SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti

saqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti

evgeni baraTaSvili, badri geCbaia

vladimer Rlonti

saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianoba:

Tanamedrove gamowvevebi

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2012

2

monografiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos ekonomikis konku-rentunarianobis ZiriTadi problemebi, SemuSavebulia konkuren-tunarianobis koncefcia, Tanamedrove gamowvevebis analizis sa-fuZvelze Sefasebulia saqarTveloSi arsebuli biznes garemo da konkurentunarianobaze misi zemoqmedebis meqanizmebi, gaana-lizebulia saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba sagareo vaWroba-Si, ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gamaxvilebulia globaluri konkurentunarianobis problemebze da sxv.

monografiaSi gamokvlevebi da SedarebiTi analizi eyrdnoba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da qveynebis statis-tikur monacemebs.

wigni gankuTvnilia mecnier-ekonomistebis, doqtorantebisa da axalgazrda mkvlevarebis, aseve, mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaTvis.

redaqtorebi: eTer xaraiSvili ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-tori, Tsu-s sruli profesori, mikroekonomikis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi asiko cincaZe ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori

recenzentebi: giorgi malaSxia ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doq-tori, stu-s sruli profesori, saxelmwifo pre-miis laureati

naTia wiklaSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doqto-ri, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori, reqtoris moadgile sa-mecniero dargSi gela mamulaZe ekonomikis akademiuri doqtori, SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli profesori marina CavleiSvili ekonomikis akademiuri doq-tori, Tsu-s asocirebuli profesori

© evgeni baraTaSvili, badri geCbaia, vladimer Rlonti, sa-qarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianoa: Tanamedrove ga-mowvevebi.

gamomcemloba `universali~, 2012

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

3

Shota Rustaveli Shtate University

Georgian Technical University

EVGENI BARATASHVILI,

BADRI GECHBAIA VLADIMER GLONTI

COPMETITIVENESS OF GEORGIAN ECONOMY:

MODERN CHALLENGES

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”

Tbilisi 2012

4

The monograph considers the cardinal problems of the competitiveness in Georgian economy. The authors of the monograph have developed the conception of competitiveness and estimated the business surroundings as well as the ways of their influencing on competitiveness. The work also reviews the competitive abilities of Georgia in foreign trade. In the conditions of economical crisis the particular attention is paid to the problems of global competitiveness.

The researches and comparative analyses in the work are based on the statistic data of different international organizations and countries.

The monograph is intended for scientist-economists, doctoral candi-dates, and young researchers, as well as for the wide circle of readers

Editor: Eter Kharaishvili Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full professor

of Iv. Javakhishvili State University, Head of the Department of Macroeconomics. The Member of Scientific Academy of Economy of Georgia

Asiko Cincadze PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University

Reviewers: Giorgi Malashkhia Doctor of Economic Sciences, Full Professor of Georgian Technical University, the prize winner of State Award. Natia Tsiklashvili PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University, the Deputy Rector in scientific field Gela Mamuladze PHD in Economics, Associated Professor of Shota Rustaveli State University Marina Chavleishvili PHD in Economics, Associated professor of Iv. Javakhishvili State University

© E. Baratashvili. B. Gechbaia, Vl. Glonti. Competitiveness of Georgian Economy: Modern Challenges

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL” , 2012 19, I. Chavchavadze Ave., 0179, Tbilisi,Georgia : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

5

Государственный университет Шота Руставели

Грузинский технический университет

Евгений Бараташвили, Бадри Гечбаия,

Владимир Глонти

Конкурентоспособность экономики Грузии: современные вызовы

Издательство `Универсал~

Тбилиси 2012

6

В монографии рассмотрены основные проблемы конкурентоспособности экономики Грузии, разработана концепция конкурентоспособности, на основе анализа современные вызовы оценена существующая в Грузии бизнес среда и механизмы его воздействия на конкурентоспособность, проанализировано конкурентоспособность во внешней торговле, особое внимание уделено проблемам глобальной конкурентоспособности в условиях экономических кризисов и т.д.

Исследования и сравнительные анализы, приведенные в монографии, основываются на статистических данных различных международных организации и стран.

Книга рассчитана для ученных-экономистов, докторантов и молодых исследователей а также для широкого круга читателей.

Редакторы: Этер Хараишвили – доктор экономических наук, профессор государственного университета имени иване джавахишвили, руководитель кафедры микроэкономики. Академик экономических наук Грузии Асико Цинцадзе - доктор экономики, профессор госу-дарственного университета имени Шота Руставели

Рецензенты: Гиоргий Малашхия - доктор экономических наук,

профессор государственного технического университета Грузии. Лауреат государственной премии Натия Циклашвили - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени Шота Руставели, заместитель ректора в научной части Гела Мамуладзе - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени Шота Руставели Марина Чавлеишвили - доктор экономики, профессор государственного университета имени иване джава-хишвили

© Евгений Бараташвили, Бадри Гечбаия, Владимир Глонти. Конкурентоспособность экономики Грузии: современные вызовы.

Издательство “УНИВЕРСАЛ”, 2012 Тбилиси, 0179, пр. И.Чавчавадзе №19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: universal@internet.ge ISBN 978-9941-17-473-5

7

sarCevi Sesavali..........................................................................................................................13 Tavi I konkurentunarianoba: koncefcia, Sefaseba da analizi...................................................................................................................15 1.1. konkurentunarianobis koncefcia.

konkurentunarianobis arsi.............................................................15

1.2 saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba.........25 1.2.1 konkurentunarianobis analizi marTvis

saerTaSoriso institutis IMD-s mixedviT........27 1.3 konkurentunarianobis analizi msoflio

ekonomikuri forumis (WEF)-is mixedviT...........................29 1.4. qveynis konkurentunarianoba .........................................................33 1.5. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba:

problemis dasma .........................................................................................34

1.6 mimdinare mdgomareobis analizi .............................................40

Tavi II biznes - garemo saqarTveloSi: problemebi da zemoqmedeba konkurentunarianobaze ........................................44 2.1 institucionaluri sfero da misi maxasiaTeblebi

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi ............................................45

2.1.1 institutebis roli ekonomikis

transformaciaSi............................................................................45

2.1.2 instutebis transformacia da cvlilebebTan winaaRmdegoba ....................................................................................48

2.1.3 sabazro reformebisa da institutebis

transformacia gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebSi ..................................................................................................51

2. 2 konkurentunarianoba da biznes-garemo gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi ............................................52 2.2.1 konkurentunarianobisa da biznes-garemos

urTierTkavSiri ..............................................................................52 2.2.2 msoflio bankisa da saerTaSoriso finansuri

korporacia "doing business" marTvis reitingi da misi kavSiri konkurentunarianobasTan.........59

8

Tavi III saqarTvelos sagareo vaWrobis konkurentunaria- nobis amaRleba ....................................................................................................70 3.1. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba

saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi ...................................................................71 3. 2 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi ...............84 3. 3 eqsportis konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi.........87

3.3.1 vaWrobis funqcionirebis indeqsi................................87 3.3.2 gamovlenili SedarebiTi upiratesobebis

koeficientebi .................................................................................89 Tavi IV globaluri konkurentunarianoba da ekonomikuri krizisi: urTierTkavSiri ........................................................................95 4.1 erovnuli konkurentunarianobis kategoriis

analizi - Teoriuli midgomebi ...............................................95 4.2. globaluri konkurencia da erovnuli interesebi....108 4.3. globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsi da

saqarTvelos realoba ........................................................................115 Tavi V saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis amaRleba da regionuli samewarmeo politika ........................................122 5. 1. konkurentunarianoba da regionuli samewarmeo

politika ...........................................................................................................122 5. 2. regionuli konkurentunarianobis ganviTarebis

inovaciuri tendenciebi globalizaciis pirobebSi............................................................................................................129

5.3. klasterebis roli regionis konkurentunaria- nobis amaRlebis saqmeSi.....................................................................136

5.4. regionuli konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis zogierTi sakiTxi ......................................................................................152

5.5. regionuli politikis evropuli gamocdileba. konkurentunarianobis indikatorebi.....................................160

5.6. konkurentunariani regionebis sxva indikatorebi .170 5.7. regionis sainvesticio mimzidvelobis

Sefasebis meTodi .......................................................................................172

9

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 13 CHAPTER I COMPETITIVENESS: CONCEPTION, ESTIMATION AND ANALYSES. ................................................................................... 15 1.1. Conception of competitiveness. The essence of

competitiveness ....................................................................... 15 1.2. Estimation of international competitiveness............................ 25

1.2.1 Competitive analyses according to the IMD – International Managing Department............................... 27

1.3. Competitive analyses according to the World Economical Forum (WEF)........................................................................... 29

1.4. Competitiveness of a Country ................................................. 33 1.5. Competitiveness of Georgia: problem formulation ................ 34 1.6. Analyses of current situation .................................................. 40 CHAPTER II BUSINESS SITUATION IN GEORGIA: PROBLEMS AND INFLUENCE ON COMPETITIVENESS.................................... 44 2.1. Institutional field and its traits in the countries of transition

economy .............................................................................. 45 2.1.1. The role of institutes in transformation of economy...... 45 2.1.2. Transformation of institutes and resistance to changes 48 2.1.3. Transformation of market reformations and institutions

in the countries of transition economy ........................... 51 2.2. Competitiveness and business surroundings in the

countries of transition economy ............................................. 52 2.2.1. Interrelation of competitiveness and business

surroundings .................................................................. 52 2.2.2. Rating of managing simplicity of the World Bank and

international financial corporation “Doing Business” and its link with competitiveness ................................... 59

10

CHAPTER III RISING THE FOREIGN TRADE COMPETITIVENESS OF GEORGIA ................................................................................ 70 3.1. Estimation competitiveness of Georgia through the

international trade ................................................................... 71 3.2. Competitive factors of export ................................................. 84 3.3. Competitive indexes of export ................................................ 87

3.3.1. Index of trade functioning ............................................. 87 3.3.2. Ratios of ascertained comparative advantages ............. 89

CHAPTER IV GLOBAL COMPETITIVENESS ANF ECONOMICAL CRISIS: INTERRELATION ........................................................................ 95 4.1. Analyses of national competitiveness category – theoretical

approach ................................................................................. 95 4.2. Global competitiveness and national interests......................... 4.3. Index of global competitiveness and Georgian reality ............ 115 CHAPTER V GROWTH OF COMPETITIVENESS OF GEORGIA AND REGIONAL UNDERTAKING POLICY..................................... 122 5.1. Competitiveness and regional undertaking policy................... 122

5.2. Innovative trends of regional competitiveness development in conditions of globalization .................................................. 129

5.3. Role of clusters in the growth of the competitiveness of region .................................................................................. 136

5.4. Some aspects of estimation of regional competitiveness......... 152 5.5. European experience of regional policy. Competitiveness

indicators ................................................................................. 160 5.6. Other indicators of competitive regions ................................. 170

11

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ ................................................................................... 13 Глава 1. Конкурентоспособность: концепция, оценка и анализ ......... 15 1.1. Концепция конкурентоспособности. Сущность

конкурентоспособности...................................................... 15 1.2. Оценка международной конкурентоспособности. ........... 25

1.2.1. Анализ конкурентоспособности согласно международного института управления IMD. ...... 27

1.3. Анализ конкурентоспособности согласно мирового экономического форума WEF............................................ 29

1.4. Конкурентоспособность страны. ....................................... 33 1.5. Конкурентоспособность Грузии: постановка

проблемы.............................................................................. 34 1.6. Анализ существующего положения. ................................. 40 Глава 2. Бизнес-среда в Грузии: проблемы и воздействие на конкурентоспособность. .............................................................. 44 2.1. Институциональная сфера и ее характеристика в

странах с переходной экономикой. ................................... 45 2.1.1. Роль институтов в трансформации экономики. .... 45 2.1.2. Трансформация институтов и противостояние

к изменениям. ........................................................... 48 2.1.3. Трансформация институтов и рыночных реформ

в странах с переходной экономикой. ..................... 51 2.2. Конкурентоспособность и бизнес-среда в странах

с переходной экономикой................................................... 52 2.2.1. Взаимосвязь конкурентоспособности и бизнес-

среды. ........................................................................ 52 2.2.2. Рейтинг управления мирового банка и международной

финансовой корпорации "doing business" и ее связь с конкурентоспособностью........................................ 59

12

Глава 3. Повышение конкурентоспособности внешней торговли Грузии. ............................................................................................ 70 3.1. Оценка конкурентоспособности Грузии во внешней

торговле. ................................................................................ 71 3.2. факторы конкурентоспособности экспорта ....................... 84 3.3. Показатели конкурентоспособности экспорта. .................. 87

3.3.1. Индекс функционирования торговли. ....................... 87 3.3.2. Коэффициенты выявленных сравнительных

преимуществ. ................................................................ 89

Глава 4. Глобальная конкурентоспособность и экономический кризис: взаимосвязь.................................................................................... 95 4.1. Анализ категории национальной конкурентоспо-

собности – теоретические подходы. ................................... 95 4.2. Глобальная конкуренция и национальные интересы. ........ 108 4.3. Индекс глобальной конкуренции и реалии Грузии. ........... 115

Глава 5. Повышение конкурентоспособности Грузии и региональная предпринимательская политика. .................... 122 5.1. Конкурентоспособность и региональная предпри-

нимательская политика. ........................................................ 122 5.2. Инновационные тенденции развития конкурентоспо-

собности в условиях глобализации...................................... 129 5.3. Роль кластеров в повышении конкурентоспособности

регионов. ............................................................................... 136 5.4. Некоторые вопросы оценки конкурентоспособности

регионов. ............................................................................... 152 5.5. Европейский опыт региональной политики. Индикаторы

конкурентоспособности. ....................................................... 160 5.6. Другие индикаторы конкурентоспособных регионов........ 170 5.7. Метод оценки инвестиционной привлекательности

региона.................................................................................... 172

13

Sesavali

ekonomikur literaturaSi bevri mcdeloba iyo imi-

sa, rom aexsnaT zogierTi qveynis ekonomikuri warmate-

ba da sxvebis warumatebloba, agreTve pasuxi gaecaT

kiTxvaze ratom aris, rom erT qveyanaSi esa Tu is dar-

gi warmatebiT viTardeba, xolo mezobel qveynebSi sa-

erTod ar viTardeba? aRniSnuli problemebis Seswav-

lisaTvis aucilebelia qveynis konkurentunarianobis

analizi.

qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansazRvravs ekonomi-

kuri maCveneblebi kerZod, eqsportis moculoba, msof-

lio bazris wili, mTliani Sida produqtis moculoba,

investiciebi. ufro naTlad igi gamoixateba Sromis

mwarmoeblurobis zrdaSi, romelic grZelvadian peri-

odSi uzrunvelyofs ekonomikis myar zrdasa da mosax-

leobis keTildReobis amaRlebas, rac ekonomikuri po-

litikis saboloo mizania.

konkurentunarianobis analizi makro da mikroeko-

nomikuri analizis erTgvar sinTezs warmoadgens. daba-

li inflacia, prognozirebadi savaluto kursi, daba-

lansebuli saxelmwifo finansebis seqtori, rezervebis

maRali done ekonomikis myari ganviTarebis aucilebe-

li pirobebia. Tumca, Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri

stabiluroba ar aris sakmarisi ekonomikuri zrdis

uzrunvelyofisaTvis, radgan is mxolod produqtis

Seqmnas ganapirobebs. es ukanaskneli ki mikrodoneze

iqmneba. amitomac ekonomikuri zrdis axsnisas konku-

rentunarianobis koncefciis farglebSi tradiciul

analizs mikroekonomikuri sferos Rrma Seswavla ema-

teba. aq gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania biznes-garemos

Seswavla, moTxovnisa da axali warmoebis faqtorebis

Taviseburebebis, teqnologiebis, menejmentisa da war-

14

moebis organizaciis doneze, vertikaluri da horizon-

taluri urTierTobebis analizi.

mocemul naSromSi warmodgenilia konkurentunaria-

nobis koncefciis gamoyenebisa da im ZiriTadi faqto-

rebis gamovlenis mcdeloba, romlebic ganapirobeben

saqarTvelos konkurentuli upiratesobebis warmoqmnas;

Teoriul WrilSi saerTaSoriso da calkeuli saxel-

mwifoebis doneze gaanalizebulia qveynis konkurentu-

narianobis koncefcia; Sefasebulia konkurentunaria-

noba Sromis mwarmoeblurobisa da sxva kriteriumebis

analizis mixedviT, romlebic gamoxataven saqarTvelos

konkurentul pozicias saerTaSoriso bazrebze.

15

Tavi I konkurentunarianoba: koncefcia, Sefaseba da

analizi

1.1 konkurentunarianobis koncefcia. konkurentunarianobis arsi ekonomikaSi termini ,,konkurentunarianoba~ ro-

gorc produqtTan an sawarmosTan, aseve dargTan da

saxelmwifosTan mimarTebaSic farTod gamoiyeneba.

amasTan, ar arsebobs konkretuli gansazRvreba imisa,

Tu ra moiazreba konkurentunarianobaSi, qveynis konku-

rentunarianobasTan mimarTebaSi ki gamoiTqmeba mocemu-

li terminis gamoyenebis marTebulobis Sesaxeb eWvi2.

ZiriTadi idea, romelic am terminSi igulisxmeba, SeiZ-

leba gavigoT im gansazRvrebebidan gamomdinare, rom-

lebic sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier

gamoiyeneba.

konkurencia, rogorc sabazro ekonomikis cen-

traluri meqanizmi uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebriv

progress ekonomikuri sistemis yvela – mikro, mezo,

makro da mega - doneze. bolo periodSi gaizarda yu-

radReba qveynebs Soris konkurenciaze, rac qveynebis

reitingTa sxvadasxva sistemaSi vlindeba. ukanaskneli

aTi wlis manZilze saerTaSoriso organizaciebi regu-

larulad axorcileben qveynebis Sedarebas sxvadasxva

parametrebis – konkurentunarianobis, teqnologiuri

ganviTarebis, adamianuri potencialis ganviTarebis, sa-

informacio ganviTarebis donis da sxva parametrebis

mixedviT. Cndeba axali reitinguli sistemebi.

qveynis konkurentunarianobis Sefasebis sxvadas-

xva meTodikebs Soris gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs

2 Krugman, P. (1996). Making Sense of the Competitiveness Debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press, 12(3), 17---25.

16

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis (WEF) da ganviTarebis marTvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IMD) meTodebi. msoflio ekonomikuri forumis qveynis konkurentunari-

anobis reitingis gansazRvra xorcieldeba saerTaSo-

riso ganviTarebis harvardis institutis (CID) mier da yovelwliurad `The Global Competitiveness Report~-Si pou-lobs asaxvas. mas safuZvlad udevs j. saqsisa da g.

stounis midgomebi konkurentunarianobis Sesaxeb. aR-

niSnuli reitingis SemuSavebis dros gaTvaliswinebu-

lia rva ZiriTadi faqtori, romelTa mdgomareobac

gansazRvravs grZelvadiani ekonomikuri zrdis SesaZ-

leblobebs. konkurentunarianobis TiToeul kompleq-

sur faqtors gaaCnia Tavisi faqtoruli wili da gani-

sazRvreba maCvenebelTa sistemiT.

K konkurentunarianobis done ganisazRvreba Semde-

gi indeqsebis safuZvelze:G

globaluri konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi; biznesis konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi; globaluri sainovacio indeqsebi; produqtis konkurentunarianobis indeqsebi da sxv.

m. porteris Tanaxmad, konkurentunarianobas aRweven

ara marto calkeuli dargebi, aramed dargebis mTeli

erTobliobebic (klasterebic), romlebSic kompaniebi

integrirebulia vertikaluri an horizontaluri prin-

cipiT.

porterma aCvena, rom msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi

arseboben konkurentunarian industriaTa iseTi jgufe-

bi, romlebic mcire teritoriuli sivrcis miuxedavad

msoflio bazarze lideris poziciebs inarCuneben. re-

gionul klasterebze dafuZnebuli erovnuli konkuren-

tunarianobis strategiis Teoriis SeqmniT porterma

daasabuTa, rom konkurentuli upiratesoba damokidebu-

lia klasterebze damyarebul regionul da adgilob-

riv inovaciur sistemebze.

17

konkurenciis Teoriis ganviTarebaSi mniSvnelo-

vani wvlili Seitanes: a. smiTma (naSromi _ `gamokvleva

xalxTa bunebis simdidrisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb~,

1776), d. rikardom, j. milma, j. robinsonma da e. Cember-

lenma, j. keinsma, p. hainem, i. Sumpeterma, f. haiekma, f.

naiTma, k. makkonelma, m. porterma da sxv.

bolo aTwleulebis movlenebma gansakuTrebiT

TvalnaTliv warmoaCines konkurneciis mniSvneloba sa-

warmo Zalebis ganviTarebaSi, misi universaluri moqme-

deba erovnul ekonomikasa da msoflio meurneobis

procesebze.

Tanamedrove ekonomikaSi erT-erT sakvanZo movle-

nas warmoadgens konkurentunarianoba. Mmagram Tanamed-

rove ekonomikuri mecniereba ar gvaZlevs mis zust gan-

martebas, radgan SemuSavebuli ar aris erTiani midgo-

ma konkurentunarianobis Sefasebisa da formirebisad-

mi.

saerTod konkurentunarianobis qveS mizanSewoni-

lia vigulisxmoT konkurirebis SesaZlebloba saqon-

lis da momsaxurebis bazrebze.

XXI saukunis Sua xanebSi Camoyalibda zogadi

warmodgenebi konkurenciis arsisa da misi ZiriTadi ma-

moZravebeli Zalebis Sesaxeb, rac gamoisaxa bazris sam

klasikur modelSi: srulyofili (wminda) konkurencia,

monopolisturi konkurencia da oligopolia.

konkurentunarianobis koncefciis erT-erTi fuZem-

debeli maikl porteri aRniSnavs, rom konkurentunari-

anoba ganisazRvreba mwarmoeblurobiT, qveyana iyenebs

Tavis bunebriv, adamianur resursebsa da kapitals,

radgan mwarmoebluroba aris qveynis da misi mosaxle-

obis keTildReobis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtori.

18

porterma gamoyo konkurentunarianobis Semdegi Ziri-

Tadi aspeqtebi3:

1. mwarmoebluroba damokidebulia rogorc warmoe-buli produqtis an gaweuli momsaxurebis Rire-

bulebaze (mis unikalurobaze, xarisxze), aseve

warmoebis efeqtianobaze;

2. winsvlisTvis mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu romel

dargebSia qveyana, konkurentuli aramed am dargSi

rogori konkurenciaa firmebs Soris.

qveynis mwarmoebluroba - aris imis gamoxatuleba, risi warmoebac gadawyvites adgilobrivma da ucxour-

ma firmebma am regionSi. qveynis konkurentunarianobis

amaRlebis saboloo mizans misi simdidris anu qveynis

keTildReobis zrda warmoadgens. TviTon m. porteris

Tanaxmad, qveynis simdidre arsebobs ori saxiT: arsebu-

li (memkvidreobiTi) da Seqmnili. memkvidreobiTi sim-

didre miiReba bunebrivi resursebis an uZravi qonebis

gayidvis xarjze. Tavisi bunebiT igi SezRudulia. amas-

Tan, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs saxelmwifo, radgan

zustad is awarmoebs resursebs mosaxleobis fenebs

Soris, rasac SeiZleba Tan axldes korufcia da favo-

ritizmi. aseve aseTi saxis simdidris erT-erTi maxasia-

Tebelia bunebrivi resursebis uzomod da araefeqtia-

nad gamoyeneba da subsidiebis xelmisawvdomoba.

qveynis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia, uwina-

res yovlisa, imaze, Tu ramdenad nayofierad iyenebs

igi erovnul bunebriv, SromiT, materialur da finan-

sur resursebs. amave dros, nebismieri konkurencia,

garkveulwilad ekonomikis srulyofis stimuls warmo-

adgens.4

3 Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York. 4 ismailovi e., papava v. centraluri kavkasia: geopolitikuri

ekonomiis narkvevebi. 2007 w. gv., 167

19

Seqmnili simdidre iqmneba kompaniebis doneze, rom-

lebic fasian produqtebsa da momsaxurebas awarmoeben.

simdidre ganisazRvreba mxolod firmis inovaciuri

SesaZleblobebiTa da mwarmoeblurobiT. saxelmwifos

roli ki imaSi vlindeba, rom konkurentunarianobis

faqtorebis Zlieri da susti mxareebis analizis sa-

fuZvelze, bizness xelsayreli pirobebi Seuqmnas. por-

teris koncefciaSi gamoiyofa konkurentunarianobis

oTxi ZiriTadi faqtori: Semomavali faqtorebis para-

metrebi (warmoeba), firmis konkurenciis pirobebi da

biznesis gaZRola, Sida moTxovnis parametrebi, monaTe-

save da mokavSire dargebis ganviTarebis done. aRniS-

nuli faqtorebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia da

qmnian ,,konkurentunarianobis almass” (ix. sqema 1.1).

sqema 1.1. `konkurentunarianobis almasi~ 5

m. porteris mixedviT, mTeli ekonomikuri sistemis

mTavar katalizators Sida dargobrivi konkurencia

5 Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York.

20

warmoadgens. rodesac qveyanaSi arsebobs erTi da imave

tipis produqtebisa da momsaxurebis ramdenime erovnu-

li mwarmoebeli, amiT erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTare-

bas didi stimuli eZleva. konkurenciis wyalobiT kom-

paniebi produqtis xarisxs amaRleben, amcireben xar-

jebs, xels uwyoben mecnierul-teqnikur progress:

bunebrivi resursebisa da adamianuri kapitalis garda, porteri Semomaval faqtorebs miakuT-

vnebs: sabazro infrastruqturis mdgomareobas;

kapitalis bazris ganviTarebis dones, umaRlesi

da profesiuli ganaTlebis sistemas; mecnieru-

li da kvleviTi institutebis xarisxs; informa-

ciuli infrastruqturis ganviTarebas;

Semomavali faqtorebis efeqtiani gamoyeneba qve-yanaSi biznesis warmarTvis xelsayrel sakanon-

mdeblo, institucionalur da konkurenciis Sez-

Rudvis ararsebobis pirobebSi aris SesaZlebe-

li. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos dabali Careva, sa-

xelmwifo subsidiebis aradiskriminaciuli gamo-

yeneba sawarmoebisa da dargebis efeqtiani ganvi-

TarebisaTvis aucilebel pirobebs qmnis. aseve

mniSvnelovania Ria ekonomika, romelsac qveyana-

Si damatebiTi konkurencia da masTan erTad teq-

nologiebi da investiciebi Semoaqvs;

Sida moTxovnis Taviseburebebi gamoSvebuli produqtis nakrebs da mis xarisxs gansazRvravs.

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis uxeSi moTxov-

nebi an ekologiuri standartebi, erTis mxriv,

zRudavs investiciis SesaZleblobebs, xolo, me-

ores mxriv - axdens investiciebis stimulirebas,

romlebic aramarto aumjobesebs, magaliTad,

ekologiur maCveneblebs, aramed aseve warmoebis

efeqtian zrdas ganapirobebs;

ganviTarebuli da mxardamWeri dargebi ekonomi-kaSi klasterebis warmoqmnis ZiriTad faqtors

21

warmoadgens, romlebic globalizaciis pirobeb-

Si ekonomikuri zrdis mTavari wyaroa.

porteris Tanaxmad6, konkurentunarianobas ara mar-

to calkeuli dargebi, aramed dargebis erTobliobe-

bic (klasterebic) aRweven, romlebSic kompaniebi ver-

tikaluri an horizontaluri mimarTulebiTaa integri-

rebuli.

porteris mier SemuSavebuli `konkurentunarianobis

almasi” sistemas warmoedgens.

saqarTveloSi arsebuli mdgomareoba da evropis

mcire qveynebis gamocdileba gvkarnaxobs, rom qveynis

ekonomikis ganviTarebis strategiuli amocanad miCne-

ul iqnes saqonlis konkurentunarianobis amaRleba.

igi mWidro kavSiriSia inovaciuri saqmianobis princi-

pul gaumjobesebasTan, arsebuli potencialis goniv-

ruli gamoyenebasa da Sesabamisi klasterebis Seqmnas-

Tan.

konkurentuli upiratesobis miRwevis yvelaze tipiur

novaciad iTvleba: axali teqnologiebi, myidvelTa axa-

li an Secvlili moTxovna, bazris axali segmentis ga-

moCena, Rirebulebisa da warmoebis komponentTa cvli-

leba da a.S.

klasteri aris geografiulad axlos ganlagebuli

urTierTdakavSirebuli kompaniebis, momwodeblebis,

firmebisa da institutebis jgufebi, romlebic erT

sferoSi muSaoben7. magaliTad, klasters warmoadgens msubuqi avtomobilebis awyoba slovakeTSi, saaTebis

warmoeba JenevaSi, finansuri klasteri londonSi, ke-

6 Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York. 7 Porter, Michael E. (1998), Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, The Free Press: New York.

22

ramikuli nakeTobebi italiaSi da a.S. klasterebi kon-

kurentunarianobaze sami mimarTulebiT moqmedeben:

• zrdian maT SemadgenlobaSi Semavali firmebis an dargebis mwarmoeblurobas;

• specializebuli momwodeblebi, TanamSromlebi da treningebi klasterSi arsebuli firmebisaT-

vis ufro xelmisawvdomia vidre izolirebuli

firmebisaTvis;

• aseve klasterebi - ,,saukeTeso biznes-praqtikebi” swraf gavrcelebasa da konkurentebTan sakuTa-

ri Tavis Sedarebis mudmiv SesaZleblobas uz-

runvelyofen.

klasterebi inovaciebisa da mwarmoeblurobis zrdis

potencials amaRleben. klasterSi gaerTianebis Sem-

TxvevaSi ufro martivia aucilebeli inovaciuri mid-

gomebis aRmoCena. resursebis arseboba iZleva eqsperi-

mentebis martivad Catarebis saSualebas, xolo saka-

nonmdeblo da kvleviTi institutebi aucilebel kompe-

tenciebs warmoadgenen.

sazRvargareTis gamocdileba mowmobs, rom klas-

teruli midgoma mTels msoflioSia aRiarebuli, ro-

gorc erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis amaR-

lebis politika. klasteruli politikis realizacii-

saTvis saWiroa rigi samuSaoebis ganxorcieleba, ker-

Zod, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebrivi mxardamWeri in-

stitutebis mier xdeba sawarmoTa klasterebad asocia-

ciis, maT Soris araformalur urTierTdamokidebule-

baTa da qseluri TanamSromlobis Camoyalibeba. tarde-

ba analizi da muSavdeba Sesabamisi organizaciul-eko-

nomikur RonisZiebaTa kompleqsi.

saqarTvelo Sors ver iqneba am procesebisagan

ramdenadac klasteruli midgomis wanamZRvrebi qveyana-

Si arsebobs. es imas mowmobs, rom saqarTvelosa da

postsabWoTa sivrcis sxva qveynebisaTvis aqtualuria

klasteruli midgomis gamoyeneba sawarmoebis, regione-

23

bisa da mTlianad erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentuna-

rianobis amaRlebis miznebisaTvis. globalizaciis Ta-

namedrove tendenciebi, romlebic, erTis mxriv, sti-

muls aZlevs saerTaSoriso konkurencias, konkurentu-

narianobas, inovaciebs, da, meore mxriv, subieqtebs So-

ris qseluri, araformaluri kavSirebis zrdam, ro-

gorc sapasuxo reaqciam am procesebze, struqturuli

gardaqmnis programis SemuSavebasa da qveynis ekonomi-

kis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebaSi sayovelTao aRi-

areba moipova.

yovelive zemoT CamoTvlili gvaZlevs saSualebas

CamovayaliboT klasteruli politika, rogorc erovnu-

li ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis asamaRleblad,

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebis mier gansaxor-

cielebuli saqmianoba, klasterebisa da qseluri ur-

TierTkavSirebis organizaciisa da ganviTarebis stimu-

lirebis miznebis, principebisa da meTodebis SesamuSa-

veblad. klasteruli politika praqtikaSi realizdeba

klasteruli strategiis SemuSavebis safuZvelze.

klasteruli politikis formirebis sazRvargareTis

gamocdilebis Catarebuli analizi SesaZleblobas

gvaZlevs gavakeToT Semdegi daskvnebi:

arsebobs klasteruli politikis erovnuli Ta-viseburebebi;

ar arsebobs erTgvarovnoba klasteruli poli-tikis saSualebaTa SemadgenlobaSi;

isini erTiania mxolod erTi klasteruli pro-eqtis monawile qveynebSi;

klasteruli politikis uzrunvelyofis meTode-bis mravalferovneba erovnuli Taviseburebebi-

Ta da klasteruli midgomis miRebuli koncef-

ciiT ganisazRvreba;

saxelmwifoTa klasteruli politika klasteri-zaciis procesSi mTavrobis Carevis xarisxis Se-

sabamisad gansxvavebulia;

24

klasteruli politikis Camoyalibebis meToduri safuZvlebi ar aris SemuSavebuli.

mTavrobis politika ar unda iyos mkacrad orinetire-buli mrewvelobis dargebisa da sawarmoebis pirdapir

subsidirebaze an bazarze konkurenciis SezRudvaze.

klasteruli iniciativebi SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebidan.

mTavrobis politika ar SeiZleba iyos orienti-

rebuli pirdapir Carevaze, aramed unda gadavides

klasterebis stimulirebaze. klasterizaciis procesSi

Careva SeiZleba gamarTlebuli iyos mxolod gamWvir-

vale bazris arsebobis an inovaciuri sistemebis aras-

rulyofilebis SemTxvevaSi. mTavrobam Tavis Tavze ar

unda aiRos damwyebi klasterebis xelmZRvaneloba an

sakuTrebis ufleba, aramed igi Suamavlis rolSi unda

gamovides, romelic Tavs uyris mwarmoeblebs, momwo-

deblebsa da myidvelebs, uzrunvelyofs klasterizaci-

isa da inovaciebis procesis xelSemwyob struqturebsa

da stimulebs.

klasteruli politika koncentrirebuli unda iyos

konkurentunarian klasterebze, magram ar unda ugule-

belyofdes mcire da embrionul klasterebs.

erovnuli klasteruli politikis ZiriTadi amocanaa,

klasterebis stimulirebis safuZvelze, mdgradi ganvi-

Tarebisa da erovnuli konkurentunarianobis amaRlebi-

saTvis pirobebis Seqmna. Camoyalibebuli miznis safuZ-

velze ganisazRvreba klasteruli politikis Semdegi

amocanebi:

bazrebis dinamiuri muSaobisaTvis (infrastruq-tura, konkurentuli politika, struqturuli

reformebi, strategiuli informaciis momzadeba)

xelsayreli pirobebis Seqna;

ekonomikis problemuri xedvis Camoyalibebis wyalobiT inovaciebis uzrunvelmyofi garemos

Seqmna;

25

klasteruli urTierTkavSirebis upiratesobebis Sesaxeb bazris subieqtebis informirebulobis

donis amaRleba;

kavSirebis damyarebis, codnis gaziarebis siste-mis marTva da Suamavloba; codnis formalur da

araformalur gaziarebaSi daxmareba;

klasteruli programebis SemuSaveba da reali-zacia;

erToblivi kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis programe-bis xelSewyoba;

klasteruli infrastruqturis Seqmna da ganvi-Tareba;

sazogadoebrivi institutebis meSveobiT samrew-velo kavSirebis kultivireba (skolebi, univer-

sitetebi, kvleviTi institutebi);

klasterebis mier xdeba axali firmebis da biznesis

axali xazis Seqmnis stimulireba, rac xels uwyobs

inovaciebs da afarToebs klasters.

1.2 saerTaSoriso konkurentunarianobis Sefaseba

arsebobs ori msxvili organizacia, romlebic

msoflioSi qveynebis konkurentunarianobis analizs

axorcieleben. es aris marTvis saerTaSoriso institu-

ti IMD da msoflio ekonomikuri forumi (World Economic Forum). TiToeuli es organizacia yovelwliurad gamos-cems angariSs (World Competitiveness Yearbook da Global Competitiveness Report Sesabamisad), romelic msoflioSi mimdinare tendenciebsa da konkurentunarianobas eZ-

Rvneba. isini msoflio tendenciebisa da benCmarkingis

analizisaTvis aucilebel monacemebs iZlevian.Oorive

angariSSi saxelmwifos konkurentunarianobis Sefase-

26

bis rTuli meTodologia gamoiyeneba, sadac ganixile-

ba faqtorebis farTo speqtris erToblioba, romelic

msoflio doneze qveynis warmatebas gansazRvravs da

misi mosaxleobis cxovrebis maRal dones uzrunvel-

hyofs.

globalizaciis pirobebSi erovnuli ekonomikis

konkurentunarianobis kvleva saSualebas mogvcems gan-

vaviTaroT Teoriuli Sexedulebebi qveyanaTaSoris

konkurenciis Taviseburebebze da davafuZnoT saqarTve-

los erovnuli ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis zrdi-

sa da globaluri konkurentuli upiratesobis reali-

zaciis mimarTulebebi.

msoflio meurneobis evoluciur ganviTarebaSi

XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovan movlenas war-moadgens konkurenciis internacionalizacia sxvadas-

xva sferoSi – ara marto gadamamuSavebel dargebSi,

aramed momsaxurebis sferoSic. saerTaSoriso konku-

rencia iZleva qveynis resursebis gamoyenebis produq-

tiulobis amaRlebis progresul-sinergiul SesaZleb-

lobebs da amavdroulad warmoadgens destruqciul-si-

nergiul safrTxes. magaliTad, konkurentuli upirate-

sobis Teoriis Tanaxmad: ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da-

axloebiT erTnairi donis qveynebidan nebismier maT-

gans gaaCnia gansazRvruli, mxolod misTvis damaxasia-

Tebeli globaluri konkurentuli upiratesobebi. ro-

gorc wesi, es ufro maRali: ama Tu im dargebis Sro-

mis mwarmoeblurobis done, ama Tu im dargebis, warmo-

ebis, samewarmeo jgufebis, samewrmeo, teqnologiuri,

komerciuli, personalis kvalifikacia, warmoebuli na-

keTobebis xarisxi da teqnikuri done, marTvis xelov-

neba, strategiuli azrovneba mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva

doneze da mravali sxva.

Cveni azriT, saerTaSoriso konkurencia unda ga-

nisazRvros rogorc ekonomikuri subieqtebis moqnilo-

ba mikrosameurneo urTierTobebis sistemaSi maTi inte-

27

resebis realizaciis saukeTeso pirobebis miRwevisaT-

vis Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso konkurencia, rogorc

msoflio ekonomikuri ganviTarebis meqanizmi, arsebul

cvlilbebs ganicdis globalizaciis fenomenis zemoq-

medebis qveS, rac Tavismxriv aisaxeba erovnuli ekono-

mikebis konkurentunarianobisa da konkurentuli upira-

tesobebis globalur gadanawilebaze.

1.2.1 konkurentunarianobis analizi marTvis saerTaSoriso institutis (IMD-s) mixedviT

IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook gamoicema yovel-wliurad 1989 wlidan. 2009 wels masSi 57 qveynis kon-

kurentunariaobis analizi iyo warmodgenil. igi fas-

deboda rogorc qveynis maCveneblebis Sedegobrivi er-

Toblioba 329 kriteriumis mixedviT, romlebic konku-

rentunarianobis oTx faqtorSia dajgufebulia:

• ekonomikuri mdgomareoba (makroekonomikuri ga-remo);

• saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis efeqtianoba; • biznesis efeqtianoba; • infrastruqtura.

yvela faqtori xuT qvefaqtorad, xolo zogierTi

maTgani ki qvejgufebad aris dayofili. konkurentuna-

rianobis indeqsis gamoTvla garkveuli Tanmimdevro-

biT mimdinareobs. pirvel etaze, yvela 329 kriteriumi

raodenobrivad fasdeba, amasTan 84 kriteriumi ar ga-

moiyeneba uSualod indeqsis gamoTvlisas. danarCeni

245 kriteriumi nawilobriv statistikuri (135) da gamo-

kiTxvis monacemebia (110). Semdgom etapze, qveynebis mi-

xedviT kriteriumebis mniSvnelobebis gansazRvrisaTvis

maTi nominaluri mniSvnelobis nacvlad gamoiyeneba

standartuli gadaxra. igi yvela kriteriumisaTvis Sem-

degi formuliT gamoiangariSeba:

28

,S

xxSDT −= (1.1)

sadac x - aris saanalizo qveyanaSi kriteriumis mniSvneloba; x mocemuli kriteriumis saSualo mniS-vneloba yvela 57 qveynisaTvis; S -saSualo kvadratuli uaryofa. standartuli uaryofa gamoiTvleba rogorc

statistikuri monacemebis, ise gamokiTxvis monacemebi-

saTvis.

konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi da qvefaqtorebi8

cxrili 1.1

Semdeg etapze xdeba SDT-s saSualo Sewonili

mniSvnelobis gamoTvla TiToeuli 20 qveynisaTvis. er-

Tis toli wonebi gamoiyeneba statistikuri kriteriu-

mebisaTvis da 0,55 _ gamokiTxvis Sedegad miRebuli mo-

nacemebisaTvis. wonebis aseTi urTierTkavSiri SerCeu-

8 IMD (2009). World Competitiveness Yearbook 2009.

ekonomikuri mdgomareoba

saxelmwifos efeqtianoba

biznesis efeqtianoba

infrastruqtura

Sida ekonomi-

ka

saxelmwifo

finansebi mwarmoebluroba sabazo infras-

truqtura

saerTaSoriso

vaWroba

fiskaluri po-

litika Sromis bazari teqnologiuri

infrastruqtura

saerTaSoriso

investiciebi

instituciuri

struqtura

finansebi mecnieruli in-frastruqtura

dasaqmeba biznesis ka-

nonmdebloba

menejmentis

praqtika

jandacva da ga-

remo

fasebi socialuri

struqrura

urTierTobebi

da faseulobebi

ganaTleba

29

lia imisaTvis, rom gamokiTxvis monacemebi konkurentu-

narianobis indeqsis mesameds gansazRvravdnen. bolo

etapi aris mTlianobaSi faqtorebisa da qveynebis kon-

kurentunarianobis gamoTvla, rogorc SDT qvefaqtore-bis saSualo mniSvneloba (yvela qvefaqtors aqvs erTi

wona, anu 0,2-faqtoris konkurentunarianobisaTvis da

0,05-qveynisaTvis).

1.2 konkurentunarianobis analizi msoflio ekonomikuri forumis (WEF)-is mixedviT

mef-is kvlevaSi ufro rTuli meTodologia gamoi-

yeneba, romlis mTavar Taviseburebas, saxelmwifos eko-

nomikuri ganviTarebis donesTan kavSirSi, faqtorebi-

saTvis sxvadasxva wonebis gamoyeneba warmoadgens. bo-

lo World Competitiveness Report-Si 2009-2010 wlebSi msof-lio konkurentunarianobis indeqsis daxmarebiT (Global Competitiveness index) 125 qveynis SedarebiTi konkurentuna-rianoba Sefasda, romelic SemuSavda maikl porteris mier mef-is koleqtivTan TanamSromlobiT Seqmnili wi-

na indeqsis safuZvelze. saboloo indeqsSi gaiTvalis-

wineba rogorc ekonomikuri garemos funqcionireba

(makroekonomika, ganaTleba, jandacva da a.S.), ise qveya-

naSi biznesis marTvis (gaZRolis) Taviseburebebi (mik-

roekonomika). yvela faqtori, romlebic moqmedebs kon-

kurentunarianobaze iyofa 12 jgufad:

institutebi; infrastruqtura; makroekonomikuri stabiluroba; janmrTeloba da sabazo ganaTleba; umaRlesi da profesiuli ganaTleba;

30

produqtis bazris efeqtianoba (damokidebulia bazarze arsebul konkurenciasa da moTxovnis

xarisxobriv maxasiaTeblebze);

Sromis bazris efeqtianoba; finansuri bazris ganviTarebis done; teqnologiuri mzadyofna-siCqare, romliTac qve-yana arsebul teqnologiebs mwarmoeblurobis

amaRlebisaTvis iyenebs;

bazris zoma; biznes-teqnologiebis sirTule; inovaciebi. mocemuli faqtorebis gavlena araTanabaria sxva-

dasxva qveynisaTvis. am mizniT 12 faqtori 3 gufad gai-

yo, romlebic qveynis ganviTarebis Sesabamis sam stadi-

aze gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania (ix. cxrili 1.2).

pirveli stadia xasiaTdeba warmoebis faqtorebis

xarjze zrdiT: ufro iafi muSaxeli, bunebrivi resur-

sebi da a.S. am stadiaze qveynebi Sekavebul (Seferxe-

bul) konkurentul strategias iyeneben. ekonomikis gan-

viTarebiT, Sromis mwarmoeblurobiTa da gadasaxade-

biT saxelmwifos ukve aRar SeuZlia SeferxebiT konku-

rireba da iZulebuli xdeba orientireba moaxdinos

konkurenciasa da ekonomikur zrdaze, warmoebis efeq-

tianobisa da gamoSvebuli prodiuqtis xarisxis amaR-

lebis xarjze. am stadiaze mniSvnelovani xdeba umaR-

lesi da profesiuli ganaTlebis ganviTareba, produq-

tis efeqtiani bazris arseboba, konkurenciis zrdis

ganmapirobebeli moqnili Sromis bazaris, ganviTarebu-

li finansuri seqtoris arseboba, investiciebis zrdis

mxardaWera, qveyanaSi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis arse-

boba da mzadyofna maTi gamoyenebisaTvis. saxelmwifos

ganviTarebis Semdegi stadia gulisxmobs mosaxleobis

maRal cxovrebis dones. am SemTxvevaSi qveynebs msof-

lio bazarze SeuZliaT konkurentunariani iyvnen Ziri-

Tadad unikaluri produqtis xarjze, romelic inova-

31

ciuri saqmianobis Sedegs warmoadgens. ganviTarebis am

etapze mniSvnelovania iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa:

biznesi, teqnologiebi da inovaciebi.

ekonomikis zrdaze damokidebuli konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi

cxrili 1.2

ekonomikis zrdis stadiebi faqtorebi

zrda faqtorebis xarjze

(qveynebi konkurireben Tavi-

anTi bunebrivi resursebis,

arakvalificiuri samuSao Za-

lis bazaze. firmebi amjobi-

neben safaso konkurencias.)

sabazo moTxovnebi

_institutebi

_infrastruqtura

_makroekonomika

_jandacva da sabazo ganaT-

leba

zrda efeqtianobis xarjze

(gadaxdebis zrda aiZulebs

firmebs warmoebis efeqtia-

noba da produqtis xarisxi

aamaRlon.)

efeqtianobis gamaZliereble-bi

_umaRlesi da profesiuli

ganaTleba

_produqtis bazris efeqtia-

noba

_Sromis bazris efeqtianoba

_teqnologiuri mzadyofna

_bazris zoma

zrda inovaciebis xarjze

(mosaxleobis maRali Semo-

savlebis uzrunvelyofa Se-

saZlebelia mxolod axali

da unikaluri produqtis

warmoebis xarjze).

inovaciuri faqtorebi

_inovaciebi _biznes

teqnologiebis sirTule

saxelmwifos ganviTarebis sxvadasxva stadiebze am Tavi-

seburebebis gaTvaliswinebisaTvis faqtorebi iyofa sxva-

dasxva wonebad (ix. cxrili 1.4).

32

faqtorebis wonebi cxrili 1.3

sabazo

moTxovnebi

efeqturobis gamaZliereb-

lebi

inovaciuri faqtorebi

zrda faqto-

rebis xarjze

60 35 5

zrda efeqti-

anobis xar-

jze

40 50 10

zrda inova-

ciebis xar-

jze

20 50 30

qveynis ganviTarebis stabiluroba

cxrili 1.4

stadiebi

mSp erT sul mosaxleze

(USD) zrda faqtorebis xarjze 2000-ze qveviT

pirveli stadiidan meoreSi ga-

dasvla

20000-3000

zrda efeqtianobis xarjze 3000-9000

meoredan mesame stadiaSi ga-

dasvla 9000-17000

zrda inovaciebis xarjze 17000 -ze zeviT

SeniSvna: gadamsvlel stadiaSi yvela qveynisaTvis wonebi gadanawildeba sxvadasxvanairad.

indeqsis gamosaTvlelad monacemebi aiReba nawi-

lobriv qveynis statistikidan da nawilobriv - top mene-

jerebis gamokiTxvidan. indeqsis gamoTvla xdeba skalis

33

mixedviT 1 - dan 7 - mde, romelic gamokiTxvis dros gamo-

iyeneba. am skalaSi statistikuri monacemebis gadmotana

xdeba formuliT:

saboloo indeqsi analizSi gamoyenebuli maCveneb-lebis saSualo Sewonilis gamoTvlis Semdeg miiReba.

1.4. qveynis konkurentunarianoba

sxvadasxva saxelmwifoebis konkurentunariano-

bis analiziT dakavebulia, erTis mxriv, harvardis biz-

nes-skola, meore mxriv, ki - calkeuli saxelmwifoebis

erovnuli konkurentunarianobis centrebi (romlebic

nawilobriv TanamSromloben harvardis biznes-skolas-

Tan). aseTi centrebi aris magaliTad: aSS-Si, irlandia-

Si, inglisSi, xorvatiaSi, yazaxeTSi.

calkeuli saxelmwifoebis konkurentunariano-

bis analizi maT benCmarkingTan mimdinareobs. analizis

pirvel etaps qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikuri tenden-

ciebis Sefaseba warmoadgens. es niSnavs qveynis mSp-is,

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis, pirdapiri ucxouri investi-

ciebis, Sida vaWrobis da sxva gansakuTrebiT aqtualu-

ri maCveneblebis zrdis analizs sxva qveynebTan Seda-

rebiT, rac saSualebas iZleva davadginoT qveyanaSi

arsebuli konkurentunarianobis done. aseve yuradReba

eqceva qveyanaSi daregistrirebuli patentebis raode-

nobas, radgan es statistikuri maCvenebeli misi inova-

ciuri ganviTarebis dones asaxavs. momdevno etapia

calke konkurentunarianobis makro da mikroekonomiku-

ri maCveneblebi.

makroekonomikur maCveneblebs Soris ZiriTadad

Seiswavleba mSp-is zrdis faqtorebi, inflaciis tempe-

34

bi, savaluto kursi, biujetis deficiti, mimdinare an-

gariSis balansi. aseve ganixileba qveyanaSi politiku-

ri (stabiluroba, politikuri procesebis gaxsniloba),

iuridiuli (kanonebis da maTi gamoyenebis xarisxi) da

socialuri (siRaribe, uTanabroba) pirobebi.

mikroekonomikuri klimatis Sefaseba xdeba por-teris ,,konkurentunarianobis almasis~ Sesabamisad. ga-

moiyofa upiratesobebi da uaryofiTi mxareebi faqto-

rebis, moTxovnis, monaTesave dargebis, konkurenciis

pirobebisa da biznesis marTvis parametrebis mixedviT.

SemdgomSi xdeba qveyanaSi arsebuli klasterebisa da

maTi ganviTarebis donis analizi. Catarebili analizis

safuZvelze ganisazRvreba ekonomikuri politikis sfe-

roebi, romelSic cvlilebebi gamoiwvevs qveynis konku-

rentunarianobisa da mosaxleobis keTildReobis

zrdas.

1.5. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianoba: problemis dasma

saqarTvelosaTvis konkurentunarianobis anali-

zi IMD-s saerTaSoriso kvlevebisa da msoflio ekono-mikuri forumis CarCoebSi pirvelad _ 1993 wels Catar-

da. es iyo kvleva, romelic eZRvneboda gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebs.9 saqarTvelo globaluri konkuren-

ciis mxriv, msoflios 133 qveyanas Soris 90 - e adgil-

zea - aseTia msoflio ekonomikuri forumis 2009-2010

wlis angariSis Sedegebi. Tumca, msoflio ekonomikuri

forumis globaluri konkurenciis indeqsisTvis mniS-

vnelovani calkeuli aspeqtebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos

9 IMD, WEF (1993). Формирующиеся рыночные экономики --- 1993, Международный институт развития менеджмента, Мировой экономический форум: Лозанна ----- Женева.

35

gacilebiT ukeTesi qulebi aqvs: magaliTad, igi msof-

lioSi biznesis keTebis siadvilis mixedviT me-11, xo-

lo ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis mxriv – 26-e, evropaSi

ki me-14 adgilzea - „metwilad Tavisufal” kategoria-

Si.

qveynisTvis am gansxvavebebs iwvevs Tavad indeq-

sebis specifika. pirvel or SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTde-

ba liberalizaciaze - biznesisTvis xelsayrel garemo-

ze, da zogadad, ekonomikur Tavisuflebaze. globalu-

ri konkurenciis indeqsi ki aqcents am faqtorebis gar-

da, efeqtiani mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebel institu-

tebzec akeTebs.

msoflio ekonomikuri forumis angariSi miuTi-

Tebs, rom liberalizacia da biznesisTvis xelsayreli

garemos Seqmna qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRle-

bisTvis aucilebeli, magram arasakmarisi pirobaa. amis

mizezia Zveli, antisabazro institutebi, romelTa de-

montaJic aucilebelia da maT nacvlad saWiroa axali,

efeqtiani mmarTvelobisTvis xelsayreli institutebis

Seiqmna.

bolo wlebSi saqarTvelom am mimarTulebiT

reformebi gaatara, magaliTad, sabaJo licenziebisa da

nebarTvebis sistemis gamartiveba an Sromis kodeqsi,

romelic, am indeqsis mixedviTac, Sefasebulia, ro-

gorc konkurentunariani da saqarTvelo msoflio oce-

ulSi Sedis.

saqarTvelom mniSvnelovan warmatebas miaRwia

korufciasTan brZolis mxrivac: organizacia `saerTa-

Soriso gamWvirvalobis” Tanaxmad, saqarTvelo koruf-

ciis doniT msoflioSi 169 qveyanas Soris 66-e adgil-

zea da regionis sxva qveynebs mniSvnelovnad uswrebs.

es pirdapir ukavSirdeba institutebis efeqtianobasa

da qveynis konkurentunarianobis zrdas, radgan bizne-

sis ekonomikur xarjs amcirebs da xels uwyobs ekono-

mikur ganviTarebas.

36

bolo oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi, wina wlebTan

SedarebiT, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi saqarTve-

loSi saSualod gasammagda. Tavisufali industriuli

zonebis mSeneblobam investorTa daintereseba da sa-

qarTveloSi damzadebuli produqtis eqsportze gatana

gamoiwvia.

meore mxriv, kargi mmarTvelobisTvis aucilebe-

li institutebis Seneba da globaluri konkurentuna-

rianobis miRweva xangrZlivi da neli procesia, rasac

zustad asaxavs globaluri konkurenciis indeqsi.

indeqsi qveynis konkurentunarianobas gansaz-

Rvravs rogorc im institutebis, kanonebisa da faqto-

rebis erTobliobas, romelic qveynis produqtiulobis

dones gansazRvravs. produqtiulobis done, Tavis

mxriv xels uwyobs ekonomikuri dovlaTis dagrovebas.

ekonomikuri dovlaTis zrdis pirobebSi ki moqalaqee-

bis Sroma ukeT anazRaurdeba. amdenad, rac ufro kon-

kurentunariania ekonomika, miT maRalia qveyanaSi ke-

TildReobis done. warmodgenili naSromis mizania, kon-kurentunarianobis koncefciis TvalsazrisiT moaxdi-

nos saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTarebis SedarebiTi

analizi, im meTodebiT, romlebic saerTaSoriso kvle-

vebSi gamoiyeneba.

kerZod, analizi Catardeba meTodikis Tanaxmad,

romelsac iyenebda m. porteri somxeTis, ruseTis, Cine-

Tis, yazaxeTis da sxva qveynebisaTvis da romelic sa-

fuZvlad udevs msoflio ekonomikuri forumis msof-

lio konkurentunarianobis indeqsis gamoTvlas (gamo-

angariSebas). qveynis konkurentunarianobis optimalur

maCveneblad porteri miiCnevs mwarmoeblurobas. igi

fasdeba rogorc qveyanaSi erT sul mosaxleze warmoe-

buli produqti da momsaxureba da gansazRvravs mosax-

leobis keTildReobas. swored amas unda emsaxurebo-

des qveynis konkurentunarianobis amaRlebis politika.

mwarmoebluroba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli iseT para-

37

metrbebTan, rogoricaa eqsportisa da importis mocu-

loba da struqtura, ekonomikaSi Sida investiciebis

moculoba, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi da saz-

RvargareT investiciebis struqtura (ix. sqema 1.2).10 er-

Tis mxriv, isini aCveneben qveynis mwarmoeblurobaze

uSualo moqmedebas, xolo meores, mxriv-TviTon SeiZ-

leba iyvnen konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebi.

magaliTad, eqsporti gviCvenebs ra doneze da ra

segmentze aris erovnuli produqtebi Sida bazrebze.

importis struqtura damokidebulia qveyanaSi gamoyene-

bul teqnologiebze, magram amavdroulad gansazRvravs

warmoebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebas. Sida investicie-

bi asaxavs arsebul ekonomikur pirobebSi moqmedi biz-

nesis ganviTarebis mzadyofnas, xolo ucxouri inves-

ticiebi mowmobs ucxouri investorebis survils gamo-

iyenon qveynis mier SemoTavazebuli konkurentuli upi-

ratesobebi.

sqema 1.2 konkurentunarianobisa da mwarmoeblurobis

urTierTkavSiri

10 Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York.

38

konkurentunarianobaze momqmedi faqtorebi, por-

terma dayo sam saxed: arsebuli faqtorebi; makroekonomikuri garemos faqtorebi; mikroekonomikuri konkurentunarianobis faqto-rebi.

arsebul faqtorebad porteri Tvlis bunebriv re-

sursebs, geografiul adgilmdebareobas, istoriul

memkvidreobas. mocemuli faqtorebi aris egzogenuria

ekonomikur politikasTan mimarTebaSi da qmnis saz-

Rvrebs, romlebSic xdeba qveynis konkurentunarianobis

ganviTareba. Tu qveyana mdidaria bunebrivi resursebiT,

aman SeiZleba uzrunvelyos misi biznesi SedarebiT ia-

fi nedleulis upiratesobiT, saxelmwifo ki-damatebi-

Ti SemosavliT socialuri valdebulebebis Sesasru-

leblad. geografiuli mdebareoba mniSvnelovania ram-

denime poziciiT. upirveles yovlisa, igi ganasaz-

Rvravs saerTaSoriso satransporto infrastruqturis

xelmisawvdomobas: zRvaSi gasvla da portis arseboba

iZleva sazRvao transportiT vaWrobis SesaZleblobas;

mniSvnelovan satransporto koridorebSi mdebareoba

iZleva maTi gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas damatebiTi Se-

ferxebebis gareSe. meore mxriv, qveynis mdebareoba

mniSvnelovania mezobeli qveynebis, maTi zomebisa da

ganviTarebis donis TvalsazrisiT. ufro ganviTarebu-

li mezoblebis arseboba ekonomikuri ganviTarebis

stimulirebas axdens kapitalis, axali investiciebis

da teqnologiebis Semodinebis xarjze.

istoriuli qoneba qmnis biznesis kulturas, Semo-

aqvs marTvis sistemaSi Taviseburebebi, romlebsac Se-

uZliaT biznesis, inovaciebis ganviTarebis stimulire-

ba.

39

sqema 1.3 konkurentunarianobis faqtorebi

mikroekonomikuri konkurentunarianoba ganisaz-Rvreba iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa: mikroekonomiku-

ri biznes-garemos xarisxi, klasterebis ganviTarebis

done, organizaciaSi gamoyenebuli strategiebisa da

marTvis principebis sirTulis da efeqtianobis done

(sqema 1.3).11 mikroekonomikuri biznes-garemos xarisxi

xasiaTdeba ,,konkurentunarianobis analizSi~ qveynis

Zlieri da susti mxareebis meSveobiT, radgan maTi war-

moqmna SeuZlebelia Sesabamisi codnisa da resursebis,

infrastruqturis, moTxovnis gareSe, romelime calke-

ul regionSi. klasterebis didi raodenoba, maTi urTi-

erTkavSiri, maRali produqtiuloba da efeqtianoba ga-

napirobebs mTeli qveynis ganviTarebas globalizaciis

pirobebSi. kompaniis strategiebis, maTi muSaobis da

marTvis principebis xarisxi warmoadgens calkeuli

sawarmoebis konkurentunarianobis maxasiaTebels.

11 Porter, Michael E. (1998), The Competitive Advantage of Nations, The Free Press: New York.

40

mocemuli meTodologiis gamoyeneba saSualebas

iZleva Sefasdes, Tu romeli faqtorebi aris wamyvani

(ZiriTadi) saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi

an SeferxebaSi, xolo maTi dawvrilebiTi gamokvleva

warmodgenili iqneba Semdeg TavebSi.

1.6 mimdinare mdgomareobis analizi

saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri mdgomareo-

bis analizi qveynis konkurentunarianobis gamovlenis

konteqstSi 1998-2008 wlebSi Catarda. or kriziss _ 1998

w. qarTul kriziss da 2008-2009 ww. globalur ekonomi-

kur kriziss Soris periodi _ saqarTvelos ekonomiki-

saTvis xasiaTdeba SedarebiT swrafi ekonomikuri

zrdiT. amasTan mocemuli aTwleuli SeiZleba gaiyos

or periodad: 2003 wlamde da mis Semdeg. pirveli peri-

odisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ufro naklebi ekonomiku-

ri zrda, romelic pirvel rigSi ganpirobebuli iyo

qarTul bazarze moTxovnis aRdgeniT. meore periodSi

zrdis ZiriTadi faqtorebi iyo energoresursebze da-

bali fasebi, aseve msoflio bazarze navTobze fasis

zrda. klasterebis roli

klasterebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs saqarTvelos

ekonomikis struqturaSi. maTi dayofa pirobiTad SeiZ-

leba Zvel da axal klasterebad. pirvelebi warmoadge-

nen mZime mewarmeobis klasterebs, romlebic warmoiqmna

rTuli warmoebebis koncentraciis politikis meSveo-

biT geografiuli principis mixedviT. axali klastere-

bi ar aris aseTi mravalricxovani da Sedgeba saSua-

lo sawarmoebisagan, romlebic xelsayreli Sida piro-

bebis gamo romelime adgilas aris koncentrirebuli.

amgvarad, mikroekonomikuri garemos sferoSi sa-

qarTvelos ZiriTadi konkurentuli upiratesoba gaaC-

41

nia warmoebis faqtorebis mxriv, romlebic Tavis TavSi

aerTianebs aseve iaf bunebriv da xarisxian SromiT re-

sursebs, agreTve upiratesoba aqvs sawarmoebsa da

klasterebis rigebs Soris kavSiris SenarCunebaSi. mik-

rogaremos negatiur maxasiaTeblebs Soris unda aRi-

niSnos biznesis marTvis rTuli samarTlebrivi piro-

bebi. samewarmeo saqmianobis maregulirebeli kanon-

mdeblobis gamartivebaSi mniSvnelovani progresis miu-

xedavad, arsebobs iseTi problemebi, rogoricaa: fase-

bis regulireba, gadasaxadebis maRali done, rac afer-

xebs kerZo seqtoris ganviTarebas. aseve sawarmos kon-

kurentunarianobis doneze uaryofiTad moqmedebs kon-

kurenciis SezRudva.

amdenad, mocemul TavSi warmovadgineT konku-

rentunarianobis analizi m. porteris meTodologiis

safuZvelze, romlis mixedviTac konkurentunarianobis

mTavar gamovlenas grZelvadian periodSi Sromis mwar-

moeblurobis zrda warmoadgens. rasac mivyavarT mo-

saxleobis keTildReobis gaumjobesebisaken. saqarTve-

loSi bolo aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi, msoflio eko-

nomikuri krizisis ganviTarebamde, SeimCneoda swrafi

ekonomikuri zrda, romelsac Tan axlda mosaxleobis

Semosavlebis zrda, siRaribis donis Semcireba da so-

cialuri Tanasworobis mxardaWera (SenarCuneba). Tumca

Sromis mwarmoeblurobis tradiciuli ganmsazRvreli

faqtorebis dinamika ver xsnida am zrdas. saqarTvelos

eqsportSi xdeboda nedleulis poziciebis gaZliereba,

importSi ar SeimCneoda maRalteqnologiuri produq-

ciis zrda, ar iyo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis

Semodineba. aSS-Si daregistrirebuli inovaciebis done

rCeboda dabal doneze. mwarmoeblobaze pozitiurad

moqmed erTaderT parametrad iTvleboda Sida investi-

ciebis zrda, magram misi potencialic mcirdeboda. Ta-

nac, am zrdas hqonda sawinaaRmdego mxarec: gadasaxade-

bis daCqarebul zrdasTan erTad man gamoiwvia Sidasa-

42

vaWro deficitis zrda, rac saboloo jamSi iqca sa-

qarTvelos ekonomikis struqturul problemad. Sede-

gad aucilebeli gaxda imis gansazRvra, Tu ra faqto-

rebi gansazRvraven saqarTvelos ekonomikis ganviTare-

bis aseT winaaRmdegobriobas, rom qveynis konkurentu-

narianobis ZiriTadi maCvenebelis _ Sromis mwarmoeb-

lurobis zrdas _ Tan axlda sxva maCveneblebis gaua-

reseba.

ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic iZleoda zrdis maRa-

li tempebis miRwevis saSualebas, iyo saqarTvelos ge-

ografiuli mdebareoba. misi mTavari problema iyo sa-

vaWro balansis uaryofiTi saldo, rac gansakuTrebiT

mwvave gaxda globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis piro-

bebSi. misi balansirebis aucileblobam gamoiwvia de-

valvacia, Sida valis zrda, saxelmwifo gasavlebis

Semcireba, sabanko sistemis mdgomareobis gauareseba.

saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdis Semaferxebe-

li faqtorebia misi mikroekonomikuri garemos Tavise-

burebebi. ekonomikaSi saxelmwifo sakuTrebis SenarCu-

nebuli maRali koncentracia ganapirobebs ekonomikaSi

konkurenciis dabal dones da proteqcionizms saxel-

mwifo sawarmoebis sasargeblod. kerZo seqtoris ganvi-

Tareba ferxdeba biznesis marTvis zogadi sirTulee-

biT, aseve rTuli sagadasaxado sistemiT da investor-

Ta uflebebis arasakmarisad dacviT. mikrogaremos da-

debiT momentebs Soris SeiZleba aRiniSnos iafi buneb-

rivi resursebisa da maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Za-

lis xelmisawvdomoba.

amgvarad, Sromis mwarmoeblurobis da mosaxleobis

Semosavlebis zrdis saxiT, saqarTvelos konkurentuna-

rianobis formalur zrdas Tan axlda sxva maCveneble-

bis, gansakuTrebiT ki Sida vaWrobis gauareseba. saqar-

Tvelos eqsportSi da importSi cvlilebebis ufro

Rrma analizs SeuZlia gaarkvios am winaaRmdegobrio-

bis arsi (buneba), rac warmoadgens Semdgomi kvlevebis

43

mizans. saqarTvelos konkurentunarianobis zrdis Zi-

riTad wyarod SeiZleba CaiTvalos misi xelmisawvdo-

moba saerTaSoriso bazarze. ZiriTadi gamowvevebi ki

mdgomareobs mikroekonomikuri situaciis gauaresebaSi

globaluri ekonomikuri krizisis zemoqmedebis Sede-

gad da susti mikroekonomikuri garemo. mocemuli faq-

torebis ufro dawvrilebiTi analizi warmodgenili

iqneba Semdeg TavebSi.

44

Tavi II biznes - garemo saqarTveloSi: problemebi da

zemoqmedeba konkurentunarianobaze bolo aTwleulSi, roca xdeba saxelmwifoebs So-

ris sameurneo kavSirebis intensificireba da saxel-

mwifoebma aqtiuri konkurencia daiwyes ucxouri inves-

ticiebis mosazidad, gansakuTrebuli popularobiT

sargeblobs konkurentunarianobis sakiTxi. am dros ga-

moCnda reitingebis rigi, romlebic qveynis ranJirebas

axdens makroekonomikuri da institucionaluri sfe-

ros maCveneblebis mixedviT.

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebi aqtiurad aumjobe-

seben biznes-garemos ekonomikis zrdis stimulirebis

da ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis mizniT. miuxedavad

amisa, biznes-garemos maxasiaTeblebi gardamaval qvey-

nebSi arsebiTad gansxvavebulia. saqarTveloSi bizne-

sis regulirebis gamartivebis sferoSi mxolod bolo

wlebSi daiwyo mniSvnelovani reformebis gatareba.

qveyanaSi sustadaa ganviTarebuli kerZo seqtori, xo-

lo investiciebis nakadi maRalia.

am TavSi warmodgenilia biznes-garemos analizi

gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi, biznes-garemos maCve-

neblebis urTierTkavSiri konkurentunarianobis rei-

tingebTan, bolo wlebis saqarTvelos biznes-garemos

analizi. gamokvleulia instituciuri da biznes-gare-

mos arsi da misi zemoqmedeba biznesis ganviTarebaze;

ganxilulia biznes-garemosa da konkurentunarianobis

urTierTkavSiri; warmodgenilia saqarTvelos biznes-

garemos maxasiaTeblebis zemoqmedeba biznesis ganviTa-

rebaze, ganxorcielebuli reformebis roli biznesis

konkurentunarianobis zrdaSi.

45

2.1 institucionaluri sfero da misi maxasiaTeblebi gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi

2.1.1 institutebis roli ekonomikis transformaciaSi

ZiriTadi tendenciebi, romlebic bolo aTwleu-

lebSi gansazRvravda ekonomikuri institutebis siste-

mebis ganviTarebas postsabWour sivrceSi, iyo privati-

zacia da deregulireba.12 aRiarebul iqna, rom saxel-

mwifos roli postsabWour qveynebSi mimarTuli unda

iyos bazris yvela monawilisaTvis, konkurentuli ga-

remosaTvis, infrastruqturis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebi-

saTvis erTiani wesebis Seqmnisaken. gardamavali qveyne-

bisaTvis 1990-ian wlebSi vaSingtonis konsesusis CarCo-

ebSi formirebuli saerTaSoriso finansuri institu-

tebis rCevebis sicxadisa da simkveTris (liberaliza-

cia, stabilizacia, privatizacia), miuxedavad postsab-

Wour sivrceSi transformaciuli procesebi gansxvave-

buli warmatebebiT mimdinareobda. male aRmoCnda, rom

reformebis saerTo rCevebi arasakmarisia, bazarze ga-

dasvlis procesSi mTavari roli ekuTvnis institute-

bis (TamaSis wesebi, adamianebis urTierTqmedebis

struqtura) transformacias.13 instituciuri ekonomiku-

ri cvlilebebis TeoriaSi warmoiSva moTxovna, rome-

lic popularuli xdeboda 1980-1990 wlebSi instituci-

ur-evoluciuri midgomis saxiT. gardamavali ekonomike-

bis irgvliv literaturaSi, ufro da ufro xSirad

iyo aRiarebuli, rom efeqtiani institutebi ar SeiZle-

12 ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos mxridan pirdapiri Carevis Semcireba. 13 Стиглиц Дж. (1999) Куда ведут реформы? (К десятилетию начала переходных процессов)// Вопросы экономики, №7, с. 4---30.

46

ba Seiqmnas spontanurad _ isini unda Seiqmnas saxel-

mwifos, biznesis ZalisxmeviT sakmaod xangrZlivi dro-

is ganmavlobaSi.14

institucionalistebis TvalsazrisiT, ekonomika

warmoadgens institutebis erTobliobas, romlebic uz-

runvelyofen bazris funqcionirebas. `institutebi _

es aris TamaSis wesebi sazogadoebaSi, an, sxvanairad

formalurad rom vTqvaT, es aris adamianis mier Seq-

mnili SemzRudveli CarCoebi, romlebic organizebas

uweven adamianebs Soris urTierTobas~.15 norti gvTava-zobs institutebis Semdeg klasifikacias:

araformaluri SezRudvebi (tradiciebi, wesebi da a.S.);

formaluri wesebi (konstituciebi, kanonebi, sa-samarTlo precendentebi, administraciuli aqte-

bi);

daZalebis meqanizmebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen wesebis dacvas (sasamarTloebi, policia, sakon-

trolo organoebi da a.S.).

araformaluri institutebi daarsebis grZel

process gaivlian da sazogadoebaSi `qvevidan~ iqmne-

ba. formaluri institutebi da maTi dacvis meqnizme-

bi, saxelmwifos ZalisxmeviT, Segnebulad yalibdeba.

araformaluri wesebi, formalurTan SedarebiT

transformaciis ufro grZel periods moiTxovs,

romlebic SeiZleba uecrad Seicvalos, magaliTad

revoluciis da gadatrialebis dros. xarisxiani da

efeqtiani formaluri wesebis SeqmnaSi mTavari roli

transformaciul periodSi saxelmwifos ekuTvnis.

14 Клейнер Г. (2004). Эволюция институциональных систем. М.: Наука. с.238 15 Норт Д. (1997). Институты, институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики: пер. с англ. А. Нестеренко. М.: Фонд экономической книги «Начала», c. 180

47

norti sazogadoebaSi instituciuri cvlilebebis

or ZiriTad wyaros gamoyofs16:

fasebTan dakavSirebiT struqturaSi gadaadgi-lebebi (teqnikuri progresis, axali bazrebis

gaxsnis, mosaxleobis zrdis dros da a.S.), rom-

lebic aiZuleben bazris monawileebs gadaxedon

(gaiTvaliswinon) formirebul wesebs;

ideologia, romlis zemoqmedebiT iqmneba adamia-nebis msoflmxedveloba da miCnevebi.

gardamaval periodSi moqmedebda instituciuri

cvlilebebis es orive wyaro. firmebs mouxdaT abso-

luturad axal garemosTan da konkurenciis struqtu-

rasTan Sejaxeba, xolo saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

teqnikur daxmarebasTan erTad movida axali ideolo-

gia. drois yovel momentSi warmoiqmneba arCevani: Tama-

Sis arsebuli wesebiT Semofarglva (SezRudva), an maT

Secvlaze anu institutebis transformacize resurse-

bis nawilis warmarTva. sabolood iqmneba instituciu-

ri wonasworoba, romelic warmoadgens ekonomikis iseT

mdgomareobas, roca arcerTi agenti ar aris daintere-

sebuli moqmedi institutebis gardaqmniT (SecvliT).

magaliTad, saqarTveloSi biznes-garemos reformebis

aqtivizacia bolo wlebSi swored mowmobs wina insti-

tuciuri wonasworobis darRvevas, rac gamowveuli iyo

araxelsayreli gare garemoTi (qarTuli produqtis-

Tvis gare bazrebze araxelsayreli koniunqtura, msof-

lio finansur-ekonomikuri krizisi da a.S.).

16 iqve gv., 189

48

2.1.2 instutebis transformacia da cvlilebebTan winaaRmdegoba

institutebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia inerciulo-

ba: Tu isini ukve Seqmnilia, maSin minimaluri danaxar-

jebiT vrceldebian monawileebis sul ufro met rao-

denobaze. magram axali institutebis Seqmna moiTxovs

sul ufro met sawyis dabandebebs, romlebic ukan dab-

runebas ar eqvemdebareba. Sedegad, `Zveli~ da `axali~

institutebis mdgomareoba ar aris erTnairi. `Zvelma~

institutebma ukve `gamoisyides~ maTi Seqmnis Rirebu-

leba (danaxarjebi), xolo `axlebi~ uerTdeba Semcvle-

lis maRal Rirebulebebs. Zveli instituciuri struq-

turidan axalze gadasvlis Rirebulebas (danaxarjebs)

polteroviCi (1999) transformaciis Rirebulebas uwo-

debs da gvTavazobs transformaciuli Rirebulebis

Semdeg klasifikacias 17:

transformaciis proeqtis Sedgena; proeqtis lobireba; Sualeduri institutebis Seqmna da mxardaWera proeqtis realizaciisaTvis;

proeqtis realizacia; sistemis adaptacia axal proeqtTan.

a. arturisa (1994) da d. nortis (1997) ideebis gamo-

yenebiT, v. polteroviCi aRwers institutebis gamZleo-

bis (simtkicis) formirebis sqemas. is amtkicebs, rom

gamZleoba uzrunvelyofili unda iyos stabilizaciis

ama Tu im meqanizmiT. aseTi meqanizmi SeiZleba dafuZne-

buli iqnes agentebis individualur upiratesobebze

(varaudebze, Tu ras aniWeben isini upiratesobas), an

17 Полтерович, В.М. (1999). Институциональные ловушки и экономические реформы, Переработка доклада «Институциональная динамика и теория реформ», III Международный симпозиум «Эволюционная экономика и «мэйнстрим»» (г. Пущино, 30---31 мая 1998 г.).

49

sanqciis muqaraze, an e.w. `koordinaciis efeqtze~. ko-

ordinaciis efeqti mdgomareobs imaSi, rom, rac ufro

mudmivad sruldeba normebi sazogadoebaSi, an rac uf-

ro meti individi uWers mas mxars, miT ufro met zians

miayenebs mas TiToeuli individi misgan ganze gadgo-

miT.18

instituciuri cvlilebebi ejaxeba Zlier winaaR-

mdegobebs, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu axali institutebi

gamoiwvevs sazogadoebis keTildReobis zrdas. es in-

stituciuri sistemis stabilizirebas axdens misi efeq-

tianobisagan damoukideblad. institutebi blokaven sa-

zogadoebas gansazRvrul kalapotSi, saidanac rTulia

Tavis daRweva. Sedegad SeiZleba araefeqtiani institu-

tebi Seiqmnas. d. nortis azriT, es xdeba, pirvel rig-

Si, imitom, rom axal wesebze (institutebze) gadasvlis

transaqciuli danaxarjebi Zalian maRalia. meore - es

SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iyos saxelmwifos ormag

rolTan. erTis mxriv, saxelmwifo adgens sakuTrebis

uflebebs da uzrunvelyofs kontraqtebis Sesrulebas,

meore mxriv, man SeiZleba gadaanawilos sakuTrebis

uflebebi da SeiZleba dainteresebuli iyos araefeqti-

ani institutebis mxardaWeriT, Tu es zrdis monopoli-

ur rentas (biujetis Semosavlebsa da gasavlebs Soris

sxvaobas). mesame - cvlilebebze winaaRmdegobam SeiZle-

ba aRmoaCinos specifikuri interesebis jgufebi. radga-

nac institutebis qmedebebis Sedegad miRebuli mogeba

da daxarjebi sazogadoebaSi araTanasworad gadana-

wildeba, zemoqmedebis Zalauflebiani jgufebi Seecde-

bian SeinarCunon sazogadoebis TvalsazrisiT araefeq-

tiani institutebi sakuTari interesebisaTvis. d. nor-

18 Полтерович, В.М. (1999). Институциональные ловушки и экономические реформы, Переработка доклада «Институциональная динамика и теория реформ», III Международный симпозиум «Эволюционная экономика и «мэйнстрим»» (г. Пущино, 30---31 мая 1998 г.).

50

ti aRniSnavs, rom `institutebi ar iqmneba yovelTvis

imisTvis, rom iyos socialurad efeqtiani; institute-

bi, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, formaluri wesebi, iqmneba

ufo imisTvis, rom emsaxuros maT interesebs, vinc gav-

lenas axdens axali wesebis formirebaze~.19 meoTxe -

instituciur transformaciaze gavlenas axdens `Sem-

dgomi ganviTarebis traeqtoria~ (path dependence), ro-melic gansazRvravs SemdgomSi moqmedebebisa da gadaw-

yvetilebebis SerCevas. polteroviCs Semoaqvs aseve

nortis kvlevis logikurad msgavsi `instituciuri ma-

xeebis~ cneba da ikvlevs mas. instituciur maxeebSi po-

ilteroviCi gulisxmobs sazogadoebaSi araefeqtiani

institutebis warmoqmnas, rodesac SeuZlebelia adre

Seqmnili formaluri wesebis Sesruleba. aseTi movle-

na farTodaa gavrcelebuli gardamavali ekonomikis

qveynebSi. Sesabamisad, polteroviCi Tvlis, rom saxel-

mwifos amocanaa instituciur maxeebisagan Tavis ari-

deba.

instituciuri skolis kidev erTma warmomadgenelma,

radaevma (2003), rusi mewarmeebis empiriuli kvlevebis

safuZvelze SemogvTavaza sazogadoebaSi araformalu-

ri institutebis formirebis Semdegi meqanizmi:

1. kanonmdeblebs SemoaqvT formaluri wesebi ise-Ti saxiT, romliTac misi upirobo Sesruleba

garTulebulia (dakavSirebulia did finansur,

moralur da droiT danaxarjebTan);

2. bazris monawileebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT ar-sebuli wesebis gasaCivrebis meqanizmebi, sabo-

lood sistematurad arRveven maT (wesebs);

3. makontrolebel organoebs SemoaqvT wesebis dacvis arCeviTi kontroli, romelic SeiZleba

19 Норт Д. (1997). Институты, институциональные изменения и функци-онирование экономики: пер. с англ. А. Нестеренко. М.: Фонд экономической книги «Начала», – 194 c.

51

gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc bazris monawileebze

zewolis saSualeba sakuTari interesebis rea-

lizaciisaTvis;

4. bazris monawileebi `Tanxmdebian~ erTmaneTSi, ris Sedegadac SemuSavdeba wesebis realizaciis

formebi da isini araformalur urTierTobebad

gardaiqmneba.

araformaluri urTierTqmedebis modelebi imasTan

dakavSirebiT iqmneba, rom SeuZlebelia firmebma yvela

aucilebeli moTxovna Seasrulon da isini saxelmwi-

fos mier biznes-garemos cvlilebebis winaaRmdeg `Tav-

dacviTi reaqciiT~ gamodian.

2.1.3 sabazro reformebisa da institutebis transformaciis praqtika gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi

sabazro reformebisa da institutebis transforma-

ciis praqtika gardamavali ekonomikis calkeul qvey-

nebSi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba. zogierTi postsabWouri

qveyana swrafad gadavida sabazro ekonomikaze, mbrZa-

nebluri ekonomikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli institutebi

sabazroTi Secvales, sxvebma mmarTvelobis hibriduli

struqtura SeinarCunes, ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos mona-

wileobis maRali doniT.

bolo aTwleulebSi sabazro reformebsa da insti-

tutebis transformaciaSi did progress centraluri

da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebma miaRwies, romlebic

sabazro urTierTobebze swrafad gadavidnen da Tavian-

Ti biznesis konkurentunarianoba aamaRles. saqarTve-

loSi, bolo wlebSi SeiniSneba reformebis garkveuli

progresi, roca xelisuflebam qveyanaSi sameurneo pi-

robebis liberalizaciis zomebis ganxorcieleba daiw-

yo. instituciuri garemos xarisxi gardamaval qveyneb-

52

Si, romlebic aseve xasiaTdeba liberaluri reforme-

bis progresiT, pirdapiraa dakavSirebuli msoflio

masStabiT qveynis konkurentunarianobasTan. instituci-

uri garemo moqmedebs maTi ekonomikis mdgomareobaze,

ekonomikuri zrdisa da investorebis mozidvis SesaZ-

leblobaze. Semdgom TavSi ganvixilavT gardamavali

ekonomikis qveynebSi konkurentunarianobis saerTaSo-

riso reitingebs da gavaanalizebT maT urTierTkav-

Sirs biznes-klimatis maxasiaTeblebTan.

2. 2 konkurentunarianoba da biznes-garemo gardamavali ekonomikis qveynebSi 2.2.1 konkurentunarianobisa da biznes-garemos urTierTkavSiri

Tavis nawarmoebSi p. krugmani aRniSnavs, rom qveyne-

bis konkurentunarianoba damokidebulia aramarto re-

sursebiT uzrunvelyofaze, aramed aseve mwarmoeblu-

robaze, romelic dakavSirebulia biznes-garemos mdgo-

mareobasa da masStabis efeqtis arsebobasTan. biznes-

garemos igi miakuTvnebs regulirebas, institutebs, in-

frastruqturas, adamianur kapitals da a.S., romlebic

gavlenas axdens mocemul garemoSi firmebis mwarmoeb-

lurobaze.20 firmis doneze biznes-garemo moqmedebs

danaxarjebze, dargis doneze ki _ bazrisa da konku-

renciis struqturaze, erovnuli ekonomikis doneze _

ucxouri investiciebisaTvis qveynis mimzidvelobaze.

dargebis doneze biznes-garemo umetesad moqmedebs

20 Krugman, P. (1980). Scale economies, product differentiation, and the pattern of trade, American Economic Review, vol. 70(5), pp. 950---59. Krugman, P. (1983). New Theories of Trade among Industrialized Countries, American Economic Review, vol. 73(2), pp. 343---7. Krugman P. (1996). Making sense of the competitiveness debate, Oxford Review of Economic Policy, vol. 12(3), pp. 17---25.

53

imaTze, romlebic ar aris bunebrivi resursebis makon-

trolebeli monopolistebis da ufro mcire da saSua-

lo maRalteqnologiur sawarmoebs miekuTvnebian.21 am-

gvarad, investiciebi da dargebis ganviTareba damoki-

debulia biznes-garemos xarisxze, regulirebaze da in-

frastruqturaze, aseve konkurenciis stimulebze, rom-

lebic Sesabamis instituciur garemoSi warmoiqmneba.22

biznesis ganviTereba nebismieri qveynis ekonomikuri

da socialuri ganviTrebis mniSvnelovani faqtoria. sa-

xelmwifo mniSvnelobis politikuri, socialur – eko-

nomikuri, demografiuli da sxva sakiTxebis ganxilva –

gadawyveta moiTxovs yvela Taviseburebebis gaTvalias-

winebas, maT Soris gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia,

biznesis garemo faq