaSi gamefda rkina, xe, Toki da mavTuli. Teatris

reformebis Sesatyvisad Tavad Camoeyalibebina pirobiTi TeatrisSeqmnisa da msaxiobis aRzrdis uaxlesi meTodologia.studielebTan ganxorcielebuli m. meterlinkis `tentaJilissikvdiliT~ (1905 w. komp. i. saci.) meierxoldma Seqmna pirvelisimbolisturi speqtakli statuirebuli plastikiT, teqstiswarmoTqmis msubuqi, civi, sazeimo da uemocio maneriT, sagangaSoda unugeSo musikiT. msaxiobs aekrZala yofiTi, yoveldRiurimetyveleba da sasaubro manera. xolo 1906 wels peterburgisoficerTa TeatrSi dafuZnebul ruseTis pirvel simbolisturTeatrSi grandiozuli warmatebiT daidga meterlinkis `dabeatrisa~, blokis `balaganCiki~ da l. andreevis `adamianiscxovreba~. vera komisarJevskaias Zma, reJisori TeodorkomisarJevski aRaSfoTa meierxoldis dadgmebma: _ meierxoldscocxali msaxiobi ar sWirdeba. is qmnis marionetul Teatrsda fiqrobs mxolod dekoraciebze, moZraobebze, meqanikurritmze~,2 _ acxadebda igi. aRsaniSnavia rom reJisoruliTeatris principuli mowinaaRmdege, modernuli miRwevebisdaeWvebuli kritikosi a. kugelic, arsebiT sxvaobas ver xedavdastanislavskisa da meierxoldis Ziebebs Soris damaxvilgonivrulad SeniSnavda _ ,,gana sulerTi ar aris,yvelaferi ise iqneba rogorc cxovrebaSia, Tu araferi ariqneba ise, rogorc cxovrebaSia?..”3 mravalmxrivi SemoqmedebiTiZiebebis Semdeg, Tavad meierxoldiseuli ganmartebac oridapirispirebuli sistemisadmi TiTqmis analogiuria. xolo10-iani wlebisTvis axali dramiT xuTwliani gatacebis Semdeg,igi prioritets klasikis gaTanamedroveobis tendenciebs aniWebs.amieridan meierxoldiseuli adreuli speqtaklebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebel mravalmniSvnelovan, Senelebul ritms, enacvlebasimsubuqe da mZafri tempo–ritmi. vagneris `tristan daizoldas~ dadgmisas reJisorma miaRwia msaxiobTa skulpturulmoZraobebs (marinas Teatri, 1909.), don JuanSi~ (aleqsandrasTeatri, mxat. golovini, 1910.) SesamCnevi iyo sabaletomoZraobebis graciozuloba da Ria TamaSis principi. scenazefanriT Semosuli varlamov-sganareli, avanscenidan esaubrebodanacnobebs. `orfeosis~ dadgmisas ganaxorciela operisa dabaletis iseTi Serwyma, rom SeuZlebeli iyo garCeva sad

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pirveli mecadineoba `sistemis~ mixedviT e. vaxtangovisxelmZRvanelobiT 1911 w. 10 marts gaimarTa. rogorc cnobilia`sistemis~ ideali iyo Teatri, romelic fardis axdisTanavenacnob oTaxebSi, nacnob adamianebSi, nacnobi ambis Tanamonawilesgaxdida mayurebels. amitomac mizani iyo Teatridan ganedevnaTTeatri, piesidan – msaxiobi, grimi, kostiumi, dekoracia. xoloscenaze damkvidrebuliyo cocxali adamiani. daeWvebuli e.vaxtangovi 15 aprils Tavis dRiurSi werd – ,,msursCamovayalibo studia, sadac Cven ganvaxorcielebT sistemisSemowmebas sakuTar Tavze, sadac gaviazrebT miviRoT Tu uarvyoT,SevasworoT, davamatoT Tu movaSoroT mas zedmeti...~6 mogvianebiTigi agresiulad ganmartavda: ,,mayurebeli yovelTvis undagrZnobdes, rom TeatrSia da ara Zia vanos oTaxSi. Teatriunda iyos Teatri.... stanislavski ver flobs speqtaklisTeatralur formas. is xasiaTis Seqmnis ostatia~.7 1918 welsvaxtangovi afuZnebs studias (Semdgom moskovis dramatulistudia e. vaxtangovis xelmZRvanelobiT), sadac eswrafodarolis metyvel formebs, gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdagamomsaxvel Jests, gamoxedvasa da msaxiobis individualobissaxier gamovlenas. `wminda antonios saswaulis~ dadgmisas(1921 w. 21 ianvari), msaxiobis piris, xelebisa da xmebis RiaCvenebebiTa da maTi paradoqsaluri SejaxebiT reJisorma SeqmnaSemaZrwunebeli sistema. Cexovis qorwinebaSi~ aqcenti gakeTdasityvier nakadze da personaJebis Sesacnobi niSani gaxdamyvirala, grexadi, borotad dakumuli, drunCiani, Tu sakocneladmomarTuli piri. `erik meToTxmeteSi~ (1921 w. 29 marti)reJisorma sxeuli gadaaqcia sulis simbolod. xolo saTamaSoTeatris poetikiT ganxorcielebul mxiarul, romantikul`turandotSi~, sadac mSieri, gayinuli xalxi arnaxulioptimizmiT aSenebda momavlis qveyanas, dadga cekva-xelebiT.mas miaCnda, rom xelebi grZnobebTan da gulis cemasTan kavSirSimyofi sxeulis Tvalebia. amitomac iTxovda eTamaSaT cekva-protesti da eCvenebinaT Tu rogor cekvavda koWli, brma,niWieri Tu uniWo adamiani. garda amisa, warmodgenaSi rusulisityvebi ise imsxvreoda, rom SeuZlebeli iyo garCeva msaxiobTametyveleba rusuli iyo Tu italiuri. `dadga dro TeatrsdavubrunoT Teatri...~ – acxadebda igi, amitomac saWiroa

sanaxaobrivi formebiT gatacebuli meierxoldi sul ufroaqtiurad moiTxovda mety velebisa da plastik isgamomsaxvelobas. ,,araviTari gancda!.. xmamaRla mJReri xmebi!..Teatraluri moZraobebi, sxeulis moqniloba.. . Jestisgamomsaxveli metyveleba!.. cekva!.. pakloni!.. ritmi! ritmi!ritmi!~4, – nerviulad acxadebda. 1921 w. tarelkinis sikvdilSi~komediantebi wyals asxamdnen erTmaneTs, Cxubobdnen joxebiT,daxtodnen da yiraze gadadiodnen. ostrovskis `tyeSi~ (1924w. 19 ianvari), dekoraciisagan ganZarcvul scenaze msaxiobebiSemodiodnen xasxasa feris wveriT, parikiTa da kostiumiT.niRabma msaxiobs waarTva individualoba da biografia.Sesabamisad, scenaze gamodiodnen saTamaSod da arasacxovreblad. xolo sergei tretiakovis piesis dadgmaSi`bavSvi minda’~ (1926 w.), moqmedeba warimarTa parterSi damayureblis garemocvaSi Seiqmna speqtakli-diskusia. 30-ianiwlebisTvis Teatraluri siWreliT gatacebis xana dasrulda.damTavrda agresiuli modernuli reJisuris xana, yofili doqtordeportuto ganerida arlekinadas da daubrunda mSvidi,akademiuri, natifi Teatris fsiqologizms. man e. manesa darenuaris ferebiT, lekokisa da ofenbaxis musikiT dadga al.diumas `qali kameliebiT~, sadac melodrama gadaaqciatragediad. 1937 w. zafxulSi stanislavskisa da meierxoldsSoris gamarTul samsaaTiani saubarisas Sejamda modernuliepoqis pirveli periodis Teatraluri miRwevebis ZiriTadiSedegebi, sadac meierxoldma TiTqmis sakuTar Tanamoazred,modernuli Teatraluri reJisuris did Semomqmedad aRiarastanislavski da ganacxada `mtkiceba imis Taobaze, TiTqosmeierxoldi da stanislavski antipodebi arian, ar aris swori.arc stanislavski da arc meierxoldi ar warmoadgenen raimedasrulebuls. orive `sistema~ imyofeba ganuwyvetel ZiebaSida Cven varT erTmaneTis Semvsebi ori sistema~5.

stanislavskiseuli gancdis Teatris meore mZafri oponentie. vaxtangovi, `sistemis~ formirebis procesis e. w.Tanamonawilecaa da misi logikuri Sedegic. is 1911 wlidanxelmZRvanelobda stanislavskiseul SemoqmedebiTi Ziebebs dadasawyisidanve eWviT ganewyo Teatridan gandevnilipirobiTobisadmi.Mmxatis 1 studia, romelic 1913 w. yalibdeba,

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Sopenis musikiT eswrafoda msaxiobSi gamoewvia moqmedipirisaTvis saxasiaTo gancdebi, Seeqmna sasurveli `scenuriatmosfero~, moexdina konfliqtebis ganzogadeba, sityvaTakursivis gamZafreba. uaRresad kritikul periodSi (1936 w.)Teatri samecniero instituts Seadara. xolo kameruli Teatrispirveli speqtaklis, kalidasis sakuntalas’~ (1914 w.) dadgmisasSeiswavla britaneTis muzeumis maradiuli silamazis nimuSebida speqtaklSi Seqmna uZvelesi indusuri epoqis asociaciebi.mis mier ganxorcielebuli panTeisturi `sakuntala~ iseve,rigorc `salomea~ (1917 w.), gadmoscemda sulierebis zeims,sadac msaxiobi `mReroda~ sxeuliTa da civi, mReradideklamaciiT. Tairovis reJisorul eqsperimentebSi gamovlindamodernuli xelovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli orientiri antikurxelovnebaze. cnobili moskoveli kritikosi v. ivanovi SeniSnavda,rom Tairoviseul `famira kifaredSi~ (1916 w.) SesamCnevi iyoelinuri stiqiis modernuli aRqma. kameruli Teatris esTetikaslunaCarskic antikur da klasicistur xelovnebas akuTvnebda.Tavad reJisoric ar malavda, rom koklenisa da karatiginisapologeti iyo da uaryofda bunebriv metyvelebas. `famirakifaredSi~ mas saukeTesod miaCnda ararsebul sityvebzeagebuli azriani da emociuri stansebi, romelsac didizemoqmedeba hqonda mayurebelzec. wamRerebuli metyvelebiT,romelic bunebrivad gadadioda simReraSi da piriqiT, Tairovieswrafoda gamoevlina antikuri, klasicisturi dafuturistuli, musikalur-ritmuli metyvelebis didebuleba.rasiniseul `fedraSi~ (1922 w.), mTavari gaxda sityvierimimika, sadac mkacri saxeebi – niRabs waagavda. maRal koTurnebzemdgari fedra-kooneni, monologebs wamRerebulad kiTxulobdada qviTinismagvar kivilSi gadahyavda. Sesabamisad, 1923 w.sazRvargareTuli gastrolebisas Tairoviseul speqtaklebsbalets, msaxiobebis metyvelebas ki _ zaris rekvas adarebdnen.msaxiobis sametyvelo kolorits reJisori dramaturgiseuliteqstis melodiis Sesabamisad gansazRvravda da mas uZebnidaSesatyvis musikalur partituras. kameruli Teatris pirvelisinTezuri speqtakli hofmanis `princesa brambile~ (1917 w.)daefuZna italiuri xalxuri cekvebis, xolo ostrovskis Weqa-quxili~ rusuli sagundo simRerebis ritms. speqtakl-koncert

namdvili Teatraluri formebi, romelic warmoaCens xelovanismier aRqmul samyaros da ar damalavs, rom is, rac scenazexdeba, es aris xelovneba, Teatri da ara Tavad cxovreba..Semsrulebeli ar SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod gancdissimarTliT. msaxiobma unda ipovos piesis xasiaTis Sesabamisida reJisoruli Canafiqris Sesatyvisi TamaSis xerxi~8, _ganmartavda e. vaxtangovi. misi speqtaklebis forma gaxdametyveli, mosaubre da groteskuli. e. vaxtangoviseulmadadgmebma scenidan gandevna cxovrebiseuli adamiani dadaamkvidra msaxiobi, romelic TamaSobda Teatralizebulspeqtakls.

modernuli periodis mesame didi Semoqmedis, a. Tairovismier 1914 w. gaxsnili kameruli Teatri daupirispirdanaturalistur da pirobiT Teatrsac. igi iziarebda k.stanislavskis mosazrebas, rom simarTlis gareSe Teatri ararsebobda, magram miaCnda, rom meierxoldica da samxatvroTeatric mayurebels aiZulebda gasaRebis WuWrutanaSi yurebas.Tu vaxtangovma Tavis reJisuras `fantastikuri realizmi~uwoda, meierxoldma ki _ `musikaluri realizmi~, Tairoviiltvoda rigiTi mayureblisagan izolirebul kamerul samyaroSiSeeqmna sanaxaobrivad feradovani da emociuri speqtaklebi.sakuTari reJisoruli mignebebiT igi mkacrad ilaSqrebdasocialisturi realizmis winaaRmdeg, romelic miaCnda, romgaazrebulad amkvidrebda unifikacias da aprotestebdamxatiseuli esTetikis kanonizacias, riTac ikrZalebodaSemoqmedebiTi Ziebebi da Tavisufali azrovneba. TairoviumTavresad klasikaSi eZebda Tanadrouli realobisaTvisSesatyvis Temebs. speqtaklSi qmnida avtoriseuli da Tanamedroverealobis sinTezs. reJisori mas formawarmomqmnelad, xolomsaxiobi meamboxed, histrionisa da mimis memkvidred esaxeboda,romlis xelovnebaSic unda gamokveTiliyo musikaluroba,ritmuloba da skulpturuloba. igi moiTxovda msaxiob-mxatvars,scenuri saxis stilizebur formebs, amkvidrebda adamianisbunebis pirvelqmnil siwmindesa da speqtaklebis silamaziTaRafrTovanebda mayurebels. repeticiebze is nicSesfilosofiuri Txzulebis `tragediis dabadeba musikissuliskveTebidan~ (1871 w.) gaTvaliswinebiT, Caikovskisa da

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`ToliaSi~ (1940 w.), roialTan mdgari da grZel TeTr kabaSigamowyobili alisa koonenis poeturi metyveleba erwymodaCaikovskis melodias. Tairoviseul warmodgenebSi gamZafrebuliiyo filosofiuri koncefcia sicocxlesa da sikvdils, qaossada harmonias Soris arsebuli maradiuli brZolis Taobaze.30-iani wlebis saukeTeso speqtakl optimisturi tragediaSi~(1933 w.), masobrivi scenebi reJisorma pantomimad dadga daamiT mkafiod gamosaxa scenuri saxis sulieri cxovrebisarsi. o’ nilis `banjgvlian maimunSi~ (1926 w.), msaxiobebiniRbismagvari uZravi saxeebiT, meqanikuri da mxtunavimoZraobebiT cekvavdnen marSismagvar foqstrots. TairoviseulspeqtaklebSi prioritetuli iyo emocia da forma, sulieriganwyobis yoveli niuansis gamomsaxveli sxeulis moZraobada eqspresia.

amrigad, rusuli modernuli reJisuris metrTa~ reJisorulmignebebSi warmoCnda warsulis monapovrisa da TanadroulimiRwevebis gadaazrebis, misi sistematizaciiisa da axali epoqisTeatraluri xelovnebaSi individualuri esTetikiT gamorCeulTeatralizebul formaTa damkvidrebis primati. saukunisreJisor-novatorTa umTavresi novaciebi yvelaze mkafiod aisaxamaT warmatebul speqtaklebSi, msaxiobTa gamomsaxvelobiTxerxebSi. myar reJisorul koncefciaze dafuZnebuliwarmodgenebi amZafrebda da saxierad warmoaCenda piesisTaviseburebas. amieridan speqtaklis erTpirovnuli avtorigaxda reJisori, romelic qmnida Tanadrouli JReradobis axalmxatvrul kompozicias.

1. gorCakovi. `stanislavskis reJisoruli gakveTilebi~, gv. 12

2. ix. К . Рудницкий. Мейерхолд~, М., 1981.3. ix.: zemoT dasaxelebuli wigni4. ix.: zemoT dasaxelebuli wigni5. ix.: zemoT dasaxelebuli wigni

6. ix. Ю. Смирнов-Несвицкий. ,,Вахтангов~, М., 1987.7. ix.: zemoT dasaxelebuli wigni8. ix.: zemoT dasaxelebuli wigni

9. ix. Ю. Головашенко. ,,Режиссерское искусство Тайрова~, М., 1970.

lamara RonRaZe

msaxiobis aRzrdis problemis

praqtikuli gadawyvetis gzebi

saqarTveloSi

aRdgenili qarTuli Teatris moRvaweebi mravali wlisganmavlobaSi ibrZodnen saqarTveloSi msaxiobis aRzrdisproblemis mogvarebisaTvis. problemis gadasawyvetad maT miermravali gza da saSualeba iqna mosinjuli. XIX saukunisdasasrulisa da XX saukunis dasawyisisaTvis, aseTi erT-erTi efeqturi saSualeba gamosacdeli warmodgenebis gamarTvaiyo.

repeticiebis, kerZo saubrebis, gamoqveynebuli publikaciebisada mowafeTa aRsazrdelad romelime did msaxiobTanindividualuri muSaobis garda, gaCnda msaxiobis aRzrdiskidev erTi axali forma _ gamosacdeli warmodgenebi, romelTaSemoRebac uaRresad mniSvnelovani movlena iyo msaxiobisaRzrdis problemis gadawyvetis saqmeSi.

sxvadasxva dros am warmodgenebs xelmZRvanelobdnen _valerian gunia, kote mesxi, kote yifiani, mako safarova. asemagaliTad, 1899 wels dramatul sazogadoebas gamosacdeliwarmodgenebis xelmZRvaneloba da vaJebis wvrTna v. guniasada k. mesxisaTvis dauvalebia, xolo, qalebisa m .safarova_abaSiZisaTvis. Tbilissa da quTaisSi XX saukunis10-ian wlebamde imarTeboda. misi meSveobiT ara erTi niWierimsaxiobi SeeZina qarTul scenas. esenia: aleqsandre imedaSvili,niko gvaraZe, nino daviTaSvili, maro mdivani, areTa lolua dasxv.

msaxiobis aRzrdis problemis praqtikuli gadawyvetismcdelobis erT-erTi gza iyo agreTve msaxiobebisaTvisspecialuri referatebis Sedgena. specialuri referatebisSedgenis praqtika XIX saukunis 90-ian wlebSi damkvidrda.misi wamowyebis iniciativa ekuTvnoda cnobil moRvawes nikoavaliSvils. amas imdroindeli presac adasturebs, romelicgvauwyebs, rom n. avaliSvils ganuzraxavs am saqmis mcodne

104 105

ramdenime adamianTan erTad, Seedgina referatebi _ deklamaciisa,mixvra-moxvrisa, grimisa, tanTCacmulobisa da sxv. am azriTunda Seekriba msurvelni pirni kviraSi erTxel an orjer,waekiTxa leqciebiviT da amgvarad sasceno xelovnebis codnagaevrcelebinaT... es ganzraxva, ar vici ra mizeziT ar iqnasisruleSi moyvanili, Tumca _ ki didad sasargeblo iqneboda,rom b_n avaliSvilis Cinebuli azri ganxorcielebuliyo~.1

samwuxarod n. avaliSvilis am Cinebuli ganzraxvis Semdgomibedi ucnobia.

ganuxorcielebeli darCa qarTvel moRvaweTa is survilic,romlis Sesaxebac gazeTi `kvali~ werda _ `enkenisTvis 29-sCvenma msaxiobebma warmoadgines al. sumbaTaSvilis piesa`borkili~ da a. cagarelis vodevili `baiyuSi~. am saRamosTamaSobda oTxi axali moTamaSe... rogorc SevityveT, Cvendamsaxurebul msaxiobT, swored amaTTvis da sxva msurvelTaTvisganuzraxavT saTeatro xelovnebaze leqciebis kiTxva .amgvar mSvenier wadils sixaruliT vegebebiT da visurvebT esazri, male ganxorcielebuliyos~.2

dramatuli sazogadoeba da qarTveli msaxiobebi problemisgadawyvetis aTasgvar gzas saxavdnen . fiqrobdnensaTavadaznauro Teatris SekeTebis dros erTi oTaxispecialurad am saqmisaTvis gamoeyoT. eZebdnen saxsrebsspecialistebis mosawvevad, magram araferi gamosdiodaT. damwyebimsaxiobebis erTaderT skolad kvlav did msaxiobebTan muSaobarCeboda. nuca CxeiZe igonebs: _ `ladom a. sumbaTaSvilis`borkilebSi~ anias roli gadmomca. `iveria~ Cems Sesaxebwerda: axalgazrda CxeiZisa did imedebs iZleva, rom Cinebuliartisti Seiqmneba, magram jer bevri swavla sWirdeba mas,sWirdeba skola da es skola samwuxarod Cven scenas armoepoveba. erTaderTi imedia, rom iseTi gamocdili da Cinebuliartisti, rogorc lado mesxiSvilia, bevr yuradRebas miaqcevsam axalgazrda qals da sazogadoebis imedebs adviladgaamarTlebs~. Cemda sabednierod iveriis~ recenzentis imedebididma maswavlebelma gaamarTla da ladom iseTi mzrunvelobagamoiCina Cemdami, rogorc yvela Tavis mowafeebisadmi, rom Tu

ram gavakeTe da scenis saWiro muSaki Seviqeni, amaSi ladosunda vumadlode~.3

gansxvavebuli asakis, gemovnebisa da momTxovnelobismiuxedavad, l. mesxiSvilis Sesaxeb arsebuli gamokvlevebis,portretebis, mogonebebisa Tu calkeuli recenziebis avtorebierTsulovanni arian imaSi, rom misi TamaSi maRalisaSemsruleblo teqnikiTa da gancdis uCveulo damajereblobiTgamoirCeoda: mako safarova: _ `grZnobaTa cvalebadoba misarsebaSi, e. i. gmirisa, romelsac igi ganasaxierebda, jer kidevsaTqmeli sityvis gamoTqmamde, saxeze aRebeWdeboda xolme dasityvebs cecxliviT aRagznebda... igi Tavidan fexebamde bunebiTartisti iyo. amas Semdeg ostatobac daemata, sasceno teqnikaman ise ganiviTara, xandaxan sityvasa da pauzas Soris carieliadgili aRar rCeboda. xandaxan piriqiT _ pauza ufro metyveliiyo, vidre sityva...~4

g. tovstonogovi aseT pauzebs `mdumarebis zonas~ uwodebs_ `msaxiobs SeuZlia scenaze araferi warmoTqvas, magrammayurebeli am `mdumarebis zonis~ yovel wams unda grZnobdes,unda esmodes ras fiqrobs igi am wuTs~.5 _ es sityvebimTeli saukunis Semdeg daiwera. rogorc mako safarovagvimowmebs, mudmivi qarTuli Teatris korifeebs es imTaviTvehqoniaT Sesisxlxorcebuli da eWvi ar aris, rom isini amaveprincipebiT zrdidnen TavianT mowafeebsac.

akaki faRava _ `yoveli, odnav kvalificiuri reJisoriamave dros aris pedagogi, aRmzrdeli, tyuilad ki ar eZaxdnenZveli berZnebi didaskalos (maswavlebels), Tanamedrove gagebiTreJisors, romelic amave dros iyo protagonistic (pirveliaqtiori) da xSirad avtoric.

mesxiSvilis pirovnebaSi gaerTianebuli iyo swored esori sawyisi: protagonistisa da didaskalosi, _ maswalvleblis,xelmZRvanelis, mwvrTnelis... quTaisSi mesxiSvili ayalibebsaxalgazrdebis mTel jgufs. am jgufis wevrebi iyvnen misimowafeebi, isini misi kalTis qveS aRizardnen, misi skolagaiares... nuca CxeiZe, al. imedaSvili... valerian SalikaSvili,natalia javaxiSvili, nino daviTaSvili, maro mdivani, iuzazardaliSvili, niko gvaraZe... da mix. qoreli....

106 107

mesxiSvili, umTavresad praqtikul muSaobaSi zrdida,ayalibebda axalgazrdobas...~6

lado mesxiSvili axalgazrda msaxiobebTan mxolodpraqtikul-individualuri muSaobiT ar kmayofildeboda. misiiniciativiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT utardebodaT mecadineobebiquTaisis Teatris axalgazrda msaxiobebs 1904 wlisoqtomberSi. `CvenSi iseTi bednieri dro ar damdgara, romsasceno xelovnebis saswavlebeli davaarsoT. am savalalomdgomareobisaTvis yuradReba miuqcevia Cvens msaxiobs vl. s.mesxiSvils da ganuzraxavs, zogierT pirTa daxmarebiT leqciebiukiTxos msaxiobT sxvadasxva saganze, romelTac sascenoxelovnebasTan mWidro kavSiri aqvT. 25 oqtombridan saqmeskidec Seudgebian da kviraSi orjer orSabaTobiTa daxuTSabaTobiT _ gaimarTeba leqciebi Teatris darbazSi. Teatrisada dramis istorias kiTxulobs al. garsevaniSvili,sityvierebisa _ i. piasecki, anatomias, fiziologiasa dafsiqologias _ eqimi i. gomarTeli. Tavis mxriv v. mesxiSvilsauRia: sasceno xelovneba, msaxiobis moRvaweoba, cneba mimika,plastika, grimi da sxv. leqciebis kiTxva moxdeba saRamoobiT7-dan 8 saaTamdis.~7 Tumca, arc es leqciebi gagrZelebuladidxans.

1905 wels presaSi kvlav gamoqveynda cnoba TbilisSidramatuli kursebis daarsebis Sesaxeb, sadac swavleba qarTul,somxur da rusul enaze unda yofiliyo. _ `misiimperatorobiTis udidebulesobis namestnikis mier damtkicebulidramatuli kursebi, tfilisi, mixeilis prospeqti #123. kursi3 wliania. sagnebi, kursebze aswavlian: mkafio gamoTqma dasasceno xelovneba qarTul, somxur da rusul enebze, grimi,xatva, cekva, plastika, mimika, Teatris istoria da xmis dayeneba.kursebTan arsebobs scena. damaarsebeli s. m. doluxanovisa.~8

cnoba am kursebis Semdgomi bedis Sesaxeb ar mogvepoveba.safiqrebelia, rom sabolood masac igive bedi ewia, rac sxvaganzraxvebs am mimarTebiT.

1910 wels daarsda da erT xans kidec arsebobda `qarTvelmsaxiobTa wre TviTgasaviTareblad~, _ `wre kviraSi erTxelsagangebod ikribeba... kiTxuloben, anu arkveven ama Tu im

nawarmoebs. mosaubre referentad mowveulni arian cnobilipirni. sxvaTa Soris, mowveulia Cveni mxcovani mgosani akaki.wreSi umTavresad axalgazrda msaxiobebi arian~.9

XX saukunis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisi. qarTuli TeatrisaRdgenis dRidan 30 weliwadi, meoTxed saukuneze metia gasuli.ase Tu ise dasrulda garkveuli etapi im mravalwlianibrZolisa, romelsac qarTuli Teatris moRvaweni awarmoebdnenmsaxiobis aRzrdis problemis mosagvareblad. gasakviri araris, Tu am saqmeSi warmatebaze ufro warumatebloba iyo.arsebuli pirobebisa da oficialuri tendenciis mixedviT TuvimsjelebT, qarTuli Teatri saerTod rom arsebobda saocariis ufro iyo.

sasikeTo wamowyebebis praqtikul xorcSesxmas didad vercsazogadoebis sityvieri mxardaWera, kerZo Semowirulobebida moxalise damfinanseblebi Sveloda. qarTul Tavad-aznaurobas Tavis Teatrze nakleb rodi uWirda _ SemorCenilimamulebis gayidva-dagiravebiT Zlivs gahqondaT Tavi.gamdidrebul vaWrebsa da SeZlebul moqalaqeebs, romelTaumravlesobas araqarTvelebi Seadgendnen, arc qarTuli Teatrisbedi aRelvebdaT da miT ufro, arc msaxiobis aRzrdis problema.

aRniSnuli periodi qarTuli TeatrisaTvis imiTac arismniSvnelovani, rom axla ukve aqac gamoCnda `TergdaleulTa~didi nakadi. ruseTidan TandaTan dabrundnen qarTul TeatrSiufrosi Taobis msaxiobTagan aRzrdili da dakvalianebuliaxalgazrdebi. axalgazrdebs, romlebic es-es aris ruseTidandabrundnen, yvelafris erTbaSad Secvlis, Teatralurirevoluciis survili hklavT. Tavis mxriv, arc DdamxdurTamouwuravT sakuTari SesaZleblobebi. piriqiT, isini iqnebswored axla imyofebian SemoqmedebiTi simwifis xanaSi. damaT sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom TaobaTa cvlis mauwyebelibiZgebis miuxedavad isini, mainc moZRvris daTmeniTa damoTminebiT iRvwian samSoblo scenisaTvis. cdiloben yovelinabijiT, SemoqmedebiTi cxovrebis yoveli wamiT magaliTi uCvenonaxalgazrdebs. pavle frangiSvili igonebs: `akaki faRava 1914wels moskovSi samxatvro TeatrSi miRebuli codniT aRWurvili,quTaiss estumra... maxsovs, Teatris mSvenebam ladom rogori

108 109

aRfrTovanebiT gaacno dass... gacnobasTan erTad gvauwya:xelmZRvanelobam gadawyvita, akaki faRavas u. Seqspirisdaadgmevinoso... piesis axleburad wakiTxvam saWiro gaxadazogierTi scenis aRdgena. msaxiobebi fiqrobdnen, rom ladom esx iS vili ar d aT anx mde bod a , r adga n m as ukv eSesisxlxorcebuli hqonda mis mier Semoklebuli teqsti daaRdgenili teqstis swavlas ar isurvebda. sabednierod, esfiqri ar gamarTlda. im didbunebovanma adamianma es ambaviscenis kanonad miiRo da yvelas gasagonad ganacxada: `momwonsCveni axalgazrda reJisoris gaazreba. marTlac saWiroazogierTi scenis aRdgena. es me bevrad Semiwyobs xelso~...saocari kidev is iyo, rom lado mesxiSvili yvela repeticiasmondomebiT gadioda. adamians iseTi STabeWdileba rCeboda,TiTqos lado hamlets pirvelad TamaSobso... ~10PaseT viTarebaSi,cxadia, uCveulo araferia imaSi, rom 1910 wels, roca TiTqmisrealuri gaxda dramatuli kursebis daarsebis sakiTxi,saswavlo_aRmzrdelobiTi keris daarsebis iniciatorebi kvlavmudmivi qarTuli Teatris aRmdgenelni, uSualo xelmZRvaneliki lado mesxiSvili aRmoCnda. 1910 wels, am saqmiTdainteresebul sazogadoebas euwya, rom qarTuli dramatulikursebis daarsebis saqme win midis. dramatiul sazogadoebisgamgeobas ukve waredgina Sesaferi gegma sami nawiliT: Aa/savaldebulo, b/ arasavaldebulo, g/ drogamoSvebiTi.

savaldebulo _ diqcia, mimika, cekva, xmis SemuSaveba, grimi, deklamacia.

arasavaldebulo _ istoria dramisa da mwerlobisa saerTod, musika, (dakvra romelsame sakravze da simRera).

drogamoSvebiTi _ Teoria plastikisa da Tanamedrove mimarTuleba sasceno xelovnebaSi. dramatuli kursebis xelmZRvaneloba daevala vl. aleqsi-

mesxiSvils~.11

sinamdvileSi, aRniSnuli kursebis gaxsna, mxolod oriwlis Semdeg, 1912 wels moxerxda. mis gaxsnas mTeli rigi

organizaciul-SemoqmedebiTi xasiaTis muSaoba uZRoda win.pavle frangiSvili, romelic imxanad avWalis scenis moyvareTawris wevri iyo, igonebs: `rac ginaxavs, veRar vnaxav~-iswarmodgenis saRamos kulisebSi xma gavarda _ warmodgenasvalerian gunia da niko erisTavi eswrebiano... warmodgenisSemdeg gavigeT, rom maTi stumroba gamowveuli iyo im mizeziT,rom adgilze SeemowmebinaT kursebze gasagzavni axalgazrdebi.es sifrTxile ki imis momaswavebeli iyo, rom gamgeobis mierrekomendirebul pirebs gamocdebis Cabarebis dros garkveuliSeRavaTebi eZleodaT da rom am SeRavaTiT ar esargeblaromelime naklebi SesaZleblobis axalgazrdas, amitomadgilzeve winaswar amowmebdnen maT~.12

msgavsi RonisZieba, etyoba, erTgvari pirveli turi iyoZiriTad gamocdebamde, romelzec axalgazrdebs nawyvetebsada leqsebs akiTxebdnen, etiudebs akeTebinebdnen. specialobisgarda, gamocda unda hqondaT agreTve saqarTvelos istoriasada qarTul enaSi.

gamocdebi qarTuli Teatris sazafxulo SenobaSi Catarda.Cabarebis msurveli axalgazrdebi mravlad iyvnen. sagamocdokomisiis garda, darbazSi iyvnen mwerlebi, dramaturgebi, musikismcodneni, presisa da scenis cnobili warmomadgenlebi. msurvelTadidi raodenobis gamo, gamocdebi or kviras grZeldeboda.

dramatul kursebze: _ p. frangiSvili, n. maWavariani, n. ToiZe, k. beriSvili, b.

asaTiani, g. iverieli, l. Tuxareli, n. mamulaSvili, d. kobaxiZe,v. kaxiani, k. mayaSvili... axalgazrda msaxiobebi _ i.zardaliSvili, v. mataraZe, m. sarauli, p. SoTaZe, s. TaralaSvili,mogvianebiT Tavisufal msmenelebad S. gomelauri daemataT.

dramatuli kursebis direqtori gaxldaT vl. aleqsi-mesxiSvili. swavlebis vada iyo ori weli.

mecadineoba daiwyo 1912 wlis 27 oqtombers. `Sekrebispirvel dRes kursebi sazeimod gaixsna qarTuli Teatris imsakrebulo darbazSi, sadac SemdegSi kursebis msmenelTaTvisleqciebi ikiTxeboda... Sekreba mokle sityviT dramatulisazogadoebis Tavmjdomarem n. qarTveliSvilma gaxsna. Semdegwera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis saxeliT mogvesalma

110 111

al. abaSeli... agreTve mogvesalmnen dramaturgi p. ireTelida cnobili msaxiob_reJisori kote mesxi, romelic xSiradgvxvdeboda da saubrebs gvitarebda saberZneTis xelovnebaze.l. mesxiSvilma gagvacno momavali Cveni leqtorebi daCagvawerina ra dRes ra da ra leqciebi gveqneboda; amasTan,gvesaubra disci plinaze, moralur sispetakeze, urTierTmegobrobasa da pativiscemaze. mtkiced gagvafrTxila, romamoraluri da uzneo yofaqcevisaTvis, SemCneuli piridauyonebliv iqneboda gaZevebuli.

v. guniam gviTxra, rom wesdebis mixedviT, amieridan TqvengekrZalebaT scenismoyvareTa warmodgenebSi monawileobis miReba,radgan amas moiTxovs swavlebis reJimi da wesdebis damrRvevnidaisjebiano.

pirveli dRis saRamosve gvayurebines aleqsandresumbaTaSvilis `Ralati~.13

mecadineobebi tardeboda Semdeg sagnebSi: saqarTvelosistoria _ pedagogi, sergo gorgaZe, qarTuli ena da misiwarmoSobis safuZvlebi _ sargis kakabaZe, saqarTvelosliteratura da poezia _ mixeil wulukiZe, saxviTi xelovnebisistoria da xatva _ iakob nikolaZe, rusuli literatura damis mokle istoria _ dubrovski, plastikurobasa daqoreografias aswavlida poloneTis operis yofilibaletmeisteri overlo, msaxiobis ostatobasa da Teatrisistorias _ lado aleqsi-mesxiSvili, qarTul cekvas _ elisabedCerqeziSvili, sakurso-sadiplomo speqtaklebze muSaobdavalerian gunia.

im periodis kulturuli cxovrebis erT-erT mniSvnelovanmovlenad iqca dramatuli kursebis moswavleTa mier gamarTulicekvis saRamo. warmoadgines qoreografiuli pantomima`kerpTayvanismcemelni~. qoreografi overlo. reJisori _valerian SalikaSvili. warmodgenis Semdeg gaimarTa ganxilva,romelSic Teatris muSakebis garda monawileobdnen mwerlebi,Jurnal-gazeTebis warmomadgenlebi.

sakurso speqtakli iyo ilia WavWavaZis `deda da Svili~,sadiplomo ki franguli melodrama `parizis Rarib-Ratakni~.orive maTganis dadgma valerian gunias ekuTvnoda. studentebis

TamaSs amowmebda specialurad mowveuli Jiuri, romlis wevrebiiyvnen: akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, vasil barnovi, giorgilasxiSvili, zaqaria faliaSvili, ioseb gedevaniSvili, grigolyifSiZe, niko qarTveliSvili, kote mayaSvili, ia kargareTeli,mako safarova-abaSiZisa, efemia mesxi, elisabed CerqeziSvili,vaso abaSiZe, lado mesxiSvili, kote yifiani, kote mesxi, viqtorgamyreliZe, valeria SalikaSvili, mixeil qoreli. CamonaTvaliTvalnaTliv gvamcnobs, dramatuli kursebis xelmZRvaneloba,rogori pasuxismgeblobiT ekideboda moswavleTa SefasebissakiTxsac da wamowyebul saqmesac.

dramatuli kursebis wesdebaSi gansazRvruli iyodi plomebis gacemis Semdegi wesi _ `vinc gamosacdelwarmodgenebSi met Snosa da unars gamoiCens da sasceno niWsdaanaxvebs mayurebels, dajildoebuli iqneba pirveli xarisxisdiplomiT da qarTuli Teatris niWieri TanamSromlis wodebiT.meore xarisxis diplomi iyo wodeba: `qarTuli TeatrisTanamSromeli~ da mesame _ `mowmoba dramatuli kursebisdamTavrebisa~.

pirveli xarisxis diplomiT kursdamTavrebuls dramatulisazogadoebis gamgeoba ricxavda Tavis dasSi SesaferisijamagiriT.

pirveli xarisxis diplomi miiRes da dasSi Cairicxnen: p.frangiSvili, n. ToiZe, l. asaTiani, l. Tuxareli.

pirveli da erTaderTi gamoSvebis Semdeg dramatulikursebma Sewyvita arseboba.

ra moxda, ase advilad ratom Seelivnen amdeni xnisnaloliaveb ocnebas? _ vfiqrob, ZiriTadi mizezi mainc is iyo,rom maT ar gaumarTldaT is imedebi, romelsac mis aRzrdilebzeamyarebdnen. qarTvel moRvaweT Teatraluri saswavlebeliTeatris ganaxlebisa da aRorZinebis saSualebad esaxebodaT.es perspeqtiva ki etyoba, verc dramatuli kursebisyoveldRiurobaSi da verc mis mowafeebSi dainaxes.

SesaZlebelia 1912 wels daarsebulma dramatulma kursebmaver gaamarTla is imedebi, romelsac masze amyarebdnen, magrammisi mniSvneloba mainc ganusazRvrelia, radgan es iyoTeatraluri ganaTlebis pirveli kera qarTuli Teatris

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giorgi cqitiSvili

bralmdebeli da braldebuli

idealur SemTxvevaSi, WeSmaritad maRalmxatvrulidramatuli nawarmoebis ZiriTad mamoZravebel, warmmarTvelZalas, konfliqti warmoadgens. igi moqmed pirTa Soriswarmoiqmneba. adamianTa zraxvebi, survilebi, miznebi, imgvarsaqcielTa rigs warmoSobs, romelic arsSive upirispirdebasxvaTa miswrafebebs. maT Soris ibadeba ukompromisodapirispireba. orive mxare cdilobs mowinaaRmdegis damarcxebisgziT miaRwios sakuTar mizans. swored, es qmnis im ukiduresaddaZabul zambaras, romelsac mTeli piesa moqmedebaSi mohyavs.amjerad, dramis Teoriis siRrmiseul gaanalizebas ar vapireb.Cemi mizania, kote marjaniSvilis mier, 1925 wels, SoTarusTavelis saxelobis Teatris scenaze dadgmuli uiliamSeqspiris ,,hamletis” magaliTze, warmovaCino Tu ukiduresidapirispirebis rogor interpretacias gvTavazobda reJisori.

yvelasaTvis kargadaa cnobili, rom man `hamleti~ 1924wlis dramatuli ambebis Semdeg dadga. es speqtakli, TiTqos,erTgvari gamoZaxilia bolSevikebis mier sisxlSi CaxSobilierovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli ajanyebisa. k. marjaniSvilma,rogorc xelovanma da moqalaqem, swored am warmodgenismeSveobiT scada Tavisi fiqris, gansjis, gancdebissazogadoebisaTvis gamxela. marjaniSvili yovelTvis epoqasTanerTad miabijebda da amis gamo, mis dadgmul klasikur piesebSiyvelgan iyo anarekli Tanadroulobisa. mas ar SeeZlo yofiliyopasiuri restavratori an amsaxveli romelime klasikosis damisi epoqisa. mas yovelTvis axasiaTebda aqtiuri damokidebulebarogorc Tanamedrove, ise warsuli cxovrebisadmi~,1 _ aRniSnavdauSangi CxeiZe.

samwuxarod, qarTuli Teatris istoria, gansakuTrebiT XXsaukunis 50-an wlebamde, arcTu ise mdidaria imgvari wyaroebiT,romlis meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda ama Tu imwarmodgenis srulfasovani aRdgena-restavracia. amis mizeziis gaxlavT, rom Cvens xelT arsebuli masala, xSirad Zalzemwiria. Tu, romelime speqtaklze arsebobs gamoqveynebuli

istoriis mTel manZilze. amis safuZvels iZleva dramatulikursebis SemoqmedebiT-organizaciuli arsebobis forma _sabuTebis miRebis gansazRvruli wesi, miRebis pirobebi dasagamocdo sagnebis raodenoba, sagamocdo komisiisa da saswavloprogramis arseboba _ Sedgenili vaso abaSiZisa da valeriangunias mier; pedagogebis raodenoba, swavlebis xangrZlivoba,Teoriuli da praqtikuli mecadineobebi, sakurso da sadiplomospeqtaklebi, sagamocdo komisiis arseboba da sxv.

1. ix.: farnaozi, iveria~, 1894, #71;2. ix.: saTeatro matiane, kvali~, 1895, #43;3. n. CxeiZe, mogonebani, Tb. 1956, gv. 28;4. n. uruSaZe, qarTuli Teatris ambavi, Tb. 1982, gv.189;

5. g. tovstonogovi, reJisoris profesia, Tb. 1975, gv. 320;6. ak. faRava, lado mesxiSvili, Tb. 1969, gv. 135_136;7. don viliani, Teatri, cnobis furceli~, 1904, # 2649;8. ix.: cnobis furceli~, 1905, #288;

9. ix.: iqve;10 p. frangiSvili, rac vnaxe da ganvicade, Tb. 1963, gv. 201-202;11. ix.: saTeatro ambebi, Teatri da cxovreba~, 1910, #31;12. p. frangiSvili, rac vnaxe da ganvicade, Tb. 1963, gv. 205;

13. iqve: gv. 143.

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akldeboda. rogorc dimitri janeliZe aRniSnavda: `mTeligaformebis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel da mniSvnelovan danadgarskibe warmoadgenda. es kibe zogjer sruliad saxes icvlidada kibis mTel sigrZeze aRmarTuli farebi mZafri ganwyobilebiskedels qmnida.~2 elsinoris sasaxlis silueti kontrastuladmkveTrad iyofoda ferTa or gamad. mTeli dekoraciis muqilurji foni, qmedebiT aqtiurad datvirTul Sav moedanTanerTad, uaRresad eqspresiul garemos qmnida. kibis cal mxaresganTavsebuli iyo kubisturi, ferweruli, amave dros moculobiTigeometriuli sibrtyeebi. naTeli da muqi ferebis kontrastuliSexameba, TiTqos sapyrobiled qceuli saxelmwifos moCvenebiTiTeTri niRabi gaxldaT...

rac Seexeba Tavad moqmed pirTa xasiaTTa gaazrebas, vfiqrobamis Taobaze, naTel suraTs gviqmnis Tavad k. marjaniSvilissityvebi, romliTac man msaxiobebs mimarTa: `... adamianuriunda iyos yvelaferi, aCrdilidan dawyebuli hamletamde. yvelanicocxali adamianebi unda iyvnen.~3 reJisori, rogorc xelovanida moqalaqe, Tavis Tanamedrove sazogadoebas im satkivarzeesaubreboda, romelic imxanad awuxebda adamianebs. marjaniSviliepoqas fexdafex misdevs, rogorc xelovani gamaxvilebulismeniT ugdebs yurs epoqalur gardatexebs..~4 (p. kogani).amis dasturia isic, rom `hamletis~ dadgmisas, man xelovnuri,maRali kvarcxlbekidan miwaze Camoiyvana tragediis moqmedipirni da isini, misi Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis nacnobadamianebad aqcia. reJisorma speqtakli inteligentis tragediadgaiazra. misi hamleti `gaadamianda, gaxda ubralo dadauaxlovda Tanamedrove inteligent adamians, romelic maSinhamletiviT or epoqaTa mijnaze idga~,5 _ wers uSangi CxeiZe.amrigad, k. marjaniSvilis mier dadgmuli warmodgenis moqmedipirni iyvnen adamianebi, romlebic aRvsilni gaxldnen, rogorcRirsebiT, ise naklovanebebiT... es is dro iyo, rodesac qarTvelmainteligenciam Zveli dahgmo, magram axali jer savsebiT arhqonda miRebuli da erTgvar meryeobas ganicdida. TviTonCemSi bevri ram iyo iseTi, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo maSindeliinteligenciis ganwyobilebisaTvis, radgan me TviTon aminteligenciis nawils Sevadgendi da, rasakvirvelia, Cemiganwyobileba, Cemda uneblied, usaTuod erTgvar gavlenas axdenda

recenzia, is umetes SemTxvevaSi mxolod zogadi SefasebiTSemoifargleba da warmodgenis gaanalizebisaTvis ar gamodgeba.aseve ar arsebobs firze aRbeWdili vizualuri masala.bunebrivia, am xarvezs saTanadod ver avsebs ramdenimefotosuraTi. yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gamo, mkvlevari sakmaodrTul viTarebaSi aRmoCndeba xolme. rac Seexeba, k.marjaniSvilis mier dadgmul `hamlets~, am SemTxvevaSi, met-naklebad bednier gamonaklisTan gvaqvs saqme. Tumc, speqtaklissrulfasovani aRdgena mainc Wirs, ramdenime sakvanZo scenis,metaforuli reJisoruli mizanscenis restavracia maincaaSesaZlebeli. amis meSveobiT ki xelmisawvdomi xdeba k.marjaniSviliseuli `hamletis~ saerTo konceptualurigadawyvetis aRdgena-gaanalizeba.

mxatvar irakli gamrekelis mier Seqmnili dekoraciisZiriTad danadgars, goTuri stiliT daRdasmuli, zeviT, sivrceSiatyorcnili elsinoris sasaxlis silueti warmoadgenda.miseuli gaazrebiTa da gadawyvetiT, scenografiis dominantad,kldis faqturaSi gamokveTili kibe iyo qceuli... (sur. 6).speqtaklis msvlelobis manZilze, swored mTeli dekoraciises umniSvnelovanesi Semadgeneli nawili gaxldaT darbazSimyofTa yuradRebis centrSi moqceuli... kibe, TavisTavadsimboluri ganzogadebis asociacias iwvevda... reJisorisa damxatvris nebiT, CanafiqriT, igi adamianis sulieri, zneobriviamaRlebisa Tu dacemis saxier gansxeulebad iyo qceuli...amasTan, kibe Sua saukuneebis zogadad evropuli sasaxlisinterieris, yofaSi realurad arsebuli nawili gaxldaT.speqtaklis yvela mniSvnelovani scena, swored am kibezeTamaSdeboda. scenis mbrunavi wris meSveobiT, kibis rakursisSecvliT, icvleboda moqmedebis adgili. warmodgenis amgvarmagadawyvetam k. marjaniSvils saSualeba misca arsSive moesposuraTebs Soris iZulebiTi pauzebi da isini erTmaneTisagangaeyo mxolod sruli CabnelebiT, agreTve musikalurigaformebiT (speqtaklSi gamoyenebuli iyo petre Caikovskismusika).

amgvarad, warmodgenis msvlelobisas, dekoraciis ZiriTadikonstruqcia ucvleli gaxldaT. saWiroebisda mixedviT, masdrodadro mxolod garkveuli detalebi emateboda an

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TamaSis wesebs arRvevda sakuTari gamoxdomebiT... is sxvebsar hgavda, amitomac iyo sxvaTaTvis gaugebari, auxsneli misiyoveli saqcieli Tu warmoTqmuli fraza... es, amoucnobi,agresiuli arseba, morCili umravlesobis gaRizianebas badebda.amis gamo, yvela maTgans surda hamletis Tavidan moSoreba...

kote marjaniSvilis interpretaciiT, daniis ufliswulissruli antipodi, klavdiusic originalurad iyo gaazrebul-warmoCenili. akaki vasaZis gansaxierebiT, igi sruliadac argaxldaT calsaxa, erT ferSi gadawyvetili, primitiuli e. w.uaryofiTi gmiri, xasiaTis demonurad Savbneli StrixebiT.daniis mefe, rusTavelis Teatris speqtaklSi, diaxacpativmoyvare, Zalauflebis mosurne, energiuli kaci iyo,romelsac WeSmariti epikureliviT xarbad uyvarda sicocxle,mTeli Tavisi siamtkbilobiT. hertrudas mimarT ki Zlieriltolva hqonda. sazrianic gaxldaT, gonieri. sxvebisagangansxvavebiT, Zmiswuli sruliadac ar miaCnda SeSlilad. gumaniT,eWvic ki hqonda mis farul mizanTa Tu ganzraxvaTa Sesaxeb.magram, yovelive amasTan erTad, sanukvari miznis misaRwevgzaze Cadenili araerTi codva, mosvenebas ukargavda, Zliertanjavda. `klavdiusis saxeSi aqcentirebuli iyo borotebistragikuloba, hamletis sikeTis tragikulobasTan tolfasovaniSepirispirebiT. klavdiusi tragikulad ganicdida Tavisborotebas~,10 _ vkiTxulobT am rolis SemsruleblismogonebebSi. saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom uiliam SeqspirisSemoqmedebaSi, Cadenil codvaTa gamo tanjva, Zlier xSiradgvxvdeba. me momesma TiTqo raRac xma: Zili gagiqra!~ makbetmaomohklao Zili, mohklao Zili... tanjul sulTa xsna... mohklaoZili glemismao da dReis iqiT ver daiZinebs veRarc kavdor,veRarc makbeti~11 _ warmosTqvams sisxliT xelebSeRebilimakbeti. ...visac keTilcxovreba surs, Tavis Tavs unda miendosda sindiszed ki xeli aiRos~,12 _ klarensis mokvlamdegvmoZRvravs meore kacismkvleli. ...mere wavidnen, ra es miTxres,ise tanjulni sinidisiTa, rom sityvis Tqmac ver moaxerxes...~13

_ mkvlelebis Sesaxeb gvamcnobs ser jems tireli. `...ieso,RvTis Zev, Semibrale!.. Turme mezmana... hoi, laCaro sinidiso,rogor mawuxeb!.. makankalebs da civ ofls masxams wveT-wveTad tanzed... TiTqo aTasi ena ebas Cems sinidissa... yvela

Cems hamletzed~,6 _ mogvianebiT werda daniis ufliswulisrolis Semsrulebeli. reJisoris CanafiqriT, miseuliinterpretaciiT: `...hamleti iyo gagebuli rogorc spetakiadamiani, dajildoebuli umaRlesi zneobrivi grZnobebiT daZlieri, maxvili inteleqtiT, romelsac sZulda yovelgvariorpiroba da Zaldataneba~7 _ vkiTxulobT msaxiobis mogonebebSi.irgvliv arsebuli yofa miuRebeli aRmoCnda amgvariadamianisaTvis. amitomac itanjeba, ganicdis, fiqrobs. yovelivessaRad afasebs, yvelafers naTlad xedavs... amis gamo, sxvebzeufro metad awuxebs sulieri tkivili... misi Segnebis, moralis,Sexedulebebis mqone, mgrZnobiare adamianisaTvis, Seqmnili garemoyovlad autanelia da amitomac ajanyda igi arsebulis,dakanonebulis, gamefebulis winaaRmdeg... Tumc, misi es nabijiwinaswaraa ganwiruli, radgan ZalTa Tanafardoba darRveulia...daniis ufliswuli martoa yvelas winaaRmdeg...

`...me vcdilobdi, upirveles yovlisa, Cemi hamleti yofiliyoadamiani, zneobrivad sufTa, didi gulis, didi bunebis damaRali zraxvebis adamiani... vcdilobdi `hamleti~ gamego,rogorc movaleobis, Tavganwirvis tragedia. igi iyo ganwirulidasaRupavad, radgan moqceuli iyo mis sawinaaRmdegod ganwyobilgaremocvaSi... aseTi adamiani mwvaved grZnobda, rom es qveyanaaris `baRi gaumarglavi, raSiac xarobs mxolod RvarZli,cudi balaxi...~,8 _ ixsenebs uSangi CxeiZe (sur. 5). am speqtaklismonawile akaki vasaZe werda: hamleti uaRresad wminda adamiania,adamianuri sindisis gansaxiereba, romelic mojadoebul wreSimoxvda da mowameobrivad itanjeba; magram, rodesac umaRlesimsajulis, Tavisi sindisis meoxebiT bolomde Seicnobs misgarSemo arsebul sibinZures, ebrZvis am WuWys, am sidamples,Waobs da amoaSrobs kidec, oRond sakuTari sicocxlisxarjze.~9 k. marjaniSvilis interpretaciiT, u. CxeiZis hamletimarTalia emociuri, mgrZnobiare adamiani iyo, romelic Zlierganicdida arsebul realobas, magram sulac ar gaxldaTnevrasTeniuli arseba. igi imdenad erTgulebda WeSmaritsulier, zneobriv faseulobebs, rom aSkarad TeTri yoraniviTgamoirCeoda garSemomyofTagan... amitom, sxvebis mier SeSliladiyo Seracxuli. igi, yvela danarCenisTvis miuRebeli arsebagaxldaT, radgan elsinoris sasaxleSi dadgenil, sayovelTao

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afarebuli didroni farebiT Seqmnili erTi, mTliani, Seuvalicixis kedlis sruli iluzia...

kote marjaniSvilma sakuTar Canafiqrs daumorCila piesismontaJi. man, Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gadaaadgila suraTebi,epizodebi. isini, erTi moqmedebidan meoreSi gadaitana. asemagaliTad, aCrdilTan Sexvedris Semdeg, u. CxeiZis hamleti,romelic SeZrulia im sazareli ambiT, rac Seityo, samlocvelosmiaSurebs. Tu msajuls (hamlets) ganaCenis gamotanis fiqrebSi,mTeli Rame Tvali ar mouxuWavs, damnaSavesac (klavdiuss)koSmari ar asvenebs imave Rames. reJisorma isini samlocveloSiSeafeTa erTmaneTs, radgan uwmindesi mosamarTle _ hamleti,ganaCenis brma aRmsrulebeli rodia, is arc TvalTmaqcobs daarc sigiJes igonebs. es Zalian daakninebda yovlis sikeTiTaRsavse pirovnebas. saSineli borotmoqmedebiT SeZrwunebulmis suls unda dasturi miiRos sarwmunoebisganac. gvaqvs Tuara ufleba danis dartymas danis dartymiTve vupasuxoT?..~,18

_ ixsenebs ak. vasaZe. es scena, rogorc sCans, aRsavse gaxldaTemociuri daZabulobiT... triptiqi mianiSnebda moqmedebisadgils. mis centrSi gamosaxuli RvTismSoblis figurazogadsakacobrio, qristianuli, humanisturi idealebis saxiersimbolod aRiqmeboda. swored am samyaroSi movidaguldamZimebuli hamleti Svebis mosapoveblad. montaJis Sedegad,k. marjaniSvilma aq gadmoitana daniis ufliswulis kideverTi, sayovelTaod cnobili monologi: ,,yofna?.. aryofna?..sakiTxavi ai es aris. suldid qmnilebas ra Sehferis? is, romitanjos da aitanos mCagrav bedis neStriTa gmirva, TuSeebrZolos mozRvavebul ubedurebas...~19 aqvea codvebiTsuldamZimebuli ak. vasaZis klavdiusi, romelic maRali jvarcmiswin daCoqili, cdilobs dakarguli sulis simSvidis dabrunebas:`...ra sazari codva vitvirTe... locvas ver vbedav... ama warmavalsda garyvnilsa wuTisofelsa oqros varayiT daferilsacodvianobas, SeuZlian, rom ukuagdos marTlmsajuleba daxSirad kanons hyiduloben boroteulad; _ magram iq, maRla,sxvafriv aris: iq cbierebas ar aqvs adgili, iq veraradaifareba...~20 igi ver xedavs daSnaaRmarTul hamlets. u.CxeiZis scenuri gmiri meryeobs. is mkvleli ar aris, TanacsamlocveloSi... Tumc, mis win damnaSavea, magram es ukanaskneli

codvebi gardasulni zomas da wonas, erTad iyrian samsjavroswin Tavs da bRavian: `damnaSavea, damnaSave...~,14 _ es ki riCardmesamis agoniaa. msgavsi magaliTebis moyvana Sors wagviyvans.rogorc Cans, yvelaze miukerZoebeli, piruTvneli, mousyidvelida mkacri msajuli _ sindisi, yvelas sakadriss miuzRavs...igi, yovel Cvens saqcielze pasuxs iTxovs. ai, maSin ki dgebasakiTxi, Rirda ki yvela es amqveyniuri siame, pativi, gancxroma,fufuneba Tu Zalaufleba yovelive amad?!.. da radgan, TiToeuliCvengani Tavad akeTebs arCevans, gzagasayarze, gzajvaredinzemdgomi sakuTar gzas gansazRvravs, Tavis saboloo xvedrsacTavad imzadebs...

`...momakvdinebeli Secdoma iqneba mxolod hamletis saxisfilosofiur siRrmes Tu daveyrdnoT. amiT warmatebas vermivaRwevT. es umaRlesi filosofiuri tragedia ise undaSevasruloT, rom erTi wuTiT ar vuRalatoT scenursanaxaobriobasa da simarTles. amisTvis ra aris saWiro?adamianuri grZnobani da kidev adamianuri grZnobani!~,15 _mimarTavda k. marjaniSvili msaxiobebs. marTlac, sakuTariCanafiqris gansaxorcieleblad, koncefciis mkafiodgasacxadeblad, reJisorma araerTi saxieri mizanscena SeTxza.Cem mier zemoT naxseneb kibeze Camosvlisas, TiToeul safexurzenabijis Camodgmis taqtze warmosTqvamda hamleti (u. CxeiZe)sayovelTaod cnobil monologs: `rad ar meSleba es sxeuliesred magari? rad ar gadneba da cis namad rad ar iqceva!..cud ambebs vxedavT, kvlavac unda cuds movelodeT...~,16 ak.vasaZe, rogorc TviTmxilveli, amgvarad aRwers am mizanscenas:_ `...igi musikis ritmze, mZime nabijiT Camodioda kibeze dagrZeli, farTo Savi labadis kudi idumali fiqriviT ukanmosdevda. uSangis nakverCxlebiviT anTebuli Tvalebis Semoxedvamisi mwuxarebis gasaziareblad gvamzadebda...~17

laerti (akaki xorava) emSvidobeba Tavis das, ofelias(veriko anjafariZe). Tan, rCeva-darigebas aZlevs mas. maTsaubars mamaci, poloniusi (niko gociriZe) Semoeswreba...laertis gacileba, ofelias mkacr datuqsvad gadaiqceva. samTasaubrisas, romelic kibis qveS mimdinareobda, fons qmnidamTeli kibis yovel safexurze mdgari jariskacebis mier sxeulze

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gasasvlelisaken mieSurebodnen... magram, maT win u. CxeiZishamleti gadaeRobeboda.. . misi sarkastuli gamoxedva,mZulvarebisagan gafarToebuli Tvalebi, dgomis gamomwvevimanera aiZulebda klavdiuss ukan gamobrunebuliyo... axla,sxva mimarTulebiT garboda gvirgvinosani... amalac kudSimisdevda... magram, hamleti ufro meti gaafTrebiT, aqac wingadaeRobeboda... da iwyebda TavSeukavebel, nervul, sarkastulsicils... ak. vasaZis klavdiusi, amalis TanxlebiT, kvlav pirsibrunebda da sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT garboda... xafangSimomwyvdeulni, TiTqos gasasvlels ver poulobdnen, raTa TavidaexsnaT SurismaZieblisgan... yoveli mxridan gzamoWriligvirgvinosani kibeze arboda, ukan grZeli, mewamulisferimosasxami, Cadenili codvis saxier gansxeulebad, sisxliskvaliviT dasTrevda... zurgs ki hamletis sisxlisgamyinavi,TavSeukavebeli sicili upobda... da isic, xsnis ZiebaSi,ukanmouxedavad arboda kibeze... u. CxeiZis hamleti, romelicscenaze marto rCeboda, TiTqos adgils ver poulobda... xanmefis taxtTan miiWreboda, xan scenis sapirispiro mxaresgadaadgildeboda... mere, uecrad wyvetda sicils (musikacSewydeboda)... daWril irems cremlebi sdis, nukri cqrialebs,ra vuyoT, rom es qveyana ase trialebs...~,23 _ gulistkiviliTwarmosTqvamda am sityvebs... Semdeg, gancdebisa Tu emociisagandaqanculi scenazeve daeSveboda...

vfiqrob, speqtaklis ramdenime sakvanZo scenis Taobazesaubari sakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa met-naklebad cxadadwarmovidginoT Tu rogori interpretaciiT iazrebda uiliamSeqspiris tragedias kote marjaniSvili. xSirad, azrTaradikalur sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs mis mier mesaflaveTa e. w.gaqarTveleba. marTlac, Salva RambaSiZe imerul, xolo vasogoZiaSvili qarTlur dialeqtze metyvelebdnen. amiT reJisors,erTi mxriv surda, kontrastis principiT, ama soflis amaoebaze,hamletis sakmaod pesimisturi teqsti _ msjelobisaTvisdaepirispirebina komikuri elementi, raTa mayureblisaTvisSedarebiT Seemsubuqebina daniis ufliswulis mier warmoTqmulisityvebis simZime; meore mxriv, maTTvis yofidan kargad nacnobipersonaJebi waredgina...

mxurvaled loculobs... ,,... gana SeiZleba hamletma ganaCeniaRasrulos martooden civi gonebiT da ara uwmindesi guliTac?..is arc dogmatikosia, arc skeptikosi, is yvelaze mgrZnobiareadamiania da Tu klavdiusi samlocveloSi imitom midis, romlocviT ganibanos `kaenis codva~ im xelidan, `romelsac Zmissisxli ise sqlad scxia~, hamleti imitom mosula eklesiaSi,rom RmerTs SeekiTxos, ra gziT SeebrZolos mozRvavebulborotebas? aq, samlocveloSi amitom movuyare Tavi msajulsacda damnaSavesac, aq davupirispire erTmaneTs aRsarebabralmdeblisac da braldebulisac... es axali scenuri pirobebiufro Seefereba `yofna _ aryofnis~ monologs da klavdiusiscnobili locvis epizodebs, romelnic piesaSi calke scenebiTaamocemuli, _ agvixsna batonma kotem~,21 _ ixsenebs ak. vasaZe.orTave, bralmdebelica da braldebulic, sirbiliT tovebdascenas. klavdiuss SiSi amoZravebda, hamlets ki kacTmoyvareobada RvTismoSiSoba...

Tumc, maTi gzebi, bedisweris nebiT, kidev erTxel gadakveTdaerTmaneTs... es gaxldaT sayovelTaod cnobili e. w. saTaguris~Tu `xafangis~ scena... k. marjaniSvilma, es epizodi didiSinagani eqspresiiT, Rrma fsiqologiuri motivaciiTa da saxierigamomsaxvelobiTi gadawyvetiT SeTxza. Tavidanve sacnaurigaxldaT ukiduresad daZabuli atmosfero. rasac kidev ufromkveTrad aRsaqmels xdida u. CxeiZis hamletis basri, orazrovani,sarkastulad warmoTqmul-wamosrolili frazebi. es ufroaSkara gamowvevas hgavda. rodesac aqtiorebi mefis mkvlelobisepizods gaiTamaSebdnen, suliTxorcamde SeZruli ak. vasaZisklavdiusi fexze wamoiWreboda... piesis mixedviT, mas mxoloderTi fraza aqvs: `sanaTi moitaneT da wavideT aqedam.~22

rusTavelis Teatris scenaze saSineli mRelvareba isadgurebda.SeSfoTebul xelmwifes, dedofali, kariskacni Tu mxlebelTamTeli amala ukan misdevda. TiTqos, Zlierma qariSxalma waiRoo,ise awydebodnen erTi adgilidan meores... avbediTad dahqrodnenCiraRdnebi... Suq-CrdilTa uecari TamaSi, kidev ufro amZafrebdaisedac damuxtul atmosferos... SeSinebuli qalebi erTmaneTsekvrodnen, xolo SeiaraRebuli amala gars ertymoda klavdiuss...damfrTxali aqtiorebi scenidan garbodnen. mRelvarebasmusikaluri fonic aZlierebda... mefe, dedofali da amala

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k i n o m c o d n e o b a

albaT, interesmoklebuli arc rolebis ganawilebisaTvisTvalis gadavlebaa: hamleti _ uSangi CxeiZe, klavdiusi _akaki vasaZe, ofelia _ veriko anjafariZe da Tamar wulukiZe,hertruda _ elene donauri da caca amirejibi, laerti _akaki xorava, poloniusi _ niko gociriZe da aleqsandreTayaiSvili, mesaflaveebi: Salva RambaSiZe da vaso goZiaSvili...

1925 wels, rusTavelis Teatris scenaze dadgmuli`hamletiT~, k. marjaniSvilma imJamindeli saqarTvelosinteligenciis tragedia, maTi sulieri tkivili warmoaCina.es gaxldaT warmodgena im adamianebze, romlebic azrovneben,xedaven... maT kargad esmiT, rom raRac dalpa am samefoSi dadania sapyrobilea... isini pirovnebebi arian, amitom ar SeuZliaTsxvaTa msgavsad, advilad marTuli morCilni iyvnen. aseTitipis, mentalitetis mqoneni erTiani, saerTo masis mxolodSemadgeneli nawili ver iqnebian... vfiqrob, swored es gaxldaTk. marjaniSvilis, rogorc xelovanisa da moqalaqis saTqmeli,rac `hamletis~ miseul interpretaciaSi cxadad gamJRavnda.

1. krebuli `kote marjaniSvili~. Tbilisi, 1961, gv. 133.2. nino SvangiraZe _ ,,irakli gamrekeli”. Tb., 1968, gv. 103. nodar gurabaniZe _ ,,revoluciuri Tanamedroveoba da Teatri”. Tb.,1981, gv. 53.4 vasil kiknaZe _ ,,qarTuli reJisuris istoriis narkvevebi”. Tb.,1982, gv. 170.5. iqve: gv. 176.6. uSangi CxeiZe _ ,,mogonebebi da werilebi”. Tb., 1956, gv. 240.7. iqve: gv. 238.8. ixile v. kiknaZis dasaxelebuli wigni. gv. 176.9. akaki vasaZe _ ,,mogonebebi, fiqrebi”. Tb., 1977, gv. 191.10. iqve: gv. 197.11. uiliam Seqspiri _ ,,makbeti”. Tb., 2004, gv.27.12. uiliam Seqspiri _ ,,TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli xuT tomad~,tomi I., Tb., 1983, gv. 176.13. iqve: gv. 205.14. iqve: gv. 219.15. ix. ak. vasaZis dasax. wigni. gv. 191.16. uiliam Seqspiri _ ,,hamleti”. Tb., 2004, gv. 14-15.17. ix. ak. vasaZis dasax. wigni. gv. 196.18. iqve: gv. 197.19. uiliam Seqspiri _ ,,hamleti”. Tb., 2004, gv.55.20. iqve: gv. 73-74.21. ix. ak. vasaZis dasax. wigni. gv. 197.22. uiliam Seqspiri _ ,,hamleti”. Tb. 2004, gv.68.23. iqve: gv. 68.

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elisabed erisTavi

munji kinodan Tanamedrove ekranamde

ra iyo munji kino? ra tendenciebi da tradiciebiCamoayaliba man dRevandeli ekranis arsebobisTvis da ra saerToaqvs mis kompoziciur da struqturul Tvisebebs TanamedrovexelovnebasTan?

kinematografi fotos ritmulma amoZravebam dabada, romelicjer dokumenturi iyo, Semdeg, firze scenuri kulturisplastika aRibeWda. aq mravali wyaros dasaxeleba SeiZleba:sacirko xelovneba, miuzikli, drama, qoreografia da a. S.,didi tradiciebis xelovnebis dargebi, romlebic, amave dros,Janruli da struqturuli safuZvlebiT kulturis gansxvavebulsaxeobebs miekuTvneboda. saerTo erTi hqondaT: sxeulismoZraobis saSualebiT mravalmxrivi emociis gamomJRavneba.emociisa, romlis safuZvelsac siuJeturi an sanaxaobrivimotivacia warmoadgenda. Sedegad, maqsimumamde daixvewa dametyveli gaxda Jesti, sxeulis plastika da samosis dizainurimetyveleba, ramac scenuri kultura virtuozul ritmulnakadSi Caaqsova.

foto, romelic, ZiriTadad, adamianebs firze aRbeWdvasemsaxureboda, uneblied, dRevandeli ekranisaTvis, metadmniSvnelovani sakvlevi masala gaxda. fotoze gamosaxulikompoziciebi an portretebi, ara marto istoriuli faqtebisdasturia, aramed firis metyvelebasa da grafikuli xelovnebisnimuSs warmoadgenen. mxedvelobaSi misaRebia Zvel fotoebzeaRbeWdili interieri, eqsterieri, drapireba, sxeulis plastikada mravali sxv. foto, rogorc portreti, rogorc kompozicia_ Suq-Crdilis kulturis metad mniSvnelovan informaciasiZleva da grafikuli xelovnebis maRali miRwevebis nimuSebiTxSirad metad saintereso sakvlevi masala xdeba.

grafikasTan mimarTebaSi aRsaniSnavia afiSis maRalixelovneba, romlis Sedevrebsac jer kidev tuluz-lotrekiqmnida. misi _ ferweruli JReradobiT, avangarduli metyvelebiTada kompoziciis polifoniurobis uSreti individualurimignebebiT _ maRalmxatvruli namuSevrebi vfiqrob, dResac,

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saTanadod damuSavebuli, rom Jestis da saxis metyvelebayviriliTa da WarbsityvianobiT aris Secvlili, sadac diqtoricki monawileobs axsna-ganmartebaSi. amiT ikargeba kinos miRwevebi,romelnic xmis Semosvlamde umaRles donemde iyo daxvewili.

yovelive kadris kompoziciasac exeba. igi polifoniuradmetyvelebda: garemos amsaxveli, gmirebis urTierToba, axloxedis metyveleba da SuqCrdilis grafikuli JReradoba. axloxedi, romelic TiTqos da gmiris Sida mdgomareobisgamomsaxveli iyo, amave dros, dialogs qmnida, vinaidan gmirebisportretuli Senacvleba metyvelebda da metad mniSvnelovaninformacias gvawvdida. es migneba SesaniSnavad arisgamoyenebuli saSa rexviaSvilis filmSi nuca~ (m. javaxiSvilismoTxrobis mixedviT), rodesac gayofil ekranze dedamTilisada nucas saxeebi axlo xediT mowodebuli srulad gamoxatavenmaT fsiqologiur mdgomareobas, gmirebis Sinaarsobrivganmartebasa da dialogis arss.

gayofili ekrani, ekrani polikompoziciuri _ esec munjikinos mignebaa, romelic dRes mravalmxrivad gamoiyeneba,mxedvelobaSi maqvs rogorc filmi, aseve sainformacio dagasarTobi programebi.

minda Tqveni yuradReba kvlav Srifts davuTmo. ukve vaxsenemisi SemoqmedebiTi gamoyeneba poligrafiaSi da saxviTxelovnebaSi. Sriftis mxatvruli da struqturuli gamoyeneba,gamonaklisis gareSe, xorcieldeboda uxmo kinoSi. ekranzegamosaxuli Setyobineba iZleoda Sinaarsobriv ganmartebas,magram misi SemoqmedebiTi gamoxatuleba kadris kompoziciisgrafikul kulturas gvawvdida da, amave dros, igi ayalibebdafilmis dramaturgias blokebad da amiT procesis ritmsacgansazRvravda. misi gamosaxuleba erwymoda filmis Sinaarssda gamomsaxvelobis kidev erT saSualebas gvTavazobda _Sriftis SemoqmedebiTi Sesruleba montaJur wyobas ayalibebda.yovelive es dRes CvenTan naklebad ixmareba, magram maRalidonis sainformacio ekranebze igi kontrapunqtulad moZravstriqons gvawvdis, romelTa Sinaarsobrivi birTvigansxvavebulia, xolo grafikuli Sesruleba dizainuri midgomissaSualebiT, rogorc horizontalurad aseve vertikaluradkidev erT kompoziciur segments warmoadgens. igive SeiZleba

ekranis specialistebisgan Seswavlisa da kvlevis mravalmxrivSromas moiTxoven. tuluz-lotreki erTi samyaroa, magrammsgavsi samyaro saxviT da scenur xelovnebaSi mravalia:salvador dali, jorjo morandi, daviT kakabaZe, pablo pikaso,egon Sile, mark Sagali, kazimir maleviCi da mravali sxv.dRes am geniosebis SemoqmedebiTi ganxilva konferenciisfarglebSi SeuZlebelia. me mxolod SegaxseneT saxviTixelovnebis zogierTi korife, romelTa Rvawli da SemoqmedebasinTezur JanrebSi yovelTvis gasaTvaliswinebelia, es mignebebikinoSic SeiWrnen da ara mxolod SeiWrnen, aramed dResacmonawileoben Tanamedrove ekranis kulturis ganviTarebaSi.

saxviT xelovnebasTan dakavSirebiT ar SemiZlia ar vaxsenoSriftis kultura, romelic grafikuli xelovnebis tradiciebsgvawvdida, rogorc afiSebSi, aseve wignwarmoebis nimuSebSi.modern stili, art nuvo, rogorc cnobilia, metadmravalperspeqtiul SemoqmedebasTan asocirdeba da samwuxarodarc amis ganxilvis dro ar aris dRes. Tumca qarTuliSrifti _ es, albaT, kidev erTi da mniSvnelovani sferoavizualuri xelovnebis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, vinaidanmisi plastika modificirebas mravalmxrivad emorCileba.

davubrundebi kvlav munj kinos, romlis `metyvelebam~xmis gamoCenamde, umaRles mwvervalebs grafikis ritmiT miaRwia.mTlianobaSi ra sakvirvelia, es iyo moZraoba. munjma kinommogvawoda sami tipis moZraoba (sxva dResac ar arsebobs) _obieqti, obieqtivi da montaJi. samive TiTqmis 100 wlis winCamoyalibda, maqsimalurad daixvewa da paradoqsi is aris,rom dRes mis mignebebs, Tanamedrove teqnologiebic ki xSiradver aRweven.

vizualuri metyveleba xmis daxmarebis gareSe (`xedviTimusika~) dRes ukve laparakma (da ara metyvelebam!), xSirad, _yvirilmac ki Secvala, ris gamoc msaxiobis ostatobis unar-Cvevebi daaknina da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, daasamara. aris mxolodiSviaTi gamonaklisebi. samwuxarod, dRes dumili bevrma verdaafasa da amiT kinokultura Warb metyvelebaSi CaZira. meara maqvs nostalgia munji kinos mimarT, me menaneba imtradiciebis ugulebelyofa, romelnic Cven uxmo kinomdagvitova. guli mwydeba, rom msaxiobebis moZraoba ar aris

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kultura filmis msvlelobas musikalur megzurobas uwevda.igi swored im mraval modifikaciasa da improvizaciaswarmoadgenda, romelic dRevandeli musikaluri miqsissafuZvlad mesaxeba. kidev erTxel gavixsenoT genialuriqarTveli diriJori evgeni miqelaZe, romelic orkestrs, TbilisiskinoTeatrebSi xelmZRvanelobda.

musika qmnida ganwyobas, amartivebda an xazs usvamda kadrTamontaJur cvlilebebs, gamosaxulebis metyvelebas da moZraobisplastikur nakads ayalibebda.

`munji~ kinos periodSi musikisa da gamosaxulebisurTierTobis mravali mniSvnelovani migneba moxerxda, romelicdRevandel kinematografiaSic gvxvdeba (`usityvo~ filmebi).musikaluri JReradobis meSveobiT maTi forma grafikulgamoangariSebas emorCileba, rasac gamosaxuleba sinqronuladeqvemdebareba. amiT Tanamedrove kinos kidev erTi struqturawarmoiqmna.

dRevandeli kinematografia, iTvaliswinebs ra munji~ kinosmusikalur tradiciebs, amasTanave iyenebs scenuri kulturismusikasTan sinTezis mignebebs, qmnis axal mxolod misTvisSesaZlebel saSualebebs, rac udaod saintereso kvlevis sagania.

kinomusikas Tavisi specifikuri funqciebi aqvs. igi SeiZlebaiyos ilustraciuli, gamomsaxveli, moqmedebis aqtiuri monawile,simbolo. gamoiyeneba rogorc laitTema an laitmotivi (operistradiciebi), avtoris azris ganmarteba da sxv. es musikagamosaxulebasTan erTad qmnis axal esTetikur dones, romelicTavisTavad arc musikas da arc gamosaxulebas ar gaaCnia. igimxolod sinTezis Sedegia.

kinomusika gamosaxulebasTan organul Serwymas moiTxovs.es ki kompozitorisagan, iseve rogorc reJisorisagan,urTierTspecifikis TiTqmis profesionalur codnas undaemyarebodes, romlis Sedegad am ori xelovnebis zustadgamoTvlili urTierTarseboba, urTierTSenacvleba anurTierTSeWra ibadeba. kinos istoriam Semoinaxa aseTiSemoqmedebiTi kavSirebi: prokofievi da eizenSteini, dunaevskida aleqsandrovi, nino rota da f. felini da mravali sxv.

xmisa da gamosaxulebis sinTezis Zieba kinematografiulida musikaluri ritmebis urTierTkavSirebas moiTxovs.

iTqvas kadris dayofasTan dakavSirebiT, romlis struqturuligaangariSeba axlo xeds, zogad movlenebsa da dialogurmetyvelebas warmogvidgens. yovelive polifoniuri ekranisgrafikuli kompoziciis dizainad yalibdeba, ris gamocinformaciuli veli farTovdeba da kadris ritmuli ganlagebametad sistemur wyebad gvevlineba. igi kadrTa monacvleobasaciTvaliswinebs da blokis motivirebul process ayalibebs.

uxmo kino moklemetraJiani iyo. misi Janrobrivi nusxaZiriTadad sam saxes warmoadgenda: komedia, drama dadokumenturi. dRes ekranis Janrobrivi nusxa Zalzemravalricxovania. CamoTvlas ar Sevudgebi. CemTvismniSvnelovania moklemetraJis fenomenze yuradRebis SeCereba.mcire droSi munji kino mraval siuJetebs da faqtebs gvawvdida.maSin es teqnologiur sirTuleebTan da SinaarsobrivsimartivesTan iyo dakavSirebuli, vinaidan filmi erT romelimefaqts an sakiTxs ukavSirdeboda. dramebi hgavda erTmaneTs,komediebi triukebis kaskads gvawvdida, dokumenturi masalaki momxdar movlenas afiqsirebda.

dRes moklemetraJma, SeiZleba iTqvas, mcire ekranebzegadainacvla da misi drois safasuri metad gaizarda. Sedegad,drois minimaluri gamoyeneba, ara marto teqnologiuri, aramedSemoqmedebiTi amocanac gaxda. mokle droSi maqsimaluriinform aciis miwodeb a ( n eb ism ier Ja nrSi) yofismoTxovnilebebmac gamoiwvia; Sesabamisad, xangrZlivi procesidRes ukve araekonomiuri da araefeqturia. amdenad, CamoyalibdamTeli rigi sxvadasxva struqtura, romelTa Rirebuleba, mokledroSi maqsimalurad efeqturi da yuradRebamisaqcevi faqtebiTganisazRvra _ es nebismier kompozicias Seexeba.

ekranis metyvelebasTan dakavSirebiT, uxmo kinoSi musikisrolic metad mniSvnelovani iyo. yvelam icis, rom repeticiebisdros msaxiobebi musikis TanxlebiT moZraobdnen _ amiT maTiganwyobis da ritmuli `awyobis~ motivacia xorcieldeboda.Semdeg filmSi, xSirad, sul sxva musika JRerda. igi konkretulan zogad ganwyobas gamoxatavda. filmis ganmavlobaSi musikauwyvetad ismoda da misma Senacvlebam, anu kontrastulma anplastikurma gadasvlam, SeiZleba, dRevandeli dijeisxelovnebazec iqonia gavlena. yovel SemTxvevaSi, tapioris

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Sida monologi SemdgomSi video artma nawilobriv Secvalada tradiciulad mogonebebs, sizmrebsa da warmosaxvebs(vizualurs) xSirad emociurad amZafrebda.

mcire formebis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli FMF radiostradiciebma gavlena iqonia. 60-iani wlebidan FMF radiommravali axali proeqti warmoadgina, axalgazrda Taobasmusikaluri siaxleebi uxvad miawoda, sadac adamianis xmagansakuTrebul datvirTvas iZens.

60-ian wlebSi televizia yvela saxlSi SemoiWra.grafikuli gamosaxuleba musikalur grafikas daukavSirda.es periodi ekranuli struqturebis dabadebis TvalsazrisiTacmetad ganviTarda. radiom da munjma kinom simbiozi Seqmnesda mravalmxrivi virtuozuli migneb ebis kaskadiTeqsperimentuli kino, dokumenturi filmi, sareklamo kultura,musikaluri video, pirdapiri eTeri da sxva mravali proeqtiTanamedrove ekrans miawodes. dResdReobiT yovelive es, ukvecifruli teqnologiebis meSveobiT, permanentuladtransformirdeba da mokle droSi maqsimalur informaciismiRebis saSualebas iZleva. aq ukve, rogorc saxviTi xelovneba,aseve vizualuri da audio dizaini, kaleidoskopur kompoziciebsqmnis. procesi uwyvetad viTardeba da Tanamedrove adamianisyvela moTxovnas emsaxureba.

Tanamedrove kinom yoveli zemoTxsenebuli migneba Seisruta,gaiTavisa da rogorc tradiciuli formiT, aseve abstraqtulida postmodernistuli xedviT, mayureblis interesi 40 wlisganmavlobaSi xmovan-xedviTi tandemiT mravalmxrivad gamoxata.

Tema ,,munji filmidan Tanamedrove ekranamde~ speqtralurda diferencirebul analizs moiTxovs. igi mravalwaxnagovanida metad konceftualuria. masSi sxvadasxva meTodologiismeToduri da teqnologiuri midgoma Tavs iyris, racsakonferencio formatis erT moxsenebaSi Znelad misaRwevia.

Жанкола Ж-П, Кино Франции. М., 1984.ZIELINSKI SIEGFRIED. Audiovisions, AMSTERDAM UNIVERSITY. Press.1999.erisTavi elisabedi. filmis xmovanxedviTi struqtura, gamomcemloba

`kentavri~, Tbilisi, 2010.

kinomusikis mravalmxriv kvlevas msoflios kinos masalebzedayrdnobiT poloneli esTeti zofie lisse iZleva wignSi`kinomusikis esTetika~. garCevisas igi mraval naSroms eyrdnoba,ris gamoc es wigni musikisa da gamosaxulebis urTierTobisTiTqmis yvela SemTxvevas ganixilavs (gamonakliss mxolodmoklemetraJiani filmebi warmoadgens).

moklemetraJiani kino ki musikis msgavsi Janria, sadacTviT musika erT-erT xmad gvevlineba mTel mis plastikurdramaturgiaSi, ris gamoc saukeTeso moklemetraJiani filmebisavtorebi (miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara gamoyenebuli musikamaT filmSi) musikosebad gvevlinebian kinos sferoSi.

Jan pier Jankola werda: `aTi wlis ganmavlobaSimoklemetraJiani kino TavSesafari iyo imaTTvis, vinc TavisRirsebas warmoadgenda~. mas mxedvelobaSi yavda 30 jgufi,romelTa SemadgenlobaSic Sedioda iseTi Semoqmedebi, rogorebiciyvnen: alen rene, fransua triufo, klod Sabroli, pier kasti,godari da sxva kinematografistebi, romelTac SemdgomSimTlianad srulmetraJian kinoSi gadainacvles.

munji kinos kompoziciurma mxareebma da drois faqtorebmagansazRvruli roli iTamaSes qarTuli usityvo moklemetraJianikinos mravali saukeTeso nimuSis warmoSobaSi (m. kobaxiZis,o. ioselianis filmebi, gabriaZis scenaris mixedviT Seqmnilifilmebi).

xangrZlivoba droSi, fsiqologiuri xasiaTis simboluriCanaxatebi, plastikis wamyvani roli, gmirebis, garemos, yofisaTu situaciebis dapirispireba, sityvis uqonloba, musika, rogorcritmul-emociuri sayrdeni _ es ZiriTadad is msgavsebebia,romelnic asociacias badeben munj filmebTan. vfiqrobT, esfilmebi miuxedavad munj winaprebTan maTi didi msgavsebisa,istoriul arqaizmebad ki ar aRiqmebian, aramed munji kinosdamaxasiaTebel Tvisebebze dayrdnobiT, Tanamedrove simboluri~namuSevrebis originalur nimuSebs warmoadgenen.

vfiqrob, munji kinos periodSi musika ukve Sida monologiskonstruqciasac asrulebda. miTumetes Tu mxedvelobaSimiviRebT metyvelebis uqonlobas. musikis xasiaTi martivadavlenda gmiris suliskveTebas, ganwyobas, miznebs da yovelives,rasac igi ver ityoda.

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lia kalandariSvili

`gayinuli dro~ _

saerTo hi perteqstis Sedegi

Cven ase vamtkicebT, yiramaliT Segvevso gamarjveba!~ nikoloz Sengelaia

`postmodernizmis pasuxi modernizmisadmimdgomareobs warsulis aRiarebaSi... igi unda gadaixedos –

ironiulad, gulubryvilobis gareSe.~

umberto eko

nebismieri xelovnebis mimarTulebas drois gaazreba mxolodmisTvis damaxasiaTebel stimuls aniWebs, unikalur paToss,sulier energias, msoflmxedvelobrivi drois beWeds. Tumca,es epoqaluri ganwyoba raRac momentSi qreba, axali, ki, rogorcwesi, masTan dapirispirebaSi da paeqrobaSi isxams xorcs.zedmetia Sexseneba, Tu ra mniSvneloba qonda magaliTad,romantizmisTvis – warsulis ideals da miuRebel awmyos...avangardizmisTvis, ki, piriqiT, swored warsulis uaryofas,awmyos gardaqmnas, gansakuTrebiT, ki, gabrwyinebul mizans-momavals... postmodernizmisTvis dro post-awmyoa, garkveuliTvalsazrisiT, awmyo, romelic, momavalia warsulis mimarT. esubralo sityvebis TamaSi ar aris, xedvis mimarTulebaWeSmaritebasac ucvlis saxes. rodesac xelovnebis nawarmoebiiazrebs sakuTar awmyos ara rogorc warsulis ganviTarebasda determinirebul realobas, aramed, rogorc warsulismomavals - maT Soris mTlianoba wydeba da erTimeoris mimarTsxvadasxva sazrisiT savse fragmentebi warmoiqmneba, rogorcgatexili sarkis ori namxvrevi, erTi realobis or varianti.teqstebs Soris dialogi, kulturis procesebis arsSi wvdoma,SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis rTuli obieqtis warmomavlobismizezisa da logikis gaazreba, siRrmiT perspeqtivas aniWebsuSualod Cvens winaSe warmoqmnili realobis axal formirebebs.Tanamedrove ekrani gansakuTrebul interess iCens, swored,istoriulad adaptirebuli struqturebis , saxeTametamorfozisa da interpretaciisadmi. yoveli teqsti

garkveuli saerTo hi perteqstis nawili xdeba. poulobssarkeebs, damTxvevebs, gansxvavebebs... igi gaxsnilia garemomcvelirealobis mimarT, masSi arsebuli ideebisa da teqstebis mimarT,aqtualur Suqze axal sicocxliT ivseba warsulis motivebida Temebi, niSandoblivi xdeba Zveli fabula, saxe-xatebi damignebebi.

XX saukunis moder nistuli da miT umetes ,postmodernistuli xelovneba citatis, reminiscenciis,aluziuri figurebis gareSe sruliad warmoudgenelia, Tumca,maTi daniSnuleba mimarTulebebs Soris gansxvavebulia.modernizmSi aseTi elementi, rogorc wesi, afarToebs sazrissada formas - analogiuri sarkisebuli gamosaxulebiTa, Tu,gamaucxoebeli, kontrastuli elementiT, emsaxureba nawarmoebisinterteqstad gamTlianebas ; postmodernizmSi , ki ,interteqstuloba, xelovnebis sxva nawarmoebTa kvali, arwarmoadgens, mxolod, damatebiT informacias, an mtkicebulebaskonkretuli teqstis gasaRrmaveblad. am SemTxevaSi, mTavarimizani xdeba, swored, citirebulis uaryofa: axali, gansxvavebulisazrisis moniSvna, teqstebs Soris urTierTgamomricxavmimarTebaTa warmoqmna, erTdroulad arsebuli `gansxvavebisa~da `msgavsebis~ diferansuli damokidebulebis daSveba.

dro, romelSic vimyofebiT, futuristebisTvis yvelafersniSnavda, maTi kulti iyo da ara mxolod maTi: momavlisxatis futuristuli koncepti, gansakuTrebiT Zlierzemoqmedida gavleniani aRmoCnda da masStaburad moicva im periodismSieri da dangreuli msoflio. warsuli imedebisgan gaZarculiadamiani, amjerad, ukve RmerTis daxmarebis gareSe daeZebdaaxal, saocnebo imeds. man sruli ganaxleba gadawyvita.warsulTan erTad, zurgi aqcia Cveul Rirebulebebs, rogorcdabrkolebas progresis gzaze. ara mxolod sasurveli, aramed,mkacrad savaldebuloc gaxda swrafva siaxlisken, ukeTesisken,simaRleTa dapyrobisken... Tu ra qariSxali SeiZleba warmoqmnas,Tundac, yvelaze saukeTeso miswrafebebma, an jer arc arsebulmamomavlis realobam, ra energiiiT SeiZleba gaixliCos mxolodideis saxiT arsebuli uxilavi muxti, metyvelebs is faqti,rom swored futurizmma STabera suli, rogorc revoluciur,

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memarcxene komunistur sulikveTebas, ise, memarjvene mgznebarefaSizms;

ararsebuli drois saxeliT boboqrobda XX saukunismomavlis trfiali awmyo: adamianis goneba skvirveli ZaliTqmnida da aSenebda, magram es xmauriani progresi, TavisTavSiatarebda, agreTve, Tanabari siZlieris isterias, ngrevas,ganadgurebas, sisxlisRvras. realoba sakmaod STambeWdavi,rTuli, saSineli warsuliTa da awmyo-sinamdviliT iyogajerebuli. momavali, ki, samwuxarod, is fenomenia, arasdrosjer rom ar aris! aTeuli wlebis Semdeg, erT, cnobil sabWouranekdotSi, leqtori isev da isev amtkicebs, rom komunizmihorizontis xazzea. da ra aris horizonti? - ekiTxebian.pasuxi standartuli ganmartebaa: ucvleli manZilisaRmniSvneli warmosaxviTi xazi, romelsac, ramdenadacuaxlovdebi, imdenad gSordeba... Tumca, es, gviandeli xumrobaa,ukve sxva droSi, gamocdilebis Semdeg...

ociani wlebis dasasrulis Tbilisi ki, dapirispirebuliideebiT damuxtuli artistuli qalaqia, sadac erTimeoresejaWvebian da ejaxebian nacionaluri da internacionaluri,tradiciuli da aratradiciuli, sxvadasxva mimarTulebebida stilebi, Zveli da axali msoflmxedveloba. axalgazrdaavangardistebis kinoxelovnebaSi mosvlasTan erTad, progresisidea qarTuli kinos wamyvani paTosic xdeba: aqtualobas iZensurbanistuli aRmSeneblobis Tematika, `CamorCenili~ adamianiszneobrivi gardaqmna mowinave, mebrZol, `momavlis srulyofiladamianad~... rasakvirvelia, es ar momxdara rusuli futurizmismemkvidre, mgznebare lefelebis1 mxardaWeris gareSe, Tumca,memarcxene pozicia TavisTavadac mimzidveli aRmoCnda, sakuTarinebis gamoxatvas mowyurebul, ociani wlebis axalgazrdaqarTvel xelovanTaTvis. isini SemoqmedebiTad iazrebdnen daTaviseburad gardaqmnidnen modernistul mimarTulebaTa -dadaizmis, futurizmis, eqspresionizmis ideebsa da teqnikur-gamomsaxvelobiT miRwevebs, qmnidnen sakuTar, originalur,maRalmxatvrul xelovnebas. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT nayofieradSeiZleba CaiTvalos maT mier konstruqtivizmis gaazreba, romlissazRvrebSi dasmuli mxatvruli amocanebi da misi gadawyvetisZiebebi, erovnuli kinematografis ayvavebis sawindari gaxda.

sakuTari xedvis gamosaxatad, qarTveli kinematografistebi,upirispirdebian ara mxolod `CamorCenils~ da moZvelebuls,aramed, kritikulad ekidebian maT mier gaziarebul mowinaveavangardistul miRwevebsac; lui delukis `fotogeniis~Teorias gabedulad uaryofs sruliad axalgazrda mixeilkalatoziSvili : ùdides gamometyvelebis xerxebismaZiebeli kinematografistebi (`gamometyveleba~ delukismixedviT `fotogenia~) kadris sinaTlis kompoziciaSicdiloben asaxon is obieqtebi, romlebic saSualodmuSaoben~.2 drom Tavisi asaxvis forma moitana. epoqalurienergia ver Tavsdeboda `saSualod~ funqcionlurgamosaxulebaSi. qarTvel kinoxelovanTa arCevani xazgasmulasaxvaze, realobis Tavisuflad modernizebaze gakeTda. m.kalatoziSvili wers: `teqnikis stilistur xerxaTg ad a qc e v i s m is w r af e b a m m i g v i y v a n a o b i e q t i skonstruqciamde, romelic, optiurad, xazgasmiT aRniSnavsim sagnebs, romelTac pirvelxarisxovani mniSvnelobaniaqvT siuJetis wyobaSi. yvela stilistur xerxebsT av is Z ir iT ad m iz n aT aq vs m as alis d amuS a v e b aemocionaluri zegavlenisTvis, xelovnebis xerxi esaris masalis gamoyvana SegrZnobis avtomatiurobidan...~3

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kalatoziSviliseuli òbieqtiskonstruqcia~ imis garda, rom garkveulwilad, atarebskonstruqtivistul funqcionaluri da ekonomiuri asaxvisideas, razec metyvelebs mosazreba `siuJetis wyobaSipirvelxarisxovani mniSvnelobis~ saganTa gamoyofaze,amJRavnebs, agreTve, midrekilebas eqspresiuli, aqcentirebuli,anu `xazgasmiT aRniSnuli~ asaxvisadmi, amasTan, èmociurizegavlenis~ mizniT, rac, ukve, naklebad jdeba konstruqtivizmisprincipebSi da mas gansxvavebul Tvisobriobas aniWebs.mimarTulebebisadmi Tavisufal SemoqmedebiT damokidebulebazemetyvelebs, is faqtic, rom qarTul kinoxelovnebaSi, zogadad,ganeitralebuli da Serbilebulia avangardistuliradikalizmis yovelgvari gamovlineba; iseTi Taviseburebacki, rogoricaa, sagnisa Tu realobis deformacia, aq, mxolod,komikur-groteskuli efeqtisa da zogadad, satiruli stilis

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teqnikur xerxs warmoadgens. magaliTad, Cvens filmebSi verSevxvdebiT ararsebul, auxsnel fantastikur fenomens, raimemistikurs, Semzaravs, rasac, eqspresionistuli an surealisturixelovnebisTvis principuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. amasTan, amgvaristilizacia, aq, erTgvarad Serwymuli da Seguebulia realistur,gasageb, funqcionalur TxrobasTan; Aasea Tu ise, avangardizmisenergiam, mimarTulebis sazRvrebSi dasaxulma miznebma daamocanebma kvali daaCnia erovnul kinematografs da gaafarTovamisi SesaZleblobebi. amaze metyvelebs qarTvel memarcxeneTagansakuTrebuli interesi konceptualuri mxatvruli saxismimarT. garda amisa, igrZoba struqturalizmis gavlenac -bunebrivi, uSualod mocemuli formisa, Tu, struqturisdetalebad da elementebad daanawevrebis, mTelidan calkeulifragmentis gamoyofis, Cveuli pirobiTobis CamoSorebisa daaxal konteqstSi warmodgenis saxiT. anu, rogorc m.kalatoziSvili wers, xdeb a masalis ` S egrZ nob isavtomaturobidan~ gamoyvana, raTa, amgvarad gawmendil-gaucxoebuli calkeuli niSan-xati, Tu, montaJuri kompoziciissaerTo konteqsti, gaTavisuflebuli TavisTavadimniSvnelobisgan, avtorTa poziciis mkafiod gamoxatvasemsaxuros. aRsaniSnavia, rom, es ukanaskneli, SeiZleba iTqvas,umTavresi epoaqluri SemoqmedebiTi daniSnuleba iyo: maTTvisfilmi, ubralo sanaxaoba ki ar aris, aramed, aqtiuri qmedeba,brZola, axali, ukeTesi momavlis Seneba da misi sazrisisgansazRvra; avangardistTa Semoqmedebis mTavari mizani, ki, XXsaukunis aCqarebuli cxovrebis procesSi monawileoba damasebisTvis swori gzis Cveneba. am situacias kargad axasiaTebsocian wlebSi ayvavebuli plakatis xelovneba. vl. maiakovskisoTxnawiliani, ujrebad dayofili plakati `okna satirirostas~4 seriidan, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli piradapirobiT,martivad, mokled da damajereblad uCvenebs SeWirvebul xalxssxvadasxva problemebisgan Tavis daRwevis erTaderT gzas:`ginda? Sedi~. zeda or ujras, romelzec, wiTeli xeliTsamarcxvinod miTiTebuli yinvisgan gafarCulisa da mSieriConCxis karikaturebia gamosaxuli, maiakovski gamomwvevSekiTxvebs awers: `ginda daZlio sicive?~ `ginda daZlio

SimSili?~ msgavsi warwerebi -`ginda Wamo?~ `ginda dalio?~amSvenebs qveda orsac, romlebic, ukve axlo xediT, kmayofilwiTeli profiliT gamousaxavs puriTa da WiqiT xelSi. plakatisruldeba yvelasTvis erTi saerTo rCeviT: `iCqare SesvlasanimuSo Sromis damkvrel brigadaSi~.

TviTon unda uSvelo Tavs, sakuTari xeliT unda aaSenoSenTvis sasurveli momavali - aseTi moqalaqeobrivi paTosiTada mgznebarebiT itvirTeba am periodis filmebic: munji kadrebissiCumeSi aRwevs `xmamaRali~ propagandis, mRelvare `xmauris~iluzia, gamoxatuli aCqarebuli tempo-ritmulobiT, cvalebadikontrastulobiT, titrebis asoebis sxvadasxva zomebiT...rogorc ukve vTqviT, sakmarisi aRar aris ekranze gamosaxulisagnis bunebrivi `fotogeniurobis~ gaxsna, kinoobieqtivi eZebsCveulebrivi sagnis uCveulod warmodgenis SesaZleblobas:interess iCens efeqturi, gaucxoebuli rakursisadmi, nacnobi,naklebadmniSvnelovani detalis aqcentirebisa da axalmTlianobad gadaqcevisadmi, uCveulo, groteskul masStaburfardobiTobaTa gamoxatvisadmi... garda amisa, avangardistebisxedvis areSi, mudam Cndebian bunebaSi TavisTavad ararsebuli,adamianis xeliT gakeTebuli, progresze da civilizaciazemimaniSnebeli axali drois nivTebi, rogoricaa, traqtori,matarebeli, tramvai... avangardi ar ganicdis tkbobas simSvidiTada idiliuri peizaJiT, igi upiratesobas xmaurian quCas aniWebs.rogorc magaliTad, umberto boCionis tiloa, - `quCa SedissaxlSi~, 5 xalxmravali da centrisken gadaxrili wvetianiSenobebiT, romlis SuagulSi axali saxlis fundamenti Sendeba.marTalia, italieli futuristi mxatvris kompoziciaSi, aSkaraderotikuli simbolika ikiTxeba, miTumetes, rom naxatis mTavari,yvelaze STambeWdavi figura, am quCis mimarT gaxsnili qalia...rac Seexeba, quCas, ociani wlebis qarTul ekranze, rasakvirvelia,moklebulia yovelgvar erotizms, Tumca, formis TvalsazrisiT,igi aranaklebi warmatebiT asaxavs modernistul StrixebSideformirebul realobas – mkafiod urbanistuli, eqspresiuladx azgas muli, moduri stilis , ax alaSen ebuli ,konstruqtivistuli SenobebiT... Tumca, deformacia, aq, sxvasemantikis matarebelia. saubaria kote miqaberiZis Cemi bebiaze~

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(1929), sadac progresTan da momavlis ideasTan Tanaziaridrois suraTi, mxolod moCvenebiTi efeqtia, sxvadasxva rakursiTwarmodgenili `aseTi~ da `iseTi~ fasadis msgavsi, romlismiRma, realurad, dro aRar moZraobs.

reJisorma kote miqaberiZem da mxatvarma irakli gamrekelmaqarTul kinoSi manmade warmodgenil samyaros sruliadSeucvales saxe: filmis pirvelive kadrebidan amoicnoba ekranzeuCveulo, maxvili, eqspresiul-plakaturi satiruli stili,mkveTrad xazgasmuli agitaciur-ideologiuri paTosiT - oknasatiri rostas~ maneraSi. darRveul masStabebSi gamosaxul,damcinav, karikaturul realobas, maiakovskis plakatis msgavsiwarwerebi amkobs, Tumca, avtorebis mier axleburad gadaazrebulida sazrisSecvlili... visac am mowodebebis Sinaarsi axsovs,maSinve icnobs, maT, magram SeamCnevs mware ironiasac.

filmSi am satiruli plakatebis msgavsi, ukiduresi pirobiTigaremo ixateba: masStabebis arabunebrivi, gazviadebulikontrasti, agresiuli Strixebi da rakursi, sinaTlisa daCrdilis mkveTri dapirispireba, personaJTa karikaturuliportretebi, kedlebze gakruli lozungebi da mowodebebi,gancxadebebze dadebuli rezoluciebi, gazeTebis, kedlisgazeTebis, sxadasxva cnobebisa da Stampebis Sriftebi,sarkastuli fabula da msaxiobTa eqscenrikuli TamaSis manera...

filmis dasawyisSi, Cabnelebul ekranze diafragmisgaxsnisTanve, pirveli, rac mayurebels TvalSi xvdeba, arisSav-TeTri warwera `РЕСТ Т.О.Р.К~, anu rest torki. es abraaSenobaze, dawesebulebis saxelwodeba, romelic sruliad aRargavs firosmaniseul abrebs, aTiode wlis ukan, rom gansazRvravdaTbilisis iersaxes. fasadze mikruli gaugebar organizaciaTadasaxelebebi da kidev ufro gaugebari ssrk-s msgavsierTasoiani inicialebi, ociani wlebis sabWoTa realobiskuTvnilebaa, romelic, avtorTa azriT, iseTive carieli daarafrismTqmelia sinamdvileSi, rogoradac abraze warmogvidgeba.mkveTrad daxril, uCveulo rakursiT gadaRebul da ekranisCarCos mier moWril fragmentSi, Tbilisis xedebi da Senobebimetamorfozas ganicdian da modernistuli abstraqciiselementebad iqcevian. fasadi yuradRebas i pyrobs, rogorc

vertikaluri, kontrastuli xazebis kompozicia; igi uwyvetadgrZeldeba kadridan-kadrSi da montaJis dinamikis safuZvelixdeb a. es dinamika organulad grZeldeba ritmulmarTkuTxedebad dawyobili, karebis rigisgan Semdgar vitrinisgamosaxulebaSi, romlis mina, garedan, cocxal, mgrZnobiarequCas aireklavs. karis CarCos mkafio, swor geometriulkonturebs SuSis iluziur siRrmeSi horizontalurad gadakveTsCavlili tramvais msubuqi, livliva, efemeruli anarekli... -`cvalebadi da moZravi, mouxelTebeli materiis saxe, romelicuSualod erwymis samyaros~... Tumca am futuristul paToss,reJisori ironiis safuZvlad aqcevs gamWvirvale vitrinis`dizainiT~: imave sarkmlis CarCoSi gamofenili biurokratulisamyaros suraTi -instalacia Weramde daxvavebulisaqaRaldeebis mTebiT - okna satiri rostas~ seriis formatSi.

rac Seexeba tramvais simbolikas, aRsaniSnavia, romfuturistTa I gamofenas petrogradSi 1915 wels, romelSickazimir maleviCma Tavisi kubofuturistuli tiloebi gamofina`tramvai v~ ewodeboda da tiloebidan erT-erTs, `damatramvaiSi~ erqva.6 Znelia maleviCis naxatSi qali amoicno,miTumetes, elena salaveis msgavsi, magram, nikita mixalkovis`siyvarulis monaSi~ (1975) maleviCis `dama tramvaiSi~adviliamosacnobia; Tumca, im periodis, axalgazrda maleviCisgangansxvavebiT, mixalkovi tkiviliT iazrebs dros - memanqanismier mitovebul tramvaiSi, ucnauri, bundovani, momavliskenmTeli siswrafiT mimavali SeSinebuli da sasowarkveTiliqalis saxeSi tragikuli epoqis sulis kivilia, romlis xmarkinis borblebis raxraxSi ikargeba. tramvai, drois bediswerissimbolod aqvs warmodgenili, agreTve, nikolai gumilovs 1919wels daweril leqsSi `gzaareuli tramvai~. am tramvaim -damangreveli epoqisa Tu futuristuli progresis saxe-xatma,saerTod, `gadauara~ (metaforulad, rasakvirvelia) poets damis suls SeuCereblad daaqrolebs saSinel, mkvdar maradisobaSi:`mas gza aeria drois ufskrulSi... SeaCereT memanqanev, axlaveSeaCereT vagoni!~7 - amaod gasZaxis poeti Tavis aRqmaSi ukvedaRupul samyaros. al. bogomazovis 1914 wlis tilo tramvai~,ki, swored is axali, progresuli drois niSania romelic

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gulis amaCqrolebeli sicocxliT STaagonebda futuristebsda naTeli, saukeTeso samyarosken miaqanebda...

romeli tramvai airekla kote miqaberiZis `Cemi bebias~vitrinaSi, Zneli saTqmelia, Tumca, swored is tramvaia, romelic,mogvianebiT, oTxmociani wlebis TbilisSi, raRac arqauli, post-drouli movlenis mniSvnelobas iZens da uazro absurduliciklis simbolod gadaiqceva eldar Sengelaias cisfer mTebSi~,da nagvad qceul saqaRaldeebis mTebTan erTad, kote miqaberiZis`Cem bebiasTan~ saerTo hiperteqsts warmoqmnis.

amgvarad, postmodernistuli interteqstuloba, miniSneba,citireba, msgavsebis dafiqsireba, nebismieri reminiscencia –amave dros, `gasxvavebis~ aqticaa, erTdroulad movlenisprezentacia da misi gadafaseba; kvali-gadakvalvis~, daswreba-waSlis~ rezultati. postmodernizmi modernizmis principebisuaryofidan amoizarda, mis pirdapir opozicias warmoadgens,amitom, mimarTulebaTa Soris Sedareba-gasxvavebis aqtiprincipuli mniSvnelobisaa. `kvalis~, rogorc istoriisgadafasebis SesaZleblobas, nayofierad iazrebs Tanamedrovekinoxelovneba da maT Soris qarTuli kinoc. eldar Sengelaias`cisferi mTebi, anu daujerebeli ambavis~ saxiT, ideam, metadsaintereso struqturuli gamoxatva miiRo.

rodesac avangardistuli xelovneba ebrZvis Zvel formas,agresiulad uaryofs warsuls, tradicias, aRiarebs mxolodmomavals, postmodernizmi DeJavu ganwyobiT pasuxobs:`yvelaferi ukve iyo...~ `cisfer mTebSi~ aqcenti tramvaizemoniSnavs gumilovis poeziis maradisobis sivrceebSi`gzadakarguli tramvais~ semantikis kvalsac, rasakvirvelia,ironiul konteqstSi. e. Sengelaia zustad citirebs kadrs k.miqaberiZis filmidan: tramvais, romelic, gayofil, viwro quCazeSeuxvevs... gansxvaveba droSia. `Cem bebiaSi~ ociani wlebisaxali, mtkice nagebobebi, eldar Sengelaias filmSi ukvedabzarul, usaxur Senobebad qceula... ukve didi dro gasula,yvelaferi moyanyalebula, sarkmelTan aswlovani vazi gazrdila,xolo TviTon Senobas saSiSi bzarebi gasCenia... magram, rogorcmze amodis da Cadis, rogorc weliwadis droebi modian damidian, meqanikur moZraobad, mudmiv realobad qceuli tramvaic

inerciiT isev dadis Tbilisis am Zvel quCaze. cisfer mTebSi~,tramvai, rogorc ori drois gamaerTianebeli niSani komikuradorsaxovania, misi kavSiri futurizmTan, progresis paTosTan,aaSkaravebs warsulis cru imedebs, konceptualurad kravsda amTlianebs am or filmSi arsebul paralelur sagnebs,movlenebs da qmedebebs, rogorc daZvelebuls, vadagasuls,mosacilebels da romelTa kvintesenciaa `grenlandiis~yinulovani peizaJi da masTan dakavSirebuli `daujerebeli~istoria.

Sav-TeTri rusuli asoebiT gamoyvanili `rest torki~TavisTavad arafers niSnavs, savaraudod, trest t.o.r.ki~ undaeweros, Tumca, operatori anton polikeviCi, pirvelive kadrSiarRvevs gamosaxulebis mTlianobas da swored, warwerazegaxsnil diafragmaSi, pirvel asos, kadrs miRma tovebs. amisgamo, darCenili fragmentis Sinaarsi icvleba da kalamburSigadadis: rest anu narCeni, cnobili sabuRaltro-ekonomikuriterminad danergili inglisuri sityvaa, kursis cvalebadobisxarjze warmoqmnili monagebi, xolo, inicialebiT Sedgenil`t.o.r.k.Si~ Cveulebriv, im drois standartebis Sesabamisad,SeiZleboda gvegulisxma - `tbilisskoe obSestvo raboCix ikrestian~, axal konteqstSi rest- i gamkilavi, narCenis uaryofiTmniSvnelobiT, filmis meore saTaurad warmodgeba; magramrodesac Txroba gadadis ukve dawesebulebis Sida samyaroze,es meore saxelwodeba arsobrivi xdeba. saqme imaSia, rom rest-i metad moqnili sityvaa da sxvadasxva konteqstSiormocdaaTamde mniSvnelobis miReba SeuZlia. narCenis~ ormagisazrisis garda, igi SeiZleba aRniSnavdes: dasvenebas, simSvides,ASesvenebas, Zils, pauzas, adgils, mudmivs, sayrdens, sikvdils,uZraobas, dasrulebas, dafuZnebas, akrZalvas, sarezervo fonds,SeCerebas, mxardaWeras, dakavebas, dgomas da a.S. anu, restifilmSi qameleoniviT icvlis sazriss, yovel axal situaciaSiisev resti rCeba, magram ukve sxva mniSvnelobiT. resti, rogorcSeCerebuli, uZravi, mkvdari dro - `Cemi bebias~ struqturiswamyvani idea da funqcia xdeba. drois niSani – mrgvalikedlis saaTi, erT-erTi pirveli sagania, romelsac kotemiqaberiZe `Cemi bebiaSi~ warmoadgens. saaTis azrobriv

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mniSvnelobaze misi zomac metyvelebs - igi mTel ekransfaravs. miuxedavad amisa, misi gavlena ar igrZnoba, radgan, ammeqanikuri sagnis garda, arsebobs ufro Zlieri, mrgvaliuzarmazari magidiTa da mis garSemo dawyobili CinovnikTaTanamdeboba-savarZlebiT gamoxatuli, realuri, biurokratuli`saaTi~, am saaTSi, ki, dro SeCerebulia. darRveuli masStabebismqone groteskul-karikaturuli realoba ukiduresad pirobiTda niSnobrivad aRbeWdil mTlian, mkacrad gansazRvrulkonceptualur konstruqcias warmoadgens. sakmis sazurge –kabinetis karia, romelzec savarZlis mflobelis Tanamdebobada zogjer raRac konkretuli miTiTebaa miwerili. rusuliasoebiT gamoyvanili, Semoklebuli sityvebi komikur efeqtzeagaTvlili. buRalteri da mTavari buRalteri gamoixatebasityvebiT buxiTa da glavbuxiT, deloproizvoditelis Semoklebada deloproizvod–is yalTabandur sazrisSi gadadis, zavkanci- uwmawur xumrobaSi... zampredpravis devizia: kanCai delouxadi! predpravlenia gavmcnobs: prik.pak.net. zogierTi wodebis,rogoricaa, magaliTad, Clen.prav! gasaocaric kia, rom aseTisiTamamis Semdeg, kote miqaberiZem arseboba gaagrZela mxolodfilmis dapatimrebiT gadarCa da kidev raRac-raRaceebisgakeTebis ufleba mices!

am restuli~ samyaros saqmianobas, kote miqaberiZe, ukiduresigroteskul-karikaturuli da absurduli pirobiTobiT aRwers:saqmis garda yvelaferi - manqanebiTa da qaRaldebiT TamaSi,`vuyvarvar ar vuyvarvar~ mkiTxaoba tarakanaze dafurTxebismeTodiT, siyvarulis istoria TviTmkvlelobiT, axaliTanamdebobisTvis brZola, Wama, Zili... mokled, sruli`restuloba~! am samyaroSi, tempi ganzrax, arabunebrivad neldeba,rodesac, aCqarebaa saWiro da piriqiT, Tvalisdaxamxamebis tempSiCqardeba wamieri fotokadrebis monacvleobiT, maSin, rodesacaseTi siswrafe, gmirs xels uSlis, Tundac umciresi moZraobamoaswros: igulisxmeba epizodi, rodesac, biurokrati cdilobs,saproteqcio werili dawesebulebis mmarTvels miawodos daver axerxebs, radgan am fotokadrebis cvlasTan erTad,xelmZRvanelTa `kadrebic~ icvleba.

drois araTanabari dineba, rogorc ironiuli sazrisi dakomikuri efeqti - tempo-ritmuli gama sruli uZraobidanTvalisdaxamxamebis siswrafemde, anu, rogorc `Cemi bebias~niSnobrivi mocemuloba – postfuturistul momavalSi -`cisfer mTebSi~ konteqstad yalibdeba da drois gadaazrebissababi xdeba. Tu, miqaberiZis filmSi, droisadmi mkafiodgamoxatuli Tavisufali damokidebuleba, subieqturiariTmiuloba aRiniSneba, rogorc sinamdvilis mimarTarabunebrivi, uCveulo da hiperbolizebuli, gamokveTiladxelovnur-pirobiTi movlena - `cisfer mTebi~ mas bunebrivTviTdinebaSi gadasuli ariTmiiT, `romelsac veRarc amCneven~- CveulebrivobiT, auCqareblobiT, simSvidiTa da udrtvinvelobiTpasuxobs. e. Sengelaias filmSi drois fenomeni Tavis sazrissiZens, rogorc, saerTod ararsebuli ganzomileba, rogorc post-drouloba, romelic, mayureblis Tvalwin kargavs kanonzomierebas,dekonstruirebas iwyebs da absurdSi gadadis. axla igiDifferance-ulia - aris da arc aris. kote miqaberiZis filmSiodesRac SeCerebuli dro eldar Sengelaias filmSi isevuZravia.

`cisferi mTebis~ redaqcia Cemi bebias~ restuli~ samyarosmomavlis realobaa. aq TiTqos isev, igive, nacnobi personaJebigvaxseneben Tavs: batoni vaso (msax. v. kaxniaSvili), rogorctipi, Zalian waagavs Tanamdebobadakargul biurokrats (msax.al.TayaiSvili) `Cemi bebiadan~, mxolod xani daetyo. ocianiwlebidan oTxmocianamde didi dro gavida, bevri ram Seicvala- aRar arsebobs erTi didi, saerTo komunaluri magida, yvelasTavisi magida aqvs, Tumca, Zveli da moryeuli... redaqciaSiyvelaferi ingreva da irRveva, Sarvalic ki... magram ucvleliadazvavebuli saqaRaldeebis mTebi. igi isev gvaxsenebs `CemibebiaSi~ saqaRaldeebiT gamotenili vitrinas, uamrav, erTmaneTzedawyobili saproteqcio baraTebis dastebs - mebrZoliavangardistuli xelovnebis saxe-samxils. saqaRaldeebis,biurokratuli samyaros uamravi qaRaldis nagavis koncepti -k. miqaberiZisa da i. gamrekelis filmis konstruqciis arsebiTimateria, cisferi mTebSi~ pirdapiri citirebiT Semodis, Tumca,sakuTari postmodernistuli siuJetiT: es saqaRaldeebi,

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marTalia, isev inacvleben adgils qvemodan zemoT, nacnobobiT~mixedviT, Tumca, ukve, gind zemoT yofilan... gind qvemoT... amasoTxmociani wlebis sinamdvileSi mniSvnelobac aRar aqvs.radgan, es saqaRaldeebi sadRac ukvalod qrebian.... saqaRaldeebismTa, Tan isev arsebobs da izrdeba Tan, ucnaurad ileva daqreba. es erTgvari postmodernistuli TamaSis pirobaa: arisda ar aris! tradiciebic isev Zveleburad grZeldeba: batonivaso isev `zemoT-qvemoT~ dadis, kabinetebis mosacdelebTanisev molodinia, Tumca xalvaTad, isev gvesmis Semoklebulisityvebi, –sesxbanki, isev usaqmuroben, isev miirTmeven, sakuTarsaqmeebs agvareben, proteqcia isev mniSvnelovania, razecyufaraZis zari gvaniSnebs, isev ewyoba sazeimo Sexvedrebi...marTalia, `Cemi bebiaSi~ aseTi Sexvedra siuJeturad ar arisgadmocemuli, magram tradiciuli rom iyo, karebze Camoyiravebuli`glavbuxis~ warweriani dafa da qvemoT miwerili SeniSvna:`rukopoJatie otmeneno~ metyvelebs. `cisfer mTebSi~ vaJazazaeviCis borjomebiani macivari da Civili `aRar SemiZlia,soso amdeni Sexvedrebi!~ glavbuxis istoriis pirdapirigagrZelebaa, romelic aq vaJa zazaeviCma SeiTavsa. rac Seexebaaxal buRalters, mas sxva glavbuxi~ Wirs: mas Tavi xadazmuliasakisgan ubrualebs da aqeT-iqiT aqanebs, `rukopoJatie~ kimarkSeiderTan aqvs gauqmebuli.

gadaviwyebuli profesis- markSeideri, rogorc ZvelisZveliskivridan amoRebuli samuzeumo eqsponati, romelic, jagrisiTfaqizad aclis mtvers didi xnis win gauqmebul, yvelasgandaviwyebul, Zaladakargul, Tumca kargad movlil, axaliviTgawkrialebul uniformas, erTaderTi personaJia, romelic, Cemibebias~ uSualo memkvidre ar aris. garegnobiT, araadekvaturiprofesiiT, xasiaTis pasuxismgebluri TvisebebiT, punqtualobiTar ewereba `cisferi mTebis~ redaqciis sivrceSi. mas yvelagaocebuli uyurebs, rogorc sxva samyarodan mosuls,gamoiyureba rogorc sxva Janridan da stilidan amoRebulicitata, sxva kostumirebuli kinofilmidan... Tumca, mas amsivrceSi yofnis sruli ufleba aqvs, jer erTi, rombiurokratul teqstSi yufaraZis proteqciis gareSe armoxvedrila, meorec – igi, swored, imdroindeli teqstidanaa,

romlis Rirebulebebs redaqcia formalurad aRiarebs, anu,saerTo hiperteqstis nawilia. `cisfer mTebSi~ misi gaCenismTavari mizezi, ki, isaa, rom postmodernistul realobaSiaRar arsebobda sxva personaJi, vinc mis aucilebel funqciasSeiTavsebda: igi filmis gmiria! yvelanairad mowesrigebuli,saukeTeso TvisebebiT aRWurvili, daxvewili, Tavmdabali daidealuri personaJi, romelsac sakuTari warsuli samyarosdRevandeli realobis gadarCena akisria. profesiiT samToinJineria, xolo sadac raime mTebia, `cisferi~ iqneba, es Tu`Savi~7 samTo inJineric, rasakvirvelia iq unda iyos! miTumetes,rom siuJeturad, am mTaSi simaRle ki ara, wiaRi igulisxmeba.igi varaudobs katastrofas, magram rodis da saidan daiwyebangreva, ar icis, radgan drois arsi, misTvisac dafarulia.

`cisfer mTebSi~ siuJeturi dro verasodes ver emTxvevabunebriv dros. igi swrafad trialebs vazis garSemo, Tumasze daxarjuli Sabiamnis uzarmazari partiebis mixedviTvimsjelebT, magram personaJebs ukve drois sakuTari,individualuri aTvla aqvT. iseve, rogorc did, kanonzomiersamyaroSi, rogorc kosmosSi aqvT did da patara mnaTobebsdrois fardobiTi, gansxvavebuli aTvlis sistema. isini erTida imave droSi ar arian, arc erTmaneTis dros ar emTxvevianda Aarc sayovelTao cikls. amitom am redaqciaSi yvelaferian Zalian adrea, an ukve dagvianebuli: wesisa da rigis mixedviTme aq ar unda vyofiliyavi, wesiT, wasuli var SvebulebaSi!~sxva, ki, romelic wesiT aq aris, an `yovel wuTs SeiZlebagamoCndes~, qronikulad mivlinebaSia - albaT, ase Tvis bolomde,dabrZandiT, daelodeT.~ is, ki vinc Svebulebis molodinSia,saerTod ar icnobs imas, vinc mivlinebaSia: `vin aris, kaco esgivi, Cveni TanamSromelia?~ xolo, am mivlinebis dasawyisicada dasasrulic filmis CarCoebs miRmaa, sadRac sxva ciklebSigadis. am varskvlavis orbita rogorc Cans Zalian didia daise nela moZraobs, rom filmSi gamoCenas ver aswrebs. an,SeiZleba isec vivaraudoT, rom igi gzaareuli kometasaviTgaiqrolebs da SeiZleba samudamod daikargos, aRarc kidabrundes. dro jer kidev mosacdelSi gauCerda meigave -markSeiders: igi Tanaxmaa icados, magram zustad surs icodes:

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`rodidan rodemdea dalodebis saaTebi.~ amgvarad, filmis ciklsigi ramodenime saaTis win mosulis ampluaSi asrulebs.sososTvis, `cisferi mTebis, anu tian Sanis~ avtorisTvisramodenime dRe mTel weliwads udris, an sam weliwads -`sami weli - rogorc TviTon ambobs- sadRac sicarieleSia~,gaurkvevel vakuumSi, Sav xvrelSi, sadac dro Cveulebrivadar moZraobs: sezonis gasvla daaxloebiT erT dRes utoldeba,mas ki xval-zegobiT istumreben. direqtori - zazaeviCi piriqiT,metismetad swrafad moZraobs, Tumca Tavisi orbitis daZlevasver axerxebs. wamebi aqvs daTvlili, `sesxbankSi~ wasulssaqmeebs gzaSi aweven, verafers ver aswrebs, yvelafers kargavs,Tavze Weri engreva, magram is mainc garbis da brunavs. racSeexeba buRalters, qalbaton Tamars, Spilkebsac veRar ikeTebs,iseTi Tavis bruali daewyo. xelfasi mudmivad deponentzea,uwyisSi ki Secdomaa: kopaleiSvilis xelfasi gamouweriaTwveravasTvis. wveravam.... xaburZanias uwyisSi mouweria xeli.kopaleiSvils, ki irodionis fuli wauRia kopaleiSvils.~ manicis, rom premia SeiZleba iyos, SeiZleba ara, Svebulebisfuli ara, xelfass ki direqtoris yadaRa aqvs dadebuli.dRes - namdvilad ar aris! filmis personaJebi gamalebiTdasdeven erTmaneTs, magram ver ewevian, Tumca, imeds ar kargaven.

drois aTvlis saerTo etalonis ararsebobis simbolofilmSi, redaqciis sust, Seuferebel kedelze gamofenilimZimeCarCoiani ferweruli tilo grenlandiaa~: am sayovelTaodnacnob, Cveulebriv garemoSi mas sruli gaugebroba Semoaqvs.grenlandiis kanonzomiereba ucxoa Cveni kalendrisTvis. igiwarmoadgens raRac mdgrad realobas, romelSic dro saerTodar aisaxeba. grenlandiaSi ar arsebobs Cveuli drois zoma,Rame, dRe, Semodgoma, gazafxuli da zafxuli. xolo yinulovanipeizaJi ar arsebobs qarTul cnobierebaSi; TeTri daTvi mxolodSoreuli egzotikaa. iseTi SegrZnebaa, TiTqos wlebi arcgadian, TiTqos gamyinvarebis uxsovari periodic ardasrulebula. grenlandiis saxiT cisferi mTebis~ personaJebsdadgenili aqvT sxva etaloni, romlisac araferi gaegebaT:erTferovani, mudmivi Seuferebeli aTvlis sistema, romelicurevs dros. grenlandiis peizaJi im gayinuli realobis

simboloa, romlis gadaazreba ar xdeba, romelic bunebrivikanonzomierebis sapirispiroa da romlis gamoc, katastrofagardauvalia.

magram is, Tu ras niSnavs `cisferi mTebi~, filmisdasasrulebis Semdegac saidumlod rCeba, iqve, TvalsaCino dakonkretuli ganmartebis miuxedavad – `anu, tian-Sani~.saxelwodebis diferansuli TamaSi, films bolomde miyveba....bolos da bolos, cisferi mTebi~ aris is, rac aris, ubralod,ori saTauridan erT-erTi, magram, maSin, princi puladgaugebaria `ra saWiroa ori saTauri?~ Tumca, es SekiTxvaaluziurad migvaniSnebs saxelganTqmul aforizmebze, romelTawarmoTqmisas realobaSi dro iyineboda, xolo ZarRvebSi sisxli,iseTze, rogoricaa, magaliTad: `tavariSC stalin, ra vuyoTsiniavskis?

-es romeli siniavskia? fexburTis komentatori?-ara, tavariSC stalin, mwerali.-da ra saWiroa ori siniavski?~futurizmi gaafTrebiT ebrZoda warsuls da cdilobda

droisTvis gaeswro...

1lefi, anu memarcxene fronti sawyiss iRebs rusi futuristebiscnobili manifestidan “Пощечина общественному вкусу” (1912).revoluciis Semdeg (1918) daaarses gazeTi “Искусство коммуны”,sadac Camoayalibes ZiriTadi princi pebi. 1923-25 w. gamodis Jurnali“Леф”,1927 -28 w - “Новый Леф”, 1929 w. jgufi gardaiqmna Реф-ad,(revoluciur frontad). 1930 w. lefis da refis beladis vl.maiakovskis РАПП-Si (ruseTis proletar mweralTa asociacia) Sesvlis

Semdeg jgufi daiSala.2 m.kalatoziSvili. kino masalis Cvenebis meTodebi. `memarcxeneoba~#2, 1928 w3 iqve: m.kalatoziSvili. kino masalis Cvenebis meTodebi. memarcxeneoba~

#2, 1928 w,4 «Окна сатиры РОСТА» — masobrivi agitaciuri xelovnebisspecifikuri forma. 1919-21 ww. ruseTis telegrafis saagentos(РОСТА) sistemaSi momuSave poetebisa da mxatvrebis (maT Soris, vl.

148 149

manana lekboraSvili

teqnikuri progresi da esTetikuri

regresi pirvel xmovan filmebSi

xmovani kinos idea TiTqmis iseve Zvelia, rogorc TavadmoZravi gamosaxulebis istoria. munji kino sinamdvileSiarasdros yofila `srulfasovnad~ uxmo. adreuli wlebidanve,stacionarul kinoTeatrebSi damkvidrebis kvaldakval,musikaluri akompanimenti gauwafavi tapioris, vodevilis Teatrisorkestrisa Tu klasikuri orkestris SesrulebiTkinematografis ganuyreli Tanmxlebi xdeba.

1900-iani wlebidan es kinoTeatrebisTvis ukve miRebulistandartia. amasTan sul ufro ixveweba repertuarica daSesrulebis xarisxic; amave dros Cndeba miswrafeba, Teatrismsgavsad, kinoSic aJRerebuliyo adamianis cocxali xma.

1908-1915 wlebisTvis saocrebas aRaravisTvis warmoadgendaekranis miRma msaxiobebis mier gamosaxulebis sinqronSiwarmoTqmuli frazebi, cocxali komentatori an xmovaniefeqtebiT gamdidrebuli filmebi. Tumca yovelive es ar arRvevdauxmo kinos teqnikur principebs.

ufro yuradsaRebia aTeulobiT eqsperimenti, romlebicdiskze Cawerili xmovani rxevebis gamosaxulebasTansinqronizaciis mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda. am mimarTulebasdistribucia ufro iafi, moxerxebuli da Sesabamisad,komerciulad momgebiani unda gaexada.

pirveli amgvari sistema iyo kamerafoni (1908), romelsacmisi sxvadasxva variacia da modifikacia: vivafoni, fonoskopi,gomonis qronofoni, britanuli sine-foni da sxvadasxva, maTSoris edisonis kinetofonic (1913) mohyva.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am sistemebis mTavari mizanmimarTulebaiyo ara ubralod musikaluri Tanxlebis sinqronizacia, aramedadamianis xmis reproducireba. magram am swrafvas teqnikuriarasrulyofilebis mravali detali uRobavda gzas. filmebiukve srulmetraJiani iyo, xmis Camweri diski ki mxolod erT-or rgols Tu yofnida, mcireodeni meqanikuri Seferxebacsinqronizaciis darRvevas iwvevda da meqanikosis uSualo

maiakovski, k. maleviCi, kukriniksebi da sxv). mier Seqmnili plakatebis

seria5 Umberto Boccioni. La strada entra nella casa (1911)6 pirvel futuristul gamofenaze “Трамвай В” (organizatorebi:i.puni da k.boguslavskaia), kazimir maleviCma gamofina dama afiSasTan~,

`aviatori~, `dama tramvaiSi~, `ingliseli moskovSi~. masTan erTadgamofenaSi monawileobdnen: kluni, morgunovi, popova, tatlini, eqsterida sxvebi.7 Гумилев, Николай. Заблудившийся трамвай . Стихотворения и поэмы.Москва: Современник, 1989.`Он заблудился в бездне времён... Остановите, вагоновожатый, Остановитесейчас вагон”8 SeniSvna: mimiSneba filmze: `Sav mTebSi~ (1941) reJ. n. Sengelaia,

operat. a. polikeviCi

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SesaZlebeli iyo 20-iani wlebis dasawyisSive. magram mas winTavad kinematografiuli saqmiani wreebis gulgriloba dasiaxlis miuRebloba eRobeboda. msoflio bazris dakargvisSiSi, danaxarjebi kinodarbazebis gadaiaraRebaze, kinowarmoebisprocesis gaZvireba, awyobili varskvlavuri sistemis rRveva –miuReblobis mizezi sakmarisze metic iyo.

eJi teplicis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `mxolod `diversiam~Tavad kinematografiul banakSi, ganxorcielebulma Zmebiuornerebis mier, gauxsna gza axal gamogonebas~1.

am droisTvis uorner brazersi~ _ patara, magram ambiciurikinokompania, ocwliani arsebobis ganmavlobaSi mesamed idgagakotrebis safrTxis winaSe. amjerad man krizisidan TavisdaRweva xmovani kinos erT-erTi patentis – `vitafonis~meSveobiT scada, romelic `xma-diskze~ principiT muSaobda.am principis upiratesoba iyo _ gramofonis firfitebze xmisCaweris SedarebiTi siiafe, ukeTesi JReradoba da simZlavre,munji kinos teqnikiT gadaRebuli filmebisTvis xmis advilad`mibmis~ SesaZlebloba.

uornerebma gadawyvites, ukve gadaRebuli munji filmi`don Juani~ (romelSic mTavar rols maTi kinovarskvlavijon berimori asrulebda) musikaluri TanxlebiT`gaemdidrebinaT~. musikas niu-iorkis filarmoniis didiorkestri asrulebda. films win uZRoda, aseve firfitazeCawerili, uil heisis, amerikis prodiuserebisa da gamqiraveblebisasociaciis saxelganTqmuli prezidentis, oTxwuTiani misalocisityva. premiera 1926 wlis 6 agvistos gaimarTa. TiTqmissamsaaTianma Cvenebam didi warmatebiT Caiara. sazogadoebaaRfrTovanebuli darCa orkestris mZlavri JReradobiT, cnobilimusikosebis saSemsruleblo ostatobiT, heisis TiToeulisityvis mkafio garCevadobiT da misi xmis naturalobiT2 (espirveli srulmetraJiani filmi iyo sinqronuli musikaluriTanxlebiT da ramdenime xmovani efeqtiT, Tumca masSi ar iyodialogebi).

`don Juanis~ xangrZlivma warmatebam uornerebs eqsperimentisgagrZelebis niSani misca. Tumca gegmaSi ar hqondaT dialogebisada xmaurebis gamoyeneba. maTi rwmeniT, axali wamowyebis mTavaripliusi kargi, xarisxiani musika iyo.

Carevas moiTxovda. Canaweri mkafio ar iyo, amitom sityvebisgarCeva Wirda, xmis siZliere sakmarisi ar iyo didi sivrcisTvisda sxva da sxva.

amdenad, kino, xmis TanxlebiT, mxolod da mxolod sainteresoteqnikur siaxled rCeboda, esTetikuri Zieba ki kvlav vizualursferoSi mimdinareobda da ZiriTadi teqstic kvlav ekranulgamosaxulebaSi, intertitrebSi ideboda. amave dros, aTwleulisbolosTvis uxmo kinematografma SesZlo Tavisi saxviTimetyvelebis imdenad daxvewa, rom xmaze, yovel SemTxvevaSi,adamianis xmaze moTxovnileba sagrZnoblad Sesustda.

saukunis dasawyisis axalma mignebebma xmis sinqronizaciiskidev erTi, da rogorc aRmoCnda, istoriulad ufroperspeqtiuli gzac gamokveTa. am gzas biZgi belis miertelefonis gamogonebam misca. cota xanSi amerikaSi Cndebaxmis rxevebis sinaTlis talRebad (e. a. losti, 1904), xoloodnav mogvianebiT – eleqtronul talRebad gardaqmnis (lide foresti, 1907) da misi, am saxiT reproducirebis, idea.

xma da gamosaxuleba inaxeboda ara sxvadasxva informaciismatarebelze (e. w. xma-diskze teqnologia), aramed erTze,uSualod firze (`xma-firze teqnologia~) . es idearevoluciuri aRmoCnda xmovani kinematografisTvis.

1919 wels li de foresti iRebs patents, romelic SeiZlebaxmovani kinos komerciul gamoyenebaSi mniSvnelovan nabijadSeiZleba CaiTvalos. xma, misi sistemiT, fotografiuladiwereboda kinofiris gverdiT areze da myarad iyo dawyvilebuligamosaxulebasTan. xma iwereboda mikrofoniT da Tu am procesSimiRweuli iyo gamosaxulebisa da xmis sinqroni, Semdeg masaRaraferi emuqreboda.

analogiuri muSaoba intensiurad midioda evropaSic.eqsperimenti eqsperiments mosdevda, sul ufro izrdebodapatentebis ricxvi xmovani kinos sxvadasxva sistemaze, arcxmovani kinoCvenebebi iyo iSviaToba, magram srulyofamde jerkidev Sors iyo.

Tumca mTavari problema teqnologiur srulyofasTan maincar iyo dakavSirebuli. im saxiT, rogorc xmovani kinomogvianebiT `daibada~, am sakiTxis gadawyveta savsebiT

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yvelaze martivi gza xmovani filmis misaRebad ukvegadaRebuli uxmo filmebis `gaformeba~ aRmoCnda firfitaze,an,UuSualod firze Cawerili xmaurebiT da musikiT. Tumca,am SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, xma mxolod moduri danamatisfunqcias asrulebda da araviTari SemoqmedebiTi datvirTvaar gaaCnda. iyo meore gzac – filmebSi xmis funqcia winaswariyo gansazRvruli, rogorc gamomsaxvelobiTi rigis Semavsebelida gamamdidrebeli. mayurebeli ismenda maRali xarisxissinqronul musikas, xmovan efeqtebs, magram dialogebi isevtitrebiT midioda. am filmebis gadaReba kvlav uxmo kinosgamomsaxvelobiT saSualebebs efuZneboda da Sesabamisad, maTidemonstrireba munji filmis saxiTac iyo SesaZlebeli, racgarkveul komerciul upiratesobebs aniWebda (iZleodaucxoenovan qveynebSi an xmovani aparaturis gareSe darCenilkinoTeatrebSi gaqiravebis SesaZleblobas).

am ti pis filmebs xmovans (sound film) uwodebdnen,gansxvavebiT `molaparake~ (talkies) filmebisgan, romlebSicdamatebiT dialogebic JRerda, nawilobriv (part talkies) ansrulad (all talkies). NA

masobrivi mayureblisgan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoebisnawilisTvis, romelic kinematografs, rogorc xelovnebas iseuyurebda (maT Soris SemoqmedebiTi muSakebisTvisac), molaparakefilmebi miuRebeli aRmoCnda. isini aRiarebdnen mxolod xmovanfilmebs, Tvlidnen, rom isini naklebad Ralatobdnen munjikinos SemoqmedebiT principebs.

`kinos ar sWirdeba xma. molaparake filmi iseve ar arissaWiro, rogorc momRerali wigni~, _ werda viqtor Sklovski,cnobili rusi kritikosi da kinoscenaristi 1927 wels, wignSi`maTi awmyo~.

maqs reinharti, Teatrisa da kinos germaneli reJisorimolaparake kinos, romelic sul male intensiurad SeudgaTeatraluri speqtaklebis eqspluatacias, iseTive surogatadTvlida, rogorc ferweruli tiloebis reproduqciebs.4

alfred hiCkokic ki, romelsac ekuTvnis evropaSi erT-erTi pirveli komerciulad momgebiani molaparake filmi`SantaJi~ (1929), Tvlida, rom `munji filmebi kinos yvelazewminda formaa~.

sul male isini ekranebze uSveben amave xerxiT damzadebulfilms `Zveli san-francisko~, xolo 1927 wlis 6 oqtomberi,film jazis momReralis~ premieris dRe, iTvleba kidec xmovanikinos dabadebis TariRad.

`jazis momRerali~ safuZvels udebs `molaparake~ filmis(talkies) eras mTel msoflioSi, Tumca, rogorc xSirad xdebaxolme, es ar iyo mizandasaxuli gaTvla. filmi, winamorbedebismsgavsad, munji kinos principebiTaa gadaRebuli, CarTulimusikaluri nomrebiT.

Ramis klubSi, erT-erTi simReris Cawerisas, filmis mTavarmagmirma, brodveis varskvlavma el jolsonma publikisaplodismentebs Cveuli scenuri fraziT upasuxa: `Tqven jerkidev araferi mogismeniaT!~ (You ain’t heard nothin’ yet!). CanaweridarCa da mayureblis sayovelTao aRfrTovaneba gamoiwvia.meore fraza, romelic aseTive emocias iwvevda, iyo aseveSemTxveviT warmoTqmuli ubralo winadadeba: aba, de, momismine!~(Say, ma, listen to this!).

dekemberSi filmis holivudur premieraze profesiuliwreebis TviTdamSvideba Tu imedi, rom xma morigi gasarTobia,romelic male miecema daviwyebas, gvarianad Seirya.

darbazSi sinaTlis anTebasTan erTad mzardi aplodismentebigaisma. sem goldvinis meuRlem, frensisma irgvliv mayurebelTamasaSi myofi saxelganTqmul pirovnebebi SeaTvaliera. maTsaxeze SiSi dainaxa~, – igonebda frensisi, _ TiTqos mixvdnen,rom `speqtakli, romelsac isini wlebis ganmavlobaSiTamaSobdnen, sabolood dasrulda~3.

1928 wlis seqtemberSi `jazis momReralis~ londonurmapremieram sabolood cxadi gaxada, rom cvlilebebi gardauvaliiyo. uornerebi erTi meoris miyolebiT iReben `molaparake~filmebs, amasTan, dialogebis moculoba maTSi sul ufroizrdeba.

pirveli srulad `molaparake~ filmi ki – `niu-iorkisCiraRdnebi~ _ ekranebze 1928 wlis ivlisSi Cndeba.

`uorner brazersis~ ganuwyvetliv mzardma da myarma mogebamsabolood gatexa holivudis did studiebis sijiute. daiwyoxmis cieb-cxeleba, romelmac ara marto amerika, aramed mTelimsoflios kinematografiuli samyaro moicva.

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magram bevrmac zustad dainaxa kinoesTetikis mTavari mteri:xmisa da gamosaxulebis mkacri sinqronizacia.

erT-erTi pirvelebi rusi kinematografistebi iyvnen. 1928wels sergei eizenSteini, vsevolod pudovkini, grigorialeqsandrovi aqveyneben statias saxelwodebiT `ganacxadi~,5

romelSic miesalmebodnen axal teqnikur miRwevas daaRniSnavdnen, rom es ar aris `SemTxveviTi momenti kinosistoriaSi~, aramed gamosavali im, xSirad Cixuri, mdgomareobidan,romelSic eqceva kinematografi Tematikisa da siuJetisgarTulebasTan dakavSirebiT.

amasTan maT savsebiT zustad gansazRvres mosalodnelisafrTxeebi: `axal teqnikur aRmoCenas SeuZlia ara martodaamuxruWos kinos, rogorc xelovnebis ganviTareba dasrulyofa, aramed ganadgurebis safrTxes uqmnis mis yvelaTanamedrove formalur miRwevas...

xma orlesuri gamogonebaa. ufro savaraudoa, rom misigamoyeneba wava naklebi winaaRmdegobis mimarTulebiT anucnobismoyvareobis dakmayofilebis gziT; pirvel rigSi – yvelazeufro gasavliani saqonlis, anu molaparake filmis, komerciuligamoyenebis gziT. iseTi filmebis, romlebSic xmis Caweranaturalisturi gziT moxdeba, roca xma zustad daemTxvevamoZraobas ekranze da Seqmnis molaparake adamianebis, mJRerissagnebis da a. S. erTgvar `iluzias~.

amgvari gamWriaxoba gasakviri arc iyo. montaJuri kinos,iseve, rogorc montaJis Teoriis avangardSi myofma rusmakinematografistebma kargad dainaxes, rom kinematografiulizemoqmedebis ZiriTad (xolo, maTi azriT – erTaderT)saSualebas – montaJs, sruli ganadgureba eloda.

`pirveli, sensaciis periodi, ver avnebs axali xelovnebisganviTarebas, magram saSiSia meore periodi, romelic axalifaqturuli SesaZleblobebis pirveli aRqmis umankoebisa dasisufTavis daWknobasTan erTad dadgeba da maT sanacvlodganamtkicebs misi avtomaturi gamoyenebis epoqas ,`maRalkulturuli dramebisa~ da sxva Teatraluri rigis`fotografirebuli~ warmodgenebisaTvis~.

albaT Znelia, amaze zustad da lakonurad aRwero`molaparake~ filmebis gamarjvebis Semdgomi pirveli wlebis

es ganwyobebi gasakviri arc iyo. molaparake filmebSisinqronuli xma mTavar atraqcionad iqca da mis misaRwevadsxva yvelaferma ukana xedze gadaiwia. erTi xelis mosmiTukuagdes kinoenis sferoSi uxmo kinos 30 wlis monapovari,uari eTqva miRweul Tavisuflebas mis gamoyenebaSi dakinematografi TiTqos isev bavSvobas daubrunda, pirvel, gaubedavnabijebs rom dgamda, misTvis axal asparezze.

xmis Caweris procesma, pirvel rigSi, xmauriani kinoaparatisizolireba moiTxova – is viwro jixurebSi gamoamwyvdies daSesabamisad kameris moZraobac daviwyebas mieca. akustikismoTxovnebidan gamomdinare, pavilionebi mcire moculobis undayofiliyo, rac arTulebda gadamRebi jgufis muSaobas; montaJi,xmis sinqronizaciis pirobebSi, gamoiricxa; xedebis monacvleobissaWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, iZulebulebi iyvnen, ramdenime kameriTemuSavaT, rac kidev ufro amZimebda jgufis samuSao pirobebsviwro sivrceSi. Tavis mxriv, ramdenime kamera gamoricxavdaganaTebis SemoqmedebiTad gamoyenebasac. scenis gasanaTebladmxolod neitraluri, erTgvarovani ganaTeba gamoiyeneboda.

naturaze gadaRebebi saerTod SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda, CawerissirTuleebisa da gareSe xmaurebis gamo. Sesabamisad,gansakuTrebulad popularuli gaxda adreve cnobili e. w.rir proeqciebi, rodesac xdeboda winaswar gadaRebulinaturuli scenebis proecireba ekranze, romlis winacTamaSobdnen msaxiobebi.

amasTan, mkveTrad SeizRuda reJisoris funqciebic. kinosgadasaRebi moednis mTavar moqmed pirebad xmis operatorebiiqcnen. maTi kontrolis qveS aRmoCnda filmis mizanscenebi,msaxiobebis moZraoba, ufro sworad, uZraoba kadrSi. msaxiobebiiZulebulni iyvnen gamudmebiT gaeTvaliswinebinaT uZravimikrofonis mdebareoba, didi manZiliT ar daSorebodnen mas,amave dros, saxiT yovelTvis auditoriisken unda yofiliyvnen,raTa mayurebels kargad daefiqsirebina maTi metyveleba daSeefasebina sinqronizaciis sizuste. yovelive aman imdenadgaaRariba kinometyveleba, rom asprocentian molaparake filmebsdamcinavad `molaparake Tavebsac~ uwodebdnen.

zogi kinomuSaki kidev didxans uaryofda ukve Semdgarfaqts (Carli Caplini, erih fon Stroheimi, konrad feidti),

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xmaurebis imitacia SezRuduli da imedgamacruebeli aRmoCnda,SesaZlebelia am xmaurebis interpretacias ufro didi momavaligaaCndes~.

misTvis xmis gamoyenebis mTavar kriteriumad siuJetismoTxovnebi da mxatvruli amocanebi rCeba: `Cven undaganvsazRvroT gansxvaveba im xmovan efeqtebs Soris, romlebicsaxalisoa mxolod Tavisi siaxlis gamo (...), da maT Soris,romlebic gvexmareba gavigoT moqmedeba da iwvevs emociebs,romlebic ar SeiZleba aRZruliyo mxolod gamosaxulebismeSveobiT~.

am droisTvis mas ukve SeuZlia moZebnos dadebiTi magaliTebigadaRebul filmebs Soris. misi aRfrTovanebis sagani xdebaamerikuli filmi `brodveis melodiebi~,7 sadac daZleulia`molaparake filmebis wyevla – kadrebis uZraoba~. xmovanifilmis gadaRebis teqnologiis mcodne rene klerisTvissaswaulis tolfasia, rom `msaxiobebi moZraoben, seirnoben,darbian, saubroben, yvirian, da CurCuleben~.

Tumca, misTvis kidev ufro mniSvnelovania ramdenime scenaam filmidan: `Cven gvesmis karis mixurvisa da manqanis daZvrisxma maSin, roca gviCveneben besi lovis8

saxes, romelic fanjridan uTvalTvalebs manqanis wasvlas,romelsac Cven ver vxedavT. es mokle scena, romlis mTeliefeqti koncentrirebulia msaxiobis saxeze da romelic munjkinos ramdenime vizualur fragmentad iZulebiT unda daeyo,Tavis srulyofilebas unda umadlodes xmis meSveobiT miRweulàdgilis erTianobas~. sxva scenaSi Cven vxedavT Cafiqrebulda sevdian besi lovs; vgrZnobT, rom Zlivs ikavebs cremlebs,magram misi saxe qreba Cabnelebis CrdilSi, da ukve Saviekranidan modis mxolod qviTini~.

rogorc vxedavT, kino Cvili bavSviviT TiTqos xelaxlaswavlobs umartives sityvebs, magram rene klerisTvis es martivimagaliTebi xmisa da gamosaxulebis damoukideblobis,asinqronizaciis perspeqtivebis sanugeSo niSnebia, radgan naTelia,rom bevri niWieri reJisori ukve xvdeba, rom àr aris saWirovismendeT taSs, rodesac vxedavT xelebs, romlebic taSsukravs~, rom `saubrisas msmenelis yureba gacilebiT ufrosainteresoa, vidre molaparake saxe~.

produqcia. magram, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, rusikinematografistebi yru dacvis gzas ki ar daadgnen, aramedmosisxle mterSi mokavSiris danaxva SesZles. maT moaxerxesaseve zustad da mkafiod ganesazRvraT xmovani kinosganviTarebis momavali gzebi da perspeqtivebi:

`pirveli sacdeli muSaoba xmaze mimarTuli unda iyosmis mkveTr daumTxvevlobaze xedviT xatebTan...

mxolod aseTi `Sturmi~ mogvcems saWiro SegrZnebebs,romelic sabolood migviyvans xedviTi da xmovani xatebisaxal, orkestrul kontrapunqtTan...

xma, ganxiluli rogorc axali samontaJo elementi (rogorcdamoukidebeli Sesakrebi xedviT xatTan erTad), gardauvladSemoitans udidesi siZlieris axal saSualebas im urTulesiamocanis gamosaxatavad da gadasawyvetad, romelic gvrTgunavskinematografis arasrulyofili meTodebis meSveobiT, maTigadawyvetis SeuZleblobiT~.

rusi kinematografistebisgan gansxvavebiT, frangikinoreJisori rene kleri xmis dabadebas didi aRfrTovanebiTar Sexvedria, Tumca misTvis, bevri skeptikosisgan gansxvavebiT,naTeli iyo, rom es mosvla saboloo damkvidrebas udrida,Tundac mxolod pragmatuli mosazrebebidan gamomdinare:

àm wamowyebaSi imdeni aTasi milioni dolaria investirebuli,rom axla, misi warmatebis gansamtkiceblad, nebismier da yvelasaSualebas gamoiyeneben...

dRes ar arsebobs pirovneba, kompania, finansuri koalicia,romelic SeZlebda molaparake filmis triumfalurmsvlelobas~. 6

amasTan, misi azriT, mayureblis mowoneba-armowoneba ukvedid rols aRarc TamaSobs. àm xmaurebis sargebloba xSiradkiTxvis qveS dgas. Tu pirveli mosmenisas isini gasaocari dasaxalisoa, Zalian male damRleli xdeba. mas Semdeg, rac CvenmovismineT xmovani filmebis garkveuli ricxvi da pirveligaocebis efeqti gacvda, moulodnelad aRmovaCineT, romxmaurebis samyaro gacilebiT SezRudulia, vidre vfiqrobdiT~.

da rene kleric ukve arsebuli realobidan gamosavalsxmis aranaturalistur gamoyenebaSi eZebs: `Tu realuri

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meore mxriv, isev xmauris gamo, Secvla moiTxova rkalovanmaganaTebam, romelic aqamde interierebSi gamoiyeneboda, rac,Tavis mxriv, ufro mgrZnobiare firis damkvidrebis winapirobagaxda. es cvlilebebi sul ufro zrdida xmovani kinos

SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas.

1 Ежи Теплиц . История киноискусства . 1928-1933. М., «Прогресс», 1971.с.25.2 mordont halis recenzia `niu-iork TaimsSi~, 7.08.1926- - http://m o v i e s . n y t i m e s . c o m / m o v i e /review?res=9504E7DD1E3FE733A25754C0A96E9C946795D6CF).3 Scott Eyman, The Speed of Sound: Hollywood and the Talkie evolution . NY: Simon & Schuster, 1997, p. 160.4 Crafton, Donald (1997). The Talkies: American Cinema’s Transition to Sound,1926–1931. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. p. 1665 Сергей Эйзенштейн. Избранные произведения в 6 тт. “Искусство”, М.,1968. т.2, с.3166 René Clair The Art of Sound - http://filmsound.org/film-sound-history7 brodveis melodiebi~ - 1929 wels gadRebuli amerikuli miuzikli.

reJ. hari bomoni. pirveli xmovani filmi, romelmac miiRo `oskari~saukeTeso filmis nominaciaSi8 besi lovi (Bessie Love) – mTavari rolis Semsrulebeli filmSi`brodveis melodiebi~. aseve dajildovda amerikis kinoakademiis priziT

saukeTeso qalis rolis SesrulebisTvis.

1. Scott Eyman. Hollywood and the Talkie Revolution, 1926-1930. 19972.Rick Altman The sound of sound (A Brief History of the Reproduction ofSound in Movie Theaters )3. Ежи Теплиц. История киноискусства. 1928-1933. М., Прогресс», 1971. с5-734. Сергей Эйзенштейн. Избранные произведения в 6 тт. “Искусство”, М.,1968. т.2, с.316

da es, `jazis momRerlis~ triumfidan sul raRac orweliwadSi. Tumca, axali xelovnebis gardauvalobis SegrZnebismiuxedavad, rene klerisTvis danakargebi mainc ufro metia,vidre monapovari: ekranma `dai pyro xmebis samyaro, magramdakarga ocnebebis. me vakvirdebodi adamianebs, romlebictovebdnen kinoTeatrs molaparake filmis Semdeg. ase SeiZlebagamodiodnen muzikholidan, radgan maT ar aCndaT im momxibvleligaSterebis niSanwyalic ki, romelic mogvicavda xolme wmindagamosaxulebis mdumare qveynis monaxulebis Semdeg. isinilaparakobdnen da icinodnen, isini RiRinebdnen melodiebs,romlebic axlaxan moismines. maT ar daukargavT realobisgrZnoba~.

Tavad kleri bolomde mainc am `ocnebebis samyaros~Tayvanismcemlad darCa. mis gviandel filmebSic xSirad vxvdebiTscenebs, sadac dialogi Segnebuladaa SezRuduli da mTelisimZime plastikuri metyvelebis, Jestis da mimikis xelovnebazeagadatanili.

amrigad, pirveli nabijebi xmis gaTavisuflebisken sakmaodswrafad gadaidga. 30-iani wlebisTvis, rigi gaumjobesebisSemdeg, xma-firze~ teqnologia sabolood jabnis xma-diskze~meTods. es saSualebas iZleva kidev ufro swrafi nabijebiTganxorcieldes kinoxelovnebis mTavari moTxovna – xmis qcevaara ilustraciis, aramed Semoqmedebis saSualebad. am meTodiTxom SesaZlebelia xmiT, gamosaxulebis msgavsad, srulimani pulireba: daSla, daWra, xelaxla awyoba, gamosaxulebasTanmimarTebaSi nebismieri xerxiT damontaJeba.

amave dros, axalma teqnologiam ara mxolod gaagrZelamuSaoba daxvewaze, Tavis mxriv, man biZgi misca kinogadamRebiteqnikis Semdeg gaumjobesebas da ganviTarebas. xmaurianikamerebis problema sakmaod male gadawyda xmis CamxSobimeqanizmebis gamogonebiT; aseve male Semovida e. w. bum mikrofoni,romelic kadris CarCos gareT Tavsdeboda da SeeZlo msaxiobiskvaldakval gadaadgileba. xmis teqnologiebma moiTxovakinokameris da saproeqcio aparatis siCqaris standartizaciac,ris Sedegadac, sabolood damkvidrda sayovelTaod miRebuli24 kadri/ wamSi.

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amgvarad, xelovnebaSi, romelic pirad gancdebsa daemociebzea dafuZnebuli, ZiriTadi xdeba Tezisi: me ase aRviqvamam samyaros~.

1910-1920 wlebis kulturaSi mimdinre procesebisdamasrulebel rgols kinoeqspresionizmi warmoadgens.Mmasiseve, rogorc zogadad am mimarTulebas, safuZvlad tragikulimsoflSegrZneba udevs. Sesabamisad, adamiani gaiazreba rogorcarseba, romelic daTrgunulia bedisweris garduvalobiT, xdebafatalisti. kinoeqspresionizmi iyo axali formebis, Txrobisaxali saSualebebis Ziebis periodi, mcdeloba subieqturadgadmoecaT adamianis Sinagani samyaro..

kinoeqspresionizmis saprogramo namuSevaria robert vines`doqtor kaligaris kabineti~. JorJ saduli wers: `doqtorkaligaris kabineti~ pirveli eqspresionistuli filmia, kaligariki pirveli tragikuli gmiri, romelic kinematografiulisaSualebebiT Seiqmna da sxva, Tundac literaturuli gmirebis,gverdiT daimkvidra adgili, gaxda simbolo, miTi. faqtobrivad,kaligari adamianis Sinagani sulieri mdgomareobis gamomxatvelniSnad iqca. esaa SiSisa da sisastikis, fantastikisa daSeSlilobis nakrebi, `kaligari~ iyo gardamavali sakvanZoetapi 20-iani wlebis germanuli kinos istoriaSi~.

`eqim kaligaris kabineti~ 1919 wels Seiqmna. filmis siuJetiSemdegia:

mTavari gmiri franci bazrobaze xvdeba eqimi kaligarisda misi zegavlenis qveS myof somnambul Cezares. francismegobars Cezare mosalodneli sikvdilis Sesaxeb auwyebs.diliT mas megobari mkvdari xvdeba. eWvi eqim kaligarize daCezareze Cndeba. saSiSroeba emuqreba francis sacolesac, risgamoc igi cdilobs mkvleloba damoukideblad gamoiZios. isuTvalTvalebs kaligaris da adgens, rom eqimi fsiqiatriulisaavadmyofos direqtoria. amave dros ipovis saavadmyofosdireqtoris dRiurs, sadac aRwerilia me-18 saukunis legendavinme eqim kaligarisa da somnambul Cezares Sesaxeb.fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos direqtori dainteresebuliasomnambulizmis saidumloebis amoxsniT. eqimi kaligari aiZulebssomnambul Cezares sxvadasxva danaSauli Caidinos. eqimsSeSlilad miiCneven da fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi aTavseben.

maia levaniZe

germanuli eqspresionizmi,

`saSinelebaTa simfonia~ da kote

miqaberiZis `Cemi bebia~

XX saukunis dasawyisSi, pirveli msoflio omiskataklizmebisa da mis Semdgom etapze arsebuli socialur-politikuri, moralur-zneobrivi degradirebis, sulierikrizisis Sedegad, xelovnebaSi warmoiqmna axali mimarTuleba,_ eqspresionizmi. subieqtis individualuri xedva da azrovnebisTavisebureba gansazRvravda asaxvis formasa da stils, yvelaferimas eqvemdebareboda. gaucxoebuli, martosuli individis miersamyaro tragikulad, pesimisturad aRiqmeboda. didi mniSvnelobaeniWeboda misticizms, adamianisa da kosmosis uSualo kavSirsada a. S. xelovani realobas deformirebulad asaxavda, axdendamis stilizirebas. swored es msoflmxedveloba da msoflgancdaganasxvavebda mas sxva modernistuli mimarTulebebisgan(avangardi, dadaizmi, kubizmmi da sxva).

kazimir edSmiti saprogramo namuSevarSi `eqspresionizmipoeziaSi~ werda: mxatvar eqspresionistis mTeli sivrce xdebaxiluli. mas ar aqvs xedva, aramed _ mzera, is ki ar aRwers,aramed TanaugrZnobs, is ki ar asaxavs, aramed gamosaxavs, isar iRebs, aramed eZebs. da ai, ukve aRaraa faqtebis jaWvi:fabrikebis, saxlebis, daavadebebis, meZavebis, yvirilisa daSimSilis; aris mxolod xedva, xelovnebis landSapti,siRrmiseuli kvleva, pirvelqmnileba da sulieri silamaze,romelic savsea axali aRmoCenebiT~, _ mxatvari SemoqmedebiTaqts aRiqvams, rogorc emociis gamoxatvis saSualebas

`Cven winaSea samyaro! uazroba iqneboda misi gameoreba.samyaros umaRlesi moTenTilobis momentis, WeSmariti arsisdaWera da aRbeWdva _ esaa xelovnebis umniSvnelovanesidavaleba. dRes ukve adamiani araa mxolod individi, romelicSeboWilia valdebulebebiT, moraliT, sazogadoebiT, ojaxiT,aramed is xdeba yvelaze amaRlebuli da amave dros yvelazesabralo arseba _ TviT adamiani...”

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operatorebma SeZles dekoraciaSi, pavilionebSi gamoeyenebinaTmxatvruli fotografiis sruli SesaZleblobebi, uari eTqvaTbunebriv garemoSi gadaRebebze.

`doqtor kaligaris kabinetis~ Semdeg kinoeqspresionizmSiSeiqmna iseTi mniSvnelovani namuSevrebi rogorebic iyo: friclangis `daRlili sikvdili~, `eqimi mabuze _ moTamaSe~,`metropolisi~; fridrix murnaus `nosferatu _ saSinelebaTasimfonia~, fausti~; paul lenis cvilis figurebis kabineti~ da sxva.

20-ian wlebSi eqspresionizmi realizmis niSnebs iZens. ametapze avtorTa TvalTaxedvaSi patara adamiani xvdeba.gamosaxuleba ufro neitraluria. ar xdeba Suq-Crdilis mkveTriantagonisturi dapirispireba, dekoraciebis reliefur-grafikuli deformacia. siuJetis simartive, socialuri garemosrealizmi gansazRvravs samsaxiobo Sesrulebis ufro Tavisufalmaneras, Tumca sagnobrivi garemo isev simboluria. esmimarTuleba ukve iZens axal saxelwodebas _ kameruli filmebi.miuxedavad am cvlilebebisa mainc rCeba eqspresionizmisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli bedisweris garduvalobis ZiriTadi motivi.am mimarTulebis, ganStoebis, saukeTeso nimuSad SesaZloaCaiTvalos fridrix murnaus `ukanaskneli adamiani~ (1925weli), romelic umuSevari adamianis fsiqologiuri krizisiSesaxeb mogviTxrobs.

amgvarad, kinoeqspresionizmi, Tavisi klasikuri formebiT,stilisturi niSnebiT, imdenad mZlavri da mniSvnelovanimimarTuleba iyo, rom man garkveuli zegavlena iqonia sxvadasxvaqveynis, 20-iani wlebis xelovnebisa da kerZod, kinematografisganviTarebaze. Tumca, vfiqrob, arasworia visaubroT misi ideuriTu stilistur-formiseuli aspeqtebis srul zegavlenaze,aramed mis calkeul niSnebsa da maxasiaTeblebze.

saqarTveloSi eqspresionizmis zegavlena literaturasada Teatralur xelovnebaSi SeiniSneboda, aqtiurad idgmebodaam mimarTulebis avtorTa: erns toleris, geirg kaizeris,franc verfelisa da sxvaTa nawarmoebebi. kote marjaniSvilismier qarTul scenaze daidga sandro SanSiaSvilis `berdozmania~, grogol robaqiZis `londa~ da `malStremi~.

20-iani wlebis evropisgan gansxvavebiT sabWoTa kavSirSisocialur-politikuri situacia sxvagvarad ganviTarda. Zveli

bolo aqtidan vxedavT, rom franci fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofospacientia, xolo kaligari misi eqimi. filmis siuJetis amgvariganviTareba, moulodneli finali mayurebelSi mainc aCendaeWvs – Tu vin iyo sinamdvileSi SeSlili.

amgvarad, filmis finali amartivebs nawarmoebis azrs,saSualebas gvaZlevs siuJeti wavikiTxoT, rogorc SeSlilisbodva, xolo zogadad filmis siuJeti amZafrebs Caketiliwridan gamouvalobis, borotebis winaaRmdeg brZolis uazrobisSegrZnebas. am metaforul konteqstSi kaligari tiranidiqtatoris simbolur saxed gaiazreba, diqtatoris, romelicxelisuflebisken saval gzaze saSineli danaSaulebebisCadenasac ki ar erideba.

`filmebi gacocxlebuli suraTebi unda iyos~ _ aRniSnavdafilmis mxatvari german vermi da es lozungi SesaZloamiviCnioT film eqim kaligaris kabinetis~ esTetikis gasaRebad.

kinos dinamikuri buneba angrevs mxatvris kompoziciurCanafiqrs. dekoraciis ZiriTadi koncefcia, msaxiobebs aiZulebsimoZraon mocemuli statikuri kompoziciis CarCoebSi, raTaar daarRvion kadris ZiriTadi struqtura da ganaTebis rTulisistemebi. eqspresionizmSi msaxiobis Sesrulebis manerapantomimas mogvagonebs.

`doqtor kaligaris kabineti~ tiloze daxatuli sinaTlislaqebiT, ufro cocxali, Tumca statikuri suraTebiT, texiliritmiT Camohgavs firze aRbeWdil Teatrs. montaJi, rogorcmeliesTan, Tanmimdevruli, TxrobiTi iyo.

amgvarad dekoraciebi, kostiumebi, ganaTeba, samsaxioboSesruleba gvevlineba eqspresionizmis filosofiuri esTetikiskoncefciis gamomxatvelad. filmis mxatvruli sivrce, romelicmodelirebuli iyo gadasaReb moedanze, asaxavda damangrevel`daxril~ samyaros.

eqspresionistulma xelovnebam kinoSi moitana tiranebismTeli galerea. adamianebis uaryofiTi Tvisebebi sruliadmoulodnel, uCveulo, warmoudgenel rakursebSia naCvenebi.kino, rogorc plastikuri xelovneba, romelic moklebuliiyo sityvas, aqcents mTlianad akeTebs gamosaxulebasa dakerZod, Suq-Crdilis intensivobaze, modelirebuli ganaTebismeSveobiT azris simbolur gadmocemaze. am periodSi

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ufro vrceli Caketili sivrcis erT nawilSi binadrobs.wris irgvliv geometriuli xazebis sworxazovneba sazogadoebiserTferovnebaze migvaniSnebs. karebebis win dayrili qaRaldisgrova, araviTar diskomforts ar qmnis, vinaidan filmisgmirebisTvis mTavaria piradi, merkantiluri interesebi. aqgmirebs saxelebic ki ara aqvT (swored amitom mTavar personaJspirobiTad `gmirs~ vuwodeb).

reJisori sazogadoebis zogad saxes, saerTo garemosramdenime epizodiT axasiaTebs. Seyvarebuli mamakacebis _ori mokle Canaxati. pirveli tarakanze mkiTxaobiT cdilobsgaigos satrfos faruli gancdebis Sesaxeb da mis siyvarulSidarwmunebuli, yvavilebis patara konas esvris. am epizodSiirRveva Caketili sivrce, iSleba dro da garemo, Semodisgmiris warmosaxva. is uaryofilia da amitom gamosavalimconaroba da usaqmurobaa.

meore gamijnurebuli adamiani, qaRaldis mtredebs ugzavnissatrfos. isic uaryofilia da satrfos gareSe cxovrebasTviTmkvlelobas amjobinebs. avtorebi xazgasmiT aRniSnaven,rom am biurokratiul garemoSi siyvarulisTvis aRar darCaadgili da energia. Tanamedrove adamiani daclilia WeSmaritigrZnobebisagan, Caketil sivrceSi statikuri erTferovneba sufevs.

adamianebi mxolod ukeTesi `skamis~ dakavebis mizniTcocxldebian, aqtiurad ibrZvian. maT adgils ki ucxobiurokratebi ikaveben, biurokratebi sarekomendacio werilebiT.kadrSi Cndeba erT-erTi moxele, romelic yvela mxridan iRebsam werilebs da magidaze awyobs. qveda rakursiT gadaRebuliwerilebis grovis Tavze moxeles saxe moCans, maTi meSveobiTis diadi, TviTdarwmunebuli da yovlisSemZle xdeba. `pataraadamianebi~ uxilavi, maTze maRali Tanamdebobis pirisupiratesobas usityvod, morCilad aRiareben, vinaidan dakarguliaqvT pirovnuli niSnebi, brZolis unari, individualizmi.

Caketil sivrces muSaTa klasis Zlieri, sicocxliT savse,sazogadoebrivi saqmisTvis mebrZoli adamiani angrevs. misiomaxiani SeZaxiliT iryeva garemo da moZraobaSi modis. ikveTebaidea _ muSaTa klasi, mSromeli adamiani erTaderTi patiosaniZala, romelsac ZaluZs am statikuri erTferovnebis daSla.TiTqos yvelaferi naTqvamia, sazogadoebis zogadi saxe Sekrulia,

saxelmwifoebrivi formaciis ngrevis procesSi ibadeboda axalistruqturebi, ideologia, romelic optimisturi ganwyobiT,saukeTeso momavlis imediT gamoirCeva. sazogadoebis saerToaRtkineba axali ideebiT jer kidev ar eqvemdebarebaTviTcenzuras. axali ideologiis ZiebaSi sabWoTa da kerZodqarTul kulturaSi mimdinareobda sxvadasxva stilisturiZiebebi, eqsperimentebi. magaliTad, cisferyanwelebi~, romlebic,erTi mxriv, franguli simbolizmis, xolo, meore mxriv, rusuli`konstruqtivizmis~ zegavlenas ganicdidnen. an ki`memarcxeneoba~, romelic aSkarad nihilistur, agresiulganwyobas afiqsirebs tradiciuli formebisadmi _ formalizmis,`veSCizmisadmi~. amgvarad, germaniisa da zogadad evropisgangansxvavebiT, sabWoTa realobaSi eqspresionizmi sul sxvagaremoSi daibada.

20-ian wlebi kinoxelovnebisTvis mniSvnelovani etapia.enobrivi Ziebebi mas damoukdebeli xelovnebis statuss aniWebdada axali stilisturi Ziebebisa da eqsperimentebisken ubiZgebda.kinematografi ufro akonkretebda, zrdida specifikuri xerxebisfunqcias. axali xelovnebis, axali sazogadoebis, saxelmwifoformaciis procesi gansazRvravda 20-iani wlebis sabWoTa dakerZod, qarTuli kinos ZiriTad paToss. am periodSi qarTulkinoSi Seiqmna oTxi saetapo filmi: nikoloz Sengelaias eliso~,mixel kalatoziSvilis `jim SvanTe~, mixeil Wiaurelis`xabarda~ da kote miqaberiZis `Cemi bebia~ (sur. 9, 10, 11).qarTuli kinos istoriaSi arsebobs kinomcodne n. amirejibismosazreba, rom kinoeqspresionizmis nimuSad SesaZlebelia kotemiqaberiZis filmi `Cemi bebia~ miviCnioT. saubaria filmismTlian struqturaze, msoflmxedvelobaze, plastikur rigze,rac Cemis azriT SesaZloa sakamaToc iyos.

filmis `Cemi bebias~ struqtura oTx pirobiT nawiladiyofa: 1. `biurokratiuli sazogadoeba~, 2. moxeles gancdebida ojaxuri vnebebi~, 3. `Cemi bebiis~ ZiebaSi~ da finali.

pirveli nawilSi reJisori gviCvenebs moxeleTa Caketil,pirobiT sivrces, wres, romelic realuri karebiT iWreba,nawevrdeba. Tumca am wris garRveva `mokvdavi~, Cveulebriviadamianis mier SeuZlebeli xdeba. amisTvis ufleba mxolodkariskacs aqvs, romelic mis irgvliv arsebuli didi oTaxis,

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satiris, groteskis elementebiT iZens erTgvari kritikiselfers. reJisori TiTqos SeparviT, pirobiT formaSi aqilikebssabWoTa realobas.

mesame, _ `Cemi bebiis ZiebaSi~, _ TavisTavad gamoxatavsepizodis ZiriTad Temasa da ideas. esaa karieristi biurokratisdidi gza mfarvelis ZiebaSi. `gmiri~ Tavxedurad iWreba axaligavleniani moxeles oTaxSi da jiutad iTxovs misgansarekomendacio werils. aq isev ikvreba pirobiTi wre. moxelesgarSemo moZravi gmiri~ gamouval garemos qmnis. oTaxis yvelakuTxeSi Cndeba `gmiris~ gamosaxuleba da muSaobis, arsebobissaSualebas ar aZlevs moxeles. gamosaxuleba am drosdeformirdeba, sumburuli xdeba. Cndeba moxelis subieqturigancda. bolos, gmiri~ sasurvel sarekomendacio werils iRebsda cdilobs gadasces axal moxeles.

kote miqaberiZe erT oTaxSi gviCvenebs uwyvet process,roca miraJiviT qrebian, erTmaneTs enacvlebian moxeleebi.ikveTeba idea, rom mniSvneloba ar aqvs sxvadasxva Tanamdebobazeadamianebis xSir Secvlas, Tu Zirfesvianad ar gardaiqmnamTliani sistema. Tumca arsebobs Zala, romelsac moaqvs siaxle,romelic ver egueba biurokratiasa da proteqcionizms daromelic angrevs Zvel, dromoWmul an axal, magram burJuaziulsazogadoebas. gmiris~ winaSe muSaTa klasia, romlis mrisxanebacgandevnis mas da mis gverdiT myof biurokratebs.

bolo epizodSi filmis gmirebi TeTr kedlebs awydebian,Crdilebad, siluetebad iqcevian. maT zeviT Cndeba warwera`sikvdili biurokratebs~. brtyeli gamosaxuleba, warwerisada silueturi, karikaturuli formebis Serwyma kadrSi 20-iani wlebis plakaturi agitaciur-propagandistuli filmisSegrZnebas iwvevs. es plakaturoba damaxasiaTebeli xdeba`Cemi bebiis~ sxva epizodebisTvis, gansakuTrebiT sabWoTaadamianis asaxvisa da misi `arsis~ gadmocemis procesSi.

rogorc zeviT aRvniSne `Cemi bebia~ qarTul kinoSikinoeqspresionizmis erTaderT nimuSad miiCneva. kinomcodne n.amirejibi naSromSi `qarTuli kinos dabadeba da ganviTareba~wers: `ociani wlebis gamoCenilma qarTvelma mxatvarma irakligamrekelma kinoSi Semoitana Tavisi eqspresionistuli xedva~da vinaidan irakli gamrekeli muSaobda filmis plastikur

magram kote miqaberiZe epizodis bolos konkretuli gmirissaxeze akeTebs aqcents. zeda eSelonebSi situacia radikaluradar gansxvavdeba qveda biurokratiuli samyarosgan. aqac,mosacdelSi momlodine adamianebi, uZravad, erTgvar Zil-RviZilSielian Tavis rigs. moCvenebiT saqmian garemos isev is kariskaciqmnis. moxelis oTaxSi isev Senelebulad moZraoben adamianebi.aq isev irRveva sivrce, isev sadRac Soridan, mTidan kalmiTdaWris pioneri Cinovniks da amxels mas.

pirveli epizodSi mkveTrad ikveTeba avtoriseulidamokidebuleba sazogadoebis am mankier mxareze. ZvelCinovnikur-biurokratiul samyaros revoluciuri aqtiuriZalebi, momavali Taoba angrevs. sabWoTa ideologia ver eguebabiurokratizms. filmSi aSkarad Semodis sabWoTa kinosTvisdamaxasiaTebeli ZiriTadi paTosi.

meore epizodSi garemo ufro siurrealisturia.MmultiplikaciiT,deformirebuli kadrebiT, statikuri, mkveTri rakursebisa dakadrsSida eqspresiulobiT naCvenebia gmiris~ Sinagani gancdebida piradi, degradirebuli urTierTobebi.

pirvelive kadrebSi kote miqaberiZe gmirs~ bavSvis sawolSigviCvenebs. igi sasowarkveTili da ususuria Tanamdebobriviregaliebis gareSe. misi mdgomareoba ufro mZimdeba gazeTSigamoqveynebuli karikaturis gamo. is amxiles (es is kalamia,romelic pirvel epizodSi moxeles pionerma mTidan esrola).uwesrigo garemo, gacocxlebuli Tojinebi _ yalbi, xelovnurisazogadoeba TviTmkvlelobisken ubiZgeben `gmirs~, Tumca masesec aRar SeuZlia.

am garemoSi qaoturad, dinamikurad iWrebian Tanamedroveritmze mocekvave ojaxis wevrebi. colis agresiuli protestimas aiZulebs gamosavali eZebos. gazeTis gverdidan cocxldeba`gmiris~ karikatura, romelsac imedgacruebuli da agresiulicoli dasdevs. misTvis mniSvnelovania sazogadoebrivi azrida ara `gmiris~ piradi grZnobebi, emociebi. megobris rCeviT`yofili Cinovnikis~ Cemi bebiis~ anu mfarvelis, rekomendatorisZiebas iwyebs. masSi iRviZebs imedi da ambicia. aq ukve Cndebasoc. realizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTavari momenti, rodesacmniSvnelovani xdeba ara pirovnuli individualuri gancdebi,aramed masa, sazogadoeba da misi interesebi. Tumca es momenti

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ikiTxeba _ Zveli _ burJuaziuli, mankieri da axali droebis_ Zlieri, jansaRi dapirispireba, rac aqtualuri xdeba amperiodis araerT filmSi. gamosaxuleba pirobiT-metaforiulia,Tumca moklebuli obieqtis subieqtur gancdebs, da Tu isarsebobs, ar gamoirCeva emociurobiT.

ganaTeba qaoturia, xdeba erTi lokaluri, konkretuligaremos ganaTeba, xSirad kadrebSi foni bundovania, rac 20-iani wlebis sabWouri kinogamosaxulebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.eqspresionizmisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac ZiriTadi aqcentigamosaxulebaze keTdeba, sadac Sav-TeTri feris, Suq-Crdilisintensiuri dapirispireba simbolur mniSvnelobas iZenda (mag:Suqi _ sikeTe, Savi _ boroteba) `Cemi bebias~ plastikurrigSi Suq-Crdili ar qmnis damatebiT azrobriv Sresa dasaazrovno impulsebs. filmSi kadris dinamikuroba, wafenebi,montaJuri wyoba metad asocirdeba rusuli montaJur-poeturikinos tradiciebTan an franguli avangardis stilistur,mravalferovan ZiebebTan vidre eqspresionizmTan (Tundaceqspresionizmis gvian periodTan, kamerul filmebTan). Tumcaaqac SesaZloa visaubroT am mimarTulebebis calkeul,miaxloebiT elementebze.

amgvarad, vfiqrob, Cemi bebias~ Tematika da ZiriTadi paTosi,gmirTa monumenturi formebi, Txrobis plakaturoba, zogjersworxazovneb ac ki , gamomsaxvelobiTi struqturakonstruqtivizmisa da futuristuli xelovnebis zegavleniTiqmneba da ara eqspresionizmis.

m. kiknaZe èqspresionizmi qarTul TeatrSi~ /20-iani wlebi/

(disertacia)

n. amirejibi, sinematografidan kinoxelovnebamde~, ganaTleba~,

Tb., 1990.

n. SvangiraZe, ,,irakli gamrekeli~, Tb., 1968.

`davarqvaT sagnebs sakuTari saxelebi~ _ XX s. dasavleT

evropuli literaturis ostatebis saprogramo gamosvlebi~,

moskovi, 1986 (rusul enaze).

kinoxelovnebis istoria~, J. saduli, inostrannaia literatura~,


z. krakaueri ,,geramnuli kinos fsiqologiuri istoria~,


rigze, swored mis Suq-weraSi, gamomsaxvelobiT simbolikaSiikiTxeba germanuli eqspresionizmis zegavlena.

`Cemi bebias~ gamosaxulebaze, ra Tqma unda, zegavlenairakli gamrekelis Semoqmedebam iqonia, magram misi, rogorceqspresionistuli xedvis mqone mxatvris gavlena, vfiqrob,Zalian pirobiTia.

rogorc cnobilia, irakli gamrekels ekuTvnis kotemarjaniSvilis speqtaklebis `londasa~ da `malStremis~scenografia. rogorc Teatrmcodne maia kiknaZe aRniSnavs:`londaSi~ mxatvari eqspresionistul garemos kubistur-konstruqciul dekoraciebSi aqcevs~ xolo `malStremSi~ _`naTlad Cndeba eqspresionisti mxatvrisTvis damaxasiaTebeliniSan-Tvisebebi~ - anu am ori eqspresionistuli dramisscenografireba sxvadasxva stilsa Tu formaSi xdeba, gamoiyenebaam mimarTulebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli calkeuli niSnebi Tuelementebi.

Teatrmcodne nino SvangiraZe naSromSi ìrakli gamrekeli~aRniSnavs: àdreul namuSevrebSi Warbobs gansakuTrebuligeometriuli konstruqciebi, Semdeg konstruqciuli elementebisSenarCunebasTan erTad gamrekeli qmnis romantiul-monumenturixasiaTis konstruqciul arqiteqturul formebs. lakonuriferebiTa da xazebiT Sesrulebuli misi sivrciTi dekoraciebilandSaftis realur STabeWdilebas qmnis~. nino SvangiraZeirakli gamrekelis SemoqmedebaSi gamoricxavs eqspresionizmiszegavlenas.

amgvarad misi Semoqmedeba metad ixreba kubizmisa dakonstruqtivizmisaken, rac Tundac filmis pirvel, mTavarepizodSi aSkarad Cans. gamomsaxvelobiTi simbolika, Caketiliwre, geometriuli xazebi, romlebic mkveTrad seraven brtyelsivrces da a. S. pirobiT, metaforul struqturas qmniankadrSi. albaT gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom filmis Janrul-Tematuri aspeqti ufro metad Seesabameba sabWoTa kinosesTetikasa da ZiriTad paToss, sadac sxvaTa Soris,eqspresionizmi saerTod ar ganviTarebula.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sazogadoebis biurokratizmis Tema`Cem bebiaSi~ sabWoTa kinoxelovnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeliTxrobis stiliT igeba. filmSi avtoriseuli pozicia mkveTrad

170 171

ekonomikuri krizisi da inflacia safrTxis paranoidulganwyobas badebda, izrdeboda koleqtiuri SiSiUuCinari mtrisada mosalodneli safrTxis winaSe.

kinematografi axali SegrZnebis organod SeiZlebaganvixiloT, im TvalsazrisiT, rom mas, rogorc masobriv mediums,teqnikuri SesaZleblobis, realobis vizualizaciis wyalobiTsinamdvilis aRqmis axali modelis Seqmna xelovnebis yvelasxva dargze ukeT xelewifeba.

vaimaris respublikis epoqis germanuli sazogadoebissulieri mdgomareoba wagebuli omiT, ekonomikuri krizisiTada mzardi inflaciiT gamowveuli paranoiduli safrTxisSegrZneba, emociuri Tu fsiqologiuri dabneuloba dagaurkveveli momavlis SiSi eqspresionistul xelovnebaSihpovebda gamoZaxils. Tavad eqspresionistuli filmis esTetikaki, eqspresionistuli mxatvrobiT, literaturiT, arqiteqturiTada TeatriT iyo nasazrdoebi.

20-iani wlebis germanuli sazogadoebis sulierimdgomareobisTvis damaxasiaTebeli koleqtiuri uZlurebisada gaucxoebis ganwyoba am periodis eqspresionistulkinematografSi simbolurad aisaxeboda. eqspresionistuliesTetikiT gadaRebuli filmebis personaJebs, misteriuli,saidumloebebiT moculi arsebebi, SeSlilobis zRvarze myofiinteleqtualebi, monstrebi, vampirebi da xelovnurad Seqmniliadamianebi warmoadgendnen. omisSemdgomi krizisis gamocdilebada sulieri ganwyoba sizmriseuli, koSmaruli motivis saxiTaisaxeboda filmebis siuJetSi.

robert vines mier 1920 wels gadaRebul filmSi `eqimkaligaris kabineti~ (Das Cabinet des Dr. Caligari) saidumloebiTmoculi ucxos fenomens filmis mTavari personaJi _ doqtorikaligari ganasaxierebs. jadoqari, romelsac scenazesomnabuluri Zilidan mayureblis Tvalwin gamohyavs magiuriwarmodgenis mTavari eqsponati mediumi cezare.

filmSi garkveuli paralelebia gavlebuli adreuliperiodis kinematografTan. kaligaris msgavsad balaganisada bazrobebis kinos mepatroneebic xom jadoqrebis msgavsadacocxlebdnen gamosaxulebas, moZrav fotografias mayureblisTvalwin. E

D Ddinara maRlakeliZe

ucxos kinematografiuli asaxva

vaimaris respublikis kinoSi

pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebas germaniaSi kaizerisxelisuflebis damxoba da 1918 wlis noemberSi, vaimarisrespublikis saxelwodebiT cnobili, pirveli germanulirespublikis daarseba mohyva.

avtoritetze damyarebuli vilhelmianuri saxelmwifoskolafsi msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdgom wlebSi germanulkinoproduqcias ganviTarebis axali SesaZleblobebs uqmnida.

omSi damarcxebisa da ekonomikuri krizisis miuxedavad,20-iani wlebis dasawyisSi germanuli kino popularobiszenitSi imyofeboda. sul ufro mzardi kinoindustriayovelwliurad sxvadasxva Janris xuTas films awarmoebda.mayureblis interesi erotikuli, egzotikuri, kriminalur,saTavgadasavlo da tabuirebul Temebze Seqmnili filmebismimarT politikisadmi interesze gacilebiT didi iyo.

vaimaris respublikis kino eqspansiisadmi midrekilkinoindustrias warmoadgenda. kinowarmoebis mixedviT, holivudisSemdeg is yvelaze didi da warmatebuli iyo msoflio bazarze.XX saukunis 1920-iani wlebis dasawyisSi germanulikinematografi produqciis yvela segmentSi kreatiulobisada axleburi vizualuri Tu Tematuri orientaciissuliskveTebiT xasiaTdeboda.

Tumca esTetikuri, Janrobrivi, Tematuri da stilisturimravalferovnebiT gamorCeul kinoproduqciaSi I msoflioomis Sedegad gamowveuli, germanuli sazogadoebis fsiqologiurida sulieri mdgomareobis simptomaturi, simboluri asaxvayvelaze TvalsaCinod 20-iani wlebis pirvel naxevarSi,eqspresionistuli mimdinareobis saxelwodebiT cnobilfilmebSi xdeboda. E

zavis dadebis Semdeg germanuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxvafenaSi fexs ikidebda koleqtiuri undoblobis ganwyoba.sazogadoeba politikurad da ekonomikurad gaZarculad damotyuebulad grZnobda Tavs.

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mravlad iRebdnen germaniaSi, vines eqspresionistul filmSicucxosTan Sexvedra, sakuTar TavSi ucxos aRmoCenas moaswavebs.

robert vine Tavis Semdgom, 1920 welsve gadaRebuli filmSi`genuine~ (Geniune), isev deteqtivis elementebs iyenebs, TumcamTavari gmiri amjerad axalgazrda qalia, Femme Fatale, romelicmamakacebs SurisZiebis mizniT anadgurebs. K

kaligarisagan gansxvavebiT moqmedeba avtorebma _ robertvinem da karl maierma irlandiaSi gadaitanes.Fvines am naklebadcnobili filmis mTeli narativi mxatvris sizmars warmoadgens.mTavar personaJs _ genuines erT-erTi aRmosavluri seqtiswarmomadgenlebi qurumad gaxdomasa da sisxlian ritualebSimonawileobas aiZuleben, rac mas Tavadve aqcevs Zalauflebisada sisastikis moyvarul monstrad. mogvianebiT, qali monaTabazarze gaiyideba, mepatrone xanSiSesul mamakacs, eWvianobisgamo, galiaSi hyavs Camwyvdeuli. axalgazrda dalaqis miergaTavisuflebuli geniune sastik SurisZiebas iwyebs yvelamamakacze, visac masTan raime Sexeba aqvs. K

kaligaris msgavsad, am filmSic Zalauflebisa da misiborotad gamoyenebis problemebia Tematizirebuli. Tu eqimisazogadoebisaTvis saSiS, ucxo fenomens ganasaxierebda, vinesada maieris mier isev erToblivad Seqmnil genuineSi ucxo dasaSiSi fenomeni qalia. filmi germaniaSi feministuri moZraobisaqtivobis periodSia gadaRebuli da reJisorebis erTgvarpatriarqalur damokidebulebas amJRavnebs feministurdiskursTan mimarTebaSi.

modernis damkvidrebisa da ekonomikuri inflaciis epoqaSieqspresionistuli kino is mediumi aRmoCnda, romelicgamosaxulebis, filmebis vizualuri esTetikis saSualebiTSeecada sazogadoebaSi damkvidrebuli paranoiduliganwyobilebebis gadmocemas.

sivrcis stilizeba, groteskulobamde wagrZelebuli,deformirebuli, geometriuli formis dekoraciebi, SuqCrdilisefeqti , m s ax iobTa gad aW arb e buli Jestikulaciaeqspresionistuli filmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Teatralur-alegoriuli abstraqtuloba da xelovnuroba samyarossubieqtur, paranoidul aRqmaze miniSnebad da Sizoiduri

eqimi kaligari ara marto jadoqari da mkvlelia, aramedqalaqis fsiqiatriuli saavadmyofos direqtoric. siuJeturiqarga kaligaris ormagi cxovrebis saidumloebazea agebuli,magram filmis dasasruls kidev erTi iluzia iCens Tavs,jadoqari da eqimi kaligari Tavad aRmoCndeba fsiqiatriulisaavadmyofos binadari.F

`Cven sulebiTa da moCvenebebiTa varT garemoculni, isiniCvens irgvliv yvelgan arseboben...~ _ filmis dasawyisis esfraza 1920-iani wlebis germanuli sazogadoebis fsiqologiurmdgomareobaze miniSnebad da amave dros, kinematografis adreulepoqasTan erTgvar paralelad SeiZleba aRviqvaT. kinematografixom is mediumia, romelic mayurebels realobis gancdas,realobis iluzias uqmnis.

filmis ekranebze gamosvla politikur asparezze nacional-socialisturi partiis programis gamoCenas daemTxva. programisZiriTadi punqti germaneli eris ucxo elementebisaganganTavisuflebaSi, qveynis ucxoebisagan gawmendas gulisxmobda.

sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebulma imedgacruebam, omisSemdgommaekonomikurma krizisma da arsebuli mdgomareobiT ukmayofilebambevr germanelSi yvelafer ucxos winaSe paranoiduli SiSidabada.

nacional-socialistebi partiis mTavar amocanas sworeducxoTagan, rogorc SemoWrili bacilisgan, germaneli xalxisgaTavisuflebasa da germanelTaTvis sasicocxlo sivrcisSeqmnaSi xedavdnen.

`eqim kaligaris kabineti~ – pirveli germanuli filmia,romelSic sazogadoebis sulieri da fsiqologiuri mdgomareobaeqspresionistuli kinosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli vizualuriesTetikiT aisaxa. F

filmis narativi iluziasa da moCvenebiTobazea agebulida imaze miniSnebas moicavs, rom boroti modis ara garedan,aramed CvenSivea Cabudebuli, sazogadoebis iseT wevrebSi,rogoric eqimi kaligaria, romelic erTdroulad fsiqiatri,mkvleli da msaxiobia. gansxvaveba eqimsa da pacients, mSvidobianmoqalaqesa da mkvlels Soris filmSi aRar arsebobs. klasikurideteqtiuri Janris filmebis msgavsad, romelTac am dros

174 175

siuJeti XVI saukunis ebraul Tqmulebas efuZneba da praRelrabin lousa da misi qmnileba _ golemis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs,filmSi yvela is stereotipi da kliSea gamoyenebuli, racXX saukunis am periodis viTarebas axasiaTebda, rodesac, Imsoflio omis Semdeg, aRmosavleT evropidan wamosuli daberlinSi masobrivad dasaxlebuli ltolvili ebraelebi ucxosxeulad, yovelgvari ubedurebis saTaved aRiqmebodnenantisemiturad ganwyobil evropaSi.

filmis subteqstSi is antisemituri braldebebi amoikiTxeba,romelTa mixedviT, ebrauli kultura, ebraeli xalxigermanelTagan ucxoobisa da gansxvavebulobis gamo undagamijnuliyo, rogorc `ucxo~ da saSiSi fenomeni.

vegeneris filmSi qristianul praRasa da ebraelTa getosuzarmazari WiSkari hyofs. getos mcxovreblebi, qristianebisagangansxvavebiT, romelTaTvis erTaderT Semoqmeds ufaliwarmoadgens, astrologiiTa da alqimiiT arian dakavebulebi.swored aq iqmneba golemi, xelovnuri arseba, romelic aramarto getos mcxovreblebs, aramed mTel Semogarensa da qalaqsuqmnis safrTxes.

finalSi patara, qristiani qera bavSvi SemTxveviT SeZlebsgolemis gauvnebelyofas. getosa da qalaqs Soris uzarmazariWiSkari isev iketeba, ebraelebi sakuTar, gancalkevebul samyarosubrundebian, ebrauli safrTxe daZleulia. P

antisemituri ganwyoba axasiaTebs fridrix vilhelm murnaus1922 wels gadaRebul filmsac `nosferatu, SiSis simfonia~(Nosferatu, eine Symponier des Grauens), romelicBbram Stokerisroman `drakulas~ ekranizaciaa da moqmedebis adgilisa dapersonaJebis saxelis Secvlis miuxedavad, TiTqmis zedmiwevniTimeorebs romanis siuJetur qargas.

filmSi garedan SemoWril saSiSroebas, ucxos fenomens,simbolurad, transilvanieli grafi orloki asaxierebs.warmoSobiT, swored rumineTis am regionidan iyvnen evropisdasavleTSi emigrirebuli aRmosavleTevropeli ebraelebi.murnaus filmSi, nosferatusa da virTxebis SemoWras qalaqvisborgSi Savi Wiris epidemia mohyveba.

msoflmxedvelob is vizualur sim bolod ik iTxe b aeqspresionistul filmebSi.

1910 wlebis eqspresionistul literaturaSi, georg haimis,franc verfelis, georg Traklisa Tu ernst Stadleris poeturda prozaul teqstebSi sigiJis, halucinaciisa da sizmriseulimotivebi, esTetikuri modernis refleqsias warmoadgendateqnikur inteleqtualuri pragmatulobis, pragmatuli goniswinaaRmdeg. E

es motivebi artur robinsonisa da paul lenis 20-aniwlebis pirvel naxevarSi gadaRebul filmebSic iCens Tavs,romlebSic, halucinacia, fantazia, Zilsa da sifxizles Sorisimdgomareobaa aqcentirebuli.

eqspresionistuli filmebis fantastikuri siuJetebi damotivebi, romlis fesvebi germanul romantikul literaturaSiSeiZleba moiZebnos, epoqis krizisul sulze, sazogadoebisuZlurebisa da gaucxoebis simptomebze metyvelebs, TumcamaTSi socialur istoriuli qveteqstic TvalsaCinoa.

fric langis filmSi `daRlili sikvdili~ (Der Müde Tod,1921), fantomis msgavsi wagrZelebuli Crdilebi, stilizebulikostumebi, uzarmazari, cocxlebisa da gardacvlilebissamyaroTa gamyofi kedeli, mayurebels sikvdilTan Tanaziarebisgancdas uqmnis. zRaparTan miaxloebuli siuJeti, kadrisa dasivrcis arqiteqtura, ganaTeba, kameris moZraoba totalurigaucxoebis, tragikulobisa da bedisweris gardauvalobisgancdas aRZravs mayurebelSi.

amave dros, filmi, romelSic ucxo, gardauvali dasabediswero sikvdili sakuTari xvedriT TviTonve SeZrwunebulida daRlilia, germaniis uaxlesi istoriuli warsulisgamocdilebis gadamuSavebacaa.

siyvaruli, bedisweris gardauvaloba da msxverplis gaReba_ 20-iani wlebis dasawyisis aTasobiT germaneli qalisTvis,romelTac sayvareli mamakacebi omSi dakarges, uaxloesi wlebistragikul gamocdilebas warmoadgenda.

paul vegeneris `golemi~ D(Der Golem, wie er in die Weltkam, 1920) XX saukunis dasawyisisTvis damaxasiaTebeliantisemituri suliskveTebiTaa Seqmnili. miuxedavad imisa, rom

176 177

omSi damarcxeba, kaizeruli imperiis damxoba, versaliszavi, ekonomikuri da politikuri krizisi fsiqologiur dasulier TviTgaucxoebas iwvevda germanelebSi da sakuTardrosTan, germaniis awmyosTan identificirebis problemasuqmnida. D

dakarguli erovnuli SegrZnebis, erovnuli identurobisreabilitireba am periodis kinematografSi, iseve rogorcliteraturaSi, istoriuli warsulis, germanuli miTologiis,imaginaruli, idealizebuli germaniis TematizebiT xdeboda.

I msoflio omis Semdgom germanul kinoSi fokusirebaxdeboda germanul tipaJze, miTologiaze an Suasaukuneebisgermaniaze, rogorc idealur, mowesrigebul samyaroze.

fric langis nibelungebi~ (Die Nibelungen) swored amgvariormagi fokusirebis, germanelebis patriotul, miTologiurilegitimaciis nimuSia, vaimaris respublikis epoqiskinematografSi.

sakuTari Tavisa da germanelobis reprezentacia am periodisfilmebSi ZiriTadad istoriul da miTologiur TemebSixdeboda. eqspresionistul filmebSi ki, reprezentirebuliucxos (der Fremde), sxvis (der Andere) fenomeni _ germanulidenturobas upirispirdeba da imdroindel sazogadoebrivganwyobas kinematografiulad asaxavs.

amasTanave, ucxo am periodis ara mxolod eqspresionistul,aramed saTavgadasavlo Janris filmebSic ki xifaTisa dasafrTxis subkonteqsts Seicavs.

am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa jo mais, eqspresionistulkinos esTetikasTan axlos mdgomi filmi induri saflavisqva (Das indische Grabmal, 1921).Maq indoeTi _ rogorcsaidumloebiT moculi, SemaZrwunebeli, saSiSi, veluri samyaro_ evropis sruli antipodia warmodgenili.

rogorc aRvniSne, 20-iani wlebis germanul kinoSivizualuri asaxva hpova I msoflio omis tragikulmagamocdilebam. am TvalsazrisiT, robert vines, fric langis,fridrix vilhelm murnausa da sxva germaneli reJisorebismier am periodSi Seqmnil, zemoxsenebul filmebs SeiZleba _post Sokuri, koleqtiuri travmis Sedegad warmoqmnilikinematografis definicia mieces.

filmis subteqstualuri antisemitizmi, asociaciurimontaJis saSualebiT, sisxlismwovel nosferatus, igive graforloks, virTxebTan, Sav WirTan, ganadgurebis saSiSroebasTanaigivebs.

kameris arakonvenciuri perspeqtivebi, moulodnelobisefeqtis gamoyeneba, kontrastuli ganaTeba, Suqisa da Crdilisefeqtebi, moulodneli da Taviseburi montaJi absoluturadgaucxoebul, ararealur, saSinelebaTa samyaros qmnis. M

fric langis filmis `doqtori mabuze, moTamaSe~ (Dr.Mabuse, der Speler, 1922) mTavar gmirs, doqtor mabuzesberlinis elituri sazogadoebis erT-erT wveulebaze ekiTxebian:_ `ras fiqrobT eqspresionizmis Sesaxeb?~, _ razec mabuzepasuxobs: _ `eqspresionizmi iluziaa, TamaSi, magram ratomacara, dRes xom yvelaferi TamaSi da iluziaa~.

langis ornawiliani filmis moqmedeba ekonomikuri dapolitikuri inflaciiT daRdasmul 20-iani wlebis berlinSixdeba, epoqaSi, roca tradiciebs moderni, realobas ki hipnozida magia enacvleboda. doqtor kaligaris msgavsad mabuzecmoTamaSea, erTgvari magi, cbierebis didostati, romelsacmetropolisis yvela socialuri fenis hipnozireba SeuZliada romlis xelSi ara marto birJa da saTamaSo salonebi Tukazinoebia, aramed qalaqis Raribuli ubnebic.

imdroindeli sazogadoebrivi yofis gamoaSkaravebisa dakritikis mizniT, eqspresionistuli esTetikiT SeqmnilkinosuraTSi fric langi sruliad gamiznulad iyenebskriminaluri filmis Janrobriv elementebs.

doqtori mabuze kaligaris msgavsad metamorfozebisxelovania, boroti damnaSave, romelic jadoqrobis, magiisa daZaladobis saSualebiT mTel qalaqze avrcelebs Zalauflebas.igi ucxo da gamoucnobi arsebaa, yvela im mankierebisgansxeuleba, romlebmac 20-iani wlebis germania inflaciamde,ekonomikur krizisamde da sasowarkveTamde miiyvanes. F

Cemi azriT, vaimaris respublikis periodis germanulixelovnebis, saerTod kulturisa da ra Tqma unda, kinematografisanalizic SeuZlebelia wagebuli I msoflio omis gamocdilebisada germanelTa mier sakuTari identurobis Ziebis konteqstisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe.

178 179

lela oCiauri

sabWoTa miTi da sabWoeTis

kinoistoria

(I nawili)

vinaidan kinematografi sxvebTan SedarebiT axali xelovnebaa,mas ar hqonda gamocdilebis, stereotipebis, informaciisdagrovebis iseTi SesaZlebloba, rogorc xelovnebis sxvadargebs, magram, rogorc Cans, bolos es dro movida. kinomukve imdeni daagrova, rom Tavs uflebas aZlevs imuSaossakuTari sistemebis, stereotipebis, niSnebis gamoyenebiT. maTiinterpretaciis gziT. es stereotipebi Rrmad unda iyosSerwymuli ZiriTad xazTan, siuJetis ganviTarebasa Tu saerTosxeulTan mis Sida struqturaSi, rodesac maT damoukidebelisaxe aqvT, rodesac isini zedapirze devs, maSin esaa an mibaZva,an parodia an isev da isev Stampi, radgan maTi gaazreba dagaanalizeba ar xdeba.

socialisturi realizmis epoqaSi kinematografSi arsebulistereotipebi iseTive zemoqmedebas axdenda (Tu ufro metadacara) im mayurebelze, romelic uSualod iyo procesebismonawile, romelic uyurebda da emorCileboda im simarTles,romelsac ekranidan sTavazobdnen. Tanagancdis momenti, saiTackinematografi mayurebels mouwodebs, yvela drosa da yvelamimdinareobis Jams, sazogadoebis mier aRiqmeba iseTad, rogorcmas sTavazobdnen, oRond erTi gamonaklisiT, miuxedavad imisa_ aris Tu ara is simarTle, radgan stereotipebi, iqneboda esmovlenaTa ganviTarebisa Tu personaJSi ganxorcielebuli _pasuxobs moTxovnebs, rasac mayurebeli elis filmidan.

drois distancia bevri axali aRmoCenis saSualebas iZleva,anu xelaxla gadaxedvis saSualebas, rogorc asaxulimovlenebis, aseve maTi mxatvruli Rirebulebis mxriv. albaTisic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom xelovnebis sazRvrebi myarida SezRuduli araa da esTetikuri Rirebulebebis damkvidrebaaxali sazogadoebrivi interesebisa Tu drois faqtoris, droismoTxovnis aucileblobidan gamomdinareobs.

am filmebSi _ fsiqikurad daavadebuli mecnierebi, seriulimkvlelebi, Sizofreniis zRvarze myofi personaJi-monstrebimaSindel germanul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sulieri ganwyobis,panikis, SiSis, paranoiis, eqstremaluri fsiqologiurimdgomareobis, ekonomikuri da moraluri depresiis vizualur,kinematografiul gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen.

Wolfgang Jakobsen, Anton Kaes (Hg..) Geschichte des deutschen Films,Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart, Weimar 2004;Siegfrid Krakauer Von Caligari zu Hitler, eine psychologische Geschichtedes deutschen Films, Suhrkamp Verlag, Baden-Baden 1991;Rolf Ramge, Das Dokument des Grauens, eine Chronik des Hororfilms,Band 1, 2010;Anton Kaes, Shell Shock Cinema, Weimarer Kultur und die Wunden desKrieges, Cloth 2009;Wolfgang Kabatek, Imaginare des Anderen im weimarer Kino, Bielefeld2003;Nationale identitäten in den Westdeutschen und georgischen Filmen, VDMVerlag, saarbrücken 2008;Rainer Rother, Mythen der Nationen, Völker im Film, DeutschesHistorisches Museum 1998.

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mxatvruli Semecneba individualuri SemoqmedebiTigamovlinebis sferoa da mas, wesiT, ar unda SeeZlos garemosTan,sazogadoebasTan (mis mier dawesebul xelovnur kanonebTan)konfliqtSi Seusvleloba. es misi aucilebeli sulierimoTxovnileba unda iyos, radgan sinamdvile gacilebiT rTulia,vidre, erTi SexedviT warmodgeba. am labirinTSi gzis gakvalvaki, yvelas ar SeuZlia.

socialisturi realizmis boboqroba-aRzevebis Jamsxelovneba swored imitom ar iyo xelovneba, rom xelovaniiZulebuli iyo tyuili eTqva, cru ideas cru forma mosdevdada erTi tyuili sicrueTa mTel jaWvs iwvevda. andrei siniavskiwers: `ukanaskneli wlebis movlenebma Cveni xelovnebanaxevaromebisa da naxevarsimarTlis gzas Seuyena...~1

sxvadasxva `sofl-xedva~ (zurab kakabaZis terminia) anusamyaros sxvadasxva suraTis aRqma ara mxolod sxvadasxvaxalxs axasiaTebs, aramed erTsa da imaves sxvadasxva dros _icvleba yoveli eris ZiriTadi ideali da aqedan, misi suraTiscvlileba enis Sesabamis cvlilebas moiTxovs da apirobebs.oRond cvlileba SedarebiT nela da SeumCnevlad xdeba _enobrivi niSnebi inerciis ZaliT garegnuladac igiveni rCebianda imave wesiT moixmarebian, rac Cqmalavs im garemoebas, romZalaSi aRaraa Zveli ideali, samyaros Zveli suraTi da samyarosSesabamisi wesrigi.

gardamaval periodSi, rodesac Zala daukargavs tradiciulideals, samyaros tradiciul suraTs da cxovrebis Sesabamiswesrigs, ise rom, axali jer ar Cans, adamianis cxovreba, misiyofna samyaroSi arsebiTad ferxdeba da samyaro misTvisprincipulad ucxo xdeba; xolo am Seferxebasa da samyarosam ucxoobas, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, ramdenadme faravs daSeumCnevels xdis agreTve enis tradiciuli, Cveuli wesiTmoxmareba, radgan es ukanaskneli cxovrebis tradiciul wesrigsSeesabameba.

xSirad, aseT dros, iqmneba STabeWdileba, viTom cxovrebaisev im wesiTa da rigiT, arsebiTad isev Seuferxeblad miedineba.mwerali naTlad xedavs da mwvaved ganicdis tradiciuliwesrigis rRvevas, samyaros arsebiT mouwesrigeblobas da

nebismieri fabula _ esaa erTgvari Zaladoba realobaze,esaa mxatvris SeWra cxovrebaSi. aq xdeba adamianis cxovrebis_ misi xangrZlivobis miuxedavad _ mxatvruli nawarmoebismsvlelobis droSi SemWidroeba.Yyvelaferi nebadarTulia.mTavaria, rogor eqceva `nebadarTuloba~ sistemaSi, romelsacreJisori Tu sxva xelovani awyobs da ramdenad ereva igi amsistemis msvlelobaSi, romlis sazRvrebi gacilebiT farToa,vidre’`Cveulebrivi~ xelovnebis nawarmoebisa. imdenad, ramdenadacam CarCoebSi eteva yvela is fiqri, mosazreba Tu migneba,Tundac yvelaze banaluri, rac xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSidagrovda sazogadoebis gamocdilebasa da cnobierebaSi. mTavarimainc droa, romelic arsebobs da ara Cvengan damoukideblad,aramed CvenTan erTad. dro, romelic mudam axdendasazogadoebis formirebas, gamoxatavda mis suls, cxovrebiswess, safuZvels uqmnida xelovans fiqris, azrovnebisTvis daSemdeg masTan WidilSi adamianebTan misasvleli gzebisa damxatvruli formebis Camoyalibebis gezs sTavazobda.

evgeni zamiatini blokisadmi miZRvnil CanawerebSi wers:`sami weli, Semdgom, Cven Caketili viyaviT foladis WurvSi _sibneleSi, siviwroveSi, stveniT mivqrodiT, vin icis, saiT... am,winasasikvdilo wuTeb-wlebSi raRacis keTeba iyo saWiro.unda mogewyo cxovreba mqrolav WurvSi~.

wlebis ganmavlobaSi, qarTuli kinematografi aseT WurvSimoqceuls hgavda, romelic sadRac mihqris, magram ara aqvszemoqmedebis, mimarTulebis Secvlis unari. xelovneba mxolodmaSinaa marTali, rodesac masSi arsebobs realobiT mogvrilida gacnobierebuli realoba; is mxolod maSin ganixileba,rogorc sakmarisad saimedo. masSi, rogorc wesi, CadebuliasibrZnis rwmena _ realuri drois rwmena-xedva (SigniT daara, garedan aRqmuli). amitom, gare faqtebis gacnobierebaxdeba rwmenis saxe, is ki Semowmebas ar eqvemdebareba da arsaWiroebs. Semowmeba ki iwyeba maSin, rodesac mqrolav WurvSimsxdomebs gveCveneba, rom vmoZraobT, magram es moZraoba sxvaaraferia, Tu ara daxSul sivrceSi gamomwyvdeuli adamianebisfarTxali, ara Tavis dasaRwevad, aramed iq, SigniT, myudrodda moxerxebulad mosaTavseblad.

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aseT SemTxvevaSi, bunebrivi iyo, rom moxdeboda is raRac,rac isev da isev adamianma gamoigona da es gamonagoni SefarviT,pirobiTi, idumali niSnebiT, ucnauri ieroglifebiT~ Sealamazada dro, romelic yvelafris mmarTvelia, ubralod, mospo,gaaqro, radgan is, ubralod, aRar dasWirda.

sabWoTa ideologiiT nakarnaxevi epoqa, rodesac istoriaiwereboda asaxuli sinamdvilis yvela arsebul kiTxvaze mzapasuxiT, rodesac realuri siuJeti ukve winaswar gansazRvruldaskvnebsa da reziumeebTan iyo SeTanxmebuli, rodesac saWiroiyo ara mxolod didi tyuili, aramed axali miTologia _gaCnda axali, revoluciuri xelovneba, ramac yvelasa dayvelafers Tavisi saTanado adgili miuCina.

rodesac ama Tu im xalxis miTologias swavloben dasurT gaarkvion miTis warmoSobis safuZveli, misi Camoyalibebisprocesi, mkvlevrebi am gadmocemebs xalxis konkretuli yofisganmowyvetilad ganixilaven; umetes SemTxvevaSi, miTi ukve imdenadSoreuli warsulis amsaxvelia, rom xalxis yofas dakarguliaqvs masSi aRbeWdili movlenebis Sesabamisi elementebi.

`miTis Sinaarsi sinamdviled iTvleba, poeturi warmodgenaki emyareba warmosaxvis Tavisufal moqmedebas. es udevs agreTvesafuZvlad gansxvavebas miTursa da poetur metaforas Soris.miTuri metafora acocxlebs da asulierebs bunebis movlenebs,apirovnebs maT, aqcevs moazrovne, mgrZnobiare arsebebad, xolopoetur metaforaTa jaWvi, romelSic sityvebi maTi CveuliSeqmnas, Tumc miTur da poetur metaforebs Soris, simboluriTeoriis mixedviT, ar aris principuli gansxvaveba, vinaidanorive SemTxvevaSi sagnis adgilas dgeba xati, anu saxe. amrigad,miTosuri saxismetyveleba da poeturi saxismetyveleba TiTqmisidenturi gagebebia, xolo gasuliereba, gapirovneba anupersonifikacia da `xatovani warmodgena~ (metafora)ganixilebian, rogorc miTosuri azrovnebis ZiriTadimaxasiaTeblebi~. 3

amave dros, gadmocema iyo erT-erTi mZlavri saSualeba,riTac esa Tu is eri Tavis tradiciul adaT-wesebs inarCunebda,yofas icavda.

ucxoobas da amgvar pirobebSi, enis tradiciuli moxmarebisprincipul siyalbesa da Seusabamobas. igi `am naTelxilvisa~da mwvave gancdis dawoliT, sagangebod arRvevs xolme enistradiciul normebs, cxovrebis wesis Sesabamisad da naTelhyofsWeSmaritebas am ukanasknelis Taobaze.

xelovnebaSi da maT Soris, kinematografSi, interesisinamdvilisa da `gmirebis~ mimarT, saqarTveloSi yovelTvisarsebobda. Tu Cven erovnuli kinos istorias gadavxedavT,rTuli ar iqneba aRmovaCinoT, rom pirveli qarTulisrulmetraJiani namuSevari, saidanac, faqtobrivad, erovnulikinematografi iwyeba, vasil amaSukelis mier, 1912 welsgadaRebuli dokumenturi suraTi `akakis mogzauroba raWa-leCxumSia~, sadac reJisorma garda imisa, rom poetis mogzaurobaasaxa, misi da masTan erTad, qarTveli xalxis portretiSeqmna.2

bunebrivia, masalis dokumentalizmi, qronikaloba reJisorsmovlenebis msvlelobaSi, warmarTvaSi, uSualod CarevissaSualebas ar aZlevda, magram vasil amaSukelma mainc SesZlo,realoba mxatvruli gamomsaxvelobis obieqtad eqcia dasakuTari, pirovnuli Tu moqalaqeobrivi poziciidan, realuriistoriuli personis ganzogadebuli saxe warmoedgina.

20-ian wlebSi, qveyanaSi (ssrk-Si) momxdari politikuricvlilebebiT gamowveulma axalma cxovrebam, ramacxelovnebaSic gadatrialeba moaxdina da is erT, axal,socialistur mizans dauqvemdebara, warmoiSva axali tipisSemoqmedebis jgufebi. am adamianebma zustad icodnen TavisidaniSnulebis Sesaxeb da miznebic gansazRvruli hqondaT.Tumca, iyvnen sxvebic, visTvisac aseve cnobili da naTeli iyo,ra surdaT da maT uTanasworo brZola moiges. moiges imitom,rom hqondaT rwmenac, mizanic, esmodaT, rom samyaros suraTiscvalebadoba enis Sesabamis cvalebadobas moiTxovs daganapirobebs; icodnen, rom Zveli idealebi ZalaSi aRar iyo.maT Zala daukarges Zvel idealebs da daamyares axalicxovrebis Sesabamisi wesrigi. maT axali idealebi moitanes,axali idealebisAZiebasa da maTze dakvirvebas Seudgnen. maTgaamarTles im droSi arseboba, romelSic cxovrobdnen daaraTu fexdafex mihyvnen, aramed win gauswres dros.

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cxovrebis winaSe. me ara maqvs mxilebis, niRbebis Camoglejissurvili, Tumca mesmis, rom amis gakeTeba saWiroa. arsebobsaxalgazrdebis vergageba, Tanamedrove avangardis vergageba.da yvelaze mTavari _ mayureblis vergageba; rogor mivmarTomas, raze vesaubro?! Sedegad, ubralod, araferi gamomdis...CemTvis mTeli es axali droeba SemoqmedebiT krizisadSemobrunda~.6

Tanamedrove kvleva sul ufro da ufro ixreba imTvalsazrisisken, rom miTosi Seicavs dafarul sazriss,fantastikuri saxeebisa da warmodgenebis miRma arsebuls. amsazrisis wvdomasa da gamovlenas isaxavs miznad Tanamedrovemecnieruli analizi, magram, amave dros, xazgasmiT aRiniSneba,rom ramdenadac goneba ver moicavs adamianis kulturuliarsebobis yvela formas, miTosis struqtura ver daxasiaTdeba,rogorc nacionaluri.

mxatvruli realoba amCnevs Tavisi arsebobis pirobebs,rac sruliad ar SeuZlia miTs; Tavis pirobebs amCnevsfolkloruli Semecneba; zRaparma icis, rom gamogonilia, miTseWvi arafris aqvs, iseve, rogorc adamians, romelic miTisSigniT imyofeba, religiur adamians sWirdeba rwmena, raTamiiRos zebunebrivi, saswauli, miTur samyaros kacs es arsWirdeba. is yovelgvar saswauls iRebs, rogorc savsebiTbunebriv movlenas.

istoria da xelovneba erTmaneTis ganuyreli Tanamgzavrebiarian, amdenad, xelovnebis dayofa, gancalkeveba – faqtobriviistoriuli movlenebis amsaxvel da Tanamedrove adamianisSesaxeb Seqmnil nawarmoebebad, mcdari iqneboda. miT umetes,rom damokidebuleba xelovnebis qmnilebis mimarT, rodesacmas wlebis intervalis Semdeg uyureb, TavisTavad gulisxmobsistorizmis moments. es distancia Rrmavdeba maSin, rodesacwarsulis gaanalizebis Jami dgeba, Tumca, TavisTavad,Tanadroulobac ukve im epoqis drois gamomxatvelia, rodesacesa Tu is nawarmoebi iqmneba.

amdenad, albaT, unda iTqvas, rom ar arsebobs filmebi`Tanamedrove~ da `istoriuli~, aramed arsebobs filmebi,romlebic adamianis Sesaxeb, misi Sinagani samyarosa da

`miTologiis mkvlevarTaTvis mravali sakiTxi SeiZlebaiqces Seswavlis obieqtad. aseTia, magaliTad, miTologiisTavdapirveli warmoSoba, miTologiisa da sagmiro eposisurTierToba, miTi da religia, miTi da istoriuli sinamdvile,miTi, rogorc literaturisa da xelovnebis istoriis nawili,rogorc xalxuri zepirsityvierebis nimuSi da a. S.~ 4

rogor unda moiqces filmis avtori, romelic iswrafvisTanamedrove sinamdvilis xorcSesxmisken da amave dros, kanonis,poetikis (romlebsac am saxis xorcSesxma ar SeuZliaT)damtkicebas cdilobs? Cndeba winaaRmdegoba, romlis gadalaxvaSeuZlebelia, Tu `skolis~ principebze uars ar ityvis, an arecdeba alegoriisa da igavis poetikis garTulebas, mis afeTqebasSignidan?~5

axali legendaruli sinamdvilis (meorenairad, socialisturirealizmi) Seqmnisas saWiro iyo aseve axali moqmedi gmirebisSeqmna, romlebic analogs, Zvel, ukve Camoyalibebul,saukuneebgamovlil saxeebSi hpovebdnen da gaCndnen _winaswarmetyveli revolucionerebi, maTi mociqulebi, raindimxedarTmTavrebi, maTi saWurvelmtvirTavebi, maTi mtrebi damonebi, uwmindurebi, axali xalxi, axali morali, axali demonebi,axali gmirebi da uecrad (ra Tqma unda, ara erTbaSad) esyvelaferi gaqra.

miTologiuri samyaros personaJTa ganumeoreblobam, aqSemoqmedebis individualobis ganumeoreblobis saxe dakarga,Zveli sistemebi dairRva, axlebi amoqmedda, istoriuli realoba,romelSic maT cxovreba uxdebodaT, axali ganzomilebebiTSeicvala.

1989 wels, rusi reJisori aleqsi germani (romelicaraerTxel moeqca sabWoTa cenzuris maxvilis qveS), erT-erTinterviuSi, kiTxvaze: axla ratom arafers akeTebT?, _ pasuxobs:_ `imitom rom ar gamomdis. Cems Sesaxeb xmac ki gavrcelda,rom `fiSeris kompleqsi~ maqvs. maqvs Tu ara me samuSaosSiSi? cxadia. magram ara imaze metad, rogorc yovelTvis.xom ar maSinebs situacia, rom yvela kargad mepyroba, magrames samuSaos damTavrebisTanave dasruldeba? esec arsebobs.Tumca mTavari da Zireuli, _ es dabneulobis grZnobaa

186 187

mindoda. me veubnebi sazogadoebas: ai, ra uqna garemoebebma amadamianebs... me vaCvene samyaro, romelic daRupvisken midis,samyaro, romelsac sxva gza ara aqvs, sikvdilis gzis garda.me mxolod mindoda, sikvdilis konstatireba momexdina~.7

1. siniavski a., ra aris socialisturi realizmi, gv. 22-33, almanaxi`kino~, Tb., 1989;2. ix. doliZe g., akakis mogzauroba - 90. filmi, epoqa, adamianebi, Tb.2002;

3. gamsaxurdia z., vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba~, gv. 20., mecniereba~,Tb., 1991;4. oCiauri T., `miTologiuri gadmocemebi aRmosavleT saqarTvelosmTianeTSi~, gv. 6, mecniereba~, Tb., 1967;

5. bleimani m., kinos Sesaxeb – mowmis Cvenebebi~, gv. 534, iskustvo~,1973;6. germani a. `aseTebi rom ar vyofiliyaviT~, `iskustvo kino~,1986, 6 gv., 29;

7. Jan-pol sartri, interviu iumaniteSi~, #12, gv. 279. inastrannaia

literatura~, 1959.N

garemosTan, sazogadoebasTan damokidebulebaze mogviTxrobsan warsulSi an awmyoSi.

ra Tqma unda, sabWoTa sistemam, ideologiam adamianis yofas,mis cnobierebas mniSvnelovani kvali daaCnia, Semoqmedi amideologiis kanonebs daemorCila da Tavadve gamoigona _fsevdoromantizmi da ideaTa fsevdoamaRlebuloba, cxovreba,romelic arcTu mSvenieri iyo, idealur garsSi Semosa damSvenierad warmogvidgina.

iyo dro, rodesac Teoriuli manifestebi win uswrebda,faqtobrivad, yvela kinematografiul Tu saxelovnebo novacias.ukve sakmarisi xani gavida mas Semdeg, rac Semoqmedi Ziebebswinaswari deklarirebis gareSe axorcielebs. nebismierimimdinareoba Tu xelovnebis nebismieri aqti arsebobs droSida maT arsebobas konkretuli mizezebi apirobebs.

namdvil xelovans drois SegrZneba sWirdeba. arsebobadroSi, Semdeg misi ganfena, gaSla, sxva droebTan, epoqebTan,sxva istoriebTan (Tundac Sinagani) dakavSireba.

mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, sociologiisa da filosofiisgangansxvavebiT, Cven winaSe adamianuri arsebobis uSualomravalsaxeobas gadmoscems. mxatvruli analizi igiveistorizmSi CaRrmavebis gziT midis, drois kvlevis gziT.xelovneba moicavs ara mxolod drois intervalebs, aramedTavad drois dinamizms, warsulis, awmyosa da momavlisdialeqtikas, obieqturi da `subieqturi~ drois dialeqtikas.yvela es tendencia SeiZleba miviCnioT, rogorc sinamdvilismasalidan maqsimalurad ganzogadebuli arsis moZiebiskenswrafva. arsi TiTqos mkveTrad SiSvldeba, mxatvrulisinamdvilis istoriuli buneba pirdapir gadmoicema. Semdegki, dafaruli arsidan gamomdinare, xdeba movlenis, axali xedvisrekonstruireba.

Zalian xSirad, mxatvruli sinamdvile bevrad ufrodamajerebelia, vidre, Tavad realoba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, CvenswinaSea realuri da umaRles xarisxSi ayvanili sulieriganviTarebis procesi.

erT-erT interviuSi frangi dramaturgi Jan-pol sartriambobs: `me, altoneli gandegilebiT~, ganaCenis gamotana ar

188 189

qarTveliMmodernistebis nihilisturi ganwyobebi, romelicyovelgvari Zvelis, tradiciulis, akademiuris ngrevis vnebiTaagaJRenTili, upirvelesad, Teatriskenaa mimarTuli, romlisalternativad, tradiciulad, kino iTvleba.

`Teatri kvdeba. kino modis, rogorc konstruqtoricxovrebis... arc erT xelovnebis dargSi texnika-lozungi,texnika-Teoria ar iqca texnika-praqtikad ise, rogorc kinoSi...Teatri dacarielda, radgan Zveli muzebi talia, melpomena,terfsixora da evterpa revoluciam quCaSi gamoyara. saWiroadacarielebuli saxlis dangreva... saWiroa dammarxveli biurosgamoZaxeba...~,1 – werda Salva alxaziSvili da qarTuli Teatrisreformatorad monaTluli marjaniSvilis speqtaklebsac`mTqnarebis momrev~ nawarmoebebad miiCnevda: _ `yoveli dadgmamarjaniSvilis aris ekleqturi naxerxi, `duruji~ _kartofilia~...2

Teatris gacocxlebis erTaderT gzad ki mis kinofikacias~3

miiCnevdnen, raSic balaganis, triukis, klounadis, ekvilibrizmisada a. S. elementebis Setanac igulisxmeboda, anu esTetika,riTic meierholdma rusuli Teatraluri sivrce gaarRvia:`salami: vsevolod meierhold. misi gza _ balaganidan... Semdegdinamika, teqnika, meqanika XX saukunis... saWiroa tvinisemansi pacia ...~4

XX saukunis dasawyisis emansipirebuli tvinis~ dasavlurixelovneba upirvelesad swored teqnikuri progresis ideiTaagajerebuli, ramac perpetuum mobile-s mxatvruli saxegansakuTrebuli intensivobiT wamoativtiva.

wre, borbali, disko... – motivebia, romlebic dasavluravangardistul teqstebSi ganuwyvetliv trialebs: iqneba esdelones feradi diskebis cikli, romelsac `safuZvlad daedomocimcime feradovan garsze dakvirveba, eleqtronaTurisgarSemo rom warmoiqmnebian~,5 leJes motriale, erTmaneTSigadakveTili borblebi, romlebic kosmosis qaoturi wesrigisgrafikul gamosaxvas waagavs, Tu marsel duSamis velosi pedisborbali (skamze mimagrebuli borbliT), romliTac avtorierTi mxriv, teqnikis genialur simartives aRniSnavs da meoremxriv, axdens wris, rogorc RvTaebaTa Tu solaruli simbolos,

Teo xatiaSvili

modernistuli mimdinareobebis gavlena

20-iani wlebis qarTul kinoSi

XX saukunis pirveli aTwleulebi dasavlur kulturaSimodernistuli mimdinareobebis saocari simravliT, nihilisturiganwyobebiTa da mkveTri novaciebiT gamoirCeva; radikaluricvlilebebiT msoflmxedvelobaSi, esTetikaSi, formaSi, romlebicmasobrivad moicaven xelovnebis nebismier sferos dafaqtobrivad, cvlian Tavad xelovnebis gagebas.

20-iani wlebidan modernizmis talRa saqarTveloSicSemoiWreba _ marTlia, fragmentulad, arasistemurad, mimoqcevissaxiT, magram swored es `usistemoba~ xdeba kidec imissafuZveli, rom XX saukunis dasawyisidan erTmaneTis miyolebiTgaCenili uamravi `izmi~ _ zogjer urTierTsawinaaRmdegoc,TiTqos erTmaneTs rom ejibrebian radikalizmsa daepataJurobaSi _ qarTul kulturaSi Semodis ara `meoradisaqonlis~, provinciaSi Seqmnili aslis saxiT, aramedadaptirebulad, cota ar iyos ekleqturi formiT, sadacsxvadasxva mimdinareobis danaSrevs aRmoaCenT. Tumca, saboloodes yvelaferi erovnul kulturul TaviseburebebTan erTad,organul nazavs warmoqmnis.

am mimdinareobebis gamoZaxilTa `warmomavloba~sxvadasxvagvaria _ zogi, tradiciulad, ruseTidan, SemovliTigziT aris mosuli, zogi _ safrangeTsa Tu germaniaSi (imdrois evropis modernistuli epicentrebi) saswavlebladCasuli qarTveli xelovanebis mier gancdiliTa darefleqsirebuliT, romlebzec gavlena imis mixedviTyalibdeboda, Tu maTi iq yofnis periodSi romeli mimdinareobaiyo axali da `moduri~, vis wreSi aRmoCndebodnen da a. S.

modernizmis ideebi saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiT aqtiuradliteraturasa da saxviT xelovnebaSi vrceldeba. SemTxveviTiaraa, rom am dargebis warmomadgenlebi kinoSic iwyebenTanamSromlobas, rogorc, maTi azriT, yvelaze novatorul,Tanamedroveobis yvelaze adekvaturi gamosaxvis saSualebebismqone xelovnebis sferoSi.

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wris semantikasa da montaJur struqturas efuZnebanikoloz Sengelaias eliso (1928). reJisori, romelic kinoSifuturistuli poeziidan modis, axdens am poeziis ideebis,sityvis ganivTebas~. filmis dasawyisSive axlo xediT naCvenebidisko trialebs – es faris diskoa, romelic cota xanSiurmis borbalSi gadaizrdeba (`moZraobas sagani gadahyavsramdenime nivTSi~...). konkretuli nivTis bzriali wriulmoZraobebze agebul epizodebSi ganivrcoba _ magaliTad, qvrivissaxlis mSeneblobis epizodi, romlis kadrebis kompoziciafexebisa da xelebis moZraobaTa mrudze igeba (qalebis fexebikirs zelen, xelidan xelSi gadadis niCabi da a. S.), romelicperiodulad ritmuli aqcentis saxiT ikveTeba dolis msxvilixediT.

aq SeiZleba gavixsenoT fernar leJes dadaisturi kolaJimeqanikur baletSi _ asanTis Rerebi/antikuri taZrissvetebi/balerinas fexebi da a. S. _ an luis bunuel-salvadordalis siurrealisturi simulakrumebic andaluziur ZaRlSi_ samarTebliT gadaserili Tvali/wagrZelebuli RrublebiTgadaWrili mTvare, moWrili xeli/zRvis varskvlava da a.S. _romlebic swored erTi formis invariaciul jaWvs warmoqmnian.Tumca elisoSi wris sintagma wminda esTetikur-formalisturiniSnidan ideuri konceptis datvirTvasac iZens da sikvdil-sicocxlis dialeqtikuri kavSiris gamomxatveli xdeba.

mTis daklaknil bilikze, gadasaxlebul CeCenTa urmebismwkrivi TiTqos pulsirebad wres warmoqmnis, romelic sadRacaxlovdeba, is-isaa unda Seikras da isev ixsneba. es traeqtoriadasrulebul mxatvrul saxes iZens finalur epizodSi, sadacgardacvlili qalis garSemo Semokrebili CeCnebi datirebisritualidan sacekvao ferxuls Caabamen _ taSis cema dafexebis moZraoba nel-nela xSirdeba, sul ufro ritmulixdeba, pulsirebadi wre sabolood ikvreba eqstazSi(eizenSteinis sayvareli termini da mdgomareoba, romelic,misi azriT, xelovnebis nawarmoebis kulminaciur moments axlavsTan) Sesuli adamianebis cekviT anu im adamianebisa, romlebicsakuTar `wres~, sakuTar sxeuls toveben da raRac sxvas,erTians, mTlians erwymian.

uZvelesi religiebis fetiSizaciis obieqtis, desakralizaciasda a. S.

franguli avangardis erT-erTi aqtiuri warmomadgenelida Teoretikosi blez sandrari nawarmoebSi moravaJine wris,rogorc ukve Tanamedrove, maSinuri eris fetiSistur simbolosCamoyalibebasTan erTad, aTavisuflebs mas `melodramatulimniSvnelobisgan~: `wre amieridan aRar warmoadgens rgols,aramed gardaiqmneba borblad, romelic brunavs. is badebsaxal enas, sityvebisa da sagnebis enas, diskebisa da xveulebis,cifrebisa da fabrikuli niSnebis, safosto markebis, bileTis,radios enas _ is gardaisaxeba da iZens sxeuls~.6

`...es rgoli itevs moZraobis da miwis burTis formasmTlianad, moZraobas sagani gadahyavs ramdenime nivTSi...~7 _es ukve qarTveli futuristi poeti simon Ciqovania. rgolis/wris, wriuli moZraobis, erTi wriuli formis meoreSi gadasvlismotivi 20-iani wlebis qarTuli novatoruli kinos mTavariplastikur/konstruqciuli RerZi xdeba, romlis avtorebi _nikoloz Sengelaia, mixeil kalatoziSvili, mixeil Wiaureli,nuca RoRoberiZe, leo esakia da sxv. _ swored `memarcxenefrontSi~ erTiandebian, sadac sxvadasxva modernistulimimdinareobiT gatacebul literatorTa garda zogadad axalixelovnebis Seqmnis ideiT STagonebulma mxatvrebma moiyaresTavi. Tumca qarTvel reJisorTa Semoqmedebaze dasavlur`izmebze~ aranaklebi gavlena (da albaT, ufro metic) rusulmamontaJurma kinom, upirveles yovlisa, ki sergei eizenSteinmamoaxdina.

eizenSteinisTvis wris semantika dausrulebeli kvlevisTemaa, romlis arsi, misi azriT, yvelaze mkafiod da saxieradCinuri inisa da ianis wriul simbolikaSia gadmocemuli.dialeqtikuri erTianobis am lakonur niSanSi reJisori pirvelrigSi xedavs drois cikluri koncefciis gamomxatvel saxes(`rac trialebs _ brundeba kidec~)...~8 eizenSteinis cnobilimokle, wyvetili montaJic swored dialeqtikuri dapirispirebisada erTianobis princips efuZneba, sadac erTmaneTs ejaxebian`sakuTari Tavidan gamomdinare~ da `sakuTar sazRvrebSidabrunebuli~ (anu wriulad an gnebavT, spiralurad mimarTuli)xazebi.

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aRsaniSnavia, rom jim SvanTes mxatvaria daviT kakabaZe _mxatvari, romelic germaniasa da safrangeTSi cxovrebisganmavlobaSi gaecno modernistul mimdinareobebs, masze kigansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina _ Kkubizmma. daviT kakabaZe,romelic, amave dros, SesaniSnavad icnobda qarTul saxviTxelovnebas, Tavis SemoqmedebaSi dasavluri modernizmisa daqarTuli saxviTi xelovnebis tradiciebis sinTezs gvTavazobs.

kakabaZis `modernistoba~ imaSic vlindeba, rom igi axaliformisa Tu masalis mudmiv ZiebaSia, romelTa Soriskinogamosaxulebac Cndeba. interesdeba stereokinos ideiTanu surs ekranis sibrtyeze sivrculi ganzomileba Seitanos.sivrculobis efeqtis Seqmnas mudmivad cdilobs im sxvafilmebSic, romelTa mxatvradac muSaobda.

`plastikur reliefze muSaobam da Ziebam damarwmuna, romreliefi savaldebuloa ara marto mxatvruli suraTis sferoSi,aramed Cveulebrivi kinematografiuli suraTisTvisac...kinosuraTi, rogorc plastikuri saxe, dasrulebuli ar aris.mas aklia gamacocxlebeli, plastikuri reliefi~ _ wers d.kakabaZe (d. kakabaZe, xelovneba da sivrce, Tb. 1982).

jer kidev jim SvanTemde gadaRebul, mixeil WiaurelissabaSi (1929, filmis meore mxatvari lado gudiaSvilia)kakabaZe `plastikuri reliefis~ misaRebad iyenebs xveulikibis formebs, romelic erTdroulad tipur ZvelTbilisurgaremosa da atmosferos qmnis da Tanac xsnis Caketil,erTgvarad klaustrofobiul sivrces (mZime socialuri foni,loTi mama da Sromisgan gadaqanculi deda, samikitnoebisdaxuTuli interierebi...).

daviT kakabaZe yovelTvis mimarTavs aseT plastikur àrqe-niSans~, romelic, erTi mxriv, ama Tu im garemos saxasiaToganwyobis matarebelia da meore mxriv, reliefurobas aniWebsgamosaxulebas.

magaliTad, daviT rondelis dakargul samoTxeSi (1937)dawnuli Robe (imeruli peizaJis ganuyofeli detali) _Tanac is aqa-iq morRveulia, iseve rogorc welSi gamwydariagaRatakebuli aznauroba; aqa-iq gadazneqilia, romelic mudmivadicvlis adgils.

es motivi mudmivad Cndeba mixeil kalatoziSvilis jimSvanTeSic (1930), sadac, kldeebiT SemosazRvruli mTiscxovrebaSi, sikvdili da sicocxle ganuwyvetlivTanaarsebobsDda es cikluroba isev da isev wriul formebSigamoisaxeba _ formebSi, romlebic xan ubralod prozaulyofiTobaSi, xan ki SromiT, Tu religiur ritualSi vlindeba.

kalos lewva wreze moZravi urmiT _ gasaSrobad wamocmulimrgvali svanuri qudebi _ axalgazrda svanis spiraluradgakreWili Tma _ mrbolavi cxeni _ datrialebuli svanurikoSkebi...

am or epizodSi (dakrZalvis ritualze cxenis srbola dadatrialebuli svanuri koSkebi) modernistuli xelovnebiserT-erTi umTavresi ideis _ absoluturi moZraobis ideissrulyofil vizualizacias vawydebiT. zemoT naxsenebi diskebis/borblebis/rgolebis usasrulo wyeba sxva araferia, Tu aramoZraobis, rogorc zogadad dinamikis arsis Cveneba, sadackonkretuli nivTi kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas da iqcevaganuwyveteli moZraobis gamomxatvel niSnad.

`morbenal cxenebs 4 ki ara 20 fexi aqvT...~9 _ ambobsmxatvari irakli gamrekeli. kalatoziSvilis morbenal cxensacùmravldeba~ fexebi – is òci xdeba~, bolos ki saerTodveRar arCev, imdenad ikargeba Tavbrudamsxmev srbolaSi sxeuliscalkeuli detalebi, Tavad sxeuli da xedav mxolod ritms,moZraobas.

eizenSteini film oqtomberSi, kerpebis saxelwodebiTcnobil epizodSi, romelic misi inteleqtualuri montaJisklasikur nimuSadaa miCneuli, mimarTavs aCqarebuli moZraobisefeqts, roca sxvadasxva kulturebSi arsebuli RmerTebisgamosaxulebebi enacvleba erTmaneTs, ireva erTmaneTSi dasabolood mayurebeli aRiqvams (gonebaSi da ara ekranze)mxolod ideas, azrs.

kalatoziSvilTan ki datrialebuli koSkebi (mogvianebiTukve ruseTSi gadaRebul mifrinaven weroebSi aryis xeebirom gaimeoreben imave moZraobas) araTu avtoris miermayureblisTvis STagonebuli azris gamomsaxveli xdeba, aramedpersonaJis Sinagani mdgomareobis _ Tavbrusxvevis, eqstazismdgomareobis.

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kategoriulad daupirispirdebian (sami sicocxle 1924, vinaris damnaSave? 1925, tariel mklavaZis saqme 1925).

udavoa, film Cemi bebias metad originaluri stilistikisCamoyalibebaze gavlena moaxdina mxatvarma-scenografma irakligamrekelmac, romlis namuSevrebSi konstruqtivizmis lakonuroba,sisadave da simkacre SeiniSneba.

filmis gadawyvetaSic, faqtobrivad, sul ramdenimegeometrizebuli forma monawileobs _ kibe, minis sibrtyeebi(gamravlebuli gamosaxulebiT) da uzarmazari wriuli magida,romelic mTavar plastikur koncepts warmoadgens. Tumca amSemTxvevaSi magidis wriuloba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba zemoTganxiluli filmebis mxatvruli saxeebisgan _ is ki ar ixsneba~da `ikvreba~, aramed koncentrirebuli, Caketilia, rogorcbiurokratuli dawesebulebis pirobiTi niSani da am sistemismetaforuli saxe. aq araferi icvleba, aq sicocxle miZinebulia,aq adamianebi meqanikur sagnebs emsgavsebian.

`me, rogorc damdgmeli reJisori, vmuSaobdi iseTikinosatiris Sesaq mnelad, romlis mizani iqnebodabiurokratizmis, meSCanobisa da proteqcionizmis mwvaved dacinva.am Canafiqris ganxorcielebisTvis gamalebuli veZebdikinematografisTvis damaxasiaTebel axal, mwvave gamomsaxvelformas, vinaidan scenaris teqstis `monuri ilustrirebis~meTodi, rogorc Semoqmeds, ar mainteresebda...~ _ werda kotemiqaberiZe 1972 wels.

kolaJuroba, eqscentrika, groteski Cem bebias tipuriagit-filmis fabulidan saukeTeso modernistul suraTadaqcevs.

kote miqaberiZem sul ramdenime filmi gadaiRo, romlebsacCemi bebias novatorulobasa da maxvil iumorTan araferiaRar akavSirebs. sicocxlis bolo wlebi dubliaJis studiaSigaatara _ man diskvalifikacia Tamami xelovnebisTvis miiRo.

verc nikoloz Sengelaia ascda socrealistur dakveTebs,romelTa yvelaze `niWieri~ Semsrulebeli mainc mixeilWiaureli aRmoCnda.

diadi ganTiadidan (1938) moyolebuli, 40-ian wlebSigadaRebul mis fsevdomonumentur, pompezur filmebSi sabolood

reliefuroba, sxeulis anu gamosaxulebis ena, sityvisgansxeulebaa qarTvel kinoreformatorTa mTavari mizanic.amis Taobaze Teoriuli diskusia jer kidev futuristTaliteraturuli dajgufebis SigniT, maTsave Jurnal H2SO4-Si mimdinareobda.

Salva alxaziSvili k i noapologiaS i aRniSnavs :`Tanamedrove adamiani moiTxovs nakleb sityvas, met moZraobas,Tanamedrove cxovrebis ritmi Txoulobs lakonurobas,ekonomias. didi qalaqis ritmi moiTxovs dinamiurmonumenturobas. saWiroa gakinematografeba sityvis...~10

es procesi ki, maTi azriT, `mJave cremlebiT gamombali~(nikoloz Sengelaia) siuJetebisa da scenarebis daviwyebiT,`xelovnebis Sua gzaze gaSxlarTuli leSis _ Teatris~(Salva alxaziSvili) varskvlavebze uaris TqmiT, romantikulda paTetikur sivrceebSi geometriulobis~ SetaniT, absurdul-alogikuri dramaturgiiT unda moxdes.

nikoloz CaCavas (Jurnal H2SO4-s ideuri memkvidris,`literatura da sxvas~ redaqtori) futuristuli scenariincidentebi swored absurduli situaciebis kolaJswarmoadgenda. misi mTavari gmiri engo Zalze waagavsdadaisturi teqstebis personaJs. ai, magaliTad, erT-erTi`kadri~ - epizodi, romelsac hqvia engo saavadmyofoSi:

`engo laboranti~engom monaxa saSualeba saRaTas Zilis mosaspobad.

moxia qaRaldi gazeTs, avadmyofs cxvirSi Seutena dacecxli moukida.

TviTon ki gazeTis Tvaliereba daiwyo.SeniSvna: xval usaTuod reportiori moaTavsebs

saavadmyofoSi momxdar ambebs.panika. engoc gareT ereva avadmyofebSi.cecxli Caaqres~ .. .11

qarTul kinoSi am ideebis yvelaze radikalurad xorcSesxmamoxda kote miqaberiZis filmSi Cemi bebia (1929) (sur. 9,10,11). reJisori, romelic manamde mTavar rolebs swored`mJave cremlebiT gamombal~ iseT filmebSi TamaSobda,romlebsac ramdenime welSi is da misi Tanamoazreni

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Caklulia 20-ian wlebSi gavrcelebuli modernistulixelovnebis ideebi _ provokaciuloba, tradiciis uaryofa,formis siaxle, silaRe, ironia...

1. l. esaZe. kinoxelovnebis sakiTxebi qarTul futuristulperiodikaSi. kr. kinoxelovnebis problemebi. Tb. 19922. iqve;3. А. Пиотровский. Кинофикация Театра. Газ. Жизнь Искусства. 1927,22/11, N474. l. esaZis dasaxelebuli statia5. Ì. Ямпольский. Память Тиресия. http://www.dnevkino.ru/library_yampolsky-tiresiy_ogl.html)6. iqve;7. s. Ciqovani. proeqti axali kreiseris, fokusi mobrunebuliSemoqmedebis. H2SO4, 19248. g. gvaxaria. `wris gaxsna~ sergei eizenSteinTan da qarTul

xelovnebaSi. Jur. xelovneba, 1991 N69. o. JRenti, futurizmisa da kinematografis urTierTmimarTebisSesaxeb, Jur. xelovneba, 1991/610. iqve;

11. l. esaZis dasaxelebuli statia

m e d i o l o g i a

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2007 wlis 7 noembers sazogadoebis nawili telekompaniismxardasaWerad ikribeboda, 13 marts procesebi gansxvavebulimimarTulebiT warimarTa.

komunikaciebis istoriaSi gaxmaurebuli `samyaroTa omis~radioversia, romelic aqamde mediis mZlavri zemoqmedebis yvelazemkveTr gamovlenad aRiqmeboda, am satelevizio reportaJiTdaiCrdila. erTi SexedviT msgavs movlenebs Soris mniSvnelovanida principuli sxvaobaa, ara mxolod sakomunikacio arxebisTvalsazrisiTa da Setyobinebis SinaarsiT, aramed upirvelesad,miznebiT.

Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi is mxolod SemoqmedebiTi eqsperimentisnawili iyo, meore SemTxvevaSi mizanmimarTuli, winaswar ganzraxulida dagegmili scenaris nawili. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi avtori,orson uelsi erTpirovnuli Semoqmedia, meore SemTxvevaSi avtorTajgufi~, romelic garkveuli politikuri dakveTis Semsrulebel-aRmsrulebeli gaxda. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iyosazogadoebis reaqciis gaTvla, meore SemTxvevaSi am reaqciismolodini Tavidanve arsebobda, Tumca Sedegi arasasurvelimimarTulebiT ganviTarda da mxilebuli mtrisadmi gamiznulisazogadoebrivi agresia mamxilebelTa winaaRmdeg amuSavda. K

komunikaciebis istoriaSi mediazemoqmedebis efeqtebismizanmimarTuli gamoyenebis araerTi magaliTia, Tumca CvenssinamdvileSi ganxorcielebuli agresiuli mediaZaladoba, TavisiunikalurebiT, orson uelsis, mediazemoqmedebis aqamde yvelazeTvalsaCino magaliTs, sabavSvo garTobad aqcevs da liderispoziciaze inacvlebs.

mediazemoqmedebis uelsiseuli versia mediamkvlevrebisTvisim calkeul SemTxvevaTa rigSi dgeboda, romlis ganxorcielebacteleviziaSi praqtikulad SeuZleblad eCvenebodaT. televiziismravalarxiani sistema informaciis gadamowmebis farToSesaZleblobaa da mayurebelic garkveulwilad dazRveuliaromelime arxis mier ganxorcielebuli wertilovani dartymisgan,Tumca, realobaSi, 13 martis qronikam sawinaaRmdego daadasturada amas garkveuli mizezebi gaaCnia.

1. realobasTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli movlenismodelireba:

2. satelevizio Setyobinebis radioeTeris gamoyenebiTgamyareba;

Nnana doliZe

mediazemoqmedebis mecnieruli kvlevis

dasawyisi

`realuri garemo da am garemoze Seqmnili warmodgena– es ori, gansxvavebuli samyaroa~

u. lipmani

satelevizio Jurnalistika sazogadoebriv-politikurimoRvaweobisa da Semoqmedebis erTgvari sinTezia daprofesionalizmis garkveul xarisxs moiTxovs. pirveligansazRvravs problemis SerCevas, _ Jurnalisturi masalissocialuri mniSvnelobisa da masze, SesaZlo socialur Sedegebzepasuxismgeblobis gacnobierebas,Mmeore _ gavlenas axdenszemoaRniSnulis realizaciis formebze.

2010 wlis 13 martis gaxmaurebulma qronikam, romelmacsazogadoebas ararsebuli omis dawyebaze auwya da moRalateTamTeli galerea warudgina, upirvelesad, swored mowodebuliinformaciis SesaZlo Sedegebze upasuxismgeblobis gamoxatulebaiyo. Tumca, gacnobierebuli iyo forma, romelSic skandaluriaxali ambavi unda SefuTuliyo _ axali ambebis mTavarisainformacio gamoSveba – rac Tavidanve gulisxmobdamayureblisaTvis imitirebuli realobis sinamdviled gasaRebissurvils. A

arsebobda garkveuli winapirobebi (romlebic xels uwyobdneninformaciis damarwmunebel Setyobinebad qcevas) – uaxlesiistoriuli gamocdileba (2008 wlis agvisto), Sesabamisivizualuri masalis TanxlebiT; gareSe mteri, romelic dResacdedaqalaqis misadgomebTanaa gamagrebuli; Sinauri, moRalatemtris Camoyalibebuli stereotipi; msoflios wamyvani liderebismier qveynis mxardasaWerad gamoTqmuli, modelirebuli teqstebi;masobrivi bombardirebis vizualur-qronikaluri masala dainformaciis gadmocemisTvis gamoyenebuli axali ambebis formati.

mizani _ mosalodneli safrTxeebis prevencia, Sinauri mtrismxileba da sazogadoebrivi azris mobilizeba iyo, formuliT _`is, vinc mterTan molaparakebaze midis, qveynis mteria~. Tu

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amasTan, I msoflio omi, propagandistuli teqnologiebisgamosacdelad, noyier niadags qmnida da arc isaa SemTxveviTi,rom mediazemoqmedebis yvela ZiriTadi mkvlevari saomar pirobebTansiaxloveSi Camoyalibda. es mecnierebi qmnidnen aramxolod mks-aTa Teoriul safuZvlebs, aramed warmoadgendnen propagandispirvel mkvlevrebsac. maT Soris, _ uolter lipmani, 1922 welsgamocemuli naSromiT `sazogadoebrivi azri~ (“Public opinion”)1da Hharold lasuelis `propagandis meTodebi msoflio omSi~(“Propaganda technique in the World War”)2 – 1927 weli.

dRes lipmanis naSromi klasikadaa aRiarebuli. TavadJurnalisti, amerikuli armiis kapitani lipmani I msoflio omSimiRebul gamocdilebas eyrdnoboda, rodesac propagandistis rolSimyofi Tavad qmnida saproklamacio teqstebs. P

pirvelad, swored lipmani iwyebs stereotipze saubars, rogorcmniSvnelovan propagandistul teqnologiaze. igi Tvlis, romsazogadoebrivi azris formireba xdeba stereotipebis saSualebiT,anu im kodebiT, romlebic relobas amartivebs da aiolebs masTanurTierTobebs.; adamianebi ki reagireben ara imdenad realobaze,ramdenadac sakuTar warmosaxvaSi Seqmnil, am realobis aRmwersuraTebze.

informaciaze kontroli misi filtraciis saSualebasa damomxmareblisaTvis ufro mniSvnelovani movlenis SerCevisSesaZleblobas iZleva.Aase Semodis samecniero arsenalSi dRisganrigis cneba anu – masobriv cnobierebaSi im Sesabamisi movlenisCamagreba, romelic dRis umniSvnelovanes movlenad iTvleba.swored movlenis SerCeva xdeba propagandistis mTavari iaraRi,rodesac igi gansazRvravs, Tu ra unda iqnes danaxuli, wakiTxuliTu mosmenili.

70 wlis Semdeg harisi daadasturebs lipmanis mosazrebaTautyuarobas: `unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom Jurnalistebi daredaqtorebi obieqturi realobis Sesaxeb cnobebs masaliszedmiwevniT gadarCevis gziT gvawvdian da masTan erTadgadawyvetilebasac, Tu ra xarisxobrivi da raodenobrivi yuradRebaunda daeTmos konkretul Temas~. M

mediazemoqmedebis Teoriis oficialur istorias lasueliagrZelebs, romelmac mediis kvlevis sferoSi pirvelma gamoiyenakontentanalizis meTodi da mediateqstebis, rogorc xarisxobrivi,

3. Cvens sinamdvileSi televiziis, rogorc informaciis miRebiserTaderT, ualternativo saSualebad formireba;

4. sazogadoebaSi, uaxlesi istoriiT ganpirobebuli, mudmiviarastabilurobisa da hororis molodini.

adamianebi yovelTvis acnobierebdnen mks-is gansakuTrebulimiznebiT gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. sazogadoebis yvela fenagarkveul SeSfoTebasac gamoxatavda mediazemoqmedebisgaukontrolebeli Sedegebis gamo.Ees faqti, Tavis mxriv, moqmedebdakanonmdeblobaze, gansazRvravda saxelmwifo politikas da amasTan,mecnieruli kvlevebis interesTa sferoSi iWreboda.

mks-ebis istoriaMmediazemoqmedebis magaliTebiT uxvadaagajerebuli da istoriac irCevs im gansakuTrebul movlenebs,SemTxvevebs, romlebsac auditoriis mwvave reaqcia axlda Tan.

calkeuli samecniero naSromebi jer kidev XIX saukunisbolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi Cndeba, Tumca XX saukunis50-ian wlebSi mediazemoqmedebis kvleva damoukidebelmimarTulebad yalibdeba, rodesac amerikis umsxvilesuniversitetebSi, masobrivi komunikaciis Sesaswavlad, samecniero-kvleviTi samagistro programebi iqmneba. magiuri tyvia, kanqveSaineqcia, SezRuduli efeqtisa da masStaburi zemoqmedebis Teoria,dagegmili da daugegmavi efeqtebi – es aris is mravalsafexurianigza, romelic mks-aTa kvlevebSi gamovlinda dawyebuli 1920-ianiwlebidan dRemde.

manipulirebisa da propagandis klasikuri teqnologiebisformireba XX saukunis 20-ian wlebs ukavSirdeba da saboloosaxes 50-ian wlebSi iRebs.Kklasikuri propagandistuliteqnologiebis Seqmna samecniero kvlevis Sedegebs efuZneba datiraJirebisa da stabiluri ganmeorebadobis reJimSi gamoyenebasgulisxmobs.

swored 20-ian wlebSi iwyebs peinis fondi kvlevebisdafinansebas, romelTa mizani kinematografis sabavSvoauditoriaze zemoqmedebis xarisxis gamovlena da Seswavla iyo.kvlevebma upirobo da mZlavri zemoqmedeba daadastura. SemTxveviTiar iyo is metaforebic, romelic mks-aTa misamarTiT gaisma –momakvdinebeli tyvia, Zlieri narkotiki – rac daedo kidecsafuZvlad e. w. tyviis Teorias, romelic gansakuTrebulipopularobiT sargeblobda samecniero wreebSi.

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aqac, iseve rogorc umTavres SemTxvevebSi, fsiqologiurizemoqmedebis safuZvels SemaSinebeli, SemaZrwunebeli tipisinformacia warmoadgens da amgvari magaliTebi mk-is istoriaSimravlad moiZebneba.

mTeli qveyana mouTmenlad elis omis dawyebas – asegamoiyureboda herstis lozungi XIX saukunis miwuruls. omisaranairi winapiroba ar arsebobda, Tumca herstisTvis arc esfaqtori iyo damabrkolebeli. misi media aqtiuri samuSaoebiswarmoebas iwyebs amerikuli sazogadoebis damokidebulebisSesacvlelad, samxedro moqmedebebis dawyebis sasargeblod.

Tqven momawodeT fotoebi, omi ki Cemze iyos, –ganucxada man sakuTar korespondentebs.

aseve sayuradReboa 1895 wlis 22 dekembris ,,niu-iorkjornelSi~ gamoqveynebuli statiis Sinaarsi, sadac maqsimalurisizustiT iyo aRwerili sofelze Tavdasxmisa da misi aoxrebisscenebi, mosaxleobis cocxlad dawvis faqtebi. sailustraciodmoyvanil suraTze ki aseulobiT adamianis Zvlebi iyo gamosaxulida mxolod mcire, umniSvnelo Srifti aTariRebda suraTs 1700wliT.

naRmis efeqti, garToba, masobrivi mkvlelobebis xelovnebisnimuSebiT ilustrireba; dauSveblis daSveba _Ees herstiseulireformatoruli mediis Zireuli principebia, romelic XX saukunisdasawyisSi damkvidrda da romelmac amerikuli yviTeli presisSemdgomi ganviTarebis traeqtoria gansazRvra.

zemoT moyvanili, Tundac es mcire magaliTebi dapropagandistuli teqnologiebi im garemoebis naTeli dasturia,rom imitirebuli qronika mediazemoqmedebis ukve arsebuli,mravaljer aprobirebuli teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT Seiqmna daam TvalsazrisiT axal aRmoCenaTa gzas araferi Sematebia, TumcaobieqturobisTvis isic unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavad reportaJebida mTlianobaSi gamoSvebac dabali profesionalizmis gamovlenaufro iyo, vidre propagandistuli teqnologiebis siRrmiseulicodnis Sedegi. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebam mzaoba gamoavlinaam arakvalificiur produqtSi sakmaod maRali Rirebulebagadaexada.

principebi, romlebis erTgulic hersti iyo, Cvens sinamdvileSiTiTqmis saukunis dagvianebiT mkvidrdeba, Tumca SesaSuri

aseve raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegad, mis-aTa sami umTavresifunqcia gansazRvra.

1. socialuri garemos kontroli;2. movlenaze sazogadoebrivi azris formireba;3. kulturul faseulobaTa gavrceleba. Ppropagandas lasueli mniSvnelovani simboloebis manipulirebis

gziT, koleqtiuri warmosaxvebis menejmentad Tvlida, sadacmTavari xdeboda misi cnobili xuTi kiTxvis modeli: _ `vingvatyobinebs ras, romeli arxiT, visTvis da ra SedegiT?~

socialuri simboloebis saSualebiT sazogadoebrivi azriskontroli, erTi da imave stimulebiT gamowveuli erTgvarovanireaqcia, yoveli individisTvis gansazRvruli dozis ineqcia dajadosnuri tyviaa, romelic yovelTvis uSecdomod moqmedebs.

stimulebis erTiani sistema erTgvarovan reaqciaTa sistemasbadebs da mas. kom-i sazogadoebriv organizms srulad iqvemdebarebs.ramdenadac maRalia sazogadoebaSi daZabulobis maCvenebeli, miTufro Zlierad aris gamoxatuli primitiuli instinqtebi, miTufro efeqturad muSaobs propaganda da miT ufro martivadaris SesaZlebeli misi darwmuneba.Oomi am sabaziso principebisgamoTavisuflebas axdens, isini iracionaluri bunebisaa da cnobierkontrols ar eqvemdebarebian, swored am instinqtebis mobilizebaapropagandis mTavari mizani.

didi depresiis dasrulebasTan erTad mediazemoqmedebis kvlevissferoSi axali tendencia gamoikveTa, romelic uaryofdagavrcelebuli SetyobinebiT erTgvarovani zemoqmedebis moxdenisSesaZleblobas da aRiarebda gansazRvruli, SezRudulizemoqmedebis models.

mogvianebiT, 1960 wels, j. klaperma erTgvari dazustebaSemoitana. misi azriT, pirdapiri zemoqmedebis teqnologia SesaZloagamovlindes calkeuli SemTxvevebis kvlevisas da amis araRiarebamks-aTa auditoriaze zemoqmedebis obieqturi suraTis daufaseblobaiqneboda. swored am calkeul SemTxvevaTa rigs ganekuTvnebaimitirebuli qronika, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis erTgvarovanimeqanizmiTa da tyviis efeqtiT, rodesac sazogadoebis yoveliwevri socialuri kuTvnilebis, sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisa,Tu inteleqtualuri resursis sxvaobis miuxedavad,propagandistuli ineqciis msxverplad iqca. jadosnurma tyviamki am SemTxvevaSic miaRwia adresatamde.

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x elo v n e b aT m cod n eo b a

siswrafiTa da mondomebiT. virtualuri realobis tiraJirebisukve warmatebuli da aprobirebuli modeli aqac warmatebismiRwevis garantad iTvleba.

sabWoTa xelisufleba gulwrfeli iyo, rodesac televiziasinformaciisa da propagandis mTavari saSualeba uwoda dasaxelwodebas praqtikuli saqmianobiT Riad adasturebda. dRestelevizia demokratiul institutad iwodeba, Tumca Sinaarsobrivad,sapirispiros amtkicebs. amasTan, sabWoTa adamianebs televiziiTmowodebuli informaciisadmi garkveuli imuniteti hqondaTgamomuSavebuli da momentaluri ineqciis sanacvlod wveTovanineqciaze iyvnen gadayvanilebi, Sesabamisad, mniSvnelobas kargavdaaxali ambebis Setyobinebis sanacvlod propagandistuli miznebiTSeferili virtualuri realobis fragmentebis miwodeba.

demokratiul sazogadoebaSi ki, sadac informaciis gavrcelebada miReba adamianis konstituciur uflebaTa rigSi dgeba, amuflebaTa Sesabamisi, rogorc sakuTari, aseve sazogadoebriviazris mniSvnelobis gacnobiereba, demokratiul RirebulebebTanadaptireba XXI saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli sazogadoebisaTvisganuxorcielebel ocnebaTa rigSi dgeba.

SesaZloa, amitomac iyo imitirebul qronikasTan dakavSirebuliprotesti calkeuli adamianebisa da ara mTeli sazogadoebisprotesti, romelic SiSis, dumilisa da nihilizmis, sakuTariumniSvnelobis gancdas avlens. Tu manamde qarTuli mediakonkretuli miznis misaRwevad wertilovan dartymebsaxorcielebda konkretul adamianebze, mosazrebebze, ideologiaze,mrwamsze da es yvelaferi demokratiis saxeliT xorcieldeboda,13 marts man mTel sazogadoebaze mijriT dacala mWidi da

mediazemoqmedebis Teoriis mkvlevrebs axali sazrunavi gauCina.

1. Lippman W. Public Opinion. 14th ed. N.Y., 1951.2. Laswell H.D. Propaganda Technique in the World War. L., 1927. Ноэль-Нойман Э. Общественное мнение. Открытие спирали молчания. М.,1996.· Брайант Дж., Томпсон С. Основы воздействия СМИ, 2004. http://www.i -u.ru/biblio/archive/braynt_osnovi/01.aspx· Кастельс М. Информационная эпоха: экономика, общество, культура. М., 2000.McQuail D. Mass Communication Theory. L., 1994

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nato gengiuri

konstruqtivizmi da 1920-iani wlebis

qarTuli arqiteqtura

konstruqtivizmma, mimdinareobam, romelic sabWoTa ruseTSidaibada da iq 1920-iani wlebis arqiteqturaSi novatoruliideebis Semomtani iyo, Tanamedrove, uaxles arqiteqturazecmoaxdina gavlena. kerZod, dekonstruqtivistuli mimarTulebisostatebma Tavis winamorbedebad gamoacxades konstruqtivistebi.Tumca sabWoeTSi am mimarTulebis arseboba xanmokle aRmoCnda,_ 1930-iani wlebidan xelisuflebam mimarTuleba akrZala daarqiteqtura mTeli sabWoeTis masStabiT stalinuri ampiris,igive sabWoTa klasicizmis gziT wavida.

1920-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi konstruqtivizmiTsaqarTveloSi moRvawe arqiteqtorebic dainteresdnen daqarTuli arqiteqturac im drois axali, avangardulimimdinareobis Tanaziari gaxda. ra Taviseburebebi axasiaTebskonstruqtivizms, ra kvali datova man qarTul arqiteqturaSi,riTia is istoriulad mniSvnelovani – winamdebare naSromSigansaxilveli sakiTxebia.

1920-ia ni wlebis saq arTvelos arqiteqturul`miswrafebebs~ ramdenime faqtori ganapirobebda: a). Taviseburi`istorizmi~, romelic wina periodidan momdinareobda daqarTuli erovnuli arqiteqturis principebis aTvisebas isaxavdamiznad; b). konstruqtivizmi, romelic sagrZnobi gaxda 1925wlis Semdeg; g). mesame uSualod arqiteqtorTa profesiuliamocanebis wiaRSi ar iyo dabadebuli, magram saboloodyvelaferi gansazRvra: esaa sabWoTa socialisturi ideologia,romelic partiuli miTiTebebisa da davalebebis gziT axdendasabWoTa arqiteqturis formirebas.

Seswavla da SefasebaaRniSnuli periodis, iseve rogorc mTlianad sabWoTa

periodis, qarTuli arqiteqturis Sesaxeb arsebobs gamokvlevebi,romelnic saqarTvelos istoriis imave etapze – sabWoTa

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procesebs, samarTlianad gamoyofs or xazs, romelTagan erTierovnuli arqiteqturis `aRorZinebazea~ mimarTuli, meore ki– axali, konstruqtivistuli mimdinareobis aTvisebazeaorientirebuli. Semdgom igive dayofa SeiniSneba n.janberiZesTanac, romelmac qarTul sabWoTa arqiteqturazesqeltaniani wigni gamoaqveyna 1977 wels.3 vaxtang beriZekritikulia orive mimarTulebis Sefasebisas. roca is sabWoTawlebSi erovnuli arqiteqturis Seqmnaze wers, samarTlianadmiiCnevs Secdomad terminis `qarTuli stili~ damkvidrebas,radgan stili droiTi kategoriaa, garkveul dros axasiaTebs.amdenad, saubari SeiZleba mxolod qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebaze~da ara `qarTul stilze~. is akritikebs erovnulixuroTmoZRvrebis Seqmnis sworxazovan gagebas, calkeuliarqiteqturuli formis, an CuqurTmis gamoyenebiT `qarTuli~xasiaTis Seqmnis mcdelobebs da ara xuroTmoZRvrebis arsobrivgagebas. aRniSnavs, rom qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebidan SeTvisebuliunda iyos `ara calkeuli formebi, romlebic mTlianiorganizmidan mowyvetisTanave kargaven Tavis sicocxles, arameddasaxul amocanaTa mizanSewonili amoxsnis principebi, e. i.SemoqmedebiTi meTodis arsi~.4 aqve sabWoTa mTavrobisgadawyvetilebebi gansazRvrulia erovnuli arqiteqturisSeqmnis wambiZgeblad. Tumca realurad, tradiciulixuroTmoZRvrebiT daintereseba gacilebiT adre daiwyo(erovnuli biblioTeka, WavWavaZis monumenti, muzeumis Senoba).5

v. beriZe kategoriulia konstruqtivizmis mimarT, ganixilavsmas, rogorc Semaferxebel garemoebas erovnuli arqiteqturisSeqmnis saqmeSi; wers, rom is saqarTveloSi xelovnurad iyogadmonergili6 da gamorCeuli nagebobebi arc dautovebia.

v. beriZis kvalad, 1920-ian wlebSi saqarTvelosarqiteqturaSi arsebul or mimarTulebaze werdnen sxvaavtorebic (n. janberiZe, n. jaSi da a. S.) da SefasebebSimsgavs mimarTulebas miyvebian. n. janberiZec aviTarebs raazrs am epoqaSi ori momarTulebis arsebobis Sesaxeb, wers:`... didi mniSvneloba hqonda erTi mxriv racionalur dakonstruqtivistul arqiteqturaze dafuZnebul ... axalimimarTulebis danergvas, xolo meore mxriv – erovnuli

periodSi Seiqmna da bunebrivia, ideologiuri damRa aqvsdasmuli. im periodSi arsebuli Sefasebis kriteriumTaTvalsazrisiT Zalze niSandoblivia evgeni kavinis `ganacxadi~,romelsac sabWoTa arqiteqturisadmi miZRvnil erT-erTstatiaSi vawydebiT. 1958 wels Jurnal `sabWoTa xelovneba~-Si misi avtorobiT daibeWda statia, romelic marqsizm-leninizmisinstitutis saqarTvelos filialis Senobas exeba. aq avtoriTavidanve acxadebs, rom Senobas afasebs ck-sa da mTavrobisukanaskneli dadgenilebebis mixedviT, sabWoTa arqiteqturisamocanebis gadaWris TvalsazrisiT.1 arqiteqturis SeswavlismeTodi, romelsac sabWoTa mTavrobis dadgenilebebi gansazRvravs,bunebrivia, ver CaiTvleba da arc iyo meTodi, romelsac SeuZliamogvces mxatvruli movlenis mravalmxrivi analizi, misiobieqturi Sefaseba da realur mdgomareobaze dafuZnebulidaskvnebi. Tumca, aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom maSindelisabWoTa da maT Soris 1920-iani wlebis arqiteqturisadmimiZRvnil gamokvlevebs dRes sxva mniSvneloba aqvs. maTimniSvneloba didia im azriT, rom isini Tavs uyrian aRniSnuliperiodis faqtebsa da movlenebs, iZlevian procesebis pirvelSefasebebs da amas garda, Tavad es teqstebi warmogvidgebawyarod, masalad, romelic sabWoTa arqiteqturis kvlevisprocesSi niSandobliv daxmarebas gviwevs ama Tu im nagebobis,anda, mTlianad procesis Taviseburebebis gasagebad daSesafaseblad. meore mxriv, partiuli gadawyvetilebebis eWvqveSdayenebis da miTumetes, kritikis SeuZleblobis pirobebSi,arqiteqturuli procesebis obieqturobis TvalsazrisiT,srulyofili analizi ganuxorcielebeli mizani iqneboda daarc am gamokvlevebSia gamovlenili. amitom dReisaTvis,xelovnebaTmcodneobis amocanaTa rigSia sabWoTa epoqaSimimdinare arqiteqturuli da zogadad, mxatvruli procesebiskvleva, maTi gadaazreba.

sabWoTa arqiteqturaze qarTvel xelovnebaTmcodneTaganwerdnen: g. CubinaSvili, v. beriZe, n. janberiZe da sxvebi. erT-erTi adreuli da Zalze niSandoblivi gamokvleva v. beriZesekuTvnis. is 1955 welsaa gamoqveynebuli.2 ganixilavs ra1920-ian wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare arqiteqturul

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ganpirobebuli safuZveli gaxda sawarmoo xelovneba~, sawarmoskonstruireba~. erTi mxriv, xelovnebaSi mimdinare Ziebebi axaliformis SeqmnisaTvis, romelic gulisxmobda yovelive Zvelisdaviwyebas. meore mxriv, ki Teza _ xelovneba xelovnebisTvis~uaryofas.

termins `konstruqtivizmi~ gansakuTrebiT 1920 wlidaniyenebdnen mxatvrebi da arqiteqtorebi, magram 1922 welssabolood damkvidrda aleqsandr ganis wignis gamocemis Semdeg.rogorc cnobilia, konstruqtivizmi qadagebda arqiteqturulformaTa lakonizms, funqciurobas, axali masalebis gamoyenebas,uaryofda sxvadasxva istoriuli stilis dekoratiulobasada Semkobisken swrafvas. TavisTavad es ideebi 20-iani wlebisTvisaxali ar iyo: am droisaTvis arqiteqturaSi ukve arsebobdafunqcionalizmi, romelic imave princi pebs aviTarebda.miuxedavad saerToobisa, konstruqtivizms warmoSobis daarsebobis Taviseburi gza hqonda.

konstruqtivistuli ideebis siaxle misi gansakuTrebuladTamami proeqtebiT gamoixateboda. konstruqtivizmSi daibadadinamikuri formebis idea. konstruqtivistma naum gabom (1890-1977), romelic kinetikuri xelovnebis avangardSi dgas, scadaskulpturaSi Seetana dinamika, plastikuri xelovnebebisTviskidev erTi ganzomileba – dro daematebina. vladimer tatlinmaki arqiteqturaSi Semoitana dinamikuri formebis gageba_ is, ramac Tanamedrove, dRevandeli arqiteqtorebic miizida.vladimer tatlinma (1885-1953 ww.) sxva avangardistebismsgavsad, kavSiri gawyvita kompoziciis klasikur wesebTan dagamoiyena sufTa geometriuli formebi. sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT,is kidev ufro Sors wavida: Seecada daxrili, mrudigeometriuli, dinamikuri arqiteqturuli kompoziciebi Seeqmna.`tatlinis koSki~ tatlinis yvelaze cnobili nawarmoebia(sur. 13), romelic XX saukunis novatoruli miswrafebebisgamoxatulebaa. rogorc viciT, Zeglis 5 mertiani modelimoskovSi 1920 wlis dekemberSi daidga, roca iq sabWoebisVIII yriloba mimdinareobda. nagebobis simaRle eifelis koSkzeerTnaxevarjer didi unda yofiliyo. am 400 metrian Senobaskonkretuli utilitaruli daniSnuleba hqonda: is Cafiqrebuli

tradiciis gamovlenisadmi miswrafebas. ganviTarebis es orixazi, miuxedavad zogierTi cdisa, ZiriTadad paraleluradmiemarTeboda, ver poulobda organul Serwymas.~7

zogadad sxvadaxva avtorTa nawerebSi gansakuTrebuliaqcenti gakeTebulia imaze, rom arqiteqtura, mTavrobis sabWoTaadamianze zrunvis safuZvelze, mimarTulia xalxismoTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisken8 da `realisturiprincipebisTvis, ... formalisturi damaxinjebebis winaaRmdeg~.9

winamdebare naSromi miznad ar isaxavs yvela gamokvlevisfarTod g anxilvas . amitom am mokle mi moxilviTdavkmayofildebiT da gadavalT konstruqtivizmisa da 1920-iani wlebis qarTuli arqiteqturis daxasiaTebaze.

konstruqtivizmis Sesaxebkonstruqtivizmi, rogorc mxatvruli mimarTuleba,

arsebobda saxviT xelovnebaSi, fotografiaSi, gamoyenebiT-dekoratiul xelovnebaSi, arqiteqturaSi. is sabWoTa ruseTSiTavdapirvelad komunisturi mSeneblobis Tavisebur simbolos,axali qveynis konstruirebis gamoxatulebad gaiazreboda,mogvianebiT ki sabWoTa ideologebma burJuaziul movlenadgamoacxades da akrZales.

konstruqtivistulma arqiteqturam daaxloebiT aTi weliiarseba: misi dabadebis TariRad 1920 weli iTvleba, xolodasasrulad _ 1930-iani wlebis dasawyisi. 1920 welskonstruqtivizmis manifesti gamoica (avtorebi: Zmebi naumgabo da anton pevzneri). Tumca konstruqtivizmis, rogorcavangarduli xelovnebis mimarTulebis, Casaxva ukve 1914 wlidanSeiZleba moiniSnos. TviT saxelwodeba momdinareobs vladimertatlinis abstraqtuli reliefebidan, romlebsac is jer kidevrevoluciamde qmnida da konstruqciebs~ uwodebda.10 oqtombrisrevoluciis Semdeg, konstruqtivizmma gansakuTrebulimniSvneloba SeiZina. is proletaruli xelovnebis nawiladgadaiqca.

konstruqtivizmis warmoSobaSi didi roli iTamaSaxelovnebis modernistulma mimdinareobebma: futurizmma,suprematizmma, kubizmma da a. S. magram socialurad

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konsrtuqtivizmi da qarTuli arqiteqturakonstruqtivistuli ideebi 1920-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi

Semodis, magram aq mxatvruli viTareba gansxvavebuli iyo:1920-ian wlebSi erovnuli formis Ziebis sakiTxi Zalze mwvavedidga, gansxvavebiT sxva qveynebSi mimdinare procesebisagan:msoflios SemoqmedebiT Zalebs kacobriobis istoriisTanamedrove etapis Sesatyvisi, gazrdili teqnikuriSesaZleblobebis aTvisebisa da Sesabamisi formis arqiteqturisSeqmnisken swrafva mTavar amocanad esaxebodaT. maT winaSear idga sakiTxi SeeqmnaT erovnuli _ franguli, amerikuli,germanuli da a. S. arqiteqtura, Tumca, amocanaTa gadaWrisgzaze, TavisTavad, iseve rogorc Zvelad, adgilobrivi garemoebebigavlenas axdendnen arqiteqturaze. amitom

1920-ian wlebSi qarTuli arqiteqturis saxes gansxvavebuliamocanebi, gansxvavebuli viTarebac ganapirobebda: erTi mxriv,erovnul tradiciebze dafuZnebuli arqiteqturis Seqmniskenswrafva da meore mxriv, maSindeli uaxlesi mimdinareobis –konstruqtivizmis aTvisebisa. saqarTveloSi, miuxedavad mZimeistoriuli movlenebisa, es iyo Ziebebis, siaxlis Seqmniskenswrafvis periodi, roca inerciiT grZeldeboda is, rac winaaTeul wlebSi daiwyo.

saqarTvelom 1920-ian wlebSi damoukidebelma Seabija, magramSemdgom, damoukideblobadakargulic mcire xniT sazrdoobdaim SemoqmedebiTi ideebiT, romelTa aRmoceneba wina wlebsukavSirdeba. marTalia, sabWoTa mTavrobam advilad miiwerayvelafris damwyebis roli, magram faqtia, xelovnebis sferoSipartiuli iniciativebi Tavdapirvelad gamoxmaurebas verpoulobda, radgan SemoqmedTa Sinagan moTxovnilebas arwarmoadgenda. niSandoblivia is, rom sabWoTa periodisdasawyisSi monumenturi propagandis konkursi TbilisSi Cavarda,magram misi saxeliT 1922-23 wlebSi rusTavelze daidgaiakob nikolaZis gasabWoebamdeli namuSevrebi a. wereTlisada e. ninoSvilis qandakebebi. aseve iyo erovnuli muzeumismSeneblobis istoriac. qarTul xelovnebaTmcodneobaSi didixnis ganmavlobaSi iyo damkvidrebuli mcdari azri, rom muzeumismSeneblobis ganaxleba, gasabWoebis Semdgom 1923 wels daiwyo.

iyo rogorc administraciuli Senoba da msoflio revoluciiskomitetis saagitacio-propagandistuli centri. konstruqciaSedgeboda liTonis burjebisagan da oTxi sxvadasxvasiCqariT moZravi gamWvirvale moculobisagan. tatlinisCanafiqriT, masSi unda ganTavsebuliyo komitetis aRmasrulebeli,sakanonmdeblo da propagandistuli dawesebulebebi.grandiozuli Senoba-monumenti konstruirebuli iqnebodanovatoruli mxatvrul-plastikuri da sainJinro-teqnikuriformebiT. tatlinis ideebi CanafiqrTa doneze darCa iseve,rogorc sxva konstruqtivistTa proeqtebis umravlesoba.magaliTad, el lisickis horizontaluri caTambjenebi.

konstruqtivizmi ganviTarebas aRwevs Zmebi vesninebisSemoqmedebaSi. maT moRvaweoba jer kidev modernis xanaSidaiwyes, magram 1920-ian wlebSi ukve gamocdili ostatebi,konstruqtivizmisTvis sulSi Cafiqrebuli saxasiaToproeqtebis avtorebi gaxdnen. maT Seqmnes lakonuri,`proletaruli~ esTetika arqiteqturaSi. pirvelad vesninebmaTavi gamoiCines moskovis Sromis sasaxlis konkursze (1922w.), sadac warmoadgines proeqti, romelic gaTvlili iyolakonur formebze, axali konstruqciebisa da masalebisgamoyenebaze. maTi mniSvnelovani proeqti gazeT leningradskaiapravdas~ SenobisTvis Seiqmna. konstruqtivizmi, rogorc iTqva,1930-iani wlebidan aRkveTes, magram erTbaSad mainc ar momxdaramisi Sewyveta. sabWoTa avangarduli arqiteqturis mkvlevarmaselim han-magamedovma Semoitana postkonstruqtivizmis~ cneba.11

man calke gamoyo Taviseburi gardamavali etapi sabWoTaarqiteqturis istoriaSi: es etapi moicavs 1932-1936 wlebs,periods, roca ideologiuri da politikuri faqtorebisgavleniT konstruqtivizms cvlida stalinuri ampiri.ramdenadac Senobis Seqmna da ganxorcieleba dros moiTxovs,Canafiqris, proeqtisa da xorcSesxmul Senobas Soris ramdenimewelia, Senobebi, romelnic konstruqtivistulad iyoCafiqrebuli, 1941 wlamde Sendeboda. am periodSi mravaliSenoba, romelic konstruqtivistuli proeqtiT daiwyo,dasrulda gansxvavebulad. Senobebi mSeneblobis procesSigadaakeTes, dekoriT Seamkes. zogierTi mkvlevari ki am etapisSenobebs sabWoTa `ar dekos~ uwodebs.

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omamde daiwyo da SeCerda omis gamo. damoukidebelisaqarTvelos arsebobis periodSi, 1918 wels miiResgadawyvetileba muzeumis damTavrebis Sesaxeb. d. SevardnaZisSeTavazebiT konkursi gamocxadda. 1920 wlis ianvarSi kiSedga komisia. `sparsuli stili~ ar Seesabameba drosa daeris Rirsebas~ `moTxovnil iqnes Tavisufali SemoqmedebaqarTul erovnul xuroTmoZRvrebaSi asaxuli gzebis mixedviT~.1920 wlis 13 marts gamarTul sxdomaze g. CubinaSviligamovida, misi sityvis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi aseTia: `Senoba undagamoxatavdes Tavisufal SemoqmedebiT aTvisebul qarTvelieris suls~.

1920-iani wlebis xuroTmoZRvrebis erovnuli amocanebi,mniSvnelovanwilad am xazis gagrZelebad warmogvidgeba. XXs-is dasawyisidan, roca e. w. `qarTuli stilis~ SenobebiaSenda, 1920-ian wlebamde, Cans, arsebobda mimarTuleba,inteligenciaSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi azri, romelicinaxavda erovnul xuroTmoZRvrebaze dafuZnebuli axaliarqiteqturis Seqmnis ideas.

1920-ian wlebis dasawyisis Senobebi mowmoben, rom Ziebebimidis tradiciuli formebis aTvisebis mimarTulebiT. magaliTad,Cislievis proeqtiT aSenebuli tramvais muSaTa korpusebi(damT. 1926 wels), sadac ZvelTbilisuri aivniani saxlebisTemis gadamuSavebis mcdelobas vxedavT (sur. 16), xolo dekorSitradiciuli CuqurTmebis motivebia gamoyenebuli. imavemimarTulebas asaxavs kinostudiis Senoba (buzoRli), romelic1927 wels aSenda (sur. 15). arqiteqtors `citatebi mohyavs~Zveli qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebidan (samTaRiani karibWe, galerea,koSki, romelic svanuri koSkis formas imeorebs, dekorismotivebi). niSandoblivia, rom aq calkeuli formis gadmoRebaistoriuli periodis arqiteqturidan ki xdeba, magram axalmTlianobad SekavSirebis amocana Cans (ramdenad organuliaes ukve sxva sakiTxia!). am tendencias amJRavnebs istoriismuzeumis Senobac (arqiteqtori – n. severovi), romelic 1929wels dasrulda. Tumca arqiteqturuli amocanebi, erovnulimuzeumis erovnul stilSi gadawyvetis sakiTxi damoukidebelisaqarTvelos periodSi daisva: 1920 wlis ianvarSi Seiqmna

Tumca axali gamokvlevebiT sul sxva ram dadginda: d.TumaniSvilis mier Seswavlili masalebis mixedviT,damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobis periodSi araTuganaaxles muzeumis dasrulebaze zrunva, aramed Seiqmnasakonkurso komisia, SemuSavda misi xuroTmoZRvruliformebisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi.

erovnuli arqiteqturisadmi interess, tradiciebis aRdgenismcdelobebs qarTul arqiteqturaSi revoluciamde hqondaadgili. jer kidev XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze gamoikveTaerovnuli arqiteqturisadmi interesi da misi formebisdanergvis amocanac (qvaSueTis eklesia, qarTuli banki). amasmizezebi TviT sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare procesebiiyo: erovnuli Tavisuflebis ideebis gaZliereba, erovnuliidentobis Ziebasa da gamovlinebisken swrafva; Semdgom etapzeki saqarTvelos istoriis, qarTuli xelovnebis intensiurimecnieruli Seswavla, mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi. evropissaxelmwifoebSi erovnuli istoriisa da xelovnebis Seswavlasam droisaTvis ukve etapebi hqonda gavlili. iq XX s-isdasawyisSi ar idga amocanad daedginaT da daesabuTebinaTsakuTari xelovnebis istoriuli gza, TviTmyofadoba damxatvruli Rirebuleba. CvenSi ki xelovnebaTmcodneobas,mecnieruli meTodebiT qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebiskvlevas maSin eyreboda safuZveli, iwereboda qarTuliarqiteqturis istoria. dgindeboda da ikveTeboda diditradiciebis erovnuli xelovnebis saxe. SeuZlebelia amprocesebs gavlena ar moexdina arqiteqturul amocanebze, amaTu im Senobis SeqmnisTvis gamarTuli konkursebis komisiebSixom is adamianebi Sediodnen, romelnic istorias ikvlevdnen.am mxriv metad sainteresoa komisiaTa oqmebi. magaliTad, iliaWavWavaZis saflavis monumentisTvis gamarTuli konkursiskomisiisa (1908-1912 ww. mimdinare sxdomebis oqmebi). aqedanCans, rom isini avtorTagan iTxovdnen Canafiqris ganxorcielebaserovnuli mxatvruli formis farglebSi. kidev ufroniSandoblivia damoukidebeli saqarTvelos periodSigamocxadebuli erovnuli muzeumis proeqtis konkursisaTvisSeqmnili komisiis oqmi.12 muzeumis mSenebloba pirvel msoflio

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qarTul arqiteqturaSi konstruqtivizmis SemosvlasTanmimarTebaSi niSandoblivia 1926 weli, roca `zaria vastokas~redaqciis SenobisTvis konkursi gamocxadda. Senoba Semdgomd. Cislievis proeqtiT aSenda (1929 wels damTavrda)konstruqtivistul sulSi. n. severovis proeqtickonstruqtivistuli ideebiT iyo gajerebuli. Tumca ufrometi iyo qaRaldze datanili Canafiqri da gacilebiT naklebi– aSenebuli Senobebi. `zaria vastokas~ redaqciis Senoba(1926-1929), Tbilisis puris qarxana (1928-1929, arq. i.nesterovi) – konstruqtivizmis nimuSebia (sur. 17, 18), magramamierkavkasiis saxkomsabWos Senoba, romelic CitaZis quCazemdebareobs (damT. 1930), TbilisSi arsebul SenobaTagankonstruqtivizmis saukeTeso nimuSad unda miviCnioT (sur.19). mis Seqmnaze muSaobdnen Tavisi drois mSvenieri ostatebi:arqiteqtori iyo nikoloz severovi (kalaSnikovismonawileobiT), reliefebi kibis ujredSi Seasrula nikolozkandelakma, sxdomaTa darbazi moxates mxatvrebma: lanseremda kiril zdaneviCma. aq interierSi, rogorc im epoqasSeefereboda, ganTavsebuli iyo leninis skulpturuli portretimxatvrobiTa da keramikuli filebiT gaformebuli. mxatvrobacindustriisa da soflis meurneobis Temebs eZRvneboda, magramSemdgom mxatvruli formis gamo dawunebulTa rigSi aRmoCndada xelovnebis es nimuSebi ideologiur miTiTebebs Seewira.rogorc n. janberiZe wers, isini zedmetad sqematuri damodernizebuli iyo.16

severovma arqiteqturul gadawyvetaSi didi yuradRebamiaqcia masaTa harmonias. siaxle isaa, rom ostatis yuradRebakoncentrirdeba arqiteqturul moculobebze, konstruqciulsicxadeze da ara calkeul fasadze, an dekorsa da ornamentze.formebiTa da masebiT metyvelebaze zrunva gamoikveTa imiTac,rom arqiteqtorma masaTa danawevrebaSi oqros kveTis principebigamoiyena.

20-iani wlebis miwuruls SemuSavebuli konstruqtivistuliproeqtebi aRar ganxorcielda. ar aSenebula giorgi leJavasvaWrobis muSakTa klubi, romelic sanapirosa da marjaniSvilisquCis kuTxeSi unda aegoT (axla iq wignis saxli dgas,

erovnuli muzeumis damamTavrebeli komisia, romlis muSaobisdrosac gamoikveTa idea da amocana, rom `Senoba undagamoxatavdes Tavisufali SemoqmedebiT aTvisebul qarTvelieris suls~.13 es idea, rogorc Cans, 1920-iani wlebisarqiteqturis erovnuli mimarTulebis Ziebebs gansazRvravda.

axladSemosuli konstruqtivistuli ideebic miRebul iqnada ara uaryofili. maSin arqiteqtori m. maWavariani werda:

`konstruqtivizmis mimarTuleba Tavis dadebiT, saR Sedegsmoitans. saxeldobr mas, rom is gaswmends kompozicias imgadametebul, cru warmodgenebisagan, romlis mixedviTkompozicia TiTqmis marto fasadis RirsebiT fasdeboda. iseTifasadis, romelic organulad ar iyo dakavSirebuli gegmasTan,ar gamomdinareobda misgan da aramcTu srulebiT ar amJRavnebdakonstruqcias da Senobis Sinagan moculobis xasiaTs, aramedzogjer ganzrax malavda mas~.14

Zalze mniSvnelovania, rom arqiteqtori m. maWavarianiprofesiul amocanebsa da arqiteqturis samomavloganviTarebaze gamoTqvams azrs: `Tu masalasa da konstruqciasvarguneT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, [...] Cven gveqneba usasrulo,Tumc ki gamZle ConCxi... namdvili qarTuli stilis sulisada xasiaTis gadmocemas metad davSordebiT da SesaZloasrulebiTac ver SevqmnaT qarTuli stilis momagonebeli ram.maSasadame Cvens stilSi ar unda hqondes adgili fetiSizmsda konstruqtivizmis uaRresad ganxorcieleba-gaRmerTebas.[...] saWiroa wlebi, saWiroa mravali Senobis ageba, romsimravleSi, sxvadasxvaobaSi gamoisaxos qarTuli stilissxvadasxva midrekilebani, rom Sesrulebul naSenTa daparalelurad mecnierul da sxva muSaobis gaRrmavebasTanerTad, TandaTanobiT Camoyalibdes qarTuli stili.~ m.maWavarianis 1927 wels15 daweril am sityvebSi axlisa datradiciulis organuli dakavSirebis amocana ikveTeba, magramistoriuli procesi ise warimarTa, rom am amocanam ver hpovarealuri xorcSesxma da konstruqtivizmi saqarTveloSimcdelobebad darCa. ganxorcielda mxolod 20-iani wlebisSua xanebSi Cafiqrebuli proeqtebi.

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partiis azriT, ki nagebobebi socialisturi cxovrebis sixaruls,epoqis ideebis sidiades da miswrafebebs unda asaxavdes~.18

1936 wels Catarda saqarTvelos arqiteqtorTa yriloba,romelzec mkafiod iTqva brZolis aucileblobis Sesaxeb`sabWoTa arqiteqturisTvis yvela miuRebeli tendenciiswinaaRmdeg, ara marto `konstruqtivizmis~ da ZvelqarTuliarqiteqturis ara kritikuli aTvisebis winaaRmdeg, aramedekleqtizmisa da arqiteqturisadmi meSCanuri damokidebulebiswinaaRmdeg~.19

ukve am periodisaTvis konstruqtivizmis gamovlinebebigaqra qarTuli arqiteqturidan. TiTqos imasac Seecadnen`daefaraT isic, rac ramdenime wlis win Sescodes~ da daiwyokonstruqtivistuli Senobebis gadakeTeba (mag. ukve 1932 welsgadaakeTes samkurnalo sammarTvelos saavadmyofo, wignis saxli,xolo 1934 wels _ samedicino institutis korpusi. somxuridramis Teatris proeqti Secvlil iqna. am droidan TbilisisSenobebSi gzas ikafavda stalinuri ampiri...

k o n stru qti v i z m i s m n i S v n elob a q arTuliarqiteqturisTvis

konstruqtivizmis mniSvneloba ar ifargleba mxolodsabWoeTis xelovnebis istoriis masStabiT, radgan is Tavisiaxali formis ZiebebiT msoflio xelovnebis saerTo tendenciebsesityveboda, Semdgom ki misma ostatebma gavlena moaxdinesdasavlur xelovnebaze. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSimas ar hqonia didi gasaqani da arc didi SemoqmedebiTiamofrqveva am mimarTulebaSi CvenSi ar yofila, misi arsebobametad mniSvnelovani iyo. im periodis arqiteqtorTa aramxolod interesi, aramed met-naklebad warmatebulieqsperimentebi konstruqtivistul sulSi, mowmobs maTTanamedrove arqiteqturaSi mimdinare procesebis Tanaziarobas,siaxlisadmi gaxsnilobas, adgilobrivi garemoebebiT nakarnaxeviamocanebisa da Tanamedroveobis teqnikuri ganviTarebisSesabamisobaSi moyvanisken swrafvas, rac iyo dadebiTi damniSvnelovani movlena qarTul arqiteqturaSi. 1920-ianiwlebis qarTuli arqiteqtura da Sesabamisad, isic, rac

aSenebuli stalinuri arqiteqturis sulSi). g. leJavas proeqtimowmobs, rom is severovis midgomas agrZelebda. es iyosworkuTxa, sxvadasxva proporciis arqiteqturulimoculobebis kompozicia, sada formebiTa da fasadze lentisebrgadaWimuli sarkmlebiT. konsrtuqtivistul sulSi iyo Tbilisiskulturis sasaxlisTvis warmodgenili proeqtebic... magram30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi mdgomareoba Seicvala...

1929-30 wlebSi SemuSavebul konstruqtivistul proeqtebsganxorcieleba aRar eweraT. isini qaRaldze darCa, radganbolSevikurma xelisuflebam arqiteqturas es gza dauwunada Tavisi mkacri xeliT sxva mimarTulebisken Semoabruna.amdenad, qaRaldze darCa arqiteqtorTa mizanswrafvani, romelnicTeoriuli naazrevSi m. maWavarianma gamoxata da gulisxmobdaaxali masalebis, novatoruli ideebis da adgilobrivigaremoebebiT nakarnaxevi qarTuli arqiteqturis moTxovnilebebisSerwymisken swrafvas, TandaTanobiT axali stilis Camoyalibebas.

1930 wels f. maxaraZe werda: `didi nakli mSeneblobisdargSi iyo axladagebuli Senobebis umsgavso stili. Cvenmogvaxvies Tavze qarTuli stilis saxelwodebiT Zvelieklesiebisa da cixe-koSkebis stili, romelic yovladdauSvebeli da miuRebeli iyo sabWoTa mSeneblobaSi...SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom Cveni mSenebloba savsebiTganTavisuflda am uvargisi stilisgan, romlis winaaRmdegkidev saWiroa brZola~.17

SemTxveviTi araa aq sityvebi `uvargisi stili~, `umsgavsostili~, mis `...winaaRmdeg kidev saWiroa brZola~. es ukvemowmobs mTavrobis arqiteqturis sakiTxebiT gacxovelebuldainteresebas, arqiteqturis marTvis, misi damorCilebis survils.qarTuli formebi da CuqurTmebi maTTvis saZulvel eklesiebsada Zvel dros axsenebda bolSevikebs. maT uaryves memkvidreobacda novatorobac da arqiteqturis moTviniereba ganizraxes.

kritika daimsaxura konstuqtivizmmac. mas adanaSaulebdnen`konkretul socialur garemosgan mowyvetaSi, kosmopoliturabstraqtulobaSi~, imaSi rom igi moklebulia arqiteqturulformaTa sazeimo xasiaTs, STambeWdavobasa da monumenturobas.

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16. dasax. naSromi, gv. 90.

17. f. maxaraZe, axali mSenebloba tfilisSi, gazeTi komunisti~, 19.07,# 168, 1930.18. sabWoTa arqiteqtorTa kavSiris wesdeba, 1937, gv.10 (rusulad)19. saqarTvelos sabWoTa arqiteqtorebis yriloba. saq. sabWoTa

arqiteqtorebis kavSiris erTdrouli gazeTi. 1936. Tebervali.

beriZe v., qarTuli sabWoTa arqiteqturis istoria, qarTuli xelovneba,

4, 1955;TumaniSvili d., xuroTmoZRvreba da mSenebloba 1917-1920 wlebissaqarTveloSi. gzajvaredinze, Tb., 2008, gv. 238-239.kinwuraSvili q., XX saukunis xelovneba, Tb., 2006

maWavariani m. `qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba da misi perspeqtivebisSesaxeb, teqnika da cxovreba~, # 11-12, 1927, gv. 45-47.CubinaSvili g., sabWoTa saqarTvelos arqiteqtura, sabWoTa xelovneba,#1-2, 1941, gv. 72-77.

janberiZe n., qarTuli sabWoTa arqiteqtura, Tb., 1977jaSi n., socialisturi Tbilisis xuroTmoZRvreba, Tb., 1983 maxaraZe f., axali mSenebloba tfilisSi, `komunisti, 19.07. 1930,#168

Иконников А. В. Архитектура Москвы. XX век. М., 1984. Хан-Магомедов С. О. Архитектура советского авангарда. М., 1996.

naSromi momzadebulia rusTavelis fondis mierdafinansebuli proeqtis farglebSi.

arqiteqturis amocanad gamJRavnda mixeil maWavarianis TeoriulnaazrevSi, mowmobs, rom Sinagani mzaoba saqarTveloSi arsebulSemoqmedebiT Zalebs hqondaT gansxvavebuli problemebisgadaWrisken. es iyo Tanamedrove arqiteqturis aTvisebisa daerovnulTan daaxloebis problema.

Zneli saTqmelia ra Sedegs gamoiRebda SemdgomSi es xazi,rom ara im periodis arqiteqturis saxis ganmsazRvreli mesamefaqtori – ideologiuri diqtati.

1. e. kavini, marqsizm-leninizmis institutis saqarTvelos filialisSenobis moculobiT-sivrcobrivi kompozicia, sabWoTa xelovneba, 6 1958,

gv. 37-42.2. v. beriZe, qarTuli sabWoTa arqiteqturis istoria, qarTuli xelovneba,4, 1955. gv. 81-96.3. n. janberiZe, qarTuli sabWoTa arqiteqtura, Tb., 1977, gv. 19.4. v. beriZe, dasax. naSromi, gv. 92

5. v. beriZes garemoebebi aiZulebs, sabWoTa periodis arqiteqturiskritika partiuli gadawyvetilebebis zogierTis mxridan arasworigagebiT SeniRbos. man, XIX-XX s-is dasawyisis rqiteqturis mkvlevarmakargad uwyoda, rom erovnuli arqiteqturiT dainereseba gacilebiT

adre daiwyo. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos arsebobis periodSimemkvidreobis SemoqmedebiTi aTvisebis sakiTxi idga. amaze ix.: TumaniSvilid., xuroTmoZRvreba da mSenebloba 1917-1920 wlebis saqarTveloSi.wignSi: gzajvaredinze, Tb., 2008, gv. 238-239.6. iqve, gv. 88, 92.7. n. janberiZe, qarTuli sabWoTa arqiteqtura, Tb., 1977, gv.1108. n. janberiZe, qarTuli sabWoTa arqiteqtura, Tb., 1971, gv. 109; aseve,9. n. jaSi, socialisturi Tbilisis xuroTmozRvreba, Tb., 1983, gv. 17.

10. q. kinwuraSvili, XX saukunis xelovneba, Tb., 2006 gv.57.11. Хан-Магомедов С. О. Архитектура советского авангарда. Ì., 1996.12. TumaniSvili d., xuroTmoZRvreba da mSenebloba 1917-1920 wlebissaqarTveloSi. wignSi: gzajvaredinze, Tb., 2008, gv. 238-239.

13. g. CubunaSvilis sityvebi mohyavs d. TumaniSvils, gzajvaredinze, gv.239.14. m. maWavariani, qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba da misi perspeqtivebisSesaxeb, teqnika da cxovreba~, #11-12. 1927. gv.46-47.

15. iqve, gv.47.

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SemoqmedebaSi evropuli avangardis miRwevebi. es sakiTxi davasar iwvevs, Tumca meore mxarea, Tu sad aris mijna maTSemoqmedebaSi, romelic qarTul sawyissa da evropul avangardserTmaneTTan akavSirebs? amjerad SevCerdebi erT maTganze,lado gudiaSvilze da kerZod misi mxatvrobis konkretulaspeqtze, romelic pirdapir epasuxeba 10-20-iani wlebisevropuli modernizmis erT-erT umTavres, saxviTi xelovnebiswinaSe epoqis mier dayenebul amocanas: adamianis sxeulisgadmocema ara klasikuri, aramed Tanamedrove naxatiT;saxviTobis SenarCunebis da amave dros naxatis axali xasiaTisSeqmnis TvalsazrisiT.

am amocanis gadawyvetis saintereso da individualurmeTodebs gasuli saukunis pirvel ori aTwleulSi gvTavazobenpikaso _ eqspresiuli deformaciis xerxiT, Sagali _ bavSvuradalogikurad naxatSi, kompoziciaSi da ferSi adekvaturisemantikuri TamaSebis mignebiT, modiliani _ formisgeometriuli da xazovan karkasamde dayvaniT, sutini formisukiduresi deformaciis pirobebSi saxviTi aspeqtis sruliSenarCunebiT da sxvani (sur. 20, 22).

lado gudiaSvilis mxatvrobaSi Tanamedrove naxatiTsxeulis gadmocemis amocana Semoqmedebis adreul etapzevegvxvdeba. (mag. sur. 21) igi mxatvrul azrovnebas Tanamedrovemxatvrobis am uarsebiTesi problemis gaazrebiT iwyebs. esmisi mxatvrobis yvelaze saxasiaTo mxare da mxatvrulirangis TvalsazrisiT saukeTeso gamovlinebaa. sanammodernistul xazs ganvixilavT, gudiaSvilis naxatze saubrisasramdenime faqtoria gasaTvaliswinebeli: I – 1916-17 wlebSiis monawileobas iRebs eqvTime TayaiSvilis mier mowyobileqspediciebSi da akeTebs qarTuli Zeglebis Canaxatebsa dafreskebis aslebs1. Sesabamisad, eufleba qarTul nacionalurmxatvrobas da monumenturi mxatvrobis meTodebi gaTavisebuliaqvs; II _ icnobs da moxiblulia firosmanis mxatvrobiT, racdid gavlenas moaxdens mis Semoqmedebaze; III _ dainteresebuliairanuli mxatvrobiT da xazis stilizaciis miseul variantSiSesaZloa garkveuli gamoZaxili iranuli mxatvrobisa davinaxoT(Tumca iranul mxatvrobas is ufro sagrZnobad mogvianebiT

ekaterine kiknaZe

`erovnuli forma~ da evropuli

avangardi XX saukunis 10-iani 20-iani

wlebis mxatvrobaSi

(lado gudiaSvilis Semoqmedebis magaliTze)

yoveli xelovneba, yoveli eri iqmneba erovnul CarCoebSi,mxolod maSin aqvs mas fasi da gamarTleba...

mxolod erovnul farglebSi aRmocenebul formaseZleva saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba...

Salva qiqoZe

qarTuli kulturis mravalsaukunovani arsebobis yvelaetapze erovnuli formaTqmnadobis procesi saintereso daTviTmyofadi iyo. dasavluri da aRmosavluri civilizaciebisgasayarze mdebare qveyanas ucxo kulturis gamocdilebisSemoqmedebiT-inteleqtualuri gaazreba da Sedegad unikalurierovnuli formis SemuSaveba, arsebobis yvela etapzeaxasiaTebda. es sakiTxi aranaklebi simZafriT dadga qarTulisaxviTi xelovnebis winaSe XX saukunis pirvel ocwleulSi,rodesac manamde biurokratiul-Cinovnikuri imperiis provinciadqceuli saqarTvelo evropuli avangardis talRam moicva daqveyanaSi asparezze gamovida mxatvarTa axali Taoba, romelTacsakuTari Semoqmedeba mxolod regionaluri CarCoebisgangaaTavisufles da msoflio xelovnebis avangardis miRwevebiserovnul niadagze integracia scades.

daviT kakabaZe, racionalizmiTa da utyuari mxatvruligemovnebiT, lado gudiaSvili, mZafrad saxasiaTo eqspresiiT,elene axvlediani, Tavis lirikuli intuiturobiT da qeTomaRalaSvili, obieqturi midgomiTa da TandayolilikeTilSobilebiT _ es oTxi, mkafiod gamoxatuli individi,mxatvrul-stilisturi mTlianobiTa da qarTuli realobisTvismxatvruli amocanebis axlebur, gansxvavebul WrilSi xedvisTvalsazrisiT, dRemde, qarTuli mxatvrobis umTavres siamayedmiiCneva. maTze saubrisas yovelTvis aRiniSneba ramdenadinteleqtualur da maRalmxatvrul donezea gaazrebuli maT

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matisi, didi xnis muSaobis Semdeg uari Tqva sxeulis`gaTanamedrovebaze~. mxolod es faqtic ki sakmarisiamagaliTisTvis, Tu ramdenad rTulia, matisis rangismxatvrisTvisac ki, naxatis axal enaze ametyveleba.

am fonze miT ufro sainteresoa lado gudiaSvilis fenomeni,romelic problemas TviTnabadi artistulobiT daSemoqmedebiTad laRad wyvets. saocari eqspresiiT da mkafiodritmizebuli naxatiT suraTSi `xaSi~, naxatis udidesisaxovanebiT da mxatvrul saxesTan organuli kavSiriT suraTSi`kintoebis qeifi qalTan~, sadac nakvTebis talRovani ritmida iqve, kuTxovaneba organul da cocxal monacvleobaSierwymis erTmaneTs... gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia isic, rom amrangis suraTebs gudiaSvili qmnis parizSi wasvlamde, jerkidev TbilisSi yofnisas 1918-1919 wlebSi, sanam im garemoSimoeqceva, rac parizSi trialebs da mis informaciul nakadsmiiRebs. ase rom, is ganzogadebuli formisa da Tanamedrovenaxatis Sexamebas, anu, Tanamedrove mxatvrobis erT-erT yvelazesaintereso problemas, Wris sruliad originaluri xerxiTda im mxatvrul doneze, romelzec mxolod iseTi rangismxatvrebma moaxerxes, rogorebic iyvnen pikaso, ruo, Sagali,modiliani. Tavis Semoqmedebis adreul etapze is qmnisTanamedrove mxatvrobas im maRali standartiT, romelsacmxolod ramdenime mxatvari Seswvda.

paralelisTvis, unda iTqvas, rom am periodis qarTulmxatvrobaSi msgavsi amocana ase gamoxatulad aravisTan dgas.portretisti qeTo maRalaSvili, portretis Janris realisturibunebidan gamomdinare, realistur naxats ar scdeba, es araris mis interesSi; iseve rogorc elene axvledianTan; naxatisindividualur sistemas ayalibebs, magram aseve gansxvavebulimxatvruli interesi aqvs daviT kakabaZes da misTvis deformaciada simZafre Sinagani zomierebidan da antimaneruli bunebidangamomdinare, ucxoa; deformaciis xerxs mimarTavs Salva qiqoZe,magram masTan es ufro modernisa da simbolizmis erTgvarsiuJetur nazavSi gamoixateba, vidre eqspresiaSi. ammimarTulebiT gudiaSvili, qarTul mxatvrobaSi, marto muSaobs.

mimarTavs, vidre Semoqmedebis im periodSi, romelsac CvenganvixilavT. aseve, unda aRiniSnos, rom es gavlena masTanmxolod naxatSi vlindeba da arc erT etapze ferSi).Sesabamisad, safuZvlidanve gudiaSvilis esTetika sufTadqarTulia, ara mxolod genetikuri, aramed mxatvruli formisada esTetikis TvalsazrisiT; freskuli mxatvrobis gavlenaikiTxeba formis monumentalizmSi, saerTo sibrtyovanebaSi,vertikaluri aqcentebis siWarbesa da maT specifikurgadanawilebaSi zedapirze; rac Seexeba firosmans, gudiaSvilmamisgan Zveli Tbilisis Tematika da saxeobrivi sistema –kintoebi, meduqneebi, moqeifeebi aiRo, Tumca sruliad sxvainterpretacia misca. rogorc aRniSnavs vaxtang beriZe2, orimxatvari erTsa da imaves xatavs, Tumca sxvadasxvagvaridamokidebulebiT... is, rac firosmanisTvis organuli garemoda kargad nacnobi adamianebia, gudiaSvilisTvis, _ sainteresoddanaxuli egzotikaa, romelic Zalze izidavs. firosmanisgansulierebuli statikuri figurebi masTan dinamikurni xdebianda erTgvar dekadensur gamomsaxvelobiT simZafres iZenen.aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom firosmani fermweria da mis mxatvrulsistemaSi naxatis roli naklebia, xolo gudiaSvilTan piriqiT,eqspresiuli, maneruli, deformirebuli xazi dominantia damisi mxatvrobis mTavari faqtori.

rac Seexeba gudiaSvilis naxatis mimarTebas evropulmxatvrobasTan, paralelebis gavlebisas Cans, rom Tanamedrovemxatvrobis istoriaSi gudiaSvilis pasuxi sxeulis TanamedrovenaxatiT gadmocemis amocanaze, am problemis gadaWris sruladoriginaluri da erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso variantia. masSemdeg rac postimpresionistul etapze naxati kvlav`dabrunda~ mxatvrul sistemaSi, sxvadasxva mxatvarTan misaraerT variacias vxedavT: tuluz lotrekTan, mTelgamomsaxvelobiT simZafresTan erTad, naxats xSirad ufrokarikaturis elferi aqvs, vidre realisturi naxatis axleburiinterpretaciisa, rac arasdros ar gvxvdeba gudiaSvilTan;masTan arc is ekleqturoba da tkbili stilizebaa, racmodernis stilis mxatvrebTan, berdsleisTan, an klimtTanSeiZleba vnaxoT; iseTi rangis mxatvarma, rogoric aris anri

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Llali osefaSvili

XX saukunis dasawyisis qarTuli

monumenturi mxatvrobis Taviseburebani

XIX-XX saukuneTa mijnaze qarTul xelovnebasa dakulturaSi arsebiTi xasiaTis Zvrebi xdeba. asparezze gamodianucxoeTSi profesiamiRebuli mxatvrebi, fexs ikidebs ismxatvruli mimdinareobebi, rac evropaSi an ukve ganvlilia anaxla iwyebs aRmocenebas, am ukanasknelSi ufro mxedvelobaSi`modernis~ stili maqvs. igi gansakuTrebiT CvenSi maSin SemoiWra,roca parizidan e. w. `oTxeuli~ Camovida (1, 70). damkvidrdasuraTis axali stilistika, anu dazgurma ferweram qarTulkulturis sivrceSi Tavisi gamorCeuli adgili daimkvidra.

XX saukunis 10-20-iani wlebidan moRvaweobs adgilobrivmxatvarTa erTi pleada, romelnic kvlavac agrZelebenmonumenturi ferweris tradiciebs. amaTgan 1919 wels kafe`qimerioni~ moixata sergei sudeikinis, lado gudiaSvilisada daviT kakabaZis mier (2, 284), xolo saeklesio mxatvrobasqmnidnen: gigo zaziaSvili _ XIX saukunis realisturimxatvrobis mimdevari mxatvari, akademiuri mxatvrobiskenmidrekili nikoloz andreevi, mixeil nesterovi, romelsacromantizmis da modernizmis niSnebi axasiaTebs, henrih hrinevski,Tavisi neoklasicisturi gavleniT, dimitri SevardnaZe, romelicgermanuli akademizmisa da XIX saukunis bolos rusulimodernizmis gavleniT xasiaTdeba (3, 24).

sainteresoa, rom am fonze ikveTeba qarTvel TviTnaswavlmxatvarTa memkvidreoba, romelnic, erTi mxriv, Zvel qarTultradiciebs agrZeleben da meore mxriv, axal mxatvrul xerxebseuflebian. rodesac qarTvel TviTnaswavlebze vsaubrobT, pirvelyovlisa niko firosmani warmogvidgeba, arada XIX-XX saukuneTamijnaze moRvaweobda grigol (gigo) zaziaSvili. mxatvari,romelic aqamde, TiTqmis, ucnobi iyo, ukanaskneli gamokvlevebisSedegad sazogadoebisTvis met-naklebad cnobili xdeba (2).1

ZiriTadad Tavisi monumenturi ferweris nimuSebiT, es iqnebaeklesiebis kedelTa moxatulobani, Tu sadarbazos gaformeba.

ase rom, rodesac dgeba sakiTxi, Tu sad aris qarTuli dara aris evropuli Tanamedrove qarTul mxatvrobaSi,konkretulad ki mis erT-erT yvelaze sainteresowarmomadgenelTan – lado gudiaSvilTan, pasuxs SuasaukuneebisqarTuli monumenturi mxatvrobis, firosmanis mxatvrulisamyaros da Tanamedrove, ukiduresad eqspresiuli da amavedros ritmulad organizebul da individualur sistemaSivxedavT. da am TvalsazrisiT misi 10-20-iani wlebis Semoqmedebaerovnuli formadqmnadobisa da Tanamedrove mxatvrobisproblematikis iSviaTi rangis sinTezad gvevlineba.

1919 wls gudiaSvili daviT kakabaZesTan erTad parizSimiemgzavreba. 1925 wlis miwuruls, saqarTveloSi dabrunebuls,ki socialisturi qveyana, Secvlili mxatvruli garemo dagansxvavebuli mxatvruli moTxovnebi xvdeba, romelsacxelovans ideologiuri cenzura uyenebs da romlisTvisacarc gudiaSvilis mxatvruli samyaroa misaRebi, misi kintoebiTada yaraCoRelebiT da arc misi mZafrad eqspresiuli manera.

1 T. sanikiZe, lado gudiaSvili, saqarTvelos sainformacio saagento.Tbilisi. 19792 В. Беридзе Н. Езерская, Искусство советской Грузии, изд, Советскийхудожник. Москва . 1975

g. xoStaria ,,uaxlesi drois – modernizmis xelovnebismxatvruli msoflxedvis specifika ,, ARS GEOGRICA~

eleqtronuli Jurnali. seria BКеннет Кларк Нагота в искусстве Санкт-петербург ,,Азбука-классика,,2004Авторский коллектив ,,Эстетика и терия искусства XX века ,, Прогресс-Традиция Москва 2007

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Semedarebina cota mogvianebiT missave Sesrulebul dazgursuraTebTan: zaqaria WiWinaZis portreti, episkopos gabrielisportreti, ilia WavWavaZis portreti, i. imedaSvilis portretida sxva, romelnic daculia saqarTvelos xelovnebis sax.muzeumSi.

Tamar mefis gamosaxuleba SemorCenilia wm. nikolozistaZris gumbaTqveSa burjze, gajiT Selesilze zeTis saRebaviTaaSesrulebuli. foni or nawiladaa gayofili, qveda miwierebisaRmniSvneli SedarebiT Tbil tonalobaSia gadawyvetili, xolozeda, romelic TiTqmis, mTel vertikals auyveba cisferSi,saxis gaswvriv foni mTlianad TeTria.Aam Taviseburebebzecota qvemoT SevaCereb yuradRebas.

Tamars mosavs tradiciuli, Sua saukuneebSi bizantiasa damisi wris qveynebSi farTod gavrcelebuli loratiuli samefoSesamoseli, romlis Seferiloba, ase vTqvaT, ufro axalia,vidre sinqronuli periodis nimuSebisken.Aaqve SevniSnav, romsamoseli, romelic yovelmxriv Sedgeba Sua saukuneebSigavrcelebul samefo insigniebisagan, Sesrulebis TvalsazrisiTerTob mokrZalebulia. g. zaziaSvili mxatvrulad aformebsmxolod maniakions. arc qoba, arc loroni Tavisi CamoSvebuli,Tu mklavze gadaxveuli boloebiT ar aris Semkuli, anugamosaxuleba moklebulia mxatvrul-dekoratiuli gaformebistendenciebs. Aaqve yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi momenti: Tu SuasaukuneebSi gamosaxuleba sibrtyeze iyo orientirebuli daabsoluturad sibrtyiT xasiaTs atarebda, axla ukve es momentimet-naklebad qreba.

mxatvris mier figuris dayeneba ukve drois axalmoTxovnebs eqvemdebareba. amgvar pozas, SesaZloa, erTgvarimsubuqi kontrapostic ki vuwodoT. igi marjvena fexze myaraddgas, marcxena ki cota ganze gaudgams.Bbisonis Targi, aWrilobakalTebisken ganivrdeba, amasTan, mZime qsovili nakecebad,drapirebad eSveba, rac figuras met monumenturobas sZens daimavdroulad, wmidanis amaRlebuli figura erTgvardistanciasac ki inarCunebs mlocvelTan, mWvretelTandamokidebulebaSi. mis marcxena xelSi Tavi mouyria mklavzegadafenili loronis qsovils, rac metad saintereso moments

g. zaziaSvils Tavisi moRvaweobis dasawyisSi saeklesiomxatvrobiT gauTqvams saxeli. 1894 wels igi gadadis quTaisSi,sadac iwyebs kankelis xatebze muSaobas, aseve gauformebiamravali eklesia: simoneTi, geguTi, gelaTi, mowameTa da sxv. (3,87). 1914 wels brundeba TbilisSi, saxldeba CuRureTisnikolozis eklesiaSi. marTalia, misi saxli dRes aRar arsebobs,magram eklesiis ezoSi SemorCenilia abra, romelic gvamcnobs:`mxatvari gigo zaziaSvili _ vRebulob SekveTebs.~

interess iwvevs is garemoeba, rom man jer kidev quTaisSiyofnisas, rogorc misi mowafe iv. vefxvaZe ixsenebs, saxelosnocki gaxsna (3, 87). TbilisSi gadmosvlisas ukve mraval SekveTasRebulobs. Cvenamde SemorCa mis mier moxatuli saeklesiomxatvrobis ori nimuSi: SiomRvimis monasterSi arsebuliepiskopos aleqsandre oqropiriZis gamosaxuleba da CuRureTisnikolozis eklesiaSi Tamar mefisa da daviT aRmaSeneblisgamosaxulebani. samwuxarod, es ukanaskneli figura dReisTvisTavidanaa gadawerili, ramdenadac zaziaSviliseuli mxatvrobadaikarga, met-naklebad ukeT SemorCa Tamar mefis gamosaxuleba,rac gvaZlevs saSualebas Tvali gavadevnoT, qarTulimonumenturi ferweris ganviTarebas gvian Sua saukuneebidanaxla ukve XX saukunis dasawyisiTa da Semdgom ukve XX-XXIsaukuneTa mijnamde.

me Sevecdebi zaziaSviliseuli Tamar mefis gamosaxulebaganvixilo mis mierve Sesrulebul dazgur ferweris portretisJanris nawarmoebebTan mimarTebaSi, radgan vfiqrob, SesrulebisTvalsazrisiT, mravali paraleluri plasti ikveTeba.

cnobilia, rom Tamar mefis oTxi freskuli gamosaxulebaSemogvrCa: pirvelia varZiisa da Semdeg sami danarCeni _ beTania,yinwvisi da berTubani. mogvianebiT, roca daiwyes wm. Tamarmefis gamosaxulebaTa, ase vTqvaT, tiraJireba, mxatvrebimimarTaven wm. Tamar mefis e. w. beTaniiseul freskas.Aaq igiukve gardacvlil mama-mefis giorgi III-isa da Tavisi Zis _laSa giorgis gverdiTaa warmodgenili (amis nimuSebia: g.zaziaSvili, d. SevardnaZe, v. sidamon-erisTavi (2, 124).

g. zaziaSvilis xelweris ufro mkafio daxasiaTebis mizniT,Sevecade nikolozis eklesiis Tamar mefis gamosaxuleba

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wmidanis saxeze, TiTqos, amgvari ganmarteba savsebiT misaRebia,magram Cveulebriv ferwerul tiloebze igi sul sxvadatvirTvas iZens. magaliTisTvis, zaqaria WiWinaZis portreti.Aaq igi xels uwyobs saxis rbil modelirebas, Suq-Crdilisferadovan gradacias, saxis nakvTebis, Tu WaRara fafuki wverisgamokveTas, anu es aris neitraluri fonidan figuris mkafiogamoyofis erT-erTi xerxi, romelic realisturi mimdinareobisdazgur ferweraSi srulyofildeba.

sainteresoa, rom mxatvars, romelsac specialuri samxatvro,akademiuri ganaTleba arc ki miuRia, ise daostatda gigogabaSvilis gverdiT, rom masTan aTvisebuli dazguri ferwerisxerxebi, tradiciul monumentur mxatvrobasTan Seajera dametad saintereso mxatvruli sinTezi SemogvTavaza.

aqve yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi detalic: Tamar mefis saxemoklebulia im Sua sukuneobriv, ase vTqvaT, pirobiTobasa daxazgasmul sibrtyobriobas, romelzedac zemoT ukve aRvniSne,magram aq aris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti: gamqraliais simbolikac, rac Tan axlda Sua saukuneebis gamosaxulebas.magaliTisTvis, daxveuli gragnili. sayovelTaod cnobilia,rom gragnili da Tanac daxveuli, damaxasiaTebeli atributiaqriste macxovrisa, romelic ioanes ,,gamocxadebis” mixedviT,meored mosvlis Jams gaixsneba da amdenad, esqatologiurixasiaTi gaaCnia. gaSlili gragnilebiT gamoisaxebian aseveZveli aRTqmis winaswarmetyvelebi; xolo, Tamar mefis xelSidaxveul gragnils rac Seexeba, igi, Cemi azriT, pirobiTsaxes atarebs. Tu gamosaxulebas axali xelovnebis konteqstSiganvixilavT, Cvens winaSea didebuli qarTveli warCinebuli,romelic yovelive miwierze amaRlebulia _ figuris vertikalSiazidviT, gaciskrovnebuli saxiT. didebulebas aniWebs saxisdayeneba erTgvar brunSi, mzera, romelic TiTqos, gverdzefiqsirdeba. gragnilic erTgvar distancias emsaxureba wmidansada mlocvels Soris.

rac SeexebaGgabriel episkoposis portrets (sur. 25), igiSesrulebulia, realisturi ferweris tradiciebis dacviT.Ees aris sasuraTe sibrtyeze warmodgenili umaRlesisasuliero ierarqi.Ddafiqrebuli, TavisTavSi Caketili saTno

kveTs.Lloronis am nawils figura or nawilad aqvs gadakveTiliwelszemoTa da welsqvemoT. Tumca, rasakvirvelia, harmoniulobaamgvar dayofaSi aSkaraa. vidre saxis analizze gadavidode,mizanSewonilad mimaCnia, kvlav figuris agebaze gavamaxviloyuradReba.Ffiguris amgvari dayeneba, ra Tqma unda, ver miewerebag. zaziaSvils, rogorc axali drois mxatvars, dgomis amgvaripoza saqarTveloSi jer kidev XIX saukunidan Semodis,Bbunebrivia, evropuli ferweris gavleniT. isic cnobilia, romgobron sabininma `saqarTvelos samoTxes~, Tan daurTo TavisidakveTiT Sesrulebuli qarTvel wmindaTa gamosaxulebani daSemdeg isini gaxdnen erTgvari wyaro, raTa mogvianebiT SeeqmnaTwmidaTa figurebi.Ee. i. XIX saukuneSi erTgvari axleburiikonografiuli normebi vlindeba, anu Sua saukunoebrivisibrtyiTi, aramaterialuri, uwonado sxeulebi iZenen wonadobas,simZimes. Tu adre samosis kalTebi dekoratiulad formdebodawvrili, moqnili xazebis meSveobiT, kaligrafiuli silamaziT,iuvileruli gulmodginebiT, axla mZimed eSveba da gvagrZnobinebsmis qveS sxeuls.

rogorc zemoT SevniSne, Tamaris saxis gaswvriv foniTeTria. sainteresoa, rom es motivi saerTodac dazgur e. w.realistur ferweraSi iCens Tavs, anu moyolebuli jer kideve. w. didi holandielebidan, rac, g. zaziaSvilis portretuliJanris nawarmoebebSi xSirad ikveTeba. realisturi mxatvrobises xerxi, rogorc Cans, TviTnaswavlma ostatma evropaSiganaTlebamiRebul gigo gabaSvilisgan SeiTvisa.

saxis gaswvriv naTeli fonis warmoCena xels uwyobssasuraTo sibrtyidan saxis reliefur amoZerwvas da erTgvarsiRrmis iluziis Seqmnas, paralelisTvis SeiZleba, movixmoTzaqaria WiWinaZis portreti (sur. 23), samxedros portreti,ilia WavWavaZis portreti (sur. 24) da sxv.

saxis irgvliv iqmneba Tbili naTeba, anu, ase vTqvaT, emanacia.am terminis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia, miTumetes, Tu wmidanissaxis analizs vakeTebT. emanacia, rasakvirvelia, mxatvrulisaxis Signidan momdinareobs da imavdroulad es naTeli,romelSic wmidanis saxea gaxveuli, mas empiriaze, amao yofazeaRamaRlebs. magram aris erTi momentic: rodesac me vsaubrob

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g. zaziaSvilis swrafvas monumenturi ferwerisadmi isiccxadyofs, rom man ara mxolod eklesiis sivrce moxata,aramed qeTevan wamebulis #20-Si sadarbazoc ki Seamko.UundaiTqvas, rom sadarbazoebis Semkobis tradicia saTaves evropidaniRebs, CvenSi is 1850-60-iani wlebis Semdeg axali tipis`feSenebelur~ saxlebTan erTad Cndeba (4, 5), mTlianobaSisadarbazoTa dekoris stili ekleqtur-fsevdoklasicizmidanmodernis CaTvliT.

sadarbazoTa moxatvaze iyo specializebuli gigozaziaSvilic. misi moxatuli sadarbazo, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,SemogvrCa qeTevan wamebulis #20-Si. adgilobrivi tradiciisTvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia moxatuli sadarbazo:_ sadaa, mxatvari interieris moxatvis Cveul Sablonebsa daSemuSavebul programas ki aRar misdevs, aramed ufroTavisuflad ganaTavsebs interierSi ferwerul dekors. kibisujredSi zeTis saRebavebiT Sesrulebuli sami didi zomispano _ peizaJia warmodgenili. erTi maTgani alaverdobasasax avs , xolo ori ki , m an glisis p eiz aJswarmogvidgens.Eerovnuli Tematikis, adgilobrivi motivebisSerCeva rogorc mepatronis dakveTiT, ise mxatvris surviliTunda momxdariyo.Aakademiuri weris manera mJRer koloritserwymis, mas gamokveTilad qarTuli Tema Seaqvs sadarbazosgaformebaSi (4, 20).

amrigad, rasakvirvelia, zemoT ganxilul nimuSebSi g.zaziaSvils xelwera Camoyalibebuli aqvs, magram igi erTgvarsinTezs warmoadgens, erTi mxriv, im qarTuli erovnulimonumenturi ferweris tradiciebisa, da meore mxriv, imevropuli realisturi ferwerisa, romelsac gigo zaziaSviligigo gabaSvilTan urTierTobiT eziara.

sazogadod unda iTqvas, rom CvenSi, e. w. postbizantiuriperiodis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT saqarTveloSi, rocaar iyo profesiuli ganaTlebis kerebi, mxatvrebi adgilobrivTavianTi gulwrfeli rwmeniTa da RvTivboZebuli niWiswyalobiT, cdilobdnen SeeqmnaT is xelovneba, romelicsaukuneebis manZilze iqmneboda, Tumca, xarisxobrivi sxvaobaaSkara iyo. samwuxarod, imdroindeli yofa metis saSualebas

moxuci, romlis vinaobazec zustad, skrupulozuradSesrulebuli saepiskoposo insigniebi metyveleben, romelnicSavi anaforis fonze mkafiod Canan, xolo sabuxarebis nacvladSavi anaforis samajurebi gadakecilia da farTo cisferisarCuli ikiTxeba, aseve marcxena xelis majaze qarvis fskvniliaqvs ramdenime rigad SemoWerili.

yuradRebas iqcevs kidev erTi momenti, samxreT gumbaTqveSaburjis gverdiT gadatyorcnili TaRis frTaze warmodgenilniarian petre da pavle mociqulebi wyvilad. maT ganmartebiTiwarwerebi ar axlavT, magram im atributikis gaTvaliswinebiT,rac maT xelSi ukaviaT, SesaZlebelia, maTi identificireba.vfiqrob, es gamosaxulebani Tu gigo zaziaSvilis xels arekuTvnis, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi xelmZRvanelobiT, SegirdebisSesrulebulad mimaCnia. Tumca, aris iseTi detalebi, racmowmoben, rom mogvianebiT, ganaxlebis Jams is Zveli g.zaziaSviliseuli drois damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani gaqrada iseTi momentebi iqceven yuradRebas, rogorebicaa: metismetadafrialebuli samosis kalTebi, cocxali, miwieri saxeebi, anumateriad gardaqmnili mxatvruli formebi.

yuradsaRebia aseve erTi faqtori, anu, rac jer kidev Zvelmxatvrobas axasiaTebda, _ mexsierebiT xatva. amis saukeTesonimuSad SeiZleba gavixsenoT ilia WavWavaZis portreti.rasakvirvelia, mxatvari mas an fotopiridan asrulebda, anmexsierebiT. aq mkafiod vlindeba didi sazogado moRvawissaxis mxatvrul-fsiqologiuri gaazreba. am SemTxvevaSi suraTiar warmoadgens konkretuli personis zust vizualur saxes.daRaruli Subli, Tvalis upeebi, SeWmuxnuli warbebi,SeWaRaravebuli wver-ulvaSi im mZime gzaze migviTiTebs, romeliciliam ganvlo, magram yuradRebas ipyrobs mzera. Tu gabrielepiskoposs Tvalebi daxrili aqvs da afiqsirebs sakuTarTavSi Caketvas, Cafiqrebulobas, ilias Sors gamWoli mzeramigviTiTebs erze, mis momavalze Cafiqrebul mamuliSvilze.saxis reliefurad Zerwvas xels uwyobs TeTri, gaxamebulisayelo, romelic saxes mijnavs Savi pijakisgan, igi asevegamoiyofoda feradovani gradaciebis meSveobiT ruxi fonisgan.

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kulturuli turizmi

ar iZleoda, Tan ikonografiuli normebi imdenad borkavdamxatvars, rasakvirvelia, axali mxatvruli meTodis SemotanaSeuZlebeli gaxldaT. swored amiT gansxvavdeba g. zaziaSviliTavisi moRvaweobiT winamorbedebisgan, rom man Tavisi droisTvisaxali saferwero tradicia aiTvisa da gaiTavisa.

1. Беридзе В. Езерская, Искусство Советской Грузии, Москва, 19752. a. mgalobliSvili, saeklesio mxatvrobis ganviTarebis Taviseburebebi,XX saukunis dasawyisis (1900-1921) saqarTveloSi, avtoreferati, Tb., 2004.3. iv. vefxvaZe, mogonebebi da portretebi, Tb., 1958.4. Tbilisuri sadarbazoebi; wignis avtorebi c. kilaZe, m. meZmariaSvili,T. gersamia, Tb., 2008.

1 aq mxedvelobaSi maqvs mxatvris adreuli moRvaweoba, gansakuTrebiT,saeklesio mxatvrobis dargSi.

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Rvinjilia malxazi

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis

turistuli potenciali XX saukunis

dasawyisSi

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis sanapiro zona samxreT-aRmosavleTidan Crdilo-dasavleTisaken 318 km-zea gadaWimuli.Savi zRvis qimiuri Sedgeniloba, iodizirebuli haeri, sanapirosbrizebi, qviSnar-kenWnari saplaJe zoli, muqwiwvovani reliqturityis koromebi da meoTxeuli reliqturi florisa da iSviaTiornotofaunis elementebi xelsayrel pirobebs qmnida am zonissabanao-rekreaciuli daniSnulebiT eqspluataciisaTvis.

saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTi yuradRebis centrSi antikuriperiodidan moeqca. diax uZveles kolxidaSi argonavtebismogzauroba da saqarTvelodan `oqros sawmisis~ gatana amqveynisa da xalxis popularizacias uwyobda xels klasikurixmelTaSuazRviuri civilizaciis akvnad wodebuli ZveliaTenisa da Zveli romisaTvis.

qveynis maRal imijs ganapirobebda aseve is savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, rac didi abreSumis gzis~ monawilesaxelmwifoebTan mimarTebaSi ekava saqarTvelos. saqarTveloxom am satranzito derefnis yvelaze mokle monakveTs daerTgvar damakavSirebel xids warmoadgenda evropasa da aziasSoris.

xmelTaSuazRviuri da aRmosavluri civilizaciebisgzajvaredinze myofma saxelmwifom aRniSnuli derefniswyalobiT saintereso funqcia SeiZina. jer kidev flaviusarianesa da marko polos mogzaurobebSi Cans qarTulistumarTmiRebis kulturisa da turizmis Canasaxebi. aq jerkidev adreul Sua saukuneebSi arsebobda qaravan-saraebi anuqarvaslebi, rogorc meqaravneTa gasaCerebeli adgili.

XII-XVI saukuneebSi genuisa da veneciis eqspansiebis drosvaWrebi da mogzaurebi Cerdebodnen specialur sastumrosaxlebSi.Amis Sesaxeb mowmoben nangrevebi axal aTonsa dagagraSi, romelic `genuielebisa~ da `koSksastumroebis~saxeliT iyo cnobili. aWarasa da lazistanSi miRebuli iyo

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malariis gavrcelebis adgilebSi iyvnen ganlagebulni. Aararsebobda araviTari momsaxureba da gid-Tarjimnebi. maT rolsgamyolebi asrulebdnen, romelTac kargad icodnen mxarisistoria da buneba.

gagraSi kurortebis irgvliv eqskursiebs im periodSiawyobda `droebiTi sastumros~ administracia (momavalSisastumro `gagrifSi~). eqskursiebs axorcielebdnen: md. md.Joekvarasa da gagrifSis xeobebSi, miwisqveSa mdinareebisrepruasa da animxates gayolebaze.

XX saukunis dasawyisSive kurort gagraSi kerZo mewarmemgaxsna saxelosno avtomobilebisa da velosi pedebisgaqiravebisa da SekeTebisTvis. soxumSi vinme nodias hqoniaavtofarexi `grand otelis~ sastumrosaTvis da aqiravebdaavtomobilebs msurvelTaTvis. fasebi iseTi maRali yofila,rom am momsaxurebiT sargebloba mxolod Zalian SeZlebuladamianebs SeeZloT. imisaTvis, rom kurort gagraSiuzrunvelyofiliyo aristokrat damsvenebelTa sruli simSvide,garda policieli `straJnikebisa~ hyavdaT 18 maZebari ZaRli.am droisaTvis gulrifSSi masiurad Sendeba agarakebi.

1911 wels gagraSi pirveli sazRvargareTuli kruiziTgermaniidan Camovida 130 turisti. kurortis administraciammaT mouwyo masobrivi seirnobebi sanapiro parkSi, feierverkebiTada saartilerio zalpebiT. daaTvalieres ra iqauriRirsSesaniSnaobebi, isini estumrnen q. baTums.

miuseris sanapiro zolis sakurorto aTvisebaSi didiwvlili miuZRvis lionozovs, romelmac XIX saukunis bolosaq SeiZina miwis nakveTi. eqimma kovarskim ki icoda ra amadgilis unikalurobis Sesaxeb, aq gaxsna sastumro dapansionati. 1913 wels aq Seiqmna kidev erTi sastumro `vilaroza~. 1916 wlisaTvis am sanapiro zolSi sul 200-mdesaagarako adgili gaSenda, ramac ekologiuri wonasworobisdarRveva gamoiwvia. amitomac sul male miusera nakrZaladgamocxadda.

pirveli msoflio omis mijnaze afxazeTSi damsvenebelTaraodenoba aRemateboda 20 aTass, xolo aWaraSi 5 aTassweliwadSi.

sasoflo sastumroebi, romelic didaWaridan goderZisuReltexilisaken Tu ruseTisaken mimaval mgzavrTa gasaCerebeladgils warmoadgenda.

XIX saukunis bolos amierkavkasiis magistralis foTi-Tbilisis da baqo-Tbilisi-baTumis ganStoebebis eqsplataciaSiSeyvanam axali epoqis dasawyiss daudo saTave. es iyo epoqa,romelmac saerTaSoriso komunikaciebiT da axali teqnikurimiRwevebis saSualebiT xeli Seuwyo savaWro-ekonomikuri dakulturuli urTierTobebis intensifikacias. gamoCndnen aramarto saqmiani, aramed mogzaurTa sakmaod didi masa, romelsacsurda sakuT ari T valiT dae naxa sa q arTvelosRirsSesaniSnaobebi.

XX saukunis gariJraJze turistTa nakadebis zrdam dRiswesrigSi axali sastumroebis mSenebloba daayena.Aam droisaTvisbaTumSi sami cnobili sastumro iyo: erTi zRvispira zolSiaSenebuli `orientali~, meore qalaqis centrSi aSenebuli`francia~ 28 saukeTeso nomriT, mesame ki vaWar berZenovissastumro `imperiali~.Aam sastumroSi ikribeboda elitarulipublika, romelic aziurTan erTad evropul enebsac flobda.

afxazeTis SavizRvispira zolSi Sendeba sastumroebi dasadgurebi. aRsaniSnavia 1914 wels q. soxumSi aSenebulisastumro riwa 56 sawol adgilze (s. a.), romelic qalaqissazRvao karibWis win iyo warmodgenili da ZiriTadad zRviTmosul vaWrebsa da turistTa gasaCerebel adgils warmoadgenda.

aWaris TurqeTidan gaTavisuflebis Semdeg qobuleTSi Sendebaaxali sastumro saxlebi da agarakebi. zRvis sanapirozemdebare saukeTeso teritoriebi daurigdaT pensiaze gasulrus generlebs. swored amitom am sanapiro zols`generalskoes~ uwodebdnen. 1911 wels aq ixsneba pirvelisanatoriumebi. 1912 wlidan yuradRebis centrSi eqceva baTumida maxinjauri. gagraSi iqmneba yirimis samTo klubis filiali.aseve patara kerZo sastumroebi Sendeba gagrasa da gudauTSi,romlebic fsxus xeobaSi uReltexilidan gadmosul turistebsRebuloben.

turistuli marSrutebi SavizRvispireTis sanapiroebTanwarmoadgendnen Zneladmisadgom bilikebs, romlebic daWaobebuli,

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RirsSesaniSnavi peizaJebi xdeba safuZveli imisa, rom masobrivaddawyebuliyo ganTavsebis obieqtebis mSenebloba. zRvispireTismimdebare mTian nawilebSi zRva-mTis kontrastis eqspluataciaSigasaSvebad aSenda samTo-klimaturi turbazebi. aTvisebul iqnaam regionSi arsebuli hidromineraluri resursebi, romelTabazaze Seiqmna mravali klimatur-balneologiuri da balneo-klimaturi kurorti.

amrigad, XX saukunis 30-iani wlebi saqarTvelosSavizRvispireTis regionSi Sevida, rogorc sanapiro zolisturistuli aTvisebis mniSvnelovani periodi. am periodSiiqca arsebuli zona masobrivi turizmis centrad da daiwyo

axali epoqa sazRvao turizmis gansaviTareblad.

1. goilaZe v. abreSumis didi savaWro gza da saqarTvelo. Tb., 19972. saxokia T. Mmogzauroba aWaraSi, guriasa da samegreloSi. 1985

3. Пачулия В.П. Абхазия край туризма. Сухуми. 19754. Прицкер А. М. История курортов Абхазской АССР. Мецниереба.1987

1921 wlis TebervalSi ruseTis 11 armiis nawilebissaqarTvelos teritoriaze SemoWrisa da misi aneqsiis SemdegCvenma qveyanam sxva teritoriul erTeulebTan erTad dakargazRvispireTis Crdilo-dasavleTi da samxreTsa da aRmosavleTSiarsebuli teritoriuli erTeulebi.

1921 wlis martSi specialurad Seqmnilma komisiam kerZosakuTrebaSi arsebuli sastumroebisa Tu klimaturi sadgurebisnacionalizacia gamoacxada, ris Sesabamisadac mflobelebsCamoerTvaT aRniSnuli ganTavsebis obieqtebi da isinisaxelmwifo sakuTrebad gamocxadda.

ukve 1922 wlidan iwyeba sanatoriumebis, dasasvenebelisaxlebis, pansionatebisa da turbazebis mSenebloba. am periodSiamoqmedda gagraSi sanatoriumi 310 sawol adgilze (s. a).1925 wlisaTvis gagraSi ukve 1287 s. a. iyo. gagraSi malariislikvidaciis Semdeg tropikuli sadguri gadadis gudauTasada oCamCireSi, xolo soxumSi, axal aTonsa da aguZeraSiamuSavda malariis sawinaaRmdego sadgurebi.

SemdgomSi ukve denacionalizaciis bazaze iqmneba SemdegisabWouri tipis organizaciebi: `masobrivi turizmis biuro~(1920), saaqcio sazogadoeba `sabWoTa turisti~ (1929),ìnturisti~ (1929). Sendeba sanatoriumi ùkraina~ (120 s.a) gagraSi, dasasvenebeli saxli abxazia~ fsircxaSi. mSeneblobadidi tempiT mimdinareobs SavizRvispireTis mTels perimetrze.Sendeba turbazebi dalis xeobaSi _ samxreT TavSesafari,axali aTonis turbaza, turbaza òqros napiri~, turbaza`soxumi~.

turizmisa da eqskursiebis biuro iqmneba yvela zRvispiraqalaqSi. Sesabamisad izrdeba sauReltexilo turizmSimonawileTa xvedriTi wili. kavkasionis mTavar wyalgamyofqedze gadmodian ruseTidan.

saqarTveloSi tardeba masobrivi sportuli turizmisxasiaTis laSqrobebi. am mimarTulebas safuZvels udebs n.nikolaZe. saqarTvelos SavizRvispireTis regionSi iqmneba axal-axali Tematuri xasiaTis marSruti. viTardeba da ixvewebaganTavsebisa da gadaadgilebebis saSualebebi. paraleluradTbili klimati, banaobis xangrZlivobis maRali maCveneblebi,

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THEATRE STUDIES

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Tamar Bokushava

POLAND DRAMA IN 20-30TH YEARS(Creative of the Stanislav Ignasy Witkevitz and Witold

Gombrovitz)

1. Poland in early XX century. Polish avant-garde drama betweentwo world wars. “Krakow avant-garde” movement and expressionisticdevice suggested by Thaddeus Piper - “man, machine, and mass”.

Anticipation of cultural (ethical, metaphysical) apocalypses inWitkevitz’s, Bruno Shultz’s and Witold Gombrovitz’s world-outlook.

2. Witkevitz, as the early absurd drama representative. Hisphilosophic world-outlook and anticipation of cultural apocalypses. “Posthuman” reality and annihilation of the individual (individuality) in histheoretical and artistic works. Crisis of metaphysics. The “conceptual”suicide. The “Non-Euclidian” drama by Witkevitz. Theatre, as a placefor metaphysical experience. Plays: “Dubal Vazakhar or Absurd’sCrossings”, “Shoemakers” and other plays.

3. Witold Gombrovitz’s creation. Variations on Cindarella’s themeand Hamlet associations in Gombrovitz’s drama “Yvonne – theBurgundy Princess” (1935). The passiveness and violence. Immaturityand the problem of person’s self-confidence in Gombrovitz’s writings.

Mikheil Kalandarishvili

ON BORDERS CONSTRUCTIVISM AND NEOREALIST

1. 18 June’s of the 1925 year well known resolution of the Centralcommittees had finished free stage of the art’s development, crossingall the achieves Soviet avangard and said: necessity to move classfight in the literature and art, or, became ideologist of the free view.Hard patient leader Lenin had opened to this process green light a yearago. In his documental essay Maxim Gork described Lenin’s borderlesslove to the art:” I don’t know better than Appassionato, I am ready tolisten it, but I could not listen music often. I had a wish to drawersthem…but today, it does not do, because they must eat your hand. Youmust blow, blow ruthless, but in ideal we are against violence.”

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generations of actors in the play. He changed expression forms,decoration construction (painter V. Sidamon-Eristavi), grew the role ofmusic and painting. In the play was joined the ballet plays.

The opening night was held on December 19, 1920.

Guliko Mamulashvili

THE PERSIAN QAJARIAN ARTS

At the end of the XIX century there was coming Qajarian dynastyof the Iran. Turkish origin Qajarian rulers (which founded AghaMohammad Khan) helped to development European culture and didn’trepress Iranian tradition (for example: “Ta’zie”). Their repress hadgone more then century’s, which had arrived with them revolution reformin Persian literature and art – there had arrived to know Europeanculture. Later there inculcated term “Qajarian style” in the art.

In this article there is discussion:1. Oldest Persian Mystery Theatre “Ta’zie”, which had reached

development’s highest steps in the XX century’s 20-30th years. It hadexperience of the modernization by influence of the West and becameas a theatre, by understanding of this word.

2. The modern Iranian drama’s source is connected to the Qajarianepoch’s Western drama writhers, which is show and used in the varietyof the style, techniques, shape, but by content it stay Iranian.

3. In the Shalva Amiranashvili’s Georgian museum there isprotected (From the XX century’s 20th years) “Qajarian Portraits” asa strange mix of Eastern-Western culture.

Nino Machavariani

FUENTE OVEJINA (“SHEEP SPRING”)IN THE RUSTAVELI THEATRE

Georgian Soviet theatre history is that history, in which theatre’sproblems and purpose had changed social being and politic situation.There weren’t modern life’s describe and new means of expressive,there were problem of the artist full method and needful of style. National

2. In the rehearsal process of the performance “The disorganization”(rRveva), S. Akhmeteli had given an interview to the Tbilisi’snewspapers, where he told, that the performance’s I and III acts wouldbe staged in the style of the Neo realism, but the II and IV _ in styleConstructivism. In one performance’s bounds, fact of the appeal to thisdifferent simultaneously styles became unusual strange fact and itbecame noisy exchange of opinions.

3. In the theatre scientist S. Akhmeteli’s performance “Thedisorganization” (rRveva) had review very widely. It became haltingplace in the Georgian theatre live and calls forth and it became author’sB. Lavrenev’s inspiration, which Georgian “The disorganization”(rRveva) recognized by best stage from his play.

Maia Kiknadze

ALEKSANDRE AKHMETELI’S DEBUT ON THE STAGEOF GEORGIAN STATE DRAMA (RUSTAVELI) THEATRE

In 20s of XX century Georgian culture is characterized by diversityof modernist directions. Futurists, Dadaists, Symbolists acted side byside (especially G. Robakidze, and creative works of “Tsisperkantselebi”have to be considered”), there were read the lectures about symbolism,expressionism, the new magazines were issued.

In Georgian dramaturgy, symbolist, expressionistic pieces werecreated by I. Gedevanishvili, P. Kakabadze, Kh. Shanshiashvili, G.Robakidze, K. Gamsakhurdia, most of whose pieces were successfullyplayed on the Georgian stage.

All these created diverse picture in Georgian modernistic research.In 1912 student A. Akhmeteli published an article “Crisis of our

Theatre”, later in 1915 “Is Georgian Theatre Georgian”, where hedevelops theatre form renovation conceptual program and in thatdeclaration he pointed out to the basic meaning of “Inner sources”.

On July 15, 1920, S. Akhmeteli made contract with Tbilisi DramaSociety Management, about his appointment at a position of stagedirector in Georgian Drama Theatre for one year. The same year hestarts working on S. Shanshiashvili symbolist piece “Berdo Zmania”.

“Berdo Zmania” was staged by rehearsals, which was anunexpected event for that time. The stage director could unite two

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Gubaz Megrelidze

THE IMPORTANT MEMORIES BY DAVIDCHKHEIDZE

The unpublished memories of Sandro Akhmeteli by the famousactor theatrical distinguished figure David Chkheidze are preserved atthe Georgian State Museum of Theater, Cinema, Music andChoreography. In his memories the author writes, for the first time,about Sandro Akhmeteli’s relationship with the Georgian students andhis involvement in the amator drama circle while he was studying inSt.Petersburg.

David Chkheide describes the creation of the Georgian Actors’Union and invitation of Sandro Akhmeteli to the Georgian theater. Theauthor defines more accurately that this was initiated by him andSolomon Akhvlediani, which was supported by Shalva Dadiani, andthat Alexander Tsutsunava never participated in this process. In hismemories the author describes the Sandro Akhmeteli’s first performancerehearsals of S. Shanshiashvili’s play “Bedro Zmania” and its successfulrealization.

David Chkheidze also describes the difficult period of the Georgiantheater in the first years of “sovietization” before Kote Marjanishvili’sarrival, and presents his opinion on the conflict between SandroAkhmeteli and Kote Marjanishvili.

It is most important fact in this memories that Kote Marjanishvili,K.Makashvili, N.Nakashidze, Shalva Dadiani and author himself metSergo Orjonikidze during the charity event dedicated to the “Militarycenter” participants. In the memories of other public figures’ we don’tsee any detailed description in which Sandro Akhmeteli’s release wasdecided.

David Chkheidze’s memories defines accuracy some importantquestions of the Georgian theater history and must be considered animportant achievement.

dramaturgy was good, but it narrated about social problematic and notpolitics. New government needed theatre- tribune, to express best ownideas. Or we say in another word - political theatre.

At the time of the Soviet Union winner Kote Marjnishvili stood inthat artists row, who got revolution by renovated and meet it withgladness. His arrived in Tbilisi became great fact. The government andtown’s intelligence wanted his included in the Georgian theatre work.

“Fuente ovejina” is only play of the Renascence epoch, in whichsociety are a mainly power and mainly personage.

“Sheep Spring” is a first Georgian Soviet performance. Its innovatorcharacter, at first, was in its playing qualitatively new artistic principle,which one mainly remark was, every personage would be artistic ideaof whole performance and clearly equivalent of the social idea. Thishad brought by actors playing, stenography, and scenic moving.

Old, well-known actors observed, how considered Marjanishvilieach word, how many implication put in it. Director’s word, action,gesture, means of rich expressive, used of light shadow as a loadingidea and, as I. Grishashvili marked; scenic purpose written by novelsgave rise ardor not only by spectators, but same theatre actors.

Performance was made on the contrast. Joyful feeling was changedmournful scenic and then on the contrary. With this changes directorwanted to show, that from the freedom must struggle armed, not toshow slavery and entreat or beg.

Mainly in it was Tamar Chavchavadze’s Laurencia. In that timeshe was young and the performance’s fortune was dependent on thenew girl actress. The role was so difficult with its contrasts, but theywere confluence organically in the actress play.

Performances’ actor ensemble was served to darkle this scenicface, but performance was important for that, each actor, felt as his orher role, as his or her colleague and played with him or her.

Marjanishvili grow actors’ whole galaxy, which made bases traditionof the Soviet Georgian artistic masters.

The performance on the Georgian scene was got, such as artisticreality – that beautiful and anniversary, which made by KoteMarjanishvili was a motto of his creative.

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of the Russian modern producer. There is representing creative researchof the 20 th year’s Russian theatre’s reformers’: ConstantineStanislavski’s, Vsevolod Meyerhold’s, Evgeny Vakhtangov’s andAlexander Tairov’s and theirs mainly achievements results in this article.Struggle producer-innovator of the modern period’s against naturalism,similarity of the theatre art, legitimate of the MXAT theatre feeling,illustration of the dramatist work. Also striving for restore and solidinculcate upon forms primate, reality theatrical art and various realism.There is describe to prepare fundamentals of the future theatre byproducer- leader, their dependence so called “systems”, to prepare basesof the practical and theoretical super actors’ training, forming of theconceptual producer.... There was said in the concepts of the Russianmodern “Master” producers about needful of the forming- inculcationpriorities individual art forms for the theatre of the new epoch, aboutinteraction artistic art or performance contents and its forms. Mainlyinnovation of the century’s producer-innovator are describe in theirssuccessful performances, by example artistic creative method-word,plastic, gesture.

Lamara Gongadze

WAYS OF PRACTICAL RESOLUTION OF ACTOR’SEDUCATIONAL PROBLEMS IN GEORGIA

Scientists of restored Georgian theatre during many years werestruggling for resolve problems of actor’s education, for establishingthe place for becoming a skilful actor. There were examined manyways for solving this problem – rehearsals, private conversations,discussion, published works, individual woks of students with greatactors, examine presentations, composing of special articles and etc.The most important was the course of drama, established in 1912,because it was the first professional place for theatrical education inthe history of Georgian theatre.

Manana Turiashvili

STAGE DIRECTOR OF KOTE MARJANISHVILIAGAINST A BACKGROUND OF THE CREATIVESEARCHING OF THE MOSCOW ART THEATRE

The reasons of the invitation of Kote Marjanishvili in the MoscowArt Theatre described in K.Stanislavski’s and V.Nemirov-Danchenko’sprivate correspondence.

Resistance of the theatre group with Marjanishvili. The secretpatronage of Marjanishvili by the Art Theatre management.

Marjanishvili’s pedagogical activity at the studio of the Art Theatre.Cabaret “bat.”

The differences between the duties of the producers invited at theMoscow Art Theatre: Gordon Krag, Alexander Benua, LeopoldSulerzhitski. On the example of Kote Marjanishvili’s comparison analysis.

Functions of Kote Marjanishvili during the staging of Hamlet andBrother Karamazovs.

Georgian producer’s effort to establish his place at the theatre.The influential figure in Russia’s elite, K.Stanislavski’s friendL.Sulerzhitski’s jealousy and Stanislavski’s “games” to keepMarjanishvili.

K.Marjanishvili’s effort to produce independently, without theinterfering of the Art Theatre authorities and V. Nemirov-Danchenko’ssecret assistance.

The illness and depression of K.Stanislavski and realization of KnutHumson’s “life’s claws” at the Moscow Art Theatre by K.Marjanishvili.

Marjanishvili’s temporary “abandon” from the Art Theatre. H.Ibsen’s “Pier gunt’s” staging, defeat and the reasons of leaving the ArtTheatre.

Tamar Qutateladze

RUSSIAN THEATRE PRODUCER OF THE MODERNPERIOD

In the article is study history of the 20th century’s first part’s importantperiod of the Russian theatre, which is connected to the forming process

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FILM STUDIES

Giorgi Tskitishvili

PROSECUTOR AND ACCUSED

One of the featured representative Georgian directors KoteMarjanishvili had stayed William Shakespeare’s “Hamlet” on ShotaRustaveli Theatre stage in 1925 years. Last year, Bolsheviks hadsuppression in the blood Georgian national-libratory revolt. Director,such as artists and as a citizen, exactly by this performance tried todisclosure his think, discuss, feeling for the society. He talked for hiscompatriot about on that ailment, which was ailment problem for peoplein that period. K. Marjanishvili had understood this performance suchas thinker intellectual’s tragedy. Man’s, for which around being life isabsolutely unacceptable. He is suffering, feeling, thinking for that. Heis estimating everything sensible, he is seeing everything clearly. Forsuch man, for such consciousness, moral, appearance, sensible personbeing situation is very intolerable and for that he had a protest againstbeing, legitimated, flourishing situation....

Ushangi Chkheidze’s Hamlet was a whole antipode of the AkakiVasadze’s Claudius. But, by the interpretation of the director andactor, he was not at all unambiguous hero. Claudius, who was anambitious man, lovely authority, on the other hand was a full of life,energy man, who had loved by truly epicures everything that harmony,which had life offered. But, to get dreamy purpose, he made sins, forthat Denmark’s king lost peace; He was suffering by theconscientiousness....

Here, on these two heroes opposition ideology, life’s rule, moralcriteria built the director performance’s conception. This article, bythe being documents, purposes to restore-rebuilt- research performancessome mainly, important episode, because more clearly, distinctly showShakespeare’s this tragedy by K. Marjanishvili interpretation.

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Eliso Eristavi

FROM SILENT FILM TO CONTEMPORARY SCREEN

The silent film during 30 years presented different imported qualities,which impressed main tendencies imported of the future The are:

1. Rhythm _ the basic of the dramatic structure of the screen.2. The dialogs of the process close-up frames.3. The contrapuntal of the movement.4. The role of the music in the composition of genres.5. The plastic movement of the composition of the frame.6. The role of the shift of the dramatic construction of the

composition.All of this tendencies after 30 years we see in the TV end cinema

structures like short film end different kinds compositions of the mediacommunication’s technologies.

Lia KalandarishviliArt History PhD

The leading Scientific Worker

“FROZEN TIME”, SUCH AS COMMON HYPERTEXT’SNEW RESULTS

(From K. Mikaberidze’s ”My Grandmother” – To E.Shengelaia’s “Blue mountain, or unbelievable story”)

Modernist and Post Modernist art such as means of to build narrative,often used inter text, citation and elements of reminisce, figure of half-word. It doesn’t show only addition information or assertion behindconcert text, but, it became new ideas basis, arise at the same time“different” between them and “similarity”, differences depends.

20th years modernist film – K. Mikaberidze’s “My Grandmother”,critical interpreted own time, make actual situation by present situationin the figured concept; Film’s mainly conceptual figure is an office –bureaucrat such as micro world. K. Mikaberidze with the painter I.Gamrekeli made a reality figure decided in model-hyperbole, contrast

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Maia Levanidze

GERMAN EXPRESSION “SYMPHONY OF HORRORS”AND KOTE MIKABERIDZE’S “MY GRANDMOTHER”

Expressionism was the first stylistic direction in the world filmhistory, which was distinguished by definite thematic-ideal features,forms and originality of reflection. “The Cabinet of Doctor Caligari”,“Tired death”, “Doctor Mabuse player”, “Nosferatu” and other filmsbecame the major works of the above direction, where authors’ attitudetowards the world, their ideology and world perception have beendramatically revealed. In the topic, the social-political situation, generalsituation in the art, which after the First World War at the beginning ofthe century, supported to the origin of this direction, have been discussedin order to be better defined characteristics of expressionism.

There is an idea in the Georgian film studies that Kote mikaberidze’s“My grandmother” produced in 20– ies, might be reviewed as the filmwhich was greatly impacted by expressionism. How was “mygrandmother” a response of expressionism, how did it fit within theoffered framework? In the topic, there is an attempt to make acomparative analysis of some of the trends in German and 20-iesGeorgian film.

Dinara Maglakelidze

THE CINEMATOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF ASTRANGER IN THE CINEMA OF THE WEIMER

REPUBLIC

The symptomatic description of the psychological and emotionalstate caused by the World War I most clearly was given in the filmsknown under the name of the expressionistic trend in the cinematographyof the 1920s of the XX century of the Weimer Republic that wasdistinguished by its aesthetic, genre, thematic and stylistic diversity.

and expressive features, personages’ grotesque and caricaturecharacters.

In the 80th years, film director E. Shengelaia returned bureaucrattheme. He in the film “Blue mountain, or unbelievable story” – showmodern time and environment, such as hypertext, rich system differenttext by whole depends, which guess as reminisce, citation and half-text, but they sounded in the opposite text, herself annulment ironical.K. Mikaberidze’s “My Grandmother” is guess in E. Shengelai’s film,such as fact of the 20th years social life and cinema art fact, historicalreality, which, doesn’t change in spite of pacing time.

Manana Lekborashvili

TECHNICAL PROGRESS AND ESTHETICALREGRESS IN EARLY SOUND FILMS

The idea of combining motion pictures with recorded sound is nearlyas old as the concept of cinema itself. But the technical problems blockedthe way to the idea’s full-fledged implementation.

Technical full-fledged was far from for the 20th years, but crisis ofthe cinematography compulsion leader film firms to begin sound filmswide commercialization.

Incomplete sound technology subscribes and synchronizationrestriction cinematography in the expression meaning and hadconcession already obtained height of the film aesthetic. Biggest hithad been feeling montage art, which became mainly victim of the soundsand thumbnails synchronizations, nothing to say on the moving camera,position of the cadre and so.

But at the same time after cinematography innovation helped tothe technical refinement and in speared of the aesthetic.

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Teo Khatiashvili

MODERNISM WAVE OF 20IES IN GEORGIAN CINEMA

1. Influence of Modernism on Georgian Art of 20ies andpeculiarities of “Georgian Modernism”;

2. Aesthetic struggle with traditional art and conservatism,reflections about cinema as an adequate of modern Time and alternativeof Theatre.

3. Circle’s semantic and influence of Russian editing avant-gardeon Georgian innovator filmmakers (Eliso, Salt for Svanetia, Saba...);

4. Absurd, equilibristic, grotesque, conditionality and refusal to“sour tear moistened” cinema. My Grandmother as most originaland bold example of modernistic ideas.

The emotional frustration and estrangement of the German societyafter the World War I in the expressionistic films of the 1920s wereexpressed in the form of mysterious personages, monsters, vampiresand artificially created people.

The visual aesthetics of the expressionistic films, the spatialarchitectonics of the films, the lighting, camera motion, radicalsubjectivization of time and space, a dangerous and menacingatmosphere are read as a cinematographic subtext describing a strangeras a dangerous phenomenon for the public order.

In the expressionistic films of Robert Wiene, Friedrich WilhelmMurnau, Fritz Lang and Paul Wegener a stranger can be seen as aoutside to the internal peace of the society.

The report is dedicated to the phenomenon of a stranger in thefilms of the following producers Robert Wiene’s Das Cabinet des Dr.Caligari 1920, Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau’s Nosferatu, die Symponiedes Grauens 1921, Fritz Lang’s Der müde Tod 1921 and Dr. Mabuse,der Spieler 1922, Paul Wegener’s Der Golem, wie er in die Weltkam 1920, as a symptomatic cinematographic analysis of the existential,emotional and psychological state of the German society after the WorldWar I.

Lela Ochiauri

SOVIET MYTH AND SOVIET CINEMA HISTORY

History and art are inseparable companions, so, to divide, solitude_ by reflecting historical appearance fact and created work aboutmodern mans would be incorrect. Especially, depends to the art works,when you look after interval of years, in itself mean moments of history.This distention is extending when, and then staying time to analyze pasttime, but, itself, the present too, is a reflected that epoch, that time,when this or that work is made.

At any time make own myth and modern myth’s heroes have gettingused to that new reality, where myth’s modern creators live and makeor make modern model.

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MEDIA STUDIES

Nana Dolidze

THE BEGINING OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

1.The imitiated chronicle aired on “Imedi” TV Channel on March 13,2010 provoked the mass psychosis. The muth about the televisionomnipotence became stronger, and the TV phenomenon influencing overthe audience, that was under the doubt in the distinct scientific circles afterthe scandalous radioperformance of Orson Wales, was confirmed.

Orson Wales _ William Hurst _ The USA at the beginning of 20 thcentury, new outlines of reformative media and the perfected technologicalway of attracting the audinece by information means, which was expressedin four major principles:

-The effect of bomb -Entertainment, entertainment, entertainment -The illustration of mass murders’ art patterns - Allow much more, than it is ever possible to do 2. The beginning of the “official” way of Media Infulence Theory_

U. Lippmann, H. Lasswell and G. Bruntz “Model of squirt”, theory of “bullet” and

“The model of indefinite influence” , all these led the propagandist theoryof television and cinematography. ART STUDIES

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ART STUDIES

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Nato GengiuriArt History PhD

Full professor

CONSTRUCTIVISM AND GEORGIANARCHITECTURE OF THE 1920 YEARS

Constructivism, the trend which originated in Soviet Russia andintroduced innovatory ideas into architecture of the 1920s, made animpact on contemporary, modern architecture as well. In particular,representatives of the Deconstructivistic direction declared RussianConstructivists as their predecessors. The existence of this trend in theSoviet Union proved of short duration – from the 1930s the SovietGovernment prohibited it and architecture throughout the Soviet Unionfollowed the path of Stalinist classicism.

In Georgia several buildings were constructed in the manner ofconstructivism, but Georgian architecture of that period remained“indifferent” to them. Reasons for this, and hence, tasks of Georgianarchitecture in the 1920s may be identified by the joint analysis of thethought of the then society, politicians, scholars and artists as well asbuildings constructed at that time.

What was happening in Georgian architecture of the historicallyhard period, the 1920s? What defined the outward appearance ofbuildings of that time? The present paper deals with finding answers tothese questions.

The paper is prepared within the Project financed by the RustaveliFoundation.

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Lali OsepashviliArt History PhD

Teacher

CHARACTERISTICS OF GEORGIAN MONUMENTALPAINTING OF THE BEGINNING OF XX CENTURE

It is known that the local priest invited self-educated artist - GigoZaziashvili for painting the Saint Nikoloz in Chugureti District. I observedthe painting of this church and distinguished a few lays that includesthe periods of beginning and end of XX century. I - lay of apse of altar,field of cupola, gullet, paintings of sails; II – western wall – “Day ofwhole investigation”, “insatiable child” on the southern wall, Saint MaryMagdanilen, Saint Soldier on the northern wall; III – on the northernwall – “Entry in Jerusalem” , Apostles Saint Peter and Saint Pavle andSaint Tamar King, and IV lay is already quite new, it is made at the endof XX century and includes the rest walls of the temple.

Observation on the painting manifested that G. Zaziashvili has madeII lay distinguished by me. Of course, it is difficult to speak aboutpainting of the artist, as he respects to the iconographic norms, but inthese compositions the characteristics of Georgian painting of thebeginning of XX century is even revealed: alive, terrestrial faces, insteadof lost smooth figure the body figures transformed in material thatfurther development are experienced on the paintings. It is also knownthat G. Zaziashvili’s painted hall in classicistic style.

Consideration of all these masterpieces will help us in manifestationof characteristics of Georgian monumental painting of the beginning ofXX century.

Eka KiknadzeArt History PhD

An associate Professor

NATIONAL FORM AND EUROPIAN VANGUARD IN THEPAINTING OF THE XX CENTURE’S 10-20TH YEARS

In contrast from the West Europe, which had past some steps ofthe development, from classical feudalism epoch to legal statement,Georgia’s way was specific from the middle ages to developmentmodern stage.

After united at the Russia, country, which became bureaucratic-functionary imperial’s province, couldn’t made liberty society of theliberty persons. So, we can speak about on the mark of the formationthinker society only after went out walk of life “Terek River little”(Tergdaleulebi) in the 80th years of the XIX century.

Accordingly, there was specific forming – development processeasel painting in the Georgia. From the beginning of the XIX centurywe have “Tbilisi’s portrait school’s” interesting eclectic face whichgave influence integration of the Georgian monumental painting,European realistic art, local Armenian school and Iranian Qajaraianpainting. In the first generation of the professional painters creativethere did not form Georgian painting school; they were members of theRussian painting school. At first to consider achievement of Europeanpainters and their transformation on the Georgian space had tried andrepresented in the creative of the Mose Toidze and organicallyconnection between middle ages and modern pint – in Pirosmani’spainting

Nearest Georgian painting’s new stage – in the 10th years of XXcenturies’ out walk of life painters generation and vanguard tendenciesin their creative, clearly show generally Georgian art’s remark marks:in spite being of west and east cultural boundary, Georgian culture hadnot make copy no one stage. It always represented other countriesachievements of the cultural and organically connects at the nationalform. Georgian vanguard of the 10-20th years is an interesting exampleof the synthesis national form and European vanguards.

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CULTURAL TOURISM

Malkhaz GvinjiliaArt History PhD

Full professor

TRAVEL POTENTIAL OF GEORGOA BLACK SEACOUNTRY IN THE BEGINNING OF 20TH CENTURY

Zone of Georgia Black Sea country is situated on 318 km fromsouth –east to north –west. Chemical composition of black sea, iodine(iodi, iodizirebuli ar vici rogoraa) air, dark coniferous forests wasadvantage for exploitation of bathing-recreation purpose of this zone.

Traveling in “Argonavts”, Marco Polo, Jan Sharden, Giuldenshtetiand others conditioned to take interest of trevel potential of Georgiaof the foriners.

Recreational masstering project of Black Sea coastal strip ofGeorgia is especcially interesting, which was risen order of the day in20th centery.For this period there was created fashion hotels for richpeople in Batumi and Sokhumi, where was forseen results of Europeanexperience.

In 1911 the first cruise ship visited Georgia. Using of Black coastalhigh humid ecosystems for tourist purpose was started. After anexyof Georgia, mastering of coastal line gains mass character, and newresourt centres appears, Makhinjauri, Kobuleti, Akhali Atoni, Bichvinta.Special tourbases are built and the coastline tourism is stated as thetype of mass tourism.

By 30-ies of XX century healthcouring tourism in Black Sea coastalline of Georgia represents a priority direction..

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wignSi gamoyenebulia ilustraciebi Semdegigamocemebidan:

Teatris mxatvroba 1920-1950. SoTa rusTavelissaxelobis Teatris koleqcia, red. m. ciciSvili, Tb.2008

rusTavelis Teatri. Tb., 1981lado gudiaSvili (albomi), Tb., 1979janberiZe n., qarTuli sabWoTa arqiteqtura, Tb., 1977Krystof D., Modiliani. Taschen, 2000Rubin W., Pablo picasso . A retrospective The museum of

modern art, New York-Boston, 1972

mowodebuli fotoebisaTvis madlobas vuxdT

SoTa rusTavelis sax. saxelmwifo dramatuli Teatrismuzeums,

saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinossaxelmwifo universitetis Tearisa da kinos muzeums,saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumis S. amiranaSvilis

xelovnebis muzeums.

garekanze: biurokrati (a. TayaiSvili), kadri filmidan `Cemibebia~, reJ. k. miqaberiZe. 1929.satitulo ganSlaze: klavdiusi (a. vasaZe) k. marjaniSvilisspeqtaklidan `hamleti~.1925.

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saqartvelos sota rustavelis teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo...

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