kacobriuli rirebulebebi da ekonomikis rirebulebiti orientirebi
TRANSCRIPT
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SoTa veSapiZe
kacobriuli Rirebulebebi da
ekonomikis RirebulebiTi
orientirebi
Tbilisi
2012
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UDC (uak)33.01
3-436
winamdebare monografia aris Cveni pirveli mcdeloba SevexoT kacobri-
uli Rirebulebebis rolsa da mniSvnelobas. wignSi gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba eqceva imas, rom ganRmrTobili adamiani yvelaze umaRlesi
Rirebulebaa, romliskenac yvela unda viswrafvodeT, rac unda gvindodes.
monografiaSi naTlad aris gadmocemuli, rom Cveni planetis TiToeuli
individi aris yvelaze umaRlesi Rirebuleba. swored es ganRmrToba unda
undodes TiToeul adamians. aRniSnul gzaze yvelaze metad evropa da
amerika dawinaurda. maT pirvelebma uCvenes samyaros gza umaRlesi
faseulobebisaken. swored amitom, wignSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba aqvs
daTmobili evropul da evroatlantikur Rirebulebebs.
vfiqrobT, ganxiluli sakiTxebi erTnairad saintereso iqneba Tavis
qveyanasa da saerTod kacobriobis bedze mofiqrali yvela adamianisaTvis,
ganurCevlad erovnebisa, religiuri aRmsareblobisa, rasisa, profesiisa,
asakisa da msoflmxedvelobisa.
ISBN 978-9941-0-3972-0
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s a r C e v i
Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
kari I. Rirebulebis ZiriTadi mimarTebani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
1.1. `Rirebulebis~ da `faseulobis~ cnebaTa mimarTeba da
klasifikacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2. wyaroebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
1.3. Rirebulebis formireba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.4. Tanamedrove midgomebi Rirebulebis kvlevisadmi . . . . . . . . . . . . .45
1.5. civilizaciis‚ kulturis da Rirebulebis cnebaTa mimarTeba . . . . .63
kari II. RirebulebaTa Semecnebis fenomeni. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.1. civilizaciuri resursebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.2. didi qarTveli moazrovneebi globalizaciisa da erovnuli
ekonomikuri faseulobebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
2.3. erovnuli Rirebulebebis saerTo saTaveebTan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
2.4. Rirebulebebis gaufasureba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
2.5 RirebulebaTa gaziarebis istoriuli gakveTilebi . . . . . . . . . . . .145.
kari III. Tanamedroveoba da Rirebulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.1. demokratiis liberaluri Rirebulebebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
3.2. evropul-qarTuli Rirebulebebis sinTezisaken . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
3.3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis RirebulebiTi safuZvlebi. . . . . . . . . . 184
3.4. globalizacia da sazogadoebriv faseulobaTa transformacia. . . . .195
3.5 kultura da ekonomikuri ganviTareba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
3.6. Rirebulebis roli ekonomikis modernizaciis saqmeSi . . . . . . . . . 221
daskvna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .229
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Sesavali
msoflios istoriaSi ar moiZebneba arc eri, arc xalxi da Temic ki ar
arsebobs, romelsac dRemde mouRwevia, raime Seuqmnia didi Tu mcire, da Tavisi
genia, Tavisi Rirebulebebi ar hqonia. Rirebulebebis gareSe arc araferi
mniSvnelovani keTdeba da arc araferi iqmneba. yoveli eris TviTmyofadoba misi
Rirebulebebs efuZneba, misiT miiRweva da misiT aisaxeba. TiToeuli adamianic imis
mixedviT Seicnoba, Tu ra Rirsebis, ra Rirebulebebis matarebelia igi.
Rirebulebebis fenomeni is ki ar aris rac xalxs unda, aramed isaa, rac xalxs
unda undodes. Rirebulebebi Cveni cxovrebis maradiuli gzamkvlevi da misi
gasrulyofilebis saTavea.
nebismieri sazogadoeba efuZneba garkveul RirebulebaTa sistemas, romelzec
misi didi nawili SeTanxmebulia, saxelmwifo sazogadoebis nawilia da misTvisac
es Rirebulebebia amosavali, igi maT met-naklebad acnobierebs da amTlianebs da
amiT saerTo-erovnuli cnobierebis doneze ahyavs isini, oRond, mas uCndeba
sakuTari RirebulebiTi orientirebic, romlebic examebian da avseben,
gansxvavdebian da, bevr SemTxvevaSi, upirispirdebian kidec sazogadoebis
RirebulebiT orientirebs.
Tanxvedra metia liberalur, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi, misi RirebulebaTa
sistema amoizarda tradiciul da modernul RirebulebaTa Ziridan da dRes
postmodernuli SinaarsiT ivseba. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos, romlis adaptacia
globalur samyaroSi axla mimdinareobs, Cveni sazogadoeba RirebulebaTa sistemis
mixedviT gamoyofili am sami stadiidan samiveze erTdroulad imyofeba. es arcaa
gasakviri, radgan sabazro sistemaze gadasvla RirebulebaTa transformaciis
xangrZliv processac gulisxmobs. rogor unda SeinarCunos man Cveni tradiciuli
Rirebulebebi rogorc axali sistemis qvakuTxedi? am kiTxvebs erTi gamokvleva ar
eyofa, magram kvleva rom saWiroa, amaSi mkiTxveli, darwmunebuli varT,
dagveTanxmeba. winamdebare monografia aris Cveni pirveli mcdeloba SevexoT am
didi Temis zogierT aspeqts.
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kari I. Rirebulebis ZiriTadi mimarTebani
1.1. `Rirebulebisa~ da `faseulobis~ cnebaTa
mimarTeba da klasifikacia
RirebulebaTa sistema, romelsac sazogadoeba saxelmZRvanelod iyenebs,
adamianTa didi nawilis qcevis Cveul normad aris qceuli. es Rirebulebebi
yvelasTvis erTnairad misaRebi ar aris, zogi xelyofs kidec maT, magram
sazogadoebas gamomuSavebuli aqvs formaluri (kanonebi) da araformaluri
(adaTebi, wes-Cveulebebi) institutebi maT dasacavad.
nebismieri normaluri saxelmwifo xels uwyobs im interesTa realizacias,
romlebic, normalur pirobebSi, am Rirebulebebs efuZneba.
Rirebulebebi gayinul sistemas rodi qmnian. es sistema mudmivad axldeba da
mis ganaxlebaSi did rols asruleben progresulad moazrovne adamianebi.
demokratiuli mmarTvelobisas TviTon sazogadoebisa da pirovnebebis
principebsa da Zalisxmevazea damokidebuli, rogor garemoSi mouwevT maT
cxovreba. liberaluri, demokratiuli sazogadoeba emyareba iseT Rirebulebebs,
rogorebicaa: kanonis uzenaesoba, adamianis Tavisufali politikuri da piradi
arCevanis ufleba, sityvis Tavisufleba, religiuri (rwmenis) Tavisufleba, sqesTa
Tanasworoba.
sazogadoebisTvis misaReb im WeSmarit RirebulebebTan erTad, romlebic
ganamtkiceben socialur-ekonomikuri progresis safuZvlebs, arsebobs agreTve
cruRirebulebebi, uaryofiTi Rirebulebebi, an fsevdoRirebulebebi, romlebic
sapirispiro Sedegebs iwvevs. magaliTad, liberalizmi TavisTavad Rirebulebaa,
magram misi ukiduresi formebi, fsevdoliberalizmi an ultraliberalizmi xSirad
savalalo Sedegs iZleva, gansakuTrebiT _ saerTaSoriso (transnacionaluri
korporaciebis) politikis SemTxvevaSi.
sazogadoebis kulturis, misi socialuri, politikuri, ekonomikuri
azrovnebis ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebis Semecneba prioritetul mniSvnelobas
iZens. amisaTvis ki uwinares yovlisa TviT cneba unda ganvsazRvroT.
Rirebulebas vuwodebT sazogadoebriv movlenaTa simravlis im saerTo niSans,
romelic adamianebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da sasurvelia. am zogadi
sociologiuri (ara-ekonomikuri) azriT Rirebuleba idealuri movlenaa, radgan
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mniSvnelobas adamianebi aniWeben maTTvis sasurvel (an arasasurvel) sazogadoebriv
movlenebs – isini miiCneven maT mniSvnelovnad da sasurvelad (saWirod).
cxadia, yoveli sasurveloba rodia Rirebuleba. cnobili frangi
filosofosis didie Jiulias ganmartebiT, Rirebuleba sayovelTao, mTlianobaSi
warmodgenili sasurvelobaa (da ara ubralod `sasurveloba~). e.i. Rirebuleba
aris is, rac mosawoni, anu sayovelTaod misaRebia (yovel SemTxvevaSi, misi
Sedegebidan gamomdinare misaRebi unda iyos). es ise ar unda gavigoT, TiTqos
Rirebuleba imas gulisxmobdes, rom es niSani (es movlena) bevrisTvis aris
mosawoni. es ase araa. bevri da cota aq arafers niSnavs. esa Tu is ram imis gamo
ki ar aris Rirebuleba, rom bevrs (mravals) an cotas (Tundac erTs) moswons,
aramed imitom, rom miuxedavad mowoneba-armowonebisa, mas SeuZlia dadebiTi
Sedegebi moitanos, win waswios eri da kacobrioba, qveyana (regioni) da msoflio.
Tumca, Rirebulebebi (RirebulebiTi orientirebi) SeiZleba moZveldes,
dadebiTidan uaryofiTad gadaiqces da ukanac daswios sazogadoeba.
zemoaRniSnuls avsebs ganmarteba, romelic moaqvs qarTvel mecniers lali
surmaniZes britaneli mecnieris berris naazrevidan: `Rirebuleba universaluri
dadgenilebaa (albaT sjobs – SeTanxmebaa. S. v.) imis Taobaze, Tu ra aris misaRebi
da ra – miuRebeli~ (surmaniZe l. individualisturi da koleqtivisturi
sazogadoebebi (Teoriuli modelebi da empiriuli kvlevebi), fondi `Ria
sazogadoeba~ _ saqarTvelo, gamomcemloba `nekeri~, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 59.).
oRond, gansazRvrebad es ganmarteba ar gamodgeba, radgan Rirebulebebi, romlebic
dRes mosawoni da misaRebia mxolod erTeulebisaTvis, xval SeiZleba aseTad iqces
sazogadoebisaTvis.
mwerali niko lorTqifaniZe Semdegs werda: `gamxdar Txas, dakoWlebul
cxens, Caxmaxdamtvreul Tofs fasi ekargeba; adamians ki erTi da igive fasi aqvs
yovelTvis da yvelgan, imereTis mefobas argunebs Tu danelias meRored gaaCens
ufali, dadianis sasaxle aTas facxaSi ar gaicvleba, adamiani ki imdenive Rirs,
rac mTeli kacobrioba, adamianis arc gacvla SeiZleba, arc dafaseba, arc
gamravleba, arc gamokleba. igi ufasoa. igi erTia, mudam erTi. adamiani mudam
adamiania – arc meti da arc naklebi~ (`dadianis asuli da maTxovari~). rogorc
vxedavT, mwerlis es gamonaTqvamebic Rirebulebis idealur sawyisebze
migvaniSneben. rogorc didi mwerali aRniSnavs, TiToeuli adamiani aris erTaderTi
umaRlesi, unikaluri Rirebuleba. veravin ver Secvlis sxva adamians. TiToeuli
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pirovneba Seunacvlebeli, unikaluri Rirebulebaa. am azrs mTlianad iziareben
cnobili qarTveli filosofosebi: T buaCiZe, r. gordeziani da sxvebi. aRniSnulis
Sesaxeb ix.: xideSeli n., aRmosavlur da dasavlur Teologiur-filosofiur
azrovnebaTa mimarTebebi. gamomcemloba `universali~, Tbilisi, 2012). dae,
mkiTxveli nu gamoedevneba motanili citatis calkeuli sityvebis sakuTar
mniSvnelobas– isini SeiZleba sadavodac eCvenos. CvenTvis mTavaria maTi
gamaerTianebeli, Semkvreli azri – adamianis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli
Rirebulebis, zogadi Sefaseba.
SeuZlebelia Sefasdes enis mniSvneloba kulturisaTvis da yovelmxrivac,
radgan igi urTierTobis saSualebacaa da azrovnebis formac. magaliTad, dialogi
mxolod saubari ki ar aris, aramed azrovnebis wesia. enobrivi msoflxedva anu is,
Tu rogor xedavs qarTuli ena im WeSmaritebebs, romlebic civilizaciisTvis
uarsebiTesia, umTavresi Rirebulebis momcveli fenomenia (aRniSnulis Sesaxeb
vrclad ix.: T. bolqvaZe. ideologizebuli Rirebulebebi, Tbilisi, 2005, gv. 239).
rogorc ioane zosime ambobda: `yoveli saidumlo amas enasa Sina damarxul
ars~ (sol. yubaneiSvilis Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, t. 1, 1946,
gv. 416). `sityvao, aRmsarebelsa momxeden~ _ SesTxovs daviT aRmaSenebeli enas
(qarTuli poezia. tomi I, Zveli qarTuli poezia, V-XII s.s. `nakaduli~, Tb., 1979,
gv. 164). qarTuli ena, rogorc samyaros Semecnebis saidumloebaTa momcveli da
matarebeli, gvawvdis sityva `Rirebulebis~ mTavar sawyisebsac, mis gasaRebsac.
azrovnebis, maT Soris, ekonomikuri azrovnebis ganmsazRvreli Rirebulebebis, misi
mTavari orientirebis arsSi garkveva sityva `Rir~-iT SeiZleba daiwyos. `Rir~-i
niSnavs: mniSvneloba aqvs, azri, gamarTleba aqvs. aqedan warmodgeba sityvebi:
`Rirs~-i da `Rirs-eba~. Rirs-i is aris, rac, vinc visime, risime Sesaferisia;
rasac vinme, rame imsaxurebs, _ Sesaferi, damsaxurebuli, sakadrisi. amaSi ukve
moCans Rirebulebis fardobiTi xasiaTi, rac ekonomikuri urTierTobebis sferoSi
Setolebas niSnavs.
`Rirebulebis~ zogadsociologiuri, filosofiuri cnebis axsna urTulesi
aRmoCnda. jer kidev XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis bolos qarTveli filosofosebi
amas pirdapir aRiarebdnen. miiCnevdnen ra Rirebulebis Teoriis Seqmnas saukunis
erT-erT umTavres minaRwevad filosofiaSi, isini aRniSnavdnen: `mTeli
filosofiis istoria TiTqos Rirebulebis cnebis momzadebis istoriaa da mainc
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igi sabolood auxsneli darCa~. (qvaCaxia v., nadiraSvili S., beWvaia d., WeliZe v.
Rirebuleba da ganwyoba. ix. wignSi: sociologiuri narkvevebi, Tb., 1969, gv. 50).
yvelaze martivad Tu vityviT, `Rirebulebaa is, rac Seesabameba adamianis
adgils samyaroSi~. is iseTi ramaa, romelsac damoukidebeli arseboba ar gaaCnia
(idealuria) da yoveli realuris ganmsazRvrelia. rogorc qarTveli
filosofosebi miiCneven: `Rirebulebis cneba (Semdeg – Teoria) maSin Camoyalibda,
roca aRiarebul iqna iseTi idealuri, romelic mniSvnelobs da gansazRvravs
yovel Sefasebas (TviTSemecnebasac ki)... pasuxi upirveles yovlisa mogveTxoveba
imaze, SeiZleba Tu ara vaRiaroT is, rac mniSvnelobs, idealuria (realuri
arseboba ar gaaCnia) da ganmsazRvrelia yoveli realuri (individualuri)
cnobierebisaTvis~ (iqve, gv. 50).
Rirebulebis cnebis sam niSans gamoyofen:L1) es aucileblad aris adamianTa
SefasebiTi damokidebuleba sagnisadmi; 2) es aris imis aRiarebac, rom idealuri
mniSvnelobs, rogorc individualur-realuris ganmsazRvreli; 3) Rirebulebaa is,
rac sazrisis mimcemia, ris gamoc raimes sazrisi aqvs. Rirebulebis es niSani
Sefasebebis mimarT gvaZlevs imas, rac cxovrebis sazrisis umaRles SefasebiT
kategoriaSi gamoiTqmis da eTikuri samyaros (undas samyaros) ganmsazRvrelia.
(Rirebulebis filosofiuri cnebis dadgenis sakiTxebs mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebi
miuZRvna qarTvelma filosofosma geronti SuSanaSvilma (ix.: a) SuSanaSvili g. i.,
Rirebulebis filosofiuri cneba. Tb., 1986; b) SuSanaSvili g. i. zneobrivi
Rirebulebis specifika. Tb., 1980. Tanamedrove qarTul filosofiur azrovnebaSi
Rirebulebis problemis Sejamebas eZRvneba g. SuSanaSvilis mier qarTuli
filosofiuri azris istoriis oTxtomeulSi gamoqveynebuli naSromi (ix.
qarTuli filosofiuri azris istoria, tomi IV, Tb., 2003, gv. 371-380).
avtori ganixilavs ra SemecnebiT da RirebulebiT mimarTebas adamianisa
sinamdvilisadmi, miiCnevs, rom SemecnebiTi mimarTeba aris zepirovnuli,
RirebulebiTi da pirovnuli. e.i. adamiani sinamdviles udgeba garkveuli miznis
mixedviT. amis mixedviT msjelobebic iyofa WeSmarit da RirebulebiT
msjelobebad. WeSmariti msjeloba gamoxatavs sagans mis TavisTavadobaSi, xolo
RirebulebiTi msjeloba – jerarsobiT, anu imis mixedviT, rac sagnis (movlenis)
im niSans exeba, romelic mTlianad ar aris, an jer saerTodac ar aris
realizebuli da amitom ar aris arc damkvidrebuli, rogorc am sagnis (movlenis)
arsi (imis mixedviT, rac momavalSi unda iyos) anu frCxilebSi Caweril azrs Tu
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ganvmartavT, es niSnavs imas, rom obieqti, romelsac vafasebT, is ar aris, rac
Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT unda yofiliyo.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Rirebulebebi aris is idealuri, romliskenac mudmivad
unda viswrafvodeT, romelic sazogadoebas rac unda is ki araa, aramed isaa, rac
sazogadoebas unda undodes, romelsac verasodes mivaRwevT, radgan
Rirebulebebisken swrafva srulyofilebisken mudmiv swrafvas niSnavs, imas
niSnavs, rom arsebuli garemo ar unda gvakmayofilebdes, mudam unda gvindodes
ukeTesi, ukeTesis maradiuli wadili unda gvamoZravebdes, rasac mudmivad unda
ganvicdideT, mudmivad unda vgrZnobdeT, riskenac mudmivad unda miviltvodeT.
Sesanisnavad aqvs umberto ekos naTqvami: me vwer ara imas, rac xalxs unda, vwer
imas, rac minda, rom xalxs undodeso.
swored aRniSnulis Sesaxeb jer kidev 1885 wels, anu imis Sesaxeb, rom
adamiani yvelgan adamiania maT erTi da igive Rirebulebebi unda amoZravebdeT, rom
rac erTgan erTisaTvis codva da borotebaa, meoresTvisac codva da boroteba
unda iyos, genialurad werda ilia WavWavaZe: “keTili da boroti, codva da
madli marto adamianis gulisxmis saqmea. utyvis bunebis winaSe ar arsebobs eg
gansxvaveba. adamianis gareT codva da madli ar aris da radganac adamiani yvelgan
adamiania, maSasadame, rac erTgan da erTisaTvis codvaa da boroti, meoresaTvisac
codva da boroti unda iyos yvelgan, yovelTvis da yvela SemTxvevaSi. Cven
vxedavT da dRe-mudam magaliTebiT vrwmundebiT, rom es ar aris. ratom?
“ratomao”? saqmec imaSia, rom mag “ratoms” jer-aqamomde adamianma gul-
dajerebuli pasuxi ver moupova” (i. WavWavaZe Txz. sruli krebuli 10 tomad
tomi V, saxelmwifo gamomcemloba Tbilisi 1955, gv. 327-328).
Rirebulebis filosofiuri cnebis Sesaxeb saintereso informacias gvawvdis
rusul enaze dabeWdili `filosofiuri enciklopediuri leqsikoni~, romlis
redaqtor-Semadgenlebi arian e. f. gubski, g. v. korabliova, v. a. lutCenko (wigni
gamocemulia moskovSi, 2000 w.). misi Teoriuli baza aris germaniis, aSS-s da
inglisis filosofiuri leqsikonebidan aRebuli statiebi, agreTve axali
statiebi, romlebic specialurad am leqsikonisTvisaa dawerili.
axla konkretulad aRniSnul leqsikonSi Rirebulebis gagebis Sesaxeb.
ganmartebulia, rom Rirebuleba aris is, rac adamianTa grZnobebs karnaxobs
aRiaron igi ufro maRla mdgomad da riskenac unda viswrafodeT, vapyrobdeT
mzeras, vWvretdeT, vepyrobodeT pativiscemiT, aRiarebiT, TayvaniscemiT (p.
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menceri). Rirebuleba calkeuli nivTis Tviseba ki araa, aramed obieqtis
srulfasovani yofierebis arsia da, imavdroulad, misi pirobacaa. adamianur
moTxovnilebaTa da SegrZnebaTa ganusazRvrelad didi simravle SefasebaTa
mravalferovnebas ganapirobebs: rasac erTisTvis didi Rirebuleba aqvs, meoresTvis
igi naklebi aqvs, mesamisTvis ki – saerTod ar gaaCnia. formaluri TvalsazrisiT
Rirebulebebi iyofa pozitiurad da negatiurad (mcirefasianoba, Rirebulebis
ararseboba), SefardebiTad da absoluturad, subieqturad da obieqturad.
Sinaarsis mixedviT gansxvavdebian nivTieri Rirebulebebi, logikuri, eTikuri da
esTetiuri Rirebulebani: siamovneba, sargeblianoba da vargisianoba; WeSmariteba,
sikeTe, mSveniereba. fon rinteleni Tavis faseulobaTa logikaSi Seecada
dapirispireboda relativistur da istoriul mimdinareobebs, romlebic efuZnebian
aseT gagebas: Rirebulebis raime ucvleli ideis arsi, magaliTad, siyvarulisa, is
aris, rom mas unari aqvs icvalos intensiurobis xarisxi da gamovlindes
sruliad gansxvavebuli saxiT: erosi, agape, adamianis siyvaruli, socialuri
siyvaruli. n. hartmanma moaxdina kantianuri apriorizmisa da aristoteleseuli,
RirebulebaTa materialuri eTikis sinTezi: igulisxmeba TavisTavad arsebul
faseulobaTa samefo, namdvili kosmos-noetos, romelic imyofeba sinamdvilis
miRma iseve, rogorc cnobierebis miRma. RirebulebaTa arsis Sesaxeb sakiTxi mas
metafizikurad, iracionalurad, marad gadauwyvetel problemad miaCnda. nicSem
cxadi gaxada is uzarmazari mniSvneloba, rac Rirebulebas da RirebulebiT
Sefasebas aqvs msoflmxedvelobisaTvis. RirebulebiTi Sefasebani misTvis aris
`cxovrebis gansazRvruli wesis SenarCunebis fiziologiuri moTxovna~; masSi
gamoixateba `Zalauflebis neba-survili~. igi moiTxovda da cdilobda
ganexorcielebina yvela Rirebulebis gadafaseba da `rangebis mixedviT maTi
dalageba~ (ranJireba). umaRles Rirebulebas Tavis TavSi Tavad ganasaxierebs,
xorcs asxams, diadi adamiani, romelic (nicSes mixedviT) adgens Rirebulebebs.
bevri avtori erTmaneTisagan asxvavebs terminebs `faseulobas~ da
`Rirebulebas~. Cveulebriv, faseulobis cnebas xmaroben iseTi movlenebis
aRsaniSnavad, romelTa raodenobrivi Sefaseba, `fasis~ gansazRvra SedarebiT
advilia. qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi aRniSnulia: `faseuloba –
Zvirfasi nivTebi; ganZeuloba, simdidre, materialuri faseulobani _ kulturuli
faseulobani~. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom kulturuli faseulobani sxva araferia, Tu
ara sazogadoebis miRwevaTa erToblioba ganaTlebis, mecnierebis, teqnikis,
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xelovnebis, yofa-cxovrebis sferoSi. misgan gansxvavebiT, `Rirebulebis~ cnebaSi
iseTi movlenebi igulisxmeba, romelTa raodenobrivi Sefaseba, fasis gansazRvra
urTulesi problemaa, Tuki igi saerTod aris SesaZlebeli. aviRoT, magaliTad,
Tanamedrove Rirebulebebi, romlebic ufro metad dasavlur civilizaciebSia
miRebuli (aRiarebuli): adamianis uflebebi, Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba,
samarTlianoba, sayovelTao keTildReoba, tolerantoba, patriotizmi da a.S. gana
SeiZleba am RirebulebaTa raodenobrivi Sefaseba? aseve SeuZlebelia iseTi
demokratiuli Rirebulebis raodenobrivi Sefaseba, rogoric aris, vTqvaT,
`samoqalaqo sazogadoeba~, romelic krebsiTi mniSvnelobis cnebaa (Rirebulebaa).
SevexoT ekonomikur Rirebulebebs. aqac imave problemas vawydebiT: maTi
zusti gansazRvra (gazomva) SeuZlebelia. Tumca, gacvliT urTierTobaSi moqceuli
ekonomikuri sikeTeebi anu saqonlebi erTmaneTSi asaxaven TavianT Rirebulebas,
romelsac amiT zusti raodenobrivi ganzomileba eZleva yovel calkeul momentSi
da calkeul adgilas, magram igi ganuwyvetliv icvleba drosa da sivrceSi da
misi gazomva SeuZlebeli xdeba. sazogadoeba mis Sesaxeb informacias iRebs
mxolod fasis meSveobiT, romelic gamoxatavs mas, magram arasdros ar emTxveva –
yovelTvis gadaixreba misgan.
Tu terminebs – Rirebuleba da faseuloba – erTmaneTisagan gavmijnavT,
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom saqoneli Rirebuleba ki ar aris, aramed – faseuloba,
romlis sazogadoebrivi mniSvneloba gamoixateba sxva saqonlebis garkveuli
raodenobiT, xolo Tu miRebul terminebs gamoviyenebT – saqonlis alternatiuli
Rirebuleba aris im saqonelTa gansazRvruli raodenoba, romelTa miReba
SegviZlia mocemuli saqonlis sanacvlod (an romlebzec uari vTqviT).
Rirebulebis fuladi gamoxatuleba aris raodenobrivad gansazRvruli sidide –
fasi, _ romelic, rogorc vTqviT, mudam gadaxrilicaa misgan. fasi SeiZleba
ucvleli rCebodes, saqonlis Rirebuleba ki mudam icvleba. amitom saqonlis
Rirebulebas k. marqsi grZnobadi saqonlis zegrZnobad Tvisebad miiCnevda. am
midgomas sxvadasxvagvarad gamoxataven misi Semdegi debulebebi: `Rirebuleba imiT
gansxvavdeba qvrivi kviklisagan, rom aravin icis, saidan CasWidos mas xeli~.
`miuxedavad imisa, rom serTuki RilebSekruli mogvevlina, tilom mainc icno
masSi monaTesave lamazi suli Rirebulebisa~. `...SaqrisTvis wonis gamoxatulebaSi
rkina warmoadgens orive sxeulisTvis saerTo bunebriv Tvisebas, maTs simZimes, _
maSin, rodesac tilos Rirebulebis gamoxatulebaSi serTuki warmoadgens am ori
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nivTis zebunebriv Tvisebas:L maTs Rirebulebas, raRac wminda sazogadoebrivs~ (k.
marqsi, kapitali. tomi I, Tb., 1954, gv. 70, 77).
mkveTri zRvari ekonomikur da araekonomikur Rirebulebebs Soris ar
arsebobs. m. gvelesianis azriT, yvelanari Rirebulebas aqvs Tavisi raodenobriv
mxare anu ekonomikuri gansazRvruloba. `adamianisa Tu adamianTa erTobis yoveli
nabiji, xom, _ wers igi, _ martivi arCevani ki ara, arCevanTa mTeli wyebis
naerTia, xolo sadac arCevania, iq aris ekonomikuri Sefasebac: `ubralo~
Sefasebidan (`es kargia, es cudia~) iq gadavdivarT ekonomikur Sefasebaze (`es
mirCevnia – es imas amdeniT sjobs~).
... veli mkiTxvelis daeWvebas: gana ekonomikur arCevans akeTebs is, vinc imazea
Cafiqrebuli, aTxovos Tu ara megobars magnitofoni an mihyves Tu ara mas
Seyvarebulis mSobelTan misi Txovnis gamxelaSi `dasaxmareblad~? diax, akeTebs.
igi erTmaneTs udarebs, erTi mxriv, efeqts, romelsac hqvia megobris
keTildReoba, misgan momdinare keTilganwyoba da masTan megobrobis simtkice,
meore mxriv ki am efeqtis misaRebad saWiro resursebs _ `msxverplad~ gasaReb
sakuTar drosa Tu siamovnebas da a.S. xolo vinc arc ki Seyovndeba, ise
gadawyvets am sakiTxs dadebiTad, amiT igi imdenad maRal Sefasebas miscems
megobars da masTan megobrobas, rom amasTan SedarebiT wvrilmanad miiCnevs droisa
Tu siamovnebis danakargs.
msgavsi faseulobebi iseTi adamianiseuli faseulobebia, romlebic erTobliv
ekonomikur wrebrunvaSi TiTqos ar erTvebian da ise Cans, TiTqos ekonomikis miRma
dganan. magram... aseTi faseulobebi ekonomikuri wrebrunvis Tanamgzavrebs
warmoadgenen da mniSvnelovnad gansazRvraven mis formebsa da
mizanmimarTulebebs...~ (merab gvelesiani. ra aris ekonomikuri politika. Tb.,
`komentari~, 2008, gv. 108-109).
rogorc vxedavT, Tavisi wigns am paragrafSi, romlis saTauric aris
`ekonomikis adgili sazogadoebaSi~, avtori afarToebs ekonomikis gagebas, iseTi
Rirebulebebis xarjze, romlebzec zemoT iTqva, rom isini raodenobriv
gamoxatulebas naklebad eqvemdebareba. es SeiZleba ucxod eCvenos mkiTxvels,
magram avtors aqvs wonadi argumentebi, akeTebs ra retrospeqtiul mimoxilvas.
`...mecnierebis warmodgena ekonomikis farglebis Sesaxeb, _ wers igi, _ saukuneebis
manZilze farTovdeboda. fiziokratebisaTvis (XVIII s.) rom gekiTxa, ekonomika sad
ariso, isini soflis meurneobisa da sasargeblo wiaRiseulis mopovebaze
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migiTiTebdnen. kidev ufro SezRuduli iyo am sakiTxebze merkantilistebis
(istoriulad pirveli ekonomikuri skolis) warmodgenebi. xolo ufro adre masze
verc iarsebebda ramdenadme Tanmimdevruli, Camoyalibebuli azri, radgan Sroma
damamcirebel saqmianobad iTvleboda, terminebis _ `politika~ da `ekonomika~
avtorebi sakuTar Sromas Sromad ar Tvlidnen da raRa Tqma unda, verc
ekonomikas ganusazRvravdnen adgils sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi.
bolo saukuneebSi ekonomikis cnebiTi Sinaarsidan aRar gamoricxaven adamianis
saqmianobis arcerT sferos. mogvianebiT amas daemata moxmarebis sferoc... mxolod
bolo ramdenime aTwleulSi xdeba, metnaklebad, imis gacnobiereba, rom ekonomikur
faseulobebs miekuTvneba nebismieri faseuloba, romelic ki romeliRac
mimarTebaSi, pirdapir Tu arapirdapir eqvemdebareba arCevansa da, maSasadame,
ekonomikur Sefasebas~ (iqve, gv. 109-110).
axla kvlav movixmoT qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. `faseuloba~ aq
ganmartebulia rogorc Zvirfasi nivTebi; ganZeuloba; simdidre; masSi igulisxmeba
rogorc materialuri, aseve kulturuli faseulobani.
`Rirebuleba~ Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli: 1. saqonelmwarmoebelTa
sazogadoebrivi Sroma, saqonelSi ganivTebuli; 2. ra fasic aqvs rasme, ra Rirs
rame; 3. fasi, mniSvneloba, xarisxi.
cxadia, rom aRniSnul or cnebas Soris ufro meti msgavsebaa, ufro meti
paraleluri gagebaa, vidre gansxvaveba. `ufro meti~ ki imasac migvaniSnebs, rom
maT Soris raRac `mcire~ niuansebSi gansxvavebas Cveni azrovnebis procesSi,
albaT, mainc ver avcdebiT.
am terminebis cnebiTi Sinaarsis siaxlovis gamo maT Soris mkveTri
wyalgamyofi xazebis gatareba, aqedan gamomdinare ki gadasinjva, saWirod ar
migvaCnia. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom inglisur enaSi es ori cneba sinonimebadaa
miCneuli. amaSi advilad davrwmundebiT, Tu daveyrdnobiT OXFORD Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary-s (2003), sadac vkiTxulobT: value – Rirebuleba: 1) fuladi
Rirebuleba an arafuladi, anu sxva nivTebiT gamoxatuli, romelSic SeiZleba
gadavcvaloT konkretuli sagani; 2) ramdenad Rirebulia konkretuli sagani
fasTan mimarTebaSi, anu Rirs Tu ara aRniSnul Tanxad; 3) mniSvnelovani,
gamosadegi – mniSvnelobis xarisxi (mag.: regularuli varjiSebis mniSvneloba); 4)
rwmena (Rirebulebebi) imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris swori da ra – araswori, agreTve
mniSvnelovani cxovrebaSi (mag.: kulturuli Rirebulebebi, socialuri
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Rirebulebebi, moraluri Rirebulebebi); 5) mniSvneloba, romelic gamoisaxeba
asoebiT an simboloebiT (mag.: vTqvaT, y-is mniSvneloba aris 33... y=33); 6)
mniSvnelovnad miiCneva (mag.: me namdvilad mimaCnia igi megobrad; jgufis
mniSvnelovani wevri; teritoria mniSvnelovania misi vazis nargavebiT); 7)
konkretuli sagnis Sefaseba garkveul Tanxad. oqsfordis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi,
romelic bizness moicavs, ganmartebulia Semdegi _ Value (faseuloba,
Rirebuleba): Rirebuleba, romelsac vinme aniWebs raimes (Бизнесс: Оксфордский
толковой словарь: Англо-ресский: Свышк 4000 понятий. – М.: Издательство «Прогресс-
Академия», Издательство РННУ, 1995, с. 667).
faseulobis gansazRvra ekonomikuri mecnierebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi
problemaa, arsebobs problemis gadawyvetisadmi ori principuli midgoma.
klasikur politikur ekonomiaSi (Classical School) da marqsistul ekonomikur
mecnierebaSi (Marxist economics) faseuloba ganixileba rogorc obieqturi
realoba, romelic SeiZleba gaizomos Sromis raodenobiT (labour), romelic
ganxorcielebulia saqonelsa da momsaxurebaSi. neoklasikuri skola (neoclassical
School) faseulobas miiCnevs subieqtur Tvisebad, romelic damokidebulia imis
iSviaTobaze, rac mocemul dros moTxovnilebebis sagania. ekonomistTa
umravlesoba amJamad faseulobis neoklasikuri gagebisaken ixreba. yovelive
zemoaRniSnulidan gamomdinare, im mizniT, rom Tavidan aviciloT sxvadasxva
gaugebrobebi qarTul enaze am ori cnebis _ `Rirebulebebis~ da `faseulobebis~
xmarebisas SesaZleblad migvaCnia, rom rogorc inglisur enaSia miRebuli, isini
Cvenc sinonimebad miviCnioT.
Cvens mier ganxilul cnebebSi garkvevis Semdeg SeiZleba kvlav miubrundeT
Rirebulebebis klasifikaciis gaazrebas, romelsac Cven arsebiTad ukve SevexeT.
amisaTvis aucilebelia TanmimdevrobiT ganvixiloT sxvadasxva kategoriebi. amis
safuZvelze SesaZleblad migvaCnia raRac zogadi daskvnis gamotanac.
Rirebulebis klasifikaciisaTvis aucilebelia movZebnoT is umTavresi
niSnebi, romlebic SeiZleba safuZvlad daedos am klasifikacias. Cveni azriT, erT-
erT aseT niSnad SeiZleba miviCnioT is umTavresi gansazRvrulobani, is cnebebi da
kategoriebi, rac adamians aqcevs Rirseulad.
sityva `Rirseba~-s aqvs Tavisi mniSvnelobebi: dadebiTi Tviseba; maRali
moraluri, adamianuri Rirebuleba, pativdebuli sazogadoebriv-moraluri
mdgomareoba; avkargianoba.
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`Rirseba~ iseTi sityvaa, romliTac adamianis mTeli Sinagani buneba, misi
sulieri samyaro SeiZleba Sefasdes da es arseba Tavis mTlianobaSi
xelisguliviT gadaiSalos. Rirseuli adamiani ki iseTi adamiania, romelic
axorcielebs, icavs da amkvidrebs am `RirsebisTvis~ aucilebel Rirebulebebs.
Cveni tradiciuli warmodgeniT: Rirseuli xar maSin, roca simarTles icav;
Rirseuli xar roca, Tavisuflebas icav; roca sityvis uflebas icav; sxvis
Rirsebasac icav; roca sicocxlis uflebas icav; roca samSoblos icav; da
siyvarulis uflebas icav; roca ubralod icav; Seni winaprebis adaT-wess icav;
roca Svilebis momavals icav da kidev bevr sxvas... icav.
Rirsebaayrili, Rirebulebebisagan daclili adamiani sazogadoebisaTvis
gamousadegari xdeba da, cxadia, Tavis Tavsac veranair sikeTes ver moutans.
swored am sakiTxebs exeba erT-erT Tavis blogSi1 (`MODUS VIVENDI~)
profesori zurab marSania. igi gmobs manqurTizms. manqurTi idealuri monaa,
romelsac yvelaferi daviwyebuli aqvs, pirvel rigSi ki _ sakuTari warsuli, ena
da istoria. igi mTlianad gadajiSebuli adamiania da usityvod asrulebs Tavisi
batonis brZanebebs. Cveni winsvlis verc erT saqmeSi, verc erT ubanze, manqurTi
sando partniori ver iqneba. amitom saSuria yvela im qarTvelis gamxneveba, visac
adamianis saxe da Rirseba SerCenia. amisaTvis avtori did adamianTa sityvebs
mouxmobs. igi aRniSnavs:
,,Cemeulad gamoviyene da „avkinZe“ iseT moazrovneTa gamonaTqvamebi
rogorebicaa: f. larofSuko, n. makiaveli, goeTe, lev tolstoi, k. helveciusi, j.
golsuorsi, r. dekarte, d. iumi, mark tveni, k. koltoni, S. monteskie, anatol
fransi, i. gonCarovi, Tomas mani, d. peki, benjamen franklini, p. kalderoni,
lukreciusi, uiliam Seqspiri, r. emersoni, i. cSoke, volteri, T. karleili,
spinoza, u. Ceningi, aristotele, apuleusi, i. beheri, u. jeimsi, ivane pavlovi, u.
1 sityva blogi, Sesityveba „veblogi“-dan (weblog) warmoebulia. Tavad veblogi ki ori sityvis
erTobliobaa – vebi (web) da logi (log). rac iTargmneba rogorc veb Canaweri, an veb Jurnali.
blogi Zalian hgavs vebsaits, magram ramdenime misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSanic aqvs. yvela blogs
aqvs saTauri. rogorc wesi, blogSi ganTavsebuli TiToeuli Canaweri daTariRebulia da
komentarebis datovebis saSualeba aqvs. rogorc wesi, blogi romelime konkretuli individis mier
aris Seqmnili, magram arsebobs korporatiuli blogebic. aseT SemTxvevaSi TiToeul Canawers
konkretuli avtori hyavs. korporatiul blogSi, rogorc wesi, miTiTebulia, rom gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebi konkretul adamians ekuTvnis da ama Tu im organizaciis Sexedulebebs ar warmoadgens.
blogSi gakeTebul Canawerebs „posti“ hqvia, es termini inglisuri sityvidan (post) aris
warmoebuli, qarTulad iTargmneba, rogorc Setyobineba. blogSi postebi regularulad qveyndeba
da ukuqronologiurad aris ganlagebuli (http://sandroasatiani.wordpress.com/2011/01/18/%E1%
83%A0%E1%83%90-%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1-%E1%83%91%E1%83%
9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98/).
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bejeTi, javaharlal neru, v. kliuCevski, Jan-Jak ruso da gustav floberi. sul
cotaodeni Cemi naazrevic davamate da ase gamovitane mkiTxvelis samsjavroze.
statiaSi warmodgenili ideebi erTob banalur, magram samaradiso
WeSmaritebebs exeba. iseTebs, romelTa gareSe warmoudgenelia cxovreba namdvili -
Rirseuli adamianisa. cxovreba, romelic sicocxlis sinonimia da ara ubralo
„arseboba“. im e.w adamianebs ki, romelebic mxolod „arseboben“ da ar cxovroben,
didi mwerlis i. kuprinis cnobili romanis saTaurSi moyvanili sityvebi SeiZleba
vuwodoT mxolod - „cocxali gvami“.
(http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=13958&f_cat=&a_title=MODUS+VIVENDI)
garkveuli gagebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom RirebulebaTa klasifikacia unda
daefuZnos imas, rac adamians gaxdis Rirseuls, anu unda daefuZnos moralis
rigis kategoriebs. emanuel kantic xom ambobda: ori ram mancvifrebs am qveyanaze,
varskvlavebiT moWedili ca Cems zemoT da morali CemSio. `morali~ RirebulebaTa
klasifikaciis mniSvnelovan gasaRebs gvaZlevs.
morali (laT. moralis _ zneobrivi) _ eTikuri faseulobebis samyarodan is
dargi, romelic, upirveles yovlisa, aRiarebulia yoveli zrdasruli adamianis
mier. am dargis zoma da Sinaarsi icvleba droTa ganmavlobaSi da sxvadasxvanairia
sxvadasxva xalxsa da mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenaSi (principi _ moralis
simravle da eTikis erTianoba). moralis ZiriTadi problemebia sakiTxebi imis
Sesaxeb, Tu romelia `kargi zne-Cveuleba~, ra aris `rigiani~, ra xdis
SesaZlebels adamianTa erTobliv cxovrebas, romelSic TiToeuli uars acxadebs
cxovrebiseuli faseulobebis srul ganxorcielebaze (sakvebis miReba, sqesobrivi
ltolva, usafrTxoebis moTxovnileba, swrafva niSnadobisa da flobisken)
socialuri faseulobebis ganxorcielebis (yvelaze naklebad im gagebiT, rac
sworad iTvleba) sasargeblod (sxvaTa uflebebis aRiareba, samarTlianoba,
TavSekavebuloba, erTguleba, Semwynarebloba, Tavazianoba da a.S.); yvela xalxSi
da yvela dros gabatonebul morals, garda socialuri faseulobebisa, miekuTvneba
agreTve isini, romlebic religiis mier Sefasebulia rogorc kargi saqcieli
(moyvasis siyvaruli, qvelmoqmedeba, stumarTmoyvareoba, winaprebis pativiscema,
religiuri kultebis aRsruleba da a.S.). morali _ esaa individualuri
mikrokosmosis Semadgeneli nawili, igi Seadgens erT-erT moments, romelic
gansazRvravs pirovnebisTvis samyaros suraTs.
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`moralTan~ ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli misgan warmomdgar cnebaTa da
kategoriaTa mTeli rigi, romlebic agreTve ganmartebebs saWiroebs, amitom maTac
unda SevexoT.
batonTa morali da monebis morali (brbos morali) _ nicSe
ganasxvavebs maT rogorc moralis or ZiriTad tips. susti da daCagruli
gaborotebis gamo `batonTa~ winaaRmdeg qmnis morals, romelSic sisuste da
daCagruloba umaRlesi faseulobebia; ase warmoiSva morCileba da TanagrZnoba _
qristianuli faseulobebi, amitom isini unda iqnes Secvlili batonTa moralis
Sesabamisi faseulobebiT: distanciis grZnobiT, Zalis SegnebiT da a.S.
grZnobaze damyarebuli morali _ moralis maxasiaTebeli,
romelic xedavs grZnobebSi, midrekilebebSi, afeqtebSi zneobrivi nebis da qcevis
motivebs (am mimarTulebis mTavari warmomadgenlebi arian: Seftsberi, hatCisoni);
misi sapirispiroa gonebrivi morali.
refleqsuri morali _ morali, romelic iTxovs zneobrivi nebisgan,
raTa igi aucileblobiT gansazRvravdes Tavis Tavs refleqsiis daxmarebiT
gonivruli gagebis da fiqris Sedegad. imavdroulad grZnobiTi morali miiCnevs
garkveul grZnobas (mag., TanagrZnoba, siyvaruli) zneobrivi nebis moZraobis
safuZvlad.
moralistebi _ mwerlebis da filosofosebis jgufi, romelic
moraluri uxamsobis Tavidan asarideblad iswrafoda gamoekvlia vnebaTa arsi da
miuTiTebda vnebebis marTvisa da maTTan brZolis meTodebs. `alalmarTlobis da
mouTmenlobis gamo isini ugulebelyofen sistematur wesrigs da logikas,
iviwyeben ra maT... gulwrfelobiTa da mouTmenlobiT isini erTgvarad alamazeben
TavianT Sexedulebebsa da gamokvlevebs, pouloben maTTvis individualur,
uTanabro, mRelvare stils, romelsac aforistuls uwodeben. maTSi jer kidev
cocxlobs antikuri da Sua saukuneebis droidan skolaTa, akademiaTa da
eklesiaTa keTilzneoba, siyvaruli Sinagani cxovrebis, sinaTlis da silamazis
mimarT, rac Tavidan acilebT araTanamimdevrulobas da TviTnebobas~ (k. fosleri
`Die franzosischen Moralisten~-is winasityvaobaSi, 1938). frang moralistebs
miekuTvnebian laroSfuko, vovenargi, monteskie, Samfori, rivaroli; 1711 wels
Seftsberim gamoaqveyna SemdgomSi saxelganTqmuli wigni `The moralists~. mis
garda, yvelaze cnobili ingliseli moralistebi iyvnen: kumberlendi, batleri,
klarki, uiliam volastoni, aCesoni, homi da fergiusoni.
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moraluroba (laTin. moralitas _ zneobrioba) _ kantis mixedviT,
moqmedebas mxolod maSin axasiaTebs moraluroba, roca igi ubralod ki ar
Seesabameba zneobriv kanons, aramed Tavad gamomdinareobs movaleobis ideidan. m o
r a l u r i _ miekuTvneba morals, Seesabameba morals, zneobrivi, agreTve
(gansakuTrebiT frangebsa da ingliselebSi) fizikuris sapirispiro, anu sulieri.
moraluri principi _ yovelgvari principi, romelic unda
gansazRvravdes zneobriv nebas, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, sixaruli (hedonizmi),
bedniereba (evdemonizmi), sargebeli (utilitarizmi), bunebriv survilTa
dakmayofileba (eTikuri naturalizmi), srulyofileba (evforizmi), harmonia da
a.S.
axla ukve SegviZlia ufro meti ram gaviazroT moralis Sesaxeb, rac
ukavSirdeba iseT filosofiur kategorias, rogoricaa `eTika~.
eTika (berZ. ethika, ethos-idan _ Cveuleba, zneobrivi xasiaTi) _ moZRvreba
zneobis, moralis Sesaxeb. termini pirvelad gamoiyena aristotelem rogorc
kvlevis gansakuTrebuli dargis _ `praqtikuli~ filosofiis _ aRniSvna, radgan
swored is upasuxebs kiTxvas: ra unda gavakeToT Cven? eTika gvaswavlis SevafasoT
yovelgvari situacia, raTa SesaZlebeli gavxadoT eTikurad (zneobrivad) swori
saqcieli. igi aRzrdis adamianSi mowodebas daasrulos samyaro arsebul samyaroze
anu imaze rac aris, im samyaros daSenebis gziT is, rac unda iyos. eTika ikvlevs,
ras aqvs faseuloba cxovrebasa da samyaroSi, radgan eTikuri qceva mdgomareobs
eTikuri faseulobebis ganxorcielebaSi. es faseulobebi unda veZeboT rogorc
yvela situaciaSi, aseve pirovnebaSi. eTika xels uwyobs Semfasebeli cnobierebis
gaRviZebas. cxovrebaSi, romelic iZulebulia warmarTos Tanamedrove adamianma,
eTikuri ganxilva da rwmena Znelad poulobs Tavis adgils. Tanamedrove adamiani
gamoTayvanebulia da mudmivad Cqarobs. eTikuri adamianisTvis, piriqiT, misawvdomia
faseulobis gageba, is _ brZenia (laT. sapiens _ gemovnebis mqone), daxvewili
gemovnebiT, nazi organoTi cxovrebis faseulobis aRsaqmelad. aradiferencirebuli
Semfasebeli cnobiereba aRmoCndeba xolme TiToeuli adamianisTvis Tavisi nebis
funqciad, vinaidan neba SeiZleba iyos qmediTi mxolod maSin, Tu igi mimarTuli
iqneba faseulobaze. eTikuri faseulobebi, romelTa mniSvneloba ixsneba aRzrdis
an eTikuri grZnobis wyalobiT, TavisTavad ganlagdeba ierarqiul kibed,
faseulobaTa Tavisebur `piramidad~, romlis baziss qmnis aracnobierad
ganxorcielebuli cxovrebiseuli faseulobebi (neba cxovrebisTvis, sakvebis
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moTxovnileba, sqesobrivi moTxovnileba da a.S.), romlis wverze ganlagdeba
umaRlesi dasaSvebi faseuloba. eTikuri faseulobebi _ esaa rwmenis da qcevis
faseulobebi. eTikurad faseuli rwmenidan (ganzraxvidan) gamomdinare moRvaweobas
SeiZleba hqondes damRupveli Sedegebic da gamoiwvios damRupveli reaqciebi.
yovelgvari eTikuri faseuloba, Secnobili rogorc aseTad, warmarTavs adamianis
eTikur energias sakuTar Tavze da moiTxovs adamianisgan Tavis ganxorcielebas.
xdeba ara faseulobaTa gadafaseba, aramed maTi Secvla Semfaseblur cnobierebaSi:
`Semfasebluri cnobierebis `SezRuduloba~ ganapirobebs imas, rom yovel jerze
SeiZleba ganixilebodes mxolod faseulobaTa SezRuduli ricxvi, RirebulebaTa
samyaros SezRuduli dargi. adamianuri arsebobis moTxovnilebebi ganapirobebs
Semfaseblur cnobierebaSi mudmivad axali faseulobebis gaCenas, xolo sxvebi
qreba iqidan. is, rac asi wlis win iyo maRalzneobrivi, dRes SeiZleba iyos
uzneo. yovel adamians aqvs faseulobaTa sakuTari `piramida~. faseulobaTa
`piramidas~, romlis safuZvelicaa romelime xalxis mimarT kuTvnileba (rogorc,
mag., enis da azrovnebis erTianoba), aqvs saerTo ZiriTadi arsi, romelic Seicavs
Rirebulebebs, romelTa ganxorcieleba moeTxoveba yovels da yvelasTvis
ivaraudeba. faseulobaTa jgufi, romelic gaerTianebulia am ZiriTad arsSi, qmnis
zne-Cveulebas, gabatonebul morals. faseulobaTa ganxorcieleba _ esaa is, rom
mihyve moTxovnas, romelic gamomdinareobs faseulobidan da dauqvemdebaro am
moTxovnas yoveldRiuri cxovreba; mag., patiosnebaa ara marto aRiaro is, rogorc
saTnoeba, aramed Tanamimdevrulad moiqce am zneobrivi faseulobis Sesabamisad.
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis situaciebSi adamians Cveulebriv SeuZlia airCios mraval
faseulobas Soris. eTika varaudobs, rom adamians aqvs arCevis SesaZlebloba, anu
Tavisufleba. eTikis Tanaxmad, adamiani eTikurad sworad iqceva im SemTxvevaSi,
Tuki igi axorcielebs im faseulobas, romelic misi ganxorcielebisTvis
saWiroebs udides zneobriv Zalas (mag., Tavdadeba). saWiro Zalisxmeva mowmobs,
rom es faseuloba (mocemuli pirovnebisTvis) iZens ufro met mniSvnelobas, vidre
sxva faseulobebi, romelTagan mas SeuZlia airCios. faseulobebis ganxorcieleba,
romlebic aRiarebulia garemoebebisda mixedviT umaRlesad, aris sikeTe; romelime
yvelaze dabla mdgomi faseulobis ganxorcieleba aris boroteba. eTikuri
mniSvnelobis faseulobaTa samyaroSi asxvaveben: 1) mTavar adamianur faseulobebs,
romlebic met-naklebi xarisxiT Sedis yvela sxva eTikur faseulobebSi (esaa
cxovrebis, cnobierebis, moRvaweobis, tanjvis, Zalisxmevis, nebis Tavisuflebis,
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ganWvretis, mizanswrafvis faseulobebi); 2) saTnoebebi (samarTlianoba, sibrZne,
gambedaoba, TavSekavebuloba, moyvasis siyvaruli, simarTle da gulwrfeloba,
erTguleba da Tavganwirva, ndoba da rwmena, mokrZalebuloba da morCileba,
sxvebTan urTierTobis faseuloba); 3) ufro kerZo (piradi) eTikuri faseulobebi
(siyvaruli yvelaze Soreulis mimarT, unari, aCuqo sxvebs Seni sulieri
monapovari, pirovnebis faseuloba, siyvaruli, romelic mimarTulia sxva
pirovnebis idealur faseulobaze) _ yvela am faseulobis diferencireba kidev
SeiZleba. eTikis istoria mowmobs eTikur sistemaTa did mravalferovnebas. Tavisi
Sinaarsis da dasabuTebulobis mixedviT eTika heteronomulia (aqvs gareSe, ucxo
kanoni: zneobrivi kanoni gveZleba RmerTis mier) an avtonomiuri (aqvs sakuTari
Sinagani kanoni), formaluri (romelic warmogvidgens zneobrivi qcevis raRac
sayovelTao princips) an materialuri (romelic adgens zneobriv faseulobebs),
absoluturi (Tuki igi ganixilavs eTikur faseulobaTa mniSvnelobas, miuxedavad
maTi aRiarebisa) an pirobiTi (Tuki igi amtkicebs faseulobebs rogorc adamianis
moRvaweobis Sesabamisi mizanmimarTulebis funqcias). nebis miznis da qcevis
mixedviT eTika arsebobs evdemonisturi, hedonisturi, utilitaruli,
perfeqcionistuli. Tanamedrove filosofiaSi Warbobs eTikuri sistemebis sami
ZiriTadi tipi: faseulobebis eTika (zemomoyvanili magaliTis saxiT), socialuri
eTika da qristianuli eTika, romelic emyareba yovelive arsebulis ucvleli
arsis da mizanSewonili wesrigis debulebas da aRiarebs RvTaebriv mcnebas.
mxolod dadebiT mcnebebze damyarebuli eTika warmoadgens ukeTes SemTxvevaSi
moralur Teologias, magram ara filosofiur eTikas.
faseulobaTa eTika _ aristotelemde aRmavali eTikis forma,
romelsac specialurad upirispireben kantianiseul formalur eTikas, ris gamoc
Selerma uwoda faseulobaTa materialuri eTika. kantis mixedviT, moraluri
karnaxi (brZaneba, davaleba, iZuleba) yovelTvis formaluri kanonia, romelic ki
ar miuTiTebs, ra unda undodes adamians, aramed mxolod imas, rogor unda
undodes mas, vinaidan sikeTis arsi TavisTavad warmoadgens nebis wminda
formalur xarisxs. formis primatobis idea Sinaarsze jer kidev antikuri xanidan
modis; aristotelesTan miznis Camoyalibeba iyo wminda forma, platonTan _
sikeTe. kantis mixedviT, `materia~ grZnobaTa saqme iyo, yvela principi
(kategoriebi, ideebi, postulatebi da a.S.), piriqiT, `wminda formebia~, garda
amisa, isini apriorulia, ris gamoc pretenzia aqvs sayovelTao mniSvnelobaze. m.
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Seleri (`Der Formalismus in der ETthik und die materiale Wertethik~, 1927),
piriqiT, miiCnevda: swori araa arc is, rom yvela aprioruli formaluria, arc is,
rom yvela materialuri aposteriorulia. materialurad gansazRvruli neba ar
saWiroebs, rogorc Tvlida kanti, iyos gansazRvruli empiriulad da arc
adamiani Camohyavs `bunebis arsebis~ donemde. igi azrovnebas miakuTvnebs
grZnobadobas daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc aprioruls _ aposterioruls. amis
sapirispirod fenomenologiam daamtkica, rom nebismier aRqmaSi arsebobs
apriorul elementTa simravle. kantis Tanaxmad, nebis nebismieri materialuri
gansazRvra dakavSirebulia kmayofilebasTan an ukmayofilebasTan, xolo sasurveli
sikeTis faseuloba ganisazRvreba mxolod am kavSiris meSveobiT. sinamdvileSi
cnobierebas micemuli aqvs mxolod faseulobaTa matareblebi faseulobis
zomasTan erTad, romelic gadaaqcevs kidec maT sasurvelad. romelime sagnis,
rogorc namdvili faseulobis, arseboba miiRweva emociuri da ara
inteleqtualuri aqtiT. arsebobs wminda aprioruli faseuloba. `suliskveTebiT
emociuri grZnobadoba, upiratesobis miniWeba, siyvaruli, siZulvili, mRelvareba
agreTve imTaviTve aprioruli Sinaarsisaa, romelsac ar sesxulobs azrovnebisgan
da romelic ganisazRvreba eTikiT, logikisgan sruliad damoukideblad. arsebobs
aprioruli ordre du coeur, an logique du Coeur, rogorc moswrebulad
SeniSna bles paskalma. arsebobs faseulobis pirveladi grZnoba, romelzec
dafuZnebulia faseulobis cnobiereba, romelic yovelTvis aris materialuri da
nivTieri (sagnobrivi) cnobiereba. Tavad faseuloba ar aris kanoni an brZaneba da
Tumca igi ar aris realuri warmonaqmni, mainc Tavisi SinaarsiT TavisTavad
obieqturi da materialuri warmonaqmnia. Tavisi materialuri bunebis wyalobiT
mas unari aqvs, gansazRvros brZanebis (karnaxis) Sinaarsi.
eTikuri Teologia, agreTve m o r a l u r i T e o l o g i a _
kantis mier naSromSi `praqtikuli gonis kritika~ gamoyenebuli cneba. kantis
Tanaxmad, zneobrivi kanonis arseboba, adamianis qcevebis moralurobas rom
gansazRvravs, aris RmerTis, rogorc am kanonis pirvelSemqmnelis da misi
garantis, arsebobis mtkicebuleba.
eTikuri _ zneobrivi, zneobis an eTikis Sesabamisi.
etiologia (berZ. aitia _ mizezi da logos _ moZRvreba) _ moZRvreba
mizezebis Sesaxeb. e t i o l o g i u r i _ mizezobrivi.
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saerTo zogadi daskvna, romelic SeiZleba gakeTdes kategoriaTa
warmodgenili rigis, maTi Sinaarsis gaazrebis Sedegad Rirebulebebis
klasifikaciis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, is aris, rom
Rirebulebebis klasifikacia SesaZlebelia mravali niSnis gaTvaliswinebiT. am
klasifikaciis mTavar niSnad unda aviRoT iseT cnebebi, rogoric aris magaliTad,
`morali~ da sxva kategoriebi. saerTod ki, aseTi klasifikacia bevrnairad aris
SesaZlebeli. Rirebulebebi SeiZleba davyoT formaluri TvalsazrisiT
(pozitiuri da negatiuri Rirebulebebi); Rirebulebebi aseve iyofa SefardebiTad
da absoluturad; subieqturad da obieqturad; Sinaarsis mixedviT gansxvavdebian
nivTieri Rirebulebebi, logikuri eTikuri da esTetikuri Rirebulebebi; eTikuri
mniSvnelobis faseulobaTa samyaroSi ansxvaveben mTavar adamianur faseulobebs,
saTnoebebs, ufro kerZo (pirad) eTikur faseulobebs. faseulobaTa yvela am
jgufebis diferencireba kidev SeiZleba. sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela
sferosac Tavisi Rirebulebebi aqvs.
1.2. wyaroebi
RirebulebiTi orientirebis gareSe adamianis yoveli qceva da yovelgvari
msjeloba azrs dakargavda, Tumca, TviT es Rirebulebebi maTSi iSviaTadaa
dasaxelebuli. sad, romel wyaroebSi amoviZioT da amovikiTxoT isini, sad
mivagnoT Rirebulebebs. bevri aseTi wyaro da saSualeba arsebobs. Rirebulebani
SeiZleba moZiebulni iqnen istoriul qronikebSi‚ filosofiur traqtatebSi‚
himnebSi‚ leqsebSi da TviT pirad werilebSic ki‚ uZveles Tu uaxles kanonebsa
Tu koncefciebSi... presis furclebze‚ enciklopediebSi‚ wignebsa Tu internetSi...
cnobebi RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb ara marto mateaneebSi‚ aramed uZveles romanebSic
moipoveba‚ romelTac romani imitom hqvia‚ rom Tavdapirvelad romanul-laTinurad
iwereboda... yvelafris saTave mainc aris biblia. bibliis enciklopediis
erTtomeulSi‚ romelic inglisuridan iTargmna da 1997 wels gamoica
(mTargmneli – uCa cindeliani; samecniero redaqtorebi: zaur kiknaZe‚ malxaz
sonRulaSvili)‚ aRniSnulia: „daiwyeT dasavluri civilizaciis safuZvlebis
kvleva da Tqven maSinve biblias miadgebiT. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi misi
gavleniT yalibdebodnen dasavluri kanonebi‚ ganaTlebis sistema‚ demokratiuli
idealebi‚ adamianis uflebebis Cveneuli koncefcia. didi evropeli
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reformatorebis umravlesoba politikur‚ socialur da religiur sferoSi
bibliiT iyo STagonebuli. Tu biblias ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi‚ ubralod‚
SeuZlebelic kia Tanamedrove dasavleTis sulieri wyobis gageba. biblia dResac
kacobriobis kulturis centrSi dgas~ (bibliis enciklopedia‚ erTtomeuli. mT.
red. pat aleqsanderi; redaqtorebi: jon dreini‚ david fildi‚ alan maraldi.
qarTuli Targmani. g. b. s. saqarTvelos warmomadgenloba‚ gv. 86).
civilizaciur resursebs, mecnierebas, mxatvrul literaturas, xelovnebas,
rogorc RirebulebaTa Sesaxeb informaciis amouwurav wyaros, Cven met-naklebad
vexebiT mTel wignSi. aq jer aRvniSnoT is, rom gamoCenil adamianTa mxatvrul
nawarmoebebsa Tu sazogadoebis Sesaxeb gamokvlevebsa da traqtatebSi gamoTqmuli
mosazrebebi da miRweuli Sedegebi farTo mkiTxvelisaTvis xelmisawvdomi xdeba
maTi mokled, sxartad da mkafiod gamoTqmuli anu lakonuri‚ lapidaruli azrebis
saxiT (formiT). swored amitom eqceva cxoveli interesis sferoSi am mosazrebaTa
Txzulebebidan citatebis, aforizmebis, frTiani Tqmebis, moraluri xasiaTis
darigebebis Semcveli azris anu sentenciebis Sesaxeb informaciaTa mopoveba‚
Sekreba da wignebad gamocema. (ix. magaliTad: ilia WavWavaZe‚ amas vambob da
vRaRadeb... red.-Semdgenlebi: givi lobJaniZe‚ giorgi gabunia. quTaisi‚ 1997, gv.
584; – wminda ilia marTali (WavWavaZe)‚ Segonebani‚ Seadgina da gamosacemad
moamzada gia tiviSvilma. daibeWda cagerisa da lentexis episkoposis stefanes
(kalaijiSvili) locva-kurTxeviT‚ 2003; – vaJa-fSavelas aforizmebi da
gamonaTqvamebi‚ Semdgeneli m. mTvareliZe‚ Tsu gamomcemloba‚ Tb.‚ 1988; – akaki
gelovani. aforizmebi‚ xatovani Tqmebi‚ rCeuli azrebi msoflios xalxTa poeziasa
da prozaSi‚ gamomcemloba „xelovneba”‚ 1989‚ gv. 816; g. kalandaZe. aforizmebis
enciklopedia‚ brZnuli azrebis saganZuri. gamomcemloba „oazisi”‚ Tb.‚ 2006, gv.
712; – RmerTi‚ adamiani‚ Tavisufleba: n. a. berdiaevis „azrebi”. wignis Semdgeneli‚
gamomcemeli da redaqtori nato ciciSvili‚ teqsti Targmna da moamzada rezo
kveselavam‚ Tb.‚ 2004, gv. 184. _ RvTiuri sibrZnis enciklopedia eklesiis mamaTa
gamonaTqvamebi: uflis sibrZne; wminda mamaTa gamonaTqvamebi; berTa rCevebi;
mociqulTa darigebani; wmindanTa cxovrebani, Semdgeneli givi gaiozis Ze
kalandaZe. Tbilisi, 2007. RvTiuri sibrZnis marTlmadidebluri enciklopedia,
eklesiis mamaTa gamonaTqvamebi. Semdgeneli givi gaiozis Ze kalandaZe, Tbilisi,
2007. saqarTvelos dideba – RvTiuri sibrZnis marTlmadidebluri enciklopedia,
eklesiis qarTvel mamaTa gamonaTqvamebi, Semdegeneli givi gaiozis Ze kalandaZe,
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Tb., 2009. sulieri megzuri. saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqis, uwmindesisa da
unetaresis ilia II-s gamonaTqvamebis krebuli, 2012), aseve gansakuTrebiT
didmniSvnelovnia 2011 wels cnobili flosofosisa da mTargmnelis baCana
bregvaZis mier gamocemuli xatovan azrTa krebuli, Tbilisi, gamomcemloba
`artanuji~, 2011. es aris sxarti aforistuli gamonaTqvamebi, anu rogorc
evropelebi amboben: `yalyze Semdgari azri~. masSi mocemulia msoflios 1986
genialuri moazrovnis gamonaTqvamebi, romelic sul 366 gverdzea gadmocemuli.
CamonaTvalis gagrZeleba dausruleblad SeiZleba).
marTlac‚ fasdaudebeli Rirebulebis matarebelni arian aseTi msoflio
mniSvnelobis azrebi. isini aadvileben Taobidan Taobaze codnis gadacemas. rogorc
cnobili mkvlevari da leqsikografi akaki gelovani aRniSnavda: „aforizmebi‚
sentenciebi‚ frTiani sityvebi maradiuli lurji frinvelebiviT dahqrian
saukunidan saukunemde‚ iWrebian sxva xalxTa cxovrebaSi‚ imkvidreben adgils
erovnul saganZurSi da xSirad kacma aRar icis‚ saidan‚ visi da sadauria‚ magram
yvelasaTvis erTnairad maxlobelia‚ radgan adamiani marad da yvelgan erTnairia‚
erTnairad fiqrobs da ganicdis~ (a. gelovani, aforizmebi, xatovani Tqmebi,
rCeuli azrebi, msoflios xalxTa poeziasa da prozaSi, gamomcemloba `xelovneba~,
1989, gv. 7-8).
aRsaniSnavia‚ rom Zveli saberZneTis erT-erTi udidesi moazrovnis –
heraklite efeselis filosofiuri da Teologiuri azri samyaros da RmerTebis‚
adamianuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaTa ganviTarebis Taobaze „...misi
Txzulebebidan sityva-sityviT amokrefili da Cvenamde miRweuli fragmentebi
didros krebulSi 126 Zalze mokle winadadebis saxiTaa warmodgenili”. (Die
Fragment der Vorsokratiker, griechisch und deutsch von Hermann Diels, Berlin,
1934, s. 150-179). (wyaro: bregaZe b. axali Targmanebi. Txzulebebisa da Targmanebis
ortomeuli‚ II‚ gamomcemloba „nekeri~‚ Tb. ‚ 2006. gv. 5).
umaRlesi Rirebulebebi – siyvaruli, megobroba, saTnoeba da sxva – TviT
adamianSia da vlindeba sxva adamianebTan urTierTobebSi. maSasadame, am
urTierTobebSic, Cveulebriv saubrebSic aris SesaZlebeli maTi moZieba. gamoCenil
Tu ubralo adamianTa cxovrebaze xalxi xSirad swored imitom saubrobs da es
imitomaa mniSvnelovani, rom magaliTebze gaarkvios Cveni – sazogadoebis, eris,
pirovnebebis – sxvadasxva Rirebulebebi.
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swored amitomac aris is, rom, rogorc ki Cven sakuTar Rirebulebebze
daviwyebT laparaks, upirveles yovlisa, gvaxsendeba iseTi Sedevrebi, movlenebi da
pirovnebebi, rogoricaa: vefxisa da moymis balada, Tamar dedofali, qeTevan
wamebuli, cxra Zma xerxeuliZe, saqarTvelos bolo dedofali mariami, romelic
sveticxovelSi ganisvenebs, wminda ilia marTali, rafiel erisTavi, eqvTime
TayaiSvili, kaxeTis ajanyeba, mTiuleTis ajanyeba, andronikaSvilebi, dimitri
yifiani, paolo iaSvili da tician tabiZe, ximSiaSvilebis gmiroba, samSoblos
jariskaci, generali abel (balo) mayaSvili, generali kote afxazi _ qarTuli
mxedrobis Rirseuli warmomadgeneli, saqarTvelos erovnuli gmiri qaquca
ColoyaSvili, didi mxedarTmTavari _ petre bagrationi, vaxtang gograsali, mefe
svimon I, mefe erekle II _ patara kaxi, generali giorgi mazniaSvili, qarTuli
mxedroba mefe Tamaris epoqaSi...
aseTi RirebulebebiT gansakuTrebiT aris mdidari qarTuli tradiciebi. esenia
ufrosebisadmi pativiscema, maTi gamocdilebis dafaseba, naTesauri, mezobluri,
megobruli Tanadgoma da a.S. samwuxaroa, rom es Rirebulebebi bolo xans,
TandaTanobT kargaven – gansakuTebiT, qalaqad – sayovelTao aRiarebas.
mokled, SevCerdeT qarTuli kazmulsityvaobis – xalxuri Tqmulebebisa da
mwerlobis – mniSvnelobaze Cvens erovnul cnobierebaSi maRal RirebulebaTa
damkvidrebis saqmeSi. xalxurma Semoqmedebam didad gansazRvra Cveni mwerlobisa
da, mTlianad, eris RirebulebiTi orientirebi da misi tradiciebi.
Tavis mxriv, xalxur SemoqmedebaSi aisaxa qarTuli xasiaTi da eris yofa-
cxovreba, gansakuTrebiT, misi gamudmebuli brZola TavisuflebisaTvis. yovelive
aman eris gansakuTrebul Rirebulebebad aqcia Tavisufleba, patriotizmi,
megobroba, borotebasTan Seurigebloba (masTan brZolis wyurvili), tolerantoba,
saxelianoba.
amas emyareba rusTavelis cnobili striqonebi: `sjobs sicocxlesa naZraxsa,
sikvdili saxelovani~, `sjobs saxelisa moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa~, da sxva.
xolo `vefxistyaosanma~ udidesi roli Seasrula mZime XIII-XVIII saukuneebSi
qarTuli cnobierebis SenarCunebasa da, amiT TviT Cveni eris, rogorc eris
gadarCenaSi.
qarTveli xalxisTvis miuRebelia gmiris gaampartavneba. uZvelesi amiranis
Tqmuleba xom imiT mTavrdeba, rom gmirma RmerTTan SeWideba moisurva da RmerTma
igi dasaja – kavkasions miajaWva. mindias Tqmulebis variantis mixedviT, gmiri
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bunebis enis mcodne, brZeni, misani da mkurnali – gaampartavnda da amitom dakarga
Tavisi codna. ampartavnoba udidesi codvaa qristianuli religiis mixedviT.
qarTvelma xalxma ki ukve qristianobis miRebamde gaacnobiera igi rogorc
uaryofiTi Rirebuleba. SedarebisTvis: uZvelesi Suamdinaruli literaturuli
Zeglis, gilgameSis eposis gmiri xalxs awuxebs, pirveli Ramis uflebasac aZlevs
sakuTar Tavs da amiT arafers ar kargavs.
qarTul mentalobas imTaviTve axasiaTebs adamianis, rogorc umaRlesi
Rirebulebis Sepirispireba nivTier simdidresTan, rogorc ufro dabali rangis
RirebulebasTan. kacma saxelic ki ar unda anacvalos simdidres, es motivic aris
amiranis TqmulebaSi, sadac Zmebi urCeven gmirs, rom micvalebuli camcumis
anderZis miuxedavad, Tan ar waiyvanon camcumis coli da cxeni, radgan mavani amas
gaigebs rogorc mkvdris gaZarcvas.
adamianis, rogorc sazogadoebis umaRlesi miznis, sakiTxs `vefxistyaosanSi~,
Zalian mniSvnelovani kuTxiT exeba mecnieri ekonomisti giorgi qulayiZe Tavis
wignSi `qarTuli ideologiis safuZvlebi SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosnis~
mixedviT~ (Tb., 1999). igi erTmaneTs upirispirebs oqros Tayvaniscemasa da
adamianis pativiscemas msoflio literaturasa da tariel-avTandilis
urTierTobaSi; mohyavs rusTavelis jadoqruli qarTuliT naTqvami `naxe Tu oqro
rasa iqms, kverTxi eSmakTa Zirisa~ da Semdeg ki wers: rusTavelma `icis da Cvenc
gvaswavlis, rom yvelaze Zvirfasi am qveynad oqro ki ar aris, aramed adamiania, is
aris sazogadoebis umaRlesi produqti da mizani. poemaSi avTandili Sewuxebulia,
rom tarieli oqros samxres ar iSorebs, ganuyrelad atarebs, xolo asmaTis
mitovebas gamoqvabulSi arafrad agdebs. amitom TiTqos gabrazebiT eubneba igi
tariels:
`sjobs asmaTisa ar-leva maga samxrisa levasa,
mitom ar giqeb saqmisa uaresisa rCevasa.
samxre gabia oqrosa, oqromWedlisa dnobili,
uasako da usulo, ar sityvieri, cnobili;
aRarad ginda asmaTi, _ naxe marTali brWobili!..~
tarieli am darigebiT gons moego, umarTle xar metismetado upasuxa. amis
Semdeg wavidnen isini gamoqvabulSi asmaTTan Sesaxvedrad.
`vefxistyaosanSi~ yvelaferi adamianisTvis keTdeba, TviT RmerTma
adamianisTvis gaaCina qveyana da misca mas igi `uTvalavi feriTa~.
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Cven gvaxsovs rusTavelis dabadebis 200 wlisTavis zeimis dReebSi, 1966
wels mwerlis da istorikosis, levan sanikiZis mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba, rom
rusTavelma adamiani gaaRmerTa, RmerTamde aiyvana, homerosma ki RmerTebi
gaaadamianao. amitom SemTxveviTi rodia, rom rusTavelis epoqaSi, Tamar mefis
kanonebiT adamianis sikvdiliT dasjac ki aikrZala. aseTi kanonebis miReba yvela
qveyanaSi dRemdec miuRweveli rCeba~ (gv. 13-14).
RirebulebaTa sakiTxs ilia WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi Cven araerTxel
SevexebiT, magram aq, Cvens mwerlobaSi am sakiTxis ganxilvisas, ar SeiZleba ar
vaxsenoT mainc misi klasikuri formulireba samerTiani Rirebulebebisa _
`mamuli, ena, sarwmunoeba~, romelic yovelma Cvenganma icis da romelic
gansazRvrul gavlenas axdens qarTul cnobierebaze. aqve ar SeiZleba ar vaxsenoT
mainc nikoloz baraTaSvilis cnobili striqonebi poemidan `bedi qarTlisa~:
`raxel-hyris pativs nazi bulbuli, galiaSia datyvevebuli~. esec klasikuri
formulaa Tavisuflebisa da patriotizmis, rogorc umaRlesi Rirebulebebisa. an,
akakis: `SenTvis var, SenTvis movkvdebi, Cemo samSoblo mxareo~ da, an,
galaktionis: `usamSoblod de es Rvino gadameqces Sxamad da sasikvdilo
gazmorebad moedos ZarRvebs~. da raoden samwuxaroa, rom zogjer dRes gaigoneb,
TiTqos patriotuli Temebi araa mxatvruli literaturis saqme.
gansakuTrebuli simZafriT dagvixata RirebulebaTa da antiRirebulebaTa
brZola vaJam. misi `gmirebi – rogorc T. Cxenkeli wers, _ kvdebian da kvlav
ibadebian, rogorc Tavis Tavze zneobrivad aRmatebuli, mtrobisa da borotebis
damZlevi, axal eTikur RirebulebaTa damamkvidrebeli, RvTaebrivi adamianebi~
(Tamaz Cxenkeli. mSvenieri mZlevari. Tb., 1989).
sikvdil-dabadebaSi avtori aq gulisxmobs raime movlenis Semdeg gmiris
fericvalebas, `gardacvalebas~, gardasaxvas.
T. Cxenkeli farTod ixilavs `aluda qeTelaursa~ da `gvelis-mWamels~,
romlebic swored gmirebis am xelaxla dabadebas, axal RirebulebaTa
dasamkvidreblad maT brZolas exeba. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa es
brZola `gvelis-mWamelSi~, radgan gmiris axali eTikuri normebi aris mis mier
uzenaesi Rirebulebis – codnis – dauflebisa da am codniT sikeTeSi gamoyenebis
produqti. es codna mindias ar miuRia eSmakTan garigebis Sedegad, rogorc es
dasavlur faustur variantebSia.
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vaJas mindia arc gaampartavnebula, rogorc es xalxur variantSia. misi
tragedia – codnis dakargva – gamoiwvia cxovrebis moTxovnebTan winaaRmdegobam,
am moTxovnebis gamapirovnebel adamianebTan kompromisma. adamianebTan
winaaRmdegobas mihyavs daRupvamde gr. robaqiZiseuli (dramaSi _ `lamara~) da
gamsaxurdiaseuli mindiac (novelaSi _ `xogais mindia~). oRond, gamsaxurdiaseul
modelSi, savaraudoa – goeTes gavleniT, mindias mier codnis dauflebis pirobad
oCopintres saxiT movlenil eSmakis sxeulTan Sekvraa gamoyvanili.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom sul axlaxans gamoCnda mindias axali xedva _ m.
gvelesianis `mindia~, romelSic eSmaki iseTi saxiT Semodis gmiris zmanebaSi, rom
winaswaraa ganwiruli masTan damarcxebisaTvis. aq avtoris mier gatarebulia azri,
rom sibrZne imarjvebs borotze, romelic am SemTxvevaSi Sinaganad gaorebuli
gmiris erTi nawilia.
RirebulebaTa wyaroebis kvlevisTvis umTavresi aris is, rom Rirebulebis
wyaro maradiuli WeSmaritebaa, aseTi ki mxolod uflis gzaa, e.i. raSic ufali
gansaxierdeba da damkvidrdeba, isaa, anu wyaro Cvens rwmenaSia. Semdeg, Tu wyaro
uflis gzaSia saZiebeli, ra Tqma unda, is mxolod uflis madliT arsebobs.
ufali rasac mogvmadlis CvenTvis maradiuli is aris. da kidev, yvelgan myofma da
yovlismcnobelma uzenaesma Tu ar mogmadla, verc Rirebulebebis matarebeli
gaxdebi da verc mis wyarod gadaiqcevi, mas ver miagneb. amitom swored
RvTivmomadlebuli adamianebi arian uzenaesi Rirebulebebis mqoneni, misi
gansaxierebani, romlebSic RvTis madli gamobrwyindeba da Cveni winsvlis
maradiul gzamkvlevad mogvevlineba imqveyniuri da amqveyniuri sulieri
samyarodan.
„Rirebuleba~ aris sityva‚ cneba‚ termini‚ romelsac adamianebi saubrisas da
sagazeTo masmediis meSveobiT intensiurad iyeneben. amis dasadastureblad uamravi
magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba. aviRoT gazeT „24 saaTis~ 2004 wlis 5 Tebervlis
29 (578)-e nomeri. mis 1‚8 gverdebze moTavsebulia nino cincaZis mier
momzadebuli diskusia saTauriT „ruseTis mdare religiuri literaturis
gamsaRebel provinciad viqeciT~‚ romelSic monawileoba miuRiaT cnobil
pirovnebebs. maT saubarSi aseT frazebs amoikiTxavT: „... rac am wignSi
mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia...~ (mama zaza TevzaZe)‚ „... adamianuri Rirebulebebis
xarjze...~‚ „... saqme‚ ubralod‚ Rirebulebebis aRrevasTan gvaqvs...~. gazeTis 2004
wlis 20 Tebervlis #42 (59). nomerSi ki naxavT masalebs Semdegi saTaurebiT:
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„sityvis Tavisufleba – marTlac Rirebuleba Tu Sirma?~ (eka kvesitaZe – gv. A1‚
3); „mTavaria menejmenti‚ mondomeba da Rirebulebebi~ (maia WalaganiZe – gv. B1)
uamravi aseTi masalis damowmeba SeiZleba‚ romlebSic avtorebi „Rirebulebis~
cnebas iyeneben. zemoaRniSnul masalebSi CamoTvlilia Semdegi Rirebulebebi:
Tavganwirva‚ siyvaruli‚ megobroba‚ gamtanoba. aseve dasaxelebulia uaryofiTi
Rirebulebebic: siZulvili‚ sixarbe‚ pativmoyvareoba‚ sicrue.
magram aranakleb mniSvnelovania TiToeul moqalaqeze fiqri...~.
garkveuli gagebiT‚ SeiZleba iTqvas‚ rom Rirebulebebis Camoyalibeba igive
rwmenis Camoyalibebis sakiTxia. fsiqologi marina WavWaniZe‚ gaz. „jorjian
TaimsSi~ (#013 (276)‚ gv. 7‚ 01.04-08.04, 2004) gamoqveynebul statiaSi „rwmena
da inteligenturoba~‚ sainteresod ganixilavs rwmenisa da Rirebulebebis
urTierTkavSirs. Rirebulebas igi terminiT „zefaseuloba~ moixseniebs. avtori‚
ganmartavs ra rwmenas‚ wers: „rwmena es aris codna‚ faseulobaTa sistema‚
romelic logikur argumentebs ar eqvemdebareba. es sruliad iracionaluri‚
aracnobierad Camoyalibebuli Sexedulebaa adamianisa gare samyarosa Tu sakuTari
Tavis mimarT. yvelaze saintereso masSi isaa‚ rom‚ rogorc wesi‚ misi Sinaarsi
dadebiTi da zefaseulovani motivaciebiTaa ganpirobebuli. me jer ar minaxavs
adamiani‚ romelic ityoda: „me mwams‚ rom kacobrioba unda amowydes‚ me am
mimarTulebiT unda vimoqmedo~‚ magram sruliad dasaSvebia aseTi gamoTqma: „me
mwams‚ rom yvela naZirala (an kidev raime gansakuTrebuli kategoria adamianebisa)
unda daixvritos (gasaxldes‚ ganadgurdes‚ aRigavos pirisagan miwisa)~.
m. WavWaniZe samarTlianad miiCnevs‚ rom rwmenis Camoyalibebis procesi
mTlianad individualuri da subieqturi movlenaa. igi wers: „vaglax‚ rom rwmenis
Camoyalibebis procesi adamianis fsiqikaSi individualuri da subieqturia da im
SemTxvevaSic ki‚ rodesac erTi da igive rwmenis mqonesaTvis verbaluri nawili
emTxveva‚ maSinac ki interpretacia gansxvavdeba. adamians SeiZleba sakuTar Tavze
hqondes warmodgena‚ rom is Zalian keTili da Semwynarebelia (amas karnaxobs misi
rwmena‚ rogori unda iyos adamiani) da gansxvavebuli rwmenis adamianebis mimarT
daundobeli da sastiki iyos. Tu gavixsenebT religiur omebs‚ revoluciebs‚
gadatrialebebs da gavaanalizebT Sida motivaciebs‚ yovelTvis mivadgebiT rwmenaTa
Sejaxebas”.
avtoris azriT‚ adamiani TviTon iqmnis zefaseulobebs (Rirebulebebs) da
ayalibebs rwmenis sistemas. igi wers: „arsebobs pirovnebaSi dauZleveli ltolva
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Seqmnas zefaseulovani warmonaqmnebi da Camoiyalibos rwmenaTa sistema – esaa
megobroba‚ erTguleba‚ siyvaruli‚ patiosneba‚ samarTlianoba da a.S.~.
avtori gamoTqvams varauds‚ rom inteligentoba sxva adamianis rwmeniTi
sistemis SegrZnebas da mis pativiscemas efuZneba. „masac stkiva‚ isic
Seuracxyofilia~ – kargi gancdaa _ agrZelebs igi. Tu am gancdamde gaizrdebiT‚
Tqven dafiqrdebiT formaze‚ rogor imoqmedoT humanizmis saxeliT‚ mTeli
kacobriobis saxeliT‚ Zaladobis gareSe‚ da igrZnobT‚ rom ufro mimtevebeli da
keTili gaxdiT”.
dmanisis episkoposi mama zenoni (iarajuli) miiCnevs‚ rom kacobriobis
umTavresi Rirebuleba aris „adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis
dacvis~ saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi. qristianuli moZRvrebis
wiaRSi ganfenilia sazogadoebis umTavresi Rirebulebebi. mxolod wminda werili
ganasaxierebs Rirebulebebis pirvelwyaros‚ romelTagan umTavresi aris erTi
mxriv – Tavisufleba‚ da meore mxriv‚ – siyvaruli. „wminda werilma‚ romelzec
marTlmadidebeli qristianuli eklesia aRmocenda‚ _ agrZelebs igi, _ gvamcno ra
ieso qristes mowodeba – yvela adamianis Tanasworobisa da urTierTsiyvarulis
Sesaxeb‚ „RvTis xatebisa da msgavsebis~ Zveli aRTqmiseuli konkretika mogvca. mas
Semdeg‚ rac pirvelqmnilma adamianma Tavisufali nebis arCevaniT‚ uari Tqva
SemoqmedTan mudmivi kavSiris uwyvetelobaze‚ romliTac is sikvdils
dauqvemdebarebel sicocxles inarCunebda‚ RmerTma Tavi religiuri kanonis
meSveobiT Segvaxsena‚ rogorc samarTlis pirvelwyarom‚ romelic‚ rogorc
Semoqmedi goni‚ samyarosTan mudmiv mimarTebaSia. RmerTisgan‚ rogorc „myofisgan~‚
Sexseneba TavisTavad moicavs erTi mxriv mis Tavisuflebas da meore mxriv –
siyvaruls. es is Tvisebebia‚ romelTac golgoTas macxovari jvarze ara iZulebiT‚
aramed nebiT miiyvana da xeliT qmnil samsWvalze Zlierad mimsWvala. qristianul
msoflmxedvelobaze dayrdnobiT‚ samarTlebrivi reJimis daniSnulebis aRsaqmelad‚
TvalsaCino formulas warmoadgens marTlmadidebuli qristianuli moZRvrebis
wiaRSi aRmocenebuli principi – „kanoni pirmSoa Tavisuflebis~. qristianuli
gagebiT‚ kanoni warmoadgens zogadsakacobrio gzamkvlevs‚ WeSmaritebis yvelaze
Rrma kriteriums da cxovrebis sworad warmarTvis saSualebas‚ romlis mizania‚
daicvas pirovneba‚ misTvis RmerTisagan Tandayolili Rirseba – raimes
iZulebisagan; TumcaRa‚ sruliad gamijnulia Tavisufal arsebaSi TviTnebobad
qceuli mankierebisagan~. (dmanisis episkoposi zenoni (iarajuli)‚ kanoni pirmSoa
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Tavisuflebis. marTlmadidebloba da adamianis uflebebi. ix.: gaz. „24 saaTi~‚
2004 wlis 7 aprili‚ #82 (631)‚ gv. 1.)
episkoposi miiCnevs‚ rom „Cven yofierebis or plans ganvekuTvnebiT – sulier
da bunebriv-socialurs‚ Tavisuflebis da aucileblobisas~. mas mohyavs msoflio
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis mier 1986 wels SemuSavebuli principi adamianis
uflebaTa Sesaxeb: „marTlmadidebeli qristianebi‚ vinaidan yoveldRe viazrebT
STamosvlas RmrTisas‚ vibrZviT yovelgvari fanatizmisa da siZulvilis winaaRmdeg
adamianebsa da xalxebs Soris‚ iqidan gamomdinare‚ rom vqadagebT gankacebas
RmrTisas da ganRmrTobas adamianisas‚ vicavT uflebebs nebismieri adamianisa da
nebismieri xalxisa. xolo raki qristes macxovnebel qmedebaTa SemweobiT
vcxovrobT RmrTis mier naboZebi TavisuflebiT‚ Segvwevs Zala da gvaqvs ufleba‚
kidev ufro aRvamaRloT sayovelTao Rirseba nebismieri adamianisa da xalxebis~
(citirebulia imave wyarodan).
gazeT „24 saaTSi~ gamoqveynebul maia WalaganiZis mier momzadebul masalaSi
„misia, romelic dRes gacilebiT didia~ (ix. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #75 (624)‚ gv. A1‚
2004)‚ romelic eklesiis upirveles amocanebs eZRvneba‚ episkoposi zenoni
acxadebs: „dRes eklesiis misia gacilebiT ufro didia‚ vidre aqamde SeiZleba
yofiliyo. dRes msoflioSi mimdinare integraciis‚ globalizaciis procesebi
Cvens winaSec aqtualurad dgas. mcire qveyanam‚ rogoric saqarTveloa‚ ise unda
daimkvidros sakuTari adgili msoflio kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Soris‚ rom
ufro Zlierma qveynebma‚ didma kulturam da civilizaciam‚ erTgvari uxerxuloba
ar Seuqmnas~.
saerTod‚ am interviuSi episkopos zenonis saubris teqsti erT mTlianobad
aRiqmeba da misi citireba am mTlianobis harmonias arRvevs. miuxedavad amisa‚
gvinda gamovyoT azri imis Sesaxeb‚ rom yvelafers Tanamedrove poziciebidan unda
mivudgeT. rogorc episkoposi aRniSnavs: „dRes qristianizacia unda moxdes‚
eklesiam‚ SeiZleba iTqvas‚ Tavidan unda daiwyos samisionero moRvaweoba”. da
marTlac‚ gana qristianoba yovelwamieri Tavidan dawyeba araa? am dawyebaSi ki‚
upirveles yovlisa‚ yuradReba gvmarTebs sxvisa da sakuTari Tavis mimarT. aravinaa
srulyofili da Cvenc unda gavizardoT. meufe zenoni ase gvmoZRvravs: „adre‚
roca patara viyavi‚ TiTqmis gafetiSebul nacionalizms vuWerdi mxars. episkoposi
var da SemiZlia vTqva‚ rom marTlmadidebloba yvela erovnebaze da erovnulobaze
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maRla dgas~. rogor gavs es sityvebi aristoteles sityvebs! platoni Cemi
megobaria‚ WeSmariteba ki yvelaferze maRla dgaso.
qarTuli samociqulo marTlmadidebluri eklesia am Cveni gadamrCeni
Rirebulebebis maradiuli mcvelia. isini, upirveles yovlisa, toponimebSia
daculi, romlebic iseve Zvelia, rogorc samyaro, nadirobis qalRmerTis `dalis~
TayvaniscemiT iwyeba da mTavrdeba qristeTi.
axali mTavrobis erT-erT umTavres prioritetad swored kulturaa
miCneuli. strategiuli gegmiT gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba is, rom xeli SeuwyoT
qarTuli kulturuli sivrcis msoflio kulturul sivrceSi integracias.
kulturuli memkvidreoba daculi iqneba msoflioSi aRiarebuli standartebis
Sesabamisad. sagangebo RonisZiebebi gatardeba qarTuli enis, rogorc saxelmwifo
enis dasacavad. aseve, qarTuli sportis ganviTarebisa da xelSewyobisaTvis.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferos Tavisi Rirebulebebi aqvs. sxvanairad
saxelmwifos dargobrivi politika umizno iqneba. davsvaT‚ magaliTad‚ aseTi
kiTxva: ra Rirebulebebs unda efuZnebodes kulturis politika saqarTveloSi?
Cveni azriT, kulturas isini unda ganagebdnen‚ visac bevri codna da gamocdileba
daugrovebia. aRniSnuli sferos organizaciebi sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli
pirebi unda gaxdnen. maT unda hqondeT damoukidebloba‚ raTa saxelmwifo
dafinansebis garda‚ gavidnen pirdapir kontaqtebze. danarCeni kargi menejmentis
saqme iqneba. aucilebelia kerZo iniciativis ganviTareba da konkurentuli garemos
Seqmna‚ radgan iq‚ sadac saxelovnebo bazarze konkurencia arsebobs‚ Cinovnikebs ar
unda hqondeT im arCevanis gakeTebis saSualeba‚ Tu ra unda daafinanson da ra –
ara. saxelmwifo sazRvravs politikas‚ acxadebs prioritetebs‚ am politikis
saSualebiT da im TanxebiT‚ rac gaagaCnia; axorcielebs politikas‚ magram
gadawyvetilebas konkretul satendero sakiTxebze sazogadoeba unda iRebdes; Cveni
prioriteti unda iyos kulturuli memkvidreoba‚ saxelovnebo ganaTleba, erTi
sityviT, yvelaferi‚ rac ar aris dasakargi‚ rac aris Rirebuli.
profesori aleko cincaZe yuradRebas miapyrobs iseT sferos‚ rogoricaa
ganaTleba. igi amtkicebs, rom arsebobs swavlebis originaluri qarTuli
meTodologia‚ romelsac jer kidev kolxeTis umaRles ritorikul skolaSi (III-
IV ss.) iyenebdnen‚ sadac swavleba empiriulad mignebuli xerxiT – „erTiani
ganwyobis Seqmnis safuZvelze xdeboda~ (ix. „jorjian Taimsi~‚ #013 (276)‚ 01.04.
– 08.04. 2004‚ gv. 10). am Teoriis safuZvlad miCneulia e.w. ganswavladi
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sistemebis Teoria. es niSnavs imas‚ rom swavlebis am meTodologiis Tanaxmad
iseve‚ rogorc maTematikur formulebSi‚ „mxedvelobaSi miiReba wina codna
(informacia) da misi dazusteba (gamdidreba) xdeba TandaTanobiT (bijurad) axali
situaciis (informaciis) gaTvaliswinebiT~. (ix. „jorjian Taimsi~‚ #013 (276)‚
01.04. –08.04. 2004‚ gv. 10). qarTul mentalobaSi ganaTlebisaken miswrafebis
Semcveloba wonadia da igi Sesabamis istoriul gamocdilebas efuZneba.
exeboda ra erovnul Rirebulebebs‚ qarTuli sulierebis erT-erTi
ganumeorebeli gamovlineba zviad gamsaxurdia Tavis wignSi „saqarTvelos sulieri
misia~ da groznodan gazeT „samanis~ SekiTxvebze gamogzavnil pasuxebSi (ix.: gaz.
„jorjian Taimsi~‚ #008 (271)‚ gv. 17) miiCnevda‚ rom „qarTuli cnobierebis
safuZvelia qristianul RirebulebaTa prioriteti‚ sulierebis materialurze
maRla dayeneba‚ RvTisa da erisaTvis Tavganwirva da martviloba‚ qristianuli
raindoba~. z. gamsaxurdia asabuTebda‚ rom „marTlmadidebloba qarTuli
cnobierebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia~. mas aseve Rrmad swamda‚ rom qarTveli eri
aucileblad daibrunebs „kacobriobis sulieri moZRvris pozicias~ da „es ki imas
niSnavs‚ rom es midgoma iqneba mTavari matarebuli sulierebisa‚ qristianobisa...~.
vexebiT ra, qristianul Rirebulebebsa da prioritetebs, metad
mniSvnelovania imis gamorkveva mainc ra udevs safuZvlad am Rirebulebebs an
ufro swori iqneboda gveTqva, ra aris yovelive amis saTave, romelia yvelaze
umTavresi Rirebulebebi, romelsac Semdgom yvelaferi efuZneba.
cnobil amerikul filmSi `aTi mcneba~ ebraelTa bibliuri winamZRoli mose,
romelsac RmerTi gamoecxadeba da eubneba: `me var romelic var~-o, SesTxovs
ufals mis xalxs aswvlos `wminda adamianebad~ gaxdoma da sTxovs, amisaTvis
wesebi momeci, rogor unda icxovron, rom viswavloTo. ufali moZRvravs: maSin
ise imoqmede, rogorc Tavisufalma adamianma. Sen Tavs mixede da sxvis qonebas nu
miiTvisebo~.
RmerTma israelianebi egvitelTa monobisgan ixsna da misca maT rjuli. es
rjuli ara marto religias, aramed cxovrebis yvela mxares moicavda. maTi
gulisguli ki aTi mcneba iyo.
`da Tqva RmerTma es sityva: me var ufali, Tqveni RmerTi, romelmac
gamogiyvaneT egviptelTa qveynidan, monobis saxlidan.
nu geyoleba sxva RmerTebi Cems winaSe.
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nu gaakeTeb kerps, raime gamosaxulebas imisas, rac maRla caSia da rac
dabla dedamiwazea da rac wyalSia miwis qveviT. nnu scem Tayvans maT
da nu emsaxurebi, radgan me var ufali, Seni RmerTi, SurismaZiebeli
RmerTi, mamaTa codvis momkiTxavi Sviebisagan mesame da meoTxe
Taobamde, Cemi mtrebisagan. wyalobismyofeli aTasi Taobis iqiT Cems
moyvarulTaTvis da Cemi mcnebebis SemsrulebelTaTvis.
nu axseneb fuWad uflis, Seni RmerTis saxels, radgan dausjeli ar
gadaurCeba ufals Tavisi saxelis fuWad mxsenebli.
gaxsovdes SabaTi dRe, rom wminda hyo igi. eqvs dRes imuSave da akeTe
yvela Seni saqme. meSvide dRe ki uflis, Seni RmerTis SabaTia. ara
saqme ar akeTo arc Sen, arc Senma vaJma, arc Senma asulma, arc Senma
ymam, arc Senma mxevalma, arc Senma pirutyvma da arc Senma mdgmurma,
saxlSi rom gyavs. radgan eqvs dReSi Seqmna ufalma ca da miwa, zRva
da yvelaferi, rac masSia, da meSvide dRes Seisvena; amitomac akurTxa
ufalma SabaTi dRe da wmindahyo igi.
pativi ec mamas da dedas, raTa dRegrZeli iyo miwaze, romelic
ufals, Sens RmerTs moucia SenTvis.
ara hkla.
ar imruSo.
ara iqurdo.
ar gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni Tvistomis winaaRmdeg.
ar indomo Seni Tvistomis saxli; ar indomo Seni Tvistomis coli,
arc misi yma, arc misi mxevali, arc misi xari, arc misi saxedari, arc
araferi misi qonebidan.~ (gam. 20:1-17, rjl. 5:6-18. bibliis
enciklopedia, erTtomeuli, meore gamocema, Targmili inglisuri
enidan, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 117).
es israelis kanonebis yvelaze cnobili krebulia. cxadia, rom maT
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvT: gamosvlaTa wignSi amiT ixsneba kanonTa mTeli
krebuli, romlebic moses mieca sinaze, xolo meore rjulis wignSi aTi mcnebis
Semdeg naTqvamia: `es sityvebi giTxraT ufalma mTels Tqvens krebuls... meti ar
uTqvams~ (rjl. 5:9,), _ e.i. mniSvnelobiT amaTi badali sxva kanoni arc arsebobs.
aTi mcneba mTels israels miemarTeba (da ara romelime calkeul jgufs,
vTqvaT, mRvdlebs) da imavdroulad TiToeul israeliansac cal-calke. aTi mcneba,
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rogorc kanonTa krebuli, unikaluria, miT umetes, rom misi yoveli mcnebaTagani
ebrauli rjulis sxva adgilebSic meordeba.
aTi mcneba iyo RmerTis mier gaformebuli xelSekruleba israelianebTan. igi
dawerili iyo ori qvis dafaze (fiqalebze). erTi maTgani RvTis kuTvnili asli
iyo, meore ki _ israelis kuTvnili asli. israelSi aRTqma RmerTsa da mis xalxs
Soris daido. orive asli aTi mcnebisa inaxeboda aRTqmis kidobanSi, romelic iyo
israelis umTavresi siwmide. imavdroulad es iyo adgili, sadac RmerTic
imyofeboda. amitom orive asli SeiZleba erTad Senaxuliyo. sasjelad aTi mcnebis
darRvevisTvis sikvdili iyo gansazRvruli. es ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs, rom
sasjeli yovelTvis sisruleSi mohyavdaT. aTi mcneba yvelaze mTavari iyo. aTi
mcneba aris RvTis `xelSekruleba-kanoni~ israelisaTvis. maT emateba israelianTa
rjulis wignebi, romlebic Seicaven mravalgvar miTiTebas sxvadasxva
SemTxvevisaTvis. aTi mcneba aris umTavresi Rirebuleba mTeli kacobriobisaTvis.
1.3. Rirebulebis formireba
yvela adamiani garkveuli Rirebulebebis matarebelia. rogor yalibdeba masSi
dadebiTi Rirebulebani? ra Tqma unda, es sibrZnis meSveobiT xdeba. amitom
upirveles yovlisa `sibrZnis~ cnebaSi unda gaverkveT.
sibrZne _ `faseulobis grZnobis gamsWvalva (SeRweva) cxovrebaSi,
sagnebis nebismier grZnobadobaSi, yovelgvar moqmedebasa da reagirebaSi spontanur
`Sefasebamdec~ ki, romelic axlavs yovel gancdas; mTeli sinamdvilis eTikuri
yofierebis gageba am yofierebis TvalsazrisiT; mudam safuZvlad rom udevs
praqtikuli moqmedebis Semecnebas mis faseulobasTan kavSirSi. mkacrad
antiinteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT amisTvis SeiZleba gvewodebina eTikuri
suliereba, eTikis gabatonebuli mdgomareoba, rogorc ZiriTadi sulieri
faqtori kacobriobis mTel cxovrebaSi~ (n. hartmani, eTika, 1935).
rogorc ilia WavWavaZes miaCnda, sibrZne rwmenisa da mecnierebis gareSe ar
arsebobs. isinia adamianis amaRlebis, RmerTTan misi miaxloebis saSualeba, rac
masSi aviTarebs iseT Rirebulebebs, rogorebicaa saTnoeba, siyvaruli, simarTle,
WeSmariteba, madli, mowyaleba... amaze metyvelebs ilia WavWavaZis mier gabriel
episkoposis dasaflavebis dRes warmoTqmuli sityva. mis mixedviT, imereTis
episkoposi gabrieli iyo `did-bunebovani kaci, romelsac RmerTi mouvlens xolme
am codvils qveyanas, rom adamianma misis mixedviT da magaliTiT SeiZlos
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sakuTaris znisa da xasiaTis gawrTvna da ganmtkiceba...~ (i. WavWavaZe, sityva
Tqmuli gaenaTis monasterSi gabriel episkoposis dasaflavebis dRes. ix.: ilia
WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, p. ingoroyvas redaqtorobiT, t.
IV, Tbilisi, 1955, gv. 251). `TviToeuli wami misis cxovrebisa – moZRvrebaa,
magaliTia, anderZia CvenTvis da Cvenis qveynisaTvis. erTad-ki mTeli misi cxovreba
erTi didi skolaa maRal-saTnoebisa da siyvarulisa, marTlisa da WeSmaritebisa,
madlisa da mowyalebisa...~ (iqve).
ilia mianiSnebda im didi Rirebulebis Sesaxeb, romelsac flobda episkoposi.
rogorc igi aRniSnavda, gabriel episkoposis yvelaze mniSvnelovani Rirseba is
iyo, rom obieqturi realobis Sesacnobad mecnierebasa da religias saukeTeso,
ganuyrel erTian saSualebad miiCnevda. ilia ambobda: `me msurs mxolod aq
aRvniSno erTi imisTana mxare am didebul kacisa, romelSiac aris, Cemis fiqriT,
sxvaTa mravalTa Soris, erTi misi didi mniSvnelobaca. me ar vici imisTana sxva
kaci, _ saero, Tu samRvdelo, _ romlis gulSiac mometebulis mSvidobis-yofiT,
mometebulis da-ZmobiT erTad dabinavebuliyos samoqmedod mecniereba da
sarwmunoeba. gansvenebuli Rrmad-miwevnili mecnieri iyo da imdenadve Rrmad-
morwmuneca. aq aris, Cemis fiqriT, misi aRmatebuloba, misi mniSvneloba aramc Tu
marto CvenTvis, sxvisTvisac, radganac bevrsa hgonia, rom mecniereba da
sarwmunoeba erTmaneTSi mourigebelni da mouTavsebelni ariano. igia magaliTi am
morigebisa da moTavsebisa~ (iqve, gv. 252).
rogorc iTqva, mecnierebisa da sarwmunoebis erTmaneTSi morigebas aseTi didi
mniSvneloba imitom aqvs, rom mxolod am gziT SeiZleba veziaroT WeSmarit
sibrZnes.
ilia ambobda: `qveyana, batonebo, savsea xiluliTa da ara-xiluliTa adamianis
sulier da xorciel TvalTaTvis. erTis brZnisa ar iyos, `zogi sagania, rom Tu
ar dainaxe, ver irwmuneb, da zogi-ki imisTana, Tu ar irwmune ver dainaxav~. buneba
adamianisa imisTanaa, rom sulTa-swrafva Cveni erTsac etaneba da meoresac
sacnaurad orisav gziT, da miT ufro, rac adamiani Tval-axilulia da goneba-
gaRviZebuli. neba-uneblieT am ors samflobeloSi dadis mousvenrad goneba da
guli adamianisa, rom ipovos bina da aq daRaluli suli Seasvenos xolme
gulTaZvrisagan da msoflio Relvisagan.
am or samflobeloTa Soris SemaerTebel xidsa swnavs marto sibrZne,
romelic ase iSviaTia am wuTisofelSi, romliTac ase savse iyo gansvenebuli
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mRvdelmTavari da romelic, Cemis fiqriT, sxva ara aris-ra, garda mecnierebis da
sarwmunoebis erTmaneTSi bednierad morigebisa, erTmaneTis SeubRalavad da
daumoneblad. amisTana sibrZnes swvdebodnen marto imisTana geniosebi, rogoric
niutoni da sxvani misebri, erTsa da imave dros RvTisa da bunebismetyvelni.
mTeli moZRvreba aw gansvenebulis saxelovanis mRvdelmTavrisa rom aiRoT,
Znelad ipoviT magaliTs, rom mecniereba gaewiros sarwmunoebisaTvis, an
sarwmunoeba – mecnierebisaTvis. piriqiT, igi sarwmunoebas amecnierebda da
mecnierebas asarwmunoebda, Tu ase iTqmis, da mTeli sibrZne misi amaSia
gamosaxuli~ (gv. 252-253).
aqedanve momdinareobs gabriel episkoposis cxovrebis dedaazri –`kacTaTvis
msaxureba~, romlis Sesaxebac ilia ambobs: `rom marto igi qeba-dideba Sromisa
dagvrCenoda, romelic man gviRaRada erTs Taviss dauviwyar qadagebaSi, da sxva
ara-ra, _ agrZelebs ilia, _ isic sakmao iqneboda, rom misi saxeli qveyanas
mohfenoda da Cvenc gvegrZno, ra didebuli da brZeni mRvdelmTavari davkargeT.
`me TiTon ar minaxavso, _ ambobs igi, _ xolo gamigonia sarwmuno kacTagan,
romel erTs Zvelad-Zvels eklesiaSi kedelzed aris daxatuli, yovlad-wmida
RvTismSobeli da mis win sZevs matyli, xelSi uWiravs tari da hqsovs matylsa.
netamc Cemis TvaliT menaxao!~ _ hnatrulobs am saucxovo xatiT aRtacebuli
mRvdelmTavari: _ `maSin me gavicnobdio meoresa kerZosa saRmrToisa misis
xasiaTisasa da udidessa pativsa da krZalvasa misdami igrZnobda guli Cemio! ra
kargi ram iqneboda, rom yovelsa qalsa maradis hqondes winaSe TvalTa isreTi
xati, yovlad-wmidisa, rom erTs-kerZo missa idges da Sescqerodes mas siyvarulis
RimiliTa RvTaebrivi misi yrma, xolo TviT xelT epyras matyli da tari da
saxesa zeda RvTaebrivsa gamoyvanili iyos is RvTaebrivi siwmide, simSvide da
siyvaruli, TvalTa Sina misTa brwyinvides is ufskruli gonierebisa da
krZalulebisa, romelni waritaceben kacis gulsao. esreTi xati iqneboda
WeSmariti droSa, anu simbolo, ese igi niSani yovelis qalis movaleobisa,
Rirsebisa da mniSvnelobisao!~
ase aTavebs sityvas zegardmo-STagonebiT mRaRadebeli mRvdelmTavari. gana-Ra
SeiZleba amaze metad gapatiosneba, ze-aRweva Sromisa da gamrjelobisa, romelic
bevrsa gvgonia viTomc wilad-xdomilia marto mdabiosio~ (iqve, gv. 253-254).
ilia dasZenda, rom gabriel episkoposi bibliuri RirebulebebiT
zeSTagonebuli RvTis mociquli iyo, misi bagiT RmerTi metyvelebda. gavagrZeloT
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isev ilias sityva: `sakmaoa es mokle, magram Rrmad gabZnobili sityva,
mRvdelmTavris bageTagan warmoTqmuli, rom kacma warmoidginos mTeli sulieri
axovneba da sibrZne misi, romlis bageni dRes CvenTvis samudamod dasdumdnen
Cvenda saubedurod. bevri ram aris naTqvami Sromisa da garjis gapatiosnebisaTvis,
magram amisTana qebaTa-qeba Sromisa SesaZloa mxolod imisaTvis, romlis bagiTac
TiTon RmerTi metyvelebs~ (iqve, gv. 254-255).
sibrZnsTan erTad ilia gamokveTs gabriel episkoposis kidev or Rirseul
Tvisebas – or Rirebulebas – sakuTari eris cxovrebiT, misi tkivilebiTa da
sixaruliT cxovrebisa da mSobliuri eniT mociqulobasa da am enis qomagobas. mis
saflavze ilia ambobda: `riT iyo ase Zlier saxelovani Cveni mRvdelmTavari, rom
gamoiwvia aseTi didi glova erisa? nuTu marto sibrZniTa? ara, sibrZnesTan erTad
ori sikeTe kidev hqonda mimadlebuli RvTisagan. erTi isa, rom igi iyo Svili,
sisxli da xorci ama erisa, da, maSasadame, icoda ra tkiviliT imtkivneulos, ra
sixaruliT inugeSos, da meore isa, rom mociqulobda Cvenis samSoblo sityviTa,
im eniTa, romliTac dResac vadidebT RmerTsa, vpatronobT qveyanasa da sulsa da
guls vawvdiT erTmaneTsa saukunidam saukunemde. RmerTmac ver gagzavna mociqulni
sxva qveynad, vidre ar mouvlina codna im qveynis enisao, _ ambobda gansvenebuli
da amitomac igi qristes jvariT xelSi TavgametebiT idga Cvenis enis mwed da
mfarvelad.
didxans da didxans iqnebian saqmeni misni Cvenda saoxad, sityvani misni Cvenda
anderZad da saxelis xseneba misi Cvenda sawrTvnelad~ (iqve, gv. 255).
didi moRvaweebisadmi pativiscemis grZnoba TviTon aris adamianis Rirseba,
maSasadame, Rirebuleba, romelic aRzrdiT modis. pativs scem ufro imas, visac
ufro afaseb, dafaseba ki Sefasebasac iTxovs. oRond, qveynis yvelaze didi
adamianebis xuTeulebis, aTeulebis da a.S. dasaxeleba sariskoc aris da xSir
SemTxvevaSi gaumarTlebelic. isini xom TavianTi madliT da RvawliT Cveni
maradiuli Tanamedroveni arian. nomrebis mikuTvneba arasasurvelia, radgan es
xelovnurad daakninebs maTs Rvawls da amasTan erTad, gvabnevs kidevac didi
qarTveli moazrovneebisa da moRvaweebis Sefasebisas. amis magaliTad SeiZleba
davasaxeloT 2002 wels Jurnal `omegas~ mier Catarebuli saintereso
gamokiTxvis Sedegebi, romliTac XX saukunis xuTi saukeTeso humanitari
SearCies, Tumca mxolod xuTeuliT ver Semoifarglnen da momdevno Svideulic
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warmoaCines. SerCevis Sedegad meoce saukunis saukeTeso humanitari mkvlevarebi
ase ganlagdnen (`omega~, #11 (37) noemberi, 2002, gv. 22-23):
ivane javaxiSvili – man mTlianobaSi gaiazra saqarTvelos istoria;
korneli kekeliZe – man mTlianobaSi gaiazra qarTuli mwerloba;
dimitri uznaZe – man Seqmna `ganwyobis Teoria~, romelmac saerTaSoriso
rezonansi moipova;
akaki SaniZe – man mTlianoabSi gaiazra qarTuli enis buneba;
pavle ingoroyva _ man mTlianobaSi gaiazra qarTuli civilizacia.
eqvTime TayaiSvili – saqarTvelos ganZeulobis mTlianobaSi aRmwereli da
gadamrCeneli.
grigol wereTeli – antikuri civilizaciis istoriis madlmosili
mkvlevari;
viqtor nozaZe – saqarTvelos kulturul faseulobaTa ubadlo warmomCeni,
humanitarul mecnierebaTa kohortis sruluflebiani wevri;
niko berZeniSvili – man istoriaSi misi originaluri gaazrebis myari
safuZveli Seqmna;
arnold Ciqobava – man enaTmecnierebaSi Cauyara safuZveli WeSmarit kvlevebs;
Salva nucubiZe – beletaristuli filosofiis istoriis fuZemdebeli da
`qarTuli renesansis Teoriis~ avtoria, romelmac didi roli iTamaSa erovnuli
grZnobebis gamoRviZebaSi;
Tamaz natroSvili – man samecniero beletristikis saukeTeso, xelixel
sagogmanebeli, nimuSebi dagvitova. misi folkloristuli Ziebani aris ara erTi
romelime sferos kvleva, aramed kultur-tregeruli moRvaweoba, rac msoflio
mniSvnelobis axal mimarTulebas udebs saTaves.
yvelaferi, rac Jurnalma warmoaCina, kargi da sasurvelia. es sia, ra Tqma
unda, SeiZleba gagrZeldes, umjobesia qronologiurad. gana mas ar SeiZleboda
mimatebodnen levan sanikiZe, grigol robaqiZe da sxvani? metad sainteresoa Tu
TviTon rogor afasebs grigol robaqiZe Tavis Rvawls werilSi: `mamuliSviluri
miznebiT da miswrafebebiT~. CamoTvlis ra Tavis damsaxurebebs, igi wers:
`gadaSalos qarTvelma mkiTxvelma brokhauzis mTels qveyanaze
saxelganTqmuli enciklopediuri leqsikoni. naxavs igi iq romelime qarTvels? iq
me var naxsenebi da mere rogor?!! ramodenime Tvis winaT Tqvens Zmas kitas
daavales aq: cnobebi mieca gamomcemlobisaTvis Sveicariis enciklopediur
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leqsikonSi mosaTavseblad ori qarTvelis Sesaxeb, es qarTvelni: SoTa rusTavelia
da grigol robaqiZe.
aRar gavagrZeleb – arcaa saWiro. momyavs es faqtebi ara imisaTvis, rom
visime winaSe Tavi `viqo~ _ marTali mogaxsenoT, me es ar mWirdeba. momyavs
imisaTvis, rom: roca Cemi Tanamemamuleni me mexebian, es faqtebi unda
gaiTvaliswinon upirvelesad. gecodinebaT albaT, rom `qarTul saqmeSi~ me
gamovaqveyne `ucnobi saqarTvelo~ (nawili Cemi axali wignisa). am narkvevSi me
gadmovSale – me: pirvelma saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi – sworupovari madani qarTuli
geniisa. Tamamad SemiZlia: rom am narkveviT, romelic esseisturi formiT saxavs
mTavar gezs Cemi Semoqmedebisa, am narkveviT SeuZlia saqarTvelos warsdges
kacobriobis winaSe ara rogorc ubralo `etnografiuli~ sinamdvile, aramed
rogorc erT-erTi genialuri `aspeqti~ msoflios cnaurebisa. SesaZloa es visme
kvexnad moeCvenos, maS daugdoT yuri, Tu ras ambobs Cemze erTi avtori Tavis
gamokvlevaSi, romelic gamoqveynda omis win cnobil kaTolikur JurnalSi
`Haeheand~, (mTiani mxare). mogvaqvs misi qarTuli Targmani:
`grigol robaqiZe aris suliT aristokrati. rogorc beladi, sulieri
winamZRoli Tavis xalxisa, am swor gzaze erTaderTi maTi namdvili gadamrCeneli,
igi aris sinamdvileSi saxalxo mwerali: rogorc esqile, sofokle, homerosi
saberZneTisaTvis, dante italiisaTvis, holderili da klaisti germaniisaTvis.
isini iyvnen saxalxo poetebi ara fsiqologiuri gagebiT, aramed amaRlebuli
sulieri religiuri SemoqmedebiT~ (grigol robaqiZe, CemTvis simarTle
yvelaferia... krebuli. Tbilisi, 1996, Sps `jek-servisi~, gv. 364-365).
samwuxarod, qarTvel mkiTxvels xuTi aTeuli wlis manZilze saSualeba ar
hqonda ziareboda grigol robaqiZis, am didi qarTveli mwerlisa da moazrovnis
Rvawlsa da Semoqmedebas. misi ukidegano horizontebi, poeziisa da prozis garda,
igi moicavs werilebs da esseebs saqarTveloze, did qarTvel moazrovneebze da
moRvaweebze, politikisa da sociologiis Sesaxeb nawerebs, werilebsa da esseebs
Teatrze, musikaze, mxatvrobaze, xelovnebaze, literaturaTmcodneobaze,
literaturul polemikaze, ucxoel da rus avtorebze, nawerebs politikuri
portretebis Sesaxeb, Targmanebs, epistolarul memkvidreobas da a. S. Tu maT da
TviT grigol robaqiZis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa werilebs gavecnobiT,
davrwmundebiT, rom grigol robaqiZe iyo is adamiani, vinc icoda da visac
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yvelaferi ekiTxeboda, rac ki saqarTvelos, mis kulturasa da civilizacias, mis
beds Seexeboda.
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom mwerlobaSi Rirebulebebis asaxvis sakiTxi
yvelaze mniSvnelovani Tu ara, erT-erTi yvelaze umniSvnelovanesi mainc aris da
misi ganxilva SedarebiT ufro vrclad da `sabuTianad~ erT-erTi mTavari
amocanaa.
2009 wels saqarTvelos televiziis pirvelma arxma ganaxorciela proeqti
`saqarTvelos didi aTeuli~. qveynis didi aTeulis arCevis idea 2002 wels
britaneTSi, BBC-Si (britaneTis samauwyeblo kompania) daibada da teleproeqtma
udidesi warmateba moipova. proeqti Semdeg msoflios ocdaxuT qveyanaSi
ganxorcielda. saqarTvelo ocdameeqvsea. Tavdapirvelad SeirCa 420 kandidati,
romelTaganac xalxs unda SeerCia `didi aTeuli~. kandidatTa ricxvi
TandaTanobiT mcirdeboda. wesi aseTia, rom rodesac 50 kandidati airCeva, Semdeg
gamarjvebuls ukve lobistebi (`advokatebi~) satelevizio SouSi waradgenen.
cnobili adamianebi da sainiciativo jgufebi Seecdebian, daumtkicon sazogadoebas,
rom maTi nominanti yvelaze didi qarTvelia. saboloo arCevani ki isev xalxis
gasakeTebelia.
proeqtis Sedegebis mixedviT did aTeuls saTaveSi udgas ilia WavWavaZe,
meore adgilze daviT aRmaSeneblia, mesameze – zviad gamsaxurdia, meoTxe adgili
vaJa-fSavelam daikava, mexuTe – Tamar mefem, meeqvseze SoTa rusTaveli gavida,
meSvideze iakob gogebaSvilia, merveze – eqvTime TayaiSvili, mecxreze – giorgi
brwyinvale, meaTeze ki – ucnobi gmirebi.
Sedegebis analizi warmoaCens qarTul sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganwyobebsa da
maT mizezebsac. es Sedegebi sainteresod Seafasa Jurnalistma giorgi uZilaurma.
misi mTavari daskvnebi aris Semdegi: `eri, rogorc iqna, cdilobs daubrundes
fesvebs da gaarkvios, Tu ra daniSnuleba aqvs mas Tanamedrove epoqaSi. arsebuli
viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am tendenciebs aSkarad mouxdeboda gamoTqma: `sjobs
gvian, vidre arasdros~ (`axali Taoba~, 5 maisi, 2009, #118 (4860), gv. 4,6).
qarTul sazogadoebaSi myarad gaZlierda Cveni Rirebulebebis
transformaciis, erovnul fesvebTan maTi dabrunebis moTxovna. gubaz sanikiZe
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT erT-erT Tavis interviuSi samarTlianad aRniSnavda:
`sazogadoebas moyirWda uzneoba da cruRirebulebebi, radgan es Tavisi arsiT
uRmerTobasac gulisxmobs. adamiani, rom icodeT, uRmerTobisgan Zalian iRleba da
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yovelive siborotesTan brZolis JiniT aRivseba xolme, swored am uRmerTobisgan
ganTavisuflebis Semdeg es 15-20 wliani uRmerToba, fsevdoRirebulebebi da
fsevdoliberalizmi, raRac gaugebrobis importireba da izmebi, Tanac
damaxinjebuli formiT mowodebuli Cveni erovnuli sxeulisTvis, erovnuli
faseulobebisa da mentalobisTvis, ra Tqma unda, moyirWda Cvens sazogadoebas da
axla maradiuli Rirebulebebisken motrialebas iwyebs. es ki ufro zustad imas
niSnavs, rom trialdeba uflisken, samSoblosken, patriotizmisken,
mamuliSvilobisken da Wkuisken, imitom, rom goneba da talanti qarTvelTa
Tvisebaa odiTganve. axla rom gaiZaxian, _ qarTvelebi yovelTvis aseTebi iyvneno,
_ es mcdari Sexedulebaa, radgan, merwmuneT, marTlac ase rom yofiliyo, Cveni
eri erT TaobaSi gawydeboda da dRes qarTvelTa saxsenebelic ki aRar iqneboda
dedamiwaze!~ (`qronika~, 2009 welis 5-11 ianvari).
saerTod unda iTqvas, rom Cveni winaprebis warmoCena da maTi Rirebulebebis
dacva TiToeuli adamianis uwmindesi movaleobaa. `es brwyinvale ideaa, Tqven
ukvdaveba garantirebuli gaqvT~ _ ase gamoexmaura mwerali Wabua amirejibi
politolog vaJa SubiTiZes `yvela drois 100 udidesi qarTvelis~ gamocemisaTvis
(es naSromi sagamomcemlo saxlma `inovaciam~ gamosca 2009 wels. 2011 wels ki
meored gamoica). v. SubiTiZem wignSi warmodgenili `aseuli~ Cveni qveynis
kulturaze damCneuli kvalis mixedviT warmoaCina.
bolo xans aseve saintereso `didi qarTvelebi~ or nawilad gamosca tariel
zozraSvilma, am qveynidan cota xnis win wasulma leri musxelaZem SesaniSnavi
wigni dawera `vaxtang gorgasali~, daviT aRmaSeneblis warmoCenas da misi
damsaxurebis Sefasebas dRevandeli gadasaxedidan exeba vasil kukunaSvilis `jvar-
patiosani~... kidev SeiZleba gavagrZeloT aseTi CamonaTvali. aseve mniSvnelovania
is, rom profesori deniza sumbaZe gamoscems SesaniSnav gazeTs `eris Rirseba~.
aseTi saqmeebis keTeba didi saqmea.
didi galaktioni maradiul TanamedroveTa ukvdav saganZurSi upirveles
adgils miuCenda SoTa rusTavels, nikoloz baraTaSvils, daviT guramiSvils, vaJa-
fSavelas, akaki wereTels da ilia WavWavaZes. dedis gardacvalebis Semdeg
galaktion tabiZes unaxavs sizmari. igi uimedobasa da sasowarkveTaSi Cavardnili
dedas SesTxovs ra meSvelebao. deda iqidan imeds aZlevs da amxnevebs, romlis
naTqvamsac mefe-poeti Semdegnairad gamoxatavs:
`kedliT giyurebs eqvsi, mgosnis Zvirfasi qnari,
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rusTavels, baraTaSvils, guramiSvils da vaJas,
wereTels, WavWavaZes, surT dagiWiron mxari,
da Tanac deda Senis, nana ar gicavs gana?!~
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, qarTuli Rirebulebebis wyaroebis Sesaxeb bevri ram
aqvs gamoqveynebuli did Semoqmedsa da erovnuli Rirebulebebis damcvels‚
grigol robaqiZes. „saqarTvelos xerxemali”‚ ase ewodeba mis publikacias‚
romelic avtorma nikolo miwiSvilis werilis „fiqrebi saqarTveloze” sapasuxod
1924 wels dawera (ix. gaz. „kviris palitra”‚ 21-27 noemberi‚ 2005‚ gv. 14).
n. miwiSvilma aseTi `ganaCeni~ gamoutana Tavis samSoblos: „saqarTvelo
pasiuri movlenaa. misi energia gamowveuli iyo sxva‚ mis gareSe myof movlenisagan‚
(energia Wiis‚ roca mas fexs aWireben)‚ sakuTar Sinagan aqtivobas moklebuli iyo
saqarTvelo da moklebuli iyo‚ maSasadame‚ Semoqmedebis geniasac. moklebulia‚
aqedan‚ gamarTlebas‚ msoflio gamarTlebas‚ sakuTar religias‚ mowodebas‚ azrs‚
Sinaarss”.
miwiSvilis am pozicias grigol robaqiZe sulis krizisis gamovlinebada da
TviTmkvlelobad Tvlis da cdilobs gaarkvios‚ Tu ra aris da sad aris
ganfenili eris genia, Cveni eris Rirebulebebi. avtori wyaroebad asaxelebs
qarTlis cxovrebas‚ daviT aRmaSenebels‚ cotne dadians‚ SoTa rusTavels‚ giorgi
merCules „cxovreba wm. grigol xanZTelis”‚ iakob xucess‚ eqvTime mTawmindelis‚
ioane mTawmindelis‚ giorgi mTawmindelis‚ efrem mcires‚ mindias genialur miToss‚
imas, rom saqarTvelom Seqmna `jvari vazisa~‚ asaxelebs qarTveli qalis fenomens
rogorc qarTuli geniis gamovlinebas. grigol robaqiZe aseve asaxelebs qarTul
cekvas („qarTuli genia rokviT ganfenili”-o‚ wers igi genialur statias)‚ akakis‚
vaJas‚ ilia WavWavaZis‚ ivane javaxiSvilis genias da kidev sxva mravals.
`aqvs Tu ara genia saqarTvelos?~, _ kiTxulobs grigol robaqiZe da
pasuxobs: `... evropaSi Tavi moswonT mark avreliT‚ romelic omSiac „Wvretda~
samyaros. CvenSi daviT aRmaSenebeli omis dros „samociqulos~ kiTxulobda – (es
zne kinaRam sabediswero gaxda misTvis).
an kidev sxva. evropaSi legendad aris gadaqceuli „kales moqalaqeTa”
raindoba. rodenma qvac ki aametyvela maTi raindobiT. CvenSi – aseTi
monumentaluri suraTi: monRolTa noinni sjian qarTvel SeTqmulebs. maTTan midis
maRali da naTeli kaci: dadiani cotne. igic SeTqmulTagania‚ magram ar dauWeriaT
(sxvagan iyo). cotne amcnevs noinebs‚ rom misi ndomaa – SeTqmulTa bedi
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gaiziaros‚ radgan igic SeTqmulia. monRolebs ukvirT aseTi simarTle
qarTvelebis – da SeTqmulebs anTavisufleben. riT aris es ambavi naklebi „kales
moqalaqeTa~ ambavTan SedarebiT? arafriT: SesaZlebelia metic iyos.
nuTu avtors hgonia‚ rom rusTaveliT amoiwureba qarTuli genia? (egeb
sxvebsac hgoniaT). 1902 w. niko marma ierusalimSi ipova xelnaweri „cxovreba wm.
grigol xanZTelis~ avtori giorgi merCuli.
gamodis: meoce saukunis Tauramde aravin icoda‚ Tu ra saunje hqondaT
qarTvelebs. qmnileba ekuTvnis meaTe saukunis naxevars. zedmetia imis mtkiceba‚
rom es qmnileba qarTuli geniis xalasi nayofia. qarTuli sityva aq mocemulia
ise‚ TiTqo pirvelmiwas rZe sdiodes kvlav ZuZuebidan. Tqma – mokle‚ nakveTi
sityva – TiTqo Sededebuli substancia‚ romelic warmoTqmis Semdeg iSleba
rogorc mdinaris sarkeuli zedapiri‚ roca frTebgaSlili gavazi daecema mas.
araviTari xorcmeti‚ araviTari meWeWi‚ sityva iseTi‚ romelsac aqvs qalwuluri
darcxvena da amave dros morkinalis SemarTeba: swored iseTi‚ romliTac Zvelad
wirvads hqmniden. arc gasakviria: giorgi merCuls hyavda winamorbedi – iakob
xucesi (mexuTe saukune)‚ romelmac gasaocari aRwera dagvitova „wminda
SuSanikis~ cxovrebisa‚ giorgi merCulma‚ cxadia‚ qarTuli „sagaloblebic~ icoda‚
saca qarTveli avtorebi fsalmunobaSi daviT winaswarmetyvels edavebian.
magram amiT ar amoiwura merCulis qmnileba. aq ar aris mocemuli Cveuli
aRwera Cveuli wmindanis‚ saca sicocxle mlaSea da wuTxe. aq mTeli msoflgznebaa
– sruliad Taviseburi‚ grigol xanZTeli (merCulis aRweriT) – ise dadis
dedamiwaze‚ TiTqo ukanaskneli simindis javari iyos‚ romelic dataroebas elis.
miwa misTvis ar aris „berwi”. piriqiT‚ misi yoveli nayofi „wyarosTvalia~‚
romelsac moaqvs bunebis madli.
amis Semdeg rasakvirvelia‚ rusTaveli aRar aris „gaugebroba~.
magram rusTavelamde kidev iyvnen sxvebic‚ romelTac qarTul sityvaSi genia
gaaRviZes‚ eqvTime mTawmindeli‚ ioanne mTawmindeli‚ giorgi mTawmindeli‚ efrem
mcire. TviTeuls maTgans calke monografi sWirdeba. Tu germanelebi luters
„bibliis~ germanulad TargmnisaTvis genialobas aniWeben‚ ra daaSaves CamoTvlil
mamebma‚ romlebmac igive „biblia~ qarTulad sTargmnes. da mere rogor? luteris
Targmani Tu aris enis-qmna‚ mTawmindelebis Targmanic enis-qmnaa namdvili. Tu
romeli ufro mZafri qmnaa‚ es kidev sadaoa.
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aseTia magistrali‚ romlis bolos rusTaveli mosCans‚ rogorc damTavreba
da rogorc aseTi – xandaxan rogorc gadaxrac (odnavi dekadansi)‚ amis Semdeg ra
azri aqvs aseTs dilemas. „an rusTaveli araa qarTveli‚ an da misi poema advilad
naSovni saqmea?~
rusTaveli qarTvelia da mis poemas udidesi sityvis kultura uZRvis win.
rasakvirvelia‚ „advilad Sovnaze~ laparaki am kulturis arcodnaa. (mainc wamcda
polemikuri sityva).
kidev sxva magaliTi. mTeli laTinuri evropa amayobs fransis asizeliT.
fransis asizels darCa oci striqoni. am striqonebidan italielebs gamohyavT
mTeli italiuri poezia. gansakuTrebiT uyvars es striqonebi d’anucios.
rasakvirvelia‚ marto am oci striqonisaTvis ar aris fransis asizeli saocari.
igi bavSvia da Tan brZeni. igi „Citis gulSia~ gadasuli da cocxlobs Citis
guliT. igi bunebis ZalTa mxilvelia da maTi damurvebeli‚ (xolo – ara
ZaladobiT).
sakmarisia aq wertili davsva‚ rom qarTvelma imav wams mindia gaixsenos da
marTlac mindia igiv fransis asizelia‚ mxolod saqarTvelos mTebSi
aRmocenebuli‚ rogorc iSviaTi yvavili alpebis‚ gana mindias miTosi genia ar aris
TviTon? gana aq ara sCans „RmerTis xeli~?
kidev SeiZleba gavagrZeloT grigol robaqiZis naazrevTa citireba, magram
vfiqrobT, rom esec sakmarisia imisaTvis, raTa CvenTvis umTavresi daskvnebi
gamovitanoT. es umTavresi ki is aris, rom mwerali qarTvelTa civilizebulobas
msoflio civilizaciasTan SedarebiTi analizis moSveliebiT ikvlevs, gvawvdis da
asabuTebs, rom qarTveli eri msoflio kulturis uZvelesi Semoqmedi,
zogadsakacobrio donis geniis matarebeli, misi TviTmyofadi mkvidria
dasabamiTganve.
grigol robaqiZe miiCnevs‚ rom qarTuli renesansis siZneleTa dasaZlevad
saWiroa qarTvelma xelovanma‚ Semoqmedma mTeli qarTvelobis istoria yovelmxris
gamoikvlios da misgan namdvili qarTuli Rirebulebebi gamohkveTos. igi
aRniSnavda: `aris erTi ram CvenTvis aucilebeli‚ romelic yovels wams unda
gvaxsovdes. Cven ufro impulsis xalxi varT‚ vidre grZnobis‚ grZnoba ki‚
namdvili‚ Seuryeveli‚ Rrmaa‚ sastiki‚ grZnoba ukanasknels wveTamde – ai ra aris
CvenTvis Tavi da Tavi. gansakuTrebiT axla. qarTvelma unda igrZnos rainduli
SemoqmedebiT saqarTvelo. mxolod am SemTxvevaSi ayvavildeba qarTuli renesansi.
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aseT grZnobas‚ xan da xan mistiurobamde ayvanils‚ vera siZnele ver gadaeRobeba
win‚ igi yovels zRudes gadalaxavs. gansakuTrebiT es hmarTebs qarTvel xelovans:
igi mTeli qarTveloba amoswuros mis istoriulobaSi da gamohkveTos misagan
namdvili qarTuli stili”. (gaz. „saqarTvelo”. 1917‚ #257). aseTia grigol
robaqiZis imedismomcemi, damrigebluri da omaxiani mowodeba dRevandeli
saqarTvelosadmi.
1.4. Tanamedrove midgomebi Rirebulebis kvlevisadmi
RirebulebaTa gageba kiTxvis gansakuTrebul wess moiTxovs. cnobili
qarTveli mwerali da moRvawe‚ mTargmneli da kritikosi‚ filosofiis mecnierbaTa
doqtori baCana bregvaZe didebulad SeniSnavs imis Sesaxeb‚ Tu „rogor vikiTxoT
filosofiuri teqsti~ am mizniT. amisaTvis profesors mohyavs xose ortegas i
gasetis „recepti~: „filosofiis kiTxva SeuZlebelia – swored kiTxvis
sapirispirod unda moiqceT‚ ese igi‚ gaiazroT yoveli fraza‚ rac imas niSnavs‚
rom calkeul sityvebad daanawevroT igi‚ aiRoT TviToeuli maTgani da misi
mimzidveli garegnobis WvretiT ki ar dakmayofildeT‚ aramed gonebiT CaswvdeT
mis siRrmes‚ CaeSvaT misi mniSvnelobis fskeramde‚ gamoikvlioT misi anatomia‚ misi
sazRvrebi‚ da mxolod Semdeg‚ roca ukve moixelTebT mis farul saidumlos‚
kvlav amoyvinToT zeviT. Tu ase moiqceviT‚ frazis yoveli sityvis mimarT‚ maSin
isini kvlavindeburad ki aRar ganagrZoben ubralod gverdi-gverd dgomas‚ aramed
ideebis fesvebiT gadaeWdobian erTmaneTs azris siRrmeSi‚ da maSinRa Seadgenen
filosofiur frazas. bwkaris gaswvriv mcuravi‚ horizontaluri kiTxvidan da
cigurebiT gonebrivi srialidan unda gadaxvideT vertikalur kiTxvaze da ganZis
saZebnad uskafandrod CayvinToT TviToeuli sityvis cicqna ufskrulSi~ (bregvaZe
b. bolo wlebis Canawerebidan. ix. „Cveni mwerloba~‚ saliteraturo CanarTi‚ #4
(185) gazeTisa „axali epoqa~‚ 30.01.–05.02. 2004‚ gv. 3).
RirebulebaTa gareSe Cvens cxovrebaSi arc araferi arsebobs‚ arc iwereba‚
arc iqmneba. mis Sinaarss srulyofilad ver gaigeb‚ Tu ar gairkva ra mTavar azrs
Seicavs igi rogorc cneba. Cveni azrovnebis umTavresi faseulobiTi konteqstebi
swored am terminiT gadmocemul SinaarsSi aisaxeba. „konteqsti~ laTinuri
contextus-gan momdinareobs‚ rac sityvasityviT SeerTebas‚ mWidro kavSirs niSnavs.
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ufro gasagebad Tu vityviT‚ konteqsti aris werilobiTi teqstis Sinaarsobrivad
dasrulebuli nawyveti‚ romelic saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros masSi Semavali
calkeuli sityvis an frazis mniSvneloba. e.i. konteqsti calkeuli sityvis
RirebulebiT datvirTvas gvixsnis.
RirebulebaTa kvleva saTanado meTodologiur uzrunvelyofas saWiroebs.
ilia WavWavaZem misi originaluri sistema SeimuSava. amJamad Cven am sistemis
mxolod erT, Rirebulebis safexurebrivi kvlevis princips SevexebiT. ilias
mixedviT‚ es principi moiTxovs ama Tu im movlenis‚ saqmis Sinagani avkargianobis
gamokvlevas, „rom sazriss Tavisi WeSmariti da ueWveli sabuTi qondes~. amas ki
maSin mivaRwevT, Tu gveqneba saqmis vrceli‚ gamowvlilviTi „gamonaZiebi da
gamonarkvevi~. saqmisadmi am meTodiT midgomis klasikur nimuSs warmoadgens ilias
werili „sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis naklni da misi ekonomikuri mizezebi~ (1897
w.) ilia pirdapir saqmeze gadadis‚ dasawyisSive axasiaTebs Sesaswavl movlenas‚
saqmes‚ lakonurad gamohyofs mis safexurebs da lapidarulad gadmogvcems mis
yvela ZiriTad damaxasiaTebel niSans. movusminoT TviTon ilia WavWavaZes:
„wlevandeli weliwadi gansakuTrebiT SesaniSnavia miT‚ rom metad gaxSirda CvenSi
avazakoba Zarcva-mtaceblobisaTvis‚ aramcTu dids Saragzebze‚ aramed Sig
soflebSiac‚ qurdobas da qurdbacacobas xom nuRar ityviT. avazakobam‚ zogjer
kaciskvlamac‚ SeerTebulma Zarcva-mtaceblobasTan‚ ise gabedviT gamoido Tavi
CvenSi‚ rom arc erTi kuTxe ar darCa amier-kavkasiaSi‚ – avazakTa sarbielad ar
gamxradiyos. Znelad gadis ise dRe‚ an iqidam‚ an aqedam, ambavi ar modiodes‚ rom
avazakebi daxvdnen‚ gaZarcves mgzavrad modenilebi Saragzaze‚ an amasa da amas
Seucvivdnen soflad saxlSi‚ waiRes rac SeeZloT da zogjer daxoces kidec‚
vinc-ki gabeda da daapira Tavs rogorme uSveloso. eseTs Tamams da kadniers
avazakobas‚ Zarcva-glejas‚ rogorc exlaa‚ ese yvelgan modebuls da TavaRebuls‚
Znelad Tu vinme moswrebia uwin~ (WavWavaZe i., Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv. 201).
amiT naTlad Cans kvlevis pirveli anu sawyisi safexuris Sinaarsi‚ kerZod
is‚ Tu ras vikvlevT‚ ra movlenasTan‚ anu ra saqmesTan gvaqvs Sexeba. saboloo
mizanic naTelia: unda gavigoT gaxSirebuli avazakobis gamomwvevi ekonomikuri
mizezebi da davsaxoT misi wamlobis gzebi. rogor gamovarkvevT am mizezebs? esec
kvlevis iliaseuli meTodis Semadgeneli nawilia. amas maSin mivaRwevT Tu gveqneba
cnobebi imis Sesaxeb‚ „... Tu sad da rogor mowyobilni arian mkvidrni saSinaod da
sagareod‚ ra aiZulebT saavazakod da ra ara‚ ra aqezebs da xels uwyobs
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avazakobis TareSobasa‚ romeli adgili da Tesli erisa iZleva avazaksa da
mZarcvav-mtacebels~ (WavWavaZe i., Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv. 202). Tu es ar gvecodineba‚
gamourkveveli darCeba avazakobis rogorc mizezi‚ aseve misi wamali.
amas mosdevs kvlevis Semdegi safexuri. Sesaswavl sakiTxze sxvaTa mier
mokvleuli da gamorkveuli masalebis moZieba da gamokvleva imisa‚ Tu ramdenad
gvakmayofilebs igi‚ Seesabameba Tu ara igi pirvel safexurze dasmul amocanebs.
amis Semdeg iwyeba kvlevis umTavresi safexuri‚ dasaxuli mTavari
parametrebis mixedviT misi Seswavla‚ sakuTari kvleva-Ziebis Catareba. rogorc
avtori wers: „aq saWiroa namdvili Sinagani avkargianoba saqmisa‚ rom sazriss
Tavisi WeSmariti da ueWveli sabuTi hqondes‚ da raki am gziT mizezi aixsneba‚
wamlis povnac SesaZlod gaxdeba~ (WavWavaZe i., Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv. 202).
ilia yvela sakiTxis Seswavlas cal-calke mihyveba‚ mis umniSvnelo niuanssac
Seuswavlels ar tovebs, rasac mosdevs „grZlad Tqmulis mokled gamonaskva~‚
„rom SesaZlebeli iyos naskvi saqmisa ufro cxadad gaviTvaliswinoT~ (WavWavaZe i.
Txz.‚ t. 6.‚ gv. 202).
zemoaRniSnulis damadastureblad‚ magaliTis saxiT gamogvadgeba
dasaxelebuli naSromis VI Tavi‚ sadac avtori akeTebs daskvnas da saxavs im
gzebs‚ romlebiTac SesaZlebelia ekonomikuri cxovrebis winsvla-gajansaReba.
amis damadastureblad aseve movitanT erT amonarids „cxovreba da kanonidan~.
es aris imis nimuSi‚ Tu rogor akonkretebs avtori daskvnis saxiT‚ wina
daaxloebiT erT Tabaxze (16 gverdi) nakvlevi masalis dedaazrs erT abzacSi. es
daskvna asea formulirebuli: „Cven wina werilebiT vcdilobdiT dagvemtkicebina‚
rom wilzed-Wera mamulisa: 1. mizeziani da sadavidarabo ufleba-movaleobaa orTa
wodebaTa Soris; 2. Cvenis xalxis Cveulebazed ar aris aRmocenili‚ im saxiT
mainc‚ ra saxiTac igi glexTa ganTavisuflebis debulebam CvenSi Semoitana; 3.
ekonomiuris mxriT‚ Tumca ymobazed bevrad ukeTesia‚ magram mainc mavnebelia; 4.
miwis-WeraSi Cveuleba yvela sxva Zalazed mtkicea‚ TviTrjulia‚ da 5. amis gamo
pirveli da upiratesi yuradReba miqceul unda iqnas Cveulebazed‚ roca miwis-
Weris Sesaxeb raime cvlileba saWirod danaxulia~ (WavWavaZe i. Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv.
20).
aseTia kvlevis ZiriTadi safexurebi‚ romlebsac ilia WavWavaZe ganuxrelad
mihyveboda da icavda. aseTi midgomebiT ilia WavWavaZe aRwevs imas‚ rom yoveli
misi daskvna dafuZnebulia dafiqrebaze‚ faqtebis codnaze da mecnierul
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WeSmaritebaze. mecnieruli kritikis saSualebiT ikvlevs igi gzas. „aris kritika‚
romelsac mecnieruli kritika hqvian. igi „hos~ saTqmelsac da „aras~ saTqmelsac
erTnairis sifrTxiliT‚ erTnairis awondawoniT epyroba. igi imiTaa Rirseuli‚
rom „hos~ sabuTsac iseTisave gulmodginebiT iZiebs‚ rogorc „aras~ sabuTsa‚
radganac saxeSi marto marTali aqvs da sxva arara. amisTana kritika
marTlmoyvare gamomZiebelia da marTlgamkiTxavi saswori: Tunda rom „hos~ gziT
Seudges Tavis saqmes‚ Tunda „aras~ gziT‚ ormave gzam marTalTan unda miiyvanos.
amitomac kritika erTs gzasaca hxmarobs da meoresac‚ imisda mixedviT‚ Tu – ra
saqmeSi romeli ufro utyuarad da advilad apovninebs marTals~ (WavWavaZe i. ai
istoria. ix. rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad‚ t. 4‚ gv. 69).
kvlevis pirvel safexurze gakeTebul daskvnas ilia WavWavaZe gansakuTrebul
moTxovnebs uyenebs. swored am safexurze isaxeba maradiuli ideali _ is
WeSmariteba, ris miRwevasac visaxavT miznad. amis klasikur nimuSs warmoadgens
„cxovreba da kanonSi~ imis daxasiaTeba‚ Tu rogori samarTali sWirdeba xalxs.
ilia wers: „am saxiT‚ exla Cven viciT‚ ra azri hqonia umaRless mTavrobas‚ rom
momrigebeli mosamarTloba dauwesebia‚ da ra RonisZieba miuRia‚ rom is azri
unaklod aRsrulebaSi mosuliyo. mokled ganvimeoroT zemoTqmuli‚ rom ufro
garkveviT gza gavignoT da ufro cxadi azri wavimZRvaroT win Cvens gamokvlevaSi.
umaRlesma mTavrobam uar-hyo uwindeli gansamarTlebis wesi da mis magier
saWirod dainaxa‚ rom ufro mometebul xalxs saxelmwifosas imisTana samarTali
uWirs‚ – 1. romelic maxloblad unda iyos xalxzed; ase rom yvelam yovels Jams‚
rac unda patara gaWirveba hqondes‚ mihmarTos xolme da dauyovnebliv swrafad
gansamarTldes; 2. romelsac iseTi martivi wesi warmoebisa hqondes‚ rom
ucodinarma kacmac Tavisi saqme awarmoos; 3. romelsac‚ ramodenadac SesaZloa‚
formaloba ar uSlides‚ rom namdvili simarTle aRmoaCinos; 4. romelsac win
unda miuZRodes adgilobrivis viTarebis codna‚ codna xalxis znisa‚ xalxis
Cveulebisa da erTmaneTzed damokidebulebisa; 5. samarTali unda iyos imisTana
kacis xelSi‚ romelsac xalxi icnobs‚ xalxi endoba da xalxi pativsa scems‚ da
romelsac‚ rogorc adgilobrivs mosaxles da mcxovrebs‚ TiTonac guli unda
Sestkiodes‚ rom uwesoba‚ urigoba ar iyos mis saxeloSi; mSvidobianoba‚
uSiSroeba ar iqnas darRveul; yvela darwmunebuli iyos‚ rom danaSauloba‚
brali‚ dausjelad ar Caivlis‚ wanaxedi‚ ziani uzRvevlad ar darCeba; xolo
ukeTesi mxare‚ umaRlesi mniSvneloba amgvaris mosamarTlobisa morigebiT gaTavebaa
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saqmisa. aqac danaxulia da cnobili‚ rom Tu mosamarTle xalxis TvalSi sando‚
sarwmuno kaci ar aris‚ mosamarTle am momrigebel Suakacobas ver aRasrulebs.
rogorc amis gamo‚ ise im mizezebiT‚ romelnic zemoT mogvixsenebia‚ mtkice da
miucilebel saWiroebad aRiarebulia da dadgenili‚ rom momrigebeli mosamarTle
TiTon mcxovreblebma aRmoirCion xolme Tvis Soris~ (WavWavaZe i. Txz.‚ t. 6‚ gv.
78-79).
Rirebulebis kvlevis urTules sakiTxebSi garkvevisaTvis saWiroa vicodeT
ganviTarebis zogadi Teoriis safuZvlebi, romelsac misma Semqmnelma, XIX
saukunis udidesma mecnierma da filosofosma hegelma uwoda dialeqtika. man
gamoyo dialeqtikis sami mTavari kanoni.
dialeqtikis wamyvani kanoni – `dapirispirebulTa erTianobisa da
brZolis kanoni~ _ ganviTarebas xsnis ori sapirispiro, magram
urTierTSemavsebeli Zalis brZolis arsebobiT: siTbo da sicive, sibnele da
sinaTle, sikeTe da boroteba, mdedri da mamri – yoveli bunebrivi da istoriuli
procesisaTvis SeiZleba ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego sawyisis povna, romelTa
brZoliT aixsneba misi ganviTareba. amaSia dialeqturi midgomis arsi.
dapirispirebulobani imavdroulad erTiania am procesSi, e.i. erTis mowyveta
meorisagan SeuZlebelia. dialeqtika aRwers ara imdenad realurad mimdinare
procesebs, ramdenadac kacobriobis cxovrebis kanonzomierebebs da am procesebis
Semecnebis SesaZleblobebs.
gamartivebulad Tu vityviT, aRniSnuli kanoni Semdeg Tanmimdevrul
azrovnebas moiTxovs. jer gansaxilvel procesSi unda gamovyoT ori
urTierTdapirispirebuloba, ukiduresoba da aRvweroT procesi, rogorc
TandaTanobiTi siWarbe, dominireba xan, erTi ukiduresobis, xan meoresi.
adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri dinamikuri procesis ganlageba
ukidures, urTierTsawinaaRmdego Semadgenlebad. TiToeuli maTganis gamokvleva,
xolo Semdeg procesis nebismieri msvlelobis warmodgena, rogorc SeTavseba, anu
hegelis mixedviT, brZola.
dialeqtikis meore kanoni _ `raodenobis gadasvla TvisebriobaSi~ _
bevrad martivia gasagebad sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa sferoebSi. ufro
rTulia maTSi garkveva sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi. es kanoni ubralod gveubneba,
rom yoveli Tvisebrioba, dafiqsirebuli Cveni grZnobaTa organoebis mier,
romelmac asaxva hpova enaSi, ganmtkicebul statikur cnebebSi, icvleba
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gansazRvruli raodenobrivi maCveneblebis mixedviT. magaliTad, wyali uaryofiTi
temperaturis awevisas gadadis airis mdgomareobaSi. sinaTles 500 angstremis
sigrZis talRiT aRviqvamT rogorc mwvanes, xolo talRis sigrZis gazrdisas igi
TandaTanobiT gadadis wiTelSi da a.S. ase rom, yovel procesSi SeiZleba da
saWiroa vipovnoT zogadi raodenobrivi parametrebi, pasuxismgebelni xarisxobriv
cvlilebebze.
dialeqtikis mesame kanoni, romelic lamazad da bundovnad
wodebulia `uaryofis uaryofad~, laparakobs ganviTarebis yvela procesis
gansazRvrul ganmeorebaze. es, vfiqrobT, kacobriobis mier miRweuli yvelaze Rrma
ganzogadebaa sistemebis ganviTarebis procesebis Seswavlisas. Tanamedrove eniT
rom vTqvaT, kanoni `uaryofis uaryofa~ ganviTarebis yvela dinamikuri procesis
talRiseburi qanqaris msgavsi xasiaTis deklamirebas axdens.
dRes mecnierebi yvelaze misaRebad meTodologiur pluralizms miiCneven.
amitom ar SeiZleba xelaRebiT romelime meTodisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba. unda
gamoviyenoT yvela is meTodi, romelic mopovebuli masalebis analizs xels
Seuwyobs. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia SedarebiTi analizis meTodi,
mecnieruli abstraqciis meTodi, grafikuli gamosaxvis meTodi, ekonomikur-
maTematikuri modelirebis meTodi da sxv. rogorc ityvian, mexsiereba TariRebiTa
da faqtebiT unda gaajero da maSin SeZleb Seni wina istoriis Sefasebas, ufro
zustad ki – gadafasebas. wignSi _ `qarTuli saxelmwifosa da samarTlis
istoria~ (Tbilisi, 2003) _ cnobili mecnieri giorgi nadareiSvili aRniSnavs:
`istoriul-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis masalas Tu Teoriis nisliT davabnelebT,
sasurvel Sedegs ver miviRebT. rogorc i. goeTe ityoda, uferulia aq Teoria,
magram cxovrebis oqros xe ki marad mwvanea. Teoria faqtebs ar unda
ewinaaRmdegebodes~.
didi sistemebis, maT Soris mTlianad sazogadoebis, ekonomikis,
makroekonomikis, msoflio ekonomikis sagnebis SeswavlisaTvis gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba aqvs msoflio meurneobrivi movlenebisa da procesebisadmi sistemur
midgomas. am meTodis Tanamedrove eniTa da midgomebiT gagebas eZRvneba akademikos
iveri frangiSvilis statia _ `sistemuri midgoma, sistemuri azrovneba da
marTvis sakiTxebi~ (ix. Jurn. `komentari~, #1, zamTari, 2003-2004) sistemuri
kvlevis meTodebis gasagebad mogvyavs vrceli amonaweri zemoT aRniSnuli
naSromidan:
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`sistemuri midgoma aris samyaros da misi obieqtebis movlenebisa da
procesebis Seswavla sistemuri kvlevis meTodebiT, maTi mTlianobisa an maTSi
mimdinare im procesebis saerTo Tu specifiur kanonzomierebaTa integrirebulobis
kuTxiT, romlebic maT warmogvidgens rogorc sistemas. sistemur midgomas,
Cveulebriv, viyenebT SedarebiT rTuli da efeqtiani sistemebis analizis,
Secnobisa da sinTezisaTvis.
sxvadasxva problemis mimarT sistemuri, mTlianobiTi midgoma efuZneba
faqtorTa arsebis, rolis, mniSvnelobisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis gaazrebas
maTs erTianobaSi, anu kompleqsSi. es SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs kompleqsurad da
yovelmxriv SeviswavloT problema, gamovyoT prioritetebi da movaxdinoT
sistemis ZiriTadi parametrebis optimizacia...
dRes, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi mimdinare sistemuri krizisebis xanaSi,
sistemuri midgomis mniSvneloba izrdeba, vinaidan am krizisebs SeiZleba
daupirispirdes mxolod maTTan brZolis sistemuri meTodebi. es midgoma aris
saSualeba imisa, rom amovicnoT sistemur winaaRmdegobaTa xasiaTi, gamovavlinoT
urTierTkavSirebis sirTule da SevimuSavoT problemebis gadawyvetis strategia.
qveynis erovnuli interesebis mimarT sistemuri midgoma qveynis aRorZinebisa
da misi ekonomikuri da samxedro usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mTavari pirobaa.
am midgomis gamoyenebas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs globaluri problemebis
Seswavlisas. am problemebs (ekologiurs, socialurs, ekonomikurs, samxedros,
teqnogenurs, uSiSroebisas) da maTs sistemur gaazrebas zogadasakacobrio
mniSvneloba aqvs. isini imdenad kompleqsuri xasiaTisaa, rom maTi gadawyvetis
mcdeloba dadebiT Sedegs ar mogvcems, Tu erTdroulad ar movaxdineT
zemoqmedeba am sistemis mraval parametrze.
sistemuri azrovnebis mizania sworad da mTlianobaSi (sistemurad) aRiqvas
garemo, mTlianobaSi gaiazros dakvirvebiT mopovebuli informacia, Seimecnos
materialuri da aramaterialuri samyaros kanonebi da kanonzomierebebi, iswavlos
adamianis saqmianobaSi – uwinaresad, rTuli sistemebis Seqmnasa da marTvaSi – am
kanonTa da kanonzomierebaTa gamoyeneba.
bevr Zlier specialists, CvenTanac da sxvaganc, Camouyalibda gansakuTrebuli
sistemuri azrovneba, _ Cveva iazrovnos ise, rom mTlian suraTad xedavdes
obieqts Tu process. sistemur azrovnebas mniSvnelovnad uwyobs xels adamianis
intuicia da faruli (miRmuri) codna.
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Tu axal obieqts vikvlevT da amisaTvis ar gvyofnis arsebuli modelebi,
maSin sistemuri azrovneba, mTlianobiTi midgoma, intuicia da faruli (miRmuri)
codna gvexmareba SevimuSaoT axali, ufro efeqtiani modelebi. mecnierebas ar
gaaCnia sazomi, romliTac sistemuri azrovnebis dones gazomavda, magram SeiZleba
vamtkicoT, rom sistemurma azrovnebam ukve miaRwia ganviTarebis im safexurs,
rodesac adamiani mis xelT arsebuli kognituri modelebis gamoyenebiT axerxebs
Caswvdes rTuli teqnikuri, socialur-ekonomikuri, fsiqikuri Tu sxva
problemebis arss (Tvisebriobas).
sistemuri azrovnebis paradoqsebia mTlianobis da ierarqiulobis
paradoqsebi. mTlianobis paradoqsTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac sistemis aRwera
SesaZlebelia misi danawevrebiT iseT `mTlianobebad~ _ iseT nawilebad, romeli
nawilebic jer kidev inarCuneben sistemis mTlianobiT Tvisebebs. anu es is
SemTxvevaa, rodesac mTlianobis Tvisebebs, romlebsac sistema atarebs, garkveul
zRvramde misi danawilebisas inarCuneben gamoyofili nawilebic. meore mxriv,
nebismieri mTlianobiTi sistema ufro maRali rangis sistemis – zesistemis
elementia, anu misi qvesistemaa da misi aRwera SesaZlebelia am kuTxiT (rogorc
qvesistemisa). ierarqiulobis paradoqsi amaSi mdgomareobs.
rac ufro rTulia sistema da rac ufro sustad aris igi formalizebuli,
naTelia, rom miT ufro maRali iqneba sistemuri azrovnebis efeqtianoba.
sistemurma azrovnebam yvelaze ufro metad asaxva hpova programirebis
Tanamedrove meTodebSi, informatikasa da telekomunikaciaSi, fsiqologiaSi,
biologiaSi, filosofiaSi~.
sistemuri kvlevis meTodTan dakavSirebiT saintereso Teoria SemogvTavazes
saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentma, arCil
frangiSvilma da teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtorma, profesorma oleg namiCeiSvilma
(ix. frangiSvili a., namiCeiSvili o., saubrebi mecnierebis filosofiis Sesaxeb,
Tbilisi, 2009).
avtorebi am fundamentur naSromSi ganixilaven mecnierebis, rogorc codnis
sistemis specifikas, sulieri warmoebisa da socialuri institutis formas;
aanalizeben mecnierebis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebebs, mis struqturas,
mecnieruli Secnobis doneebsa da meTodologias; avlenen gansxvavebebs
sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul mecnierebaTa Soris, maTi formirebis etapebsa
da saTanado meTodebis Taviseburebebs. uCveneben, Tu rogor wydeba mocemuli
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problemebi mecnierebis Tanamedrove dasavluri filosofiis mier. naSromi
pasuxobs Semdeg ZiriTad kiTxvebs: ra aris mecnieruli codna, rogoraa igi
mowyobili, rogoria misi organizaciisa da funqcionirebis principebi, ras
warmoadgens mecniereba, rogorc codnaTa sawarmo, rogoria samecniero
disciplinaTa formirebisa da ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani, riT gansxvavdebian
isini erTmaneTisagan da rogor urTierTqmedeben isini. Tu SevajamebT, unda iTqvas,
rom es aris saxelmZRvanelo gamokvleva mecnierebis meTodologiaSi.
es SesaniSnavi wigni aris WeSmariti mecniereba mecnierebis Sesaxeb. iseTi
ganzogadebani, rogoric masSia, Cndeba mas Semdeg, rac mecniereba gaicnobierebs
Tavis Tavs rogorc mTlians. Tavdapirveladac mecniereba gaCnda rogorc mTliani.
aviRoT magaliTad ekonomika da ganvixiloT es procesi ekonomikuri
mecnierebis ganviTarebis mixedviT. vinaidan ekonomika moicavs adamianis saqmianobis
mniSvnelovan mxareebs, ekonomikur problemebze Teoriuli msjelobani uyvardaT
jer kidev Zvelebs, romelTac Tanamedrove adamianisagan saerTod ganasxvavebda
bevrad didi survili SeecnoT garemomcveli samyaros realoba. ukve didma
berZnebma platonma da aristotelem Cauyares safuZveli ekonomikas, rogorc
mecnierebas. platonis cnobil `saxelmwifoSi~ Semotanili iyo iseTi dRemde
gansjis sagnad qceuli zomebi bazris regulirebisa, rogoricaa `fasis meryeobis
sazRvrebi~, xolo aristotelem, ganWvrita ra Semdgom aTaswleulTa paeqrobani,
CaTvala, rom gacvla aTanabrebs moTxovnilebebs da ara danaxarjebs. es
postulati gaxda safuZveli marJinalisturi revoluciisa ekonomikur
mecnierebaSi mxolod XIX saukunis Suaxanebidan. ra Tqma unda, Zvel moazrovneTa
ekonomikuri Sexedulebani Seicavda mraval iseT debulebasac, romelTac dRes
SeuZlia mxolod Rimili gamoiwvios. rac ar unda iyos, gavida 23 saukuneze meti.
Sua saukuneebisa da axali drois yovel did moazrovnes, dawyebuli Toma
aqvinelidan kalvinamde, hqondaT Tavisi Sexedulebebi ekonomikur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT, vinaidan maT gareSe filosofiuri da religiuri sistemebi
cxovrebisgan mowyvetili aRmoCndeboda.
TumcaRa pirveli wminda ekonomikuri Teoriebi da ekonomikuri skolebi
gaCnda mxolod XVII s-is bolos. Semdeg ki moxda maTi diferencireba, uamravi
calke disciplinis saxiT maTi danawevreba, romelTa ricxvis zrda dResac
grZeldeba. amitom, aseT pirobebSi, didi mniSvneloba aqvs mecnierebis
interdisciplinarul gaazrebas, mis mTlianobaSi Secnobas, im xidebis danaxvas,
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romelTa meSveobiT calkeuli disciplinebi aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan.
aseTi xedva, anu imis danaxva, rogor gamoiyofa calkeuli mecnierebani da amasTan
erTad rogor miizidebian isini erTmaneTisaken, anu maTi mTlianobaSi gaazreba,
sxvadasxva mecnierebaTa kavSirebis xedva aris metad mniSvnelovani movlena, rac
saTanado saxiT aris warmoCenili gamokvlevaSi `saubrebi mecnierebis filosofiis
Sesaxeb~.
Rirebulebis kvlevis meTodologiur arsenalSi Tavisi wvlili Seitanes
mRvdelma basil axvledianma, profesorma giorgi SixaSvilma da profesorma
nikoloz bakaSvilma. maT mier gamocemuli wigni (mRvdeli b. axvlediani, g.
SixaSvili, n. bakaSvili, marTlmadidebluri Teologiuri ekonomikisa da marTvis
safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 2009) marTlmadidebluri ekonomikuri Rirebulebebis
mwyobri dalagebas, misi kvlevis meTodologiur safuZvlebSi wvdomas, mis
mTlianobaSi gaazrebas, misgan CvenTvis ase saWiro praqtikuli daskvnebis
gamotanas da Cveni gadamrCeni praqtikuli saqmeebis keTebas exeba, rac dRevandeli
saqarTvelosTvis aqtualuri sakiTxia.
RirebulebaTa Seswavlis procesSic aucilebelia gamoviyenoT logikis
ZiriTadi kanonebi da daskvnebi. rogorc cnobili qarTveli filosofosebi, devi
beWvaia da eTer Rvineria TavianT naSromSi _ `Tanamedrove pedagogiuri Teoriebis
filosofiuri safuZvlebi~ _ aRniSnaven, arsebobs moTxovnebi, romlebic unda
akmayofilebdnen yovelgvar msjelobas, martivad rom vTqvaT, romelTa mixedviTac
unda azrovnebdes normaluri adamiani. aseT kanonebs azrovnebis ZiriTad kanonebs
uwodeben. maTi dacva aucilebeli, TumcaRa, arasakmarisi pirobaa bWobis
marTebulobisa Tu sisworisaTvis. gansjis siswores, maT garda, sakuTari
kanonebic aqvs.
igiveobis kanoni. igi msjelobisas azrovnebis, bWobis garkveulobis
moTxovnaa. gansjis procesSi yoveli cneba, yoveli sityva unda vixmaroT erTi da
imave mniSvnelobiT. sagnebis aRniSvnis gareSe sityvis mniSvnelobis Secvla,
Tundac igi Sesabamisi sagnis SecvliT iyos ganpirobebuli, dauSvebelia. mokled
rom vTqvaT, cnebis Sinaarsis igiveoba, garkveuloba, misi erTi azriT xmareba
msjelobis procesSi – ai, rogor gamoixateba igiveobis kanonis azri.
winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni. igi Tanmimdevruli
azrovnebis, bWobis, TavisTavadobis, Tavis TavTan Tanxmobis moTxovnaa. Cvens
azrebs Soris, msjelobaSi Semaval winadadebebs Soris ar unda iyos
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winaaRmdegoba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu romelime sagnis Taobaze raimes
vamtkicebT, igive imave sagnis sesaxeb ar unda uarvyoT (imave dros, imave azriT),
e.i. azrTa kavSiri ar SeiZleba iyos swori, azrTa msjeloba ar SeiZleba iyos
Tanamimdevruli, Tu is winaarmdegobas Seicavs.
gamoricxuli mesamis kanoni. es kanoni, gansjis, bWobis Tavis TavTan
Tanxmobis moTxovnaa. gamoricxuli mesamis kanonis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia ori
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego winadadebidan uarvyoT erTic da meorec, radgan ori
erTmaneTis sawinaaRmdego winadadebidan erTi aucileblad WeSmaritia. magaliTad,
es vardi an wiTelia, an ar aris wiTeli, mesame SemTxveva gamoricxulia.
sakmao safuZvlis kanoni. rogorc mkvlevarebi amtkiceben,
aristotelem es kanoni icoda, magram ratomRac ar CaTvala saWirod misi kanonad
gamocxadeba. am kanonis mixedviT, arc erTi winadadeba ar SeiZleba iyos
WeSmariti, Tu ar arsebobs sakmao safuZveli imisa, ratom aris am winadadebaSi
aRwerili swored aseTi viTareba da ara sxvagvari. xSirad es kanoni gagebulia
rogorc moTxovna – WeSmaritad ar miviCnioT winadadeba misi dasabuTebis gareSe.
sakmao safuZvlis kanoni daufiqrebeli da zerele bWobis winaaRmdeg aris
mimarTuli. ganaTlebis filosofiis warmomadgenlebi logikis konstruqciebsa da
kanonebs eyrdnobian.
sinamdvilis Semecnebis procesSi iyeneben agreTve deduqciur da induqciur
daskvnebs. tradiciuli logikis mier miRebulia deduqciuri daskvnis is
gansazRvreba, romelic aristoteledan momdinareobs. deduqciuri daskvna,
romelic zogadidan kerZosaken (an metad zogadidan naklebad zogadisaken)
gadadis. iseT daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebis WeSmariteba aucileblobiT
ganapirobebs daskvnis WeSmaritebas, deduqciuri dasvna ewodeba.
rac Seexeba induqciur daskvnas, misi ramdenime forma arsbobs (sruli,
arasruli). ganasxvaveben arasruli induqciis or saxes – popularuls da
mecnieruls. mecnieruli induqcia aris ramdenime sagnisa Tu movlenisagan
gakeTebuli daskvna saganTa an movlenaTa mTliani klasis codnaze; erTeulidan,
kerZodan gamomdinare zogadze miRebul daskvnas, romlis wanamZRvrebidan danaskvni
logikurad ar gamomdinareobs, magram romlis wanamZRvrebic garkveuli xarisxiT
adastureben danaskvns, ewodeba induqciuri daskvna. logikosTa azriT, induqciasa
da deduqcias Soris dapirispireba arsebobs, magram mas (dapirispirebas) aqvs
gamonaklisic. logikis, rogorc bWoba sisworis, gamarTulobis pirobebisa da
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kanonebis Semswavleli mecnierebis miznebi da amocanebi sxvadasxvgvaria. imisda
mixedviT, Tu rogor Camoyalibdeba da dakonkretdeba igi, ganisazRvreba kvlevis
meTodebi. amis gamo logika iyofa or nawilad deduqciur da induqciur logikad.
RirebulebaTa kvlevis originaluri meTodebi aqvs SemuSavebuli cnobil
germanel Teologs hans kiungs. Tavis wignSi `msoflio zneoba~ am meTods igi
Semdegnairad axasiaTebs: `Cvens mier SemuSavebuli vizioneruli xedva ubralod ki
ar iqneba gacxadebuli da naqadagevi, igi gamagrebuli iqneba argumentebiT. Cven
nabij-nabij movxazavT, argumentebiT gavamagrebT eTikurad orientirebul saerTo
suraTs, romelic gamorCeuli iqneba
- didi istoriuli kavSirebis diaqronuli da sinqronuli analiziT,
- realurad arsebuli sazogadoebrivi viTarebis miukerZoebeli kritikiT,
- racionalurad moniSnuli konstruqciuli alternativebiT,
- maTi realizaciisaTvis saWiro konkretuli alternativebis sadiskusiod
gamotaniT.
amgvar ganWvretas (problemaTa gadawyvetis mcdelobas) martiv winadadebaTa
da iaffasiani receptebis gareSe SeuZlia biZgi misces specialistebs da
sxvadasxva dargis pasuxismgebel pirebs adekvaturi grZelvadiani strategiebis
Camoyalibebasa da damuSavebaSi.~ (hans kiungi, msoflio zneoba msoflio
politikisa da msoflio ekonomikisaTvis, germanulidan Targmna zurab abaSiZem,
1998, gv. 14).
zemoaRniSSnuli meTodologiis safuZvelze sxva qveynebis da, saerTod,
msoflio mowinave gamocdilebis Cvens sasargeblod gamoyeneba. rogorc ilia
WavWavaZes miaCnda, amisaTvis vidre Cveni sakuTari WirisaTvis sxvisa nacad wamals
SevarCevdeT, jer diagnozi unda davsvaT. amisaTvis jer unda yovelmxriv
SeviswavloT Cveni `avadmyofobis~ niSanTvisebebi, diagnozis dasmis meTodebi da
principebi. mxolod amis Semdeg, yovelmxrivi gamokvlevis Sedegad unda
ganvsazRvroT Cveni avadmyofoba. Tu ase moviqceviT, nacad wamalsac zustad
SevarCevT. magram rogor SevarCioT es nacadi wamali? ilia amis Sesaxebac Tavisi
meTodebiT gvmoZRvravs. man Camoayaliba is meTodologia, Tu rogor unda
gamoviyenoT sxva qveynebis Sinauri cxovrebis gamocdileba.
ilias mTavari daskvna is aris, rom yvela qveyanas arc erTi da igive
sakiTxis erTi da imave gziT gadawyveta gamoadgeba, da miTumetes, arc erTmaneTis
gamocdilebis Sablonis saxiT gadatana. aseTi problemebis mogvareba sxvadasxva
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qveynebSi gansxvavebul midgomebs moiTxovs. sxvebis mier ukve ganvlil gzas, maT
gamocdilebas fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba aqvs da mas ueWvelad unda viyenebdeT
adgilobrivi Taviseburebebis Seswavlisa da yovelmxriv dasabuTebuli
gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze.
Tavis mecnierul gamokvlevebSi ilia WavWavaZem mogvca klasikuri nimuSebi
imisa, Tu rogor unda gaviTvaliswinoT mowinave qveynebis gamocdileba, ras unda
mivaqcioT umTavresi yuradReba. 1889 wels daweril statiaSi _ `azia winaT da
exla~, igi ikvlevs, Tu ras mihyavs msoflio win, romeli qveynebi CamorCnen da
dawinaurdnen da ratom; zogadad ras unda viTvaliswinebdeT mowinave qveynebis
gamocdilebidan. rogorc ilia aRniSnavs, azia winaT civilizaciis akvani iyo da
`erTs dros mTelis qveynis bedis warmatebas saTaveSi edga~, axla ki azieloba
ufro damamcirebeli (`sabiabruo~) saxelia, vidre Tavmosawonebeli. amas avtori
logikurad miiCnevs, radgan aziam Tavis warsuli da dRevandeloba kritikulad ar
Seafasa da verc momavali ganWvrita. ilia werda: `esec unda momxdariyo. istoria
da warmateba imisi – ki ar aris, vinc marto Tavis-Tavis avkargianobas Sehxaris,
vinc marto dRevandelobas – avia Tu kargi – hkmarobs, viTarca xelSeuvals
rasme anderZs mama-papeuls, aramed imisia, vinc mas ara hkmarobs – rac dRes aris,
da visac dRevandeloba marto xidad miuCnevia xvalisaTvis da ara binad, saca
kacma Tavi unda Seiketos, rogorc samudamo sadgurSi, samudamod gulze xel-
dasakrebad da mosasveneblad. tyuilad-ki ara sTqva turgenievma, rom es qveyana
taZari-ki ar aris, saca kaci unda hloculobdes, aramed saxelosnoa, saca unda
irjebodes da hmuSaobdeso~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz. t. 9, gv. 113-114).
ilias azriT, msoflio asparezze evropis dawinaureba ganapiroba mecnierebam
da mxneobam, Wkuam da xelma, dRevandelobiT daukmayofileblobam da ukeTobis
wyurvilma. igi aRniSnavs: `istoria da warmateba – marjvesi, gamrjesi, mxnesi da
mermisisaTvis mebrZolis kuTvnilia. amisTanad aRmoCnda evropieli, da burTi da
moedanic imas darCa. igia dRes gamgebeli qveynierebisa, igia dRes qveynis uRlis
mweveli da igivea qveynis sikeTis mkrefavi da patronica. ama qveynis madlis
Taflsa marto evropieliRa iRebs qveynis skisagan, romelsac xan iqiT ubrunebs
pirs, xan aqeT, imisda mixedviT, rogorc da saiTac ujobs, radganac amisaTvis
baric xelSi aqvs da niCabic, ese igi, mecniereba da mxneoba, Wkua da xeli. am
mecnierebasa da mxneobas amoqmedebs dauRalavi wyurvili xvalis ukeTesobisa da
mwvavi ukmaroba dRevandelobisa. am or grZnobaTagan warmosdgeba is Zlevamosili
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winmsvleloba, is diadi warmateba, romelic yaramansaviT yafis mTas mxrebzed
daiyenebs, rom qveS jarma mSvidobiT da uwyinarad gaiaros (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t.
9, gv. 114).
ase dawinaurda evropa. azia ki CamorCa. mizezi uZraoba da Tavis naWuWSi
Caketva iyo. ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda: `ram dahmarTa es ambavi azias? ram dauxuTa
muxli msvlelobisa da erTs dros winmavali qveyana, exla ase ukan rom daayena?
iman Tu – rom Tavisi sakuTari ZarRvebi daawyda, Tavisi sakuTari sagzali
winmsvlelobisaTvis Semoaklda, Tu sxva ram mizezma mosWra sulieri da
xorcieli muxli, _ amis gamoZiebas Cven ar SevudgebiT. es-ki aSkaraa, rom misi
warmateba Sesdga, SeCerda, da azia dRevandels dRes angariSSi mosatani ar aris,
roca qveynis winmsvlelobaze laparakobT. amasTan aziis ubedureba is iyo, rom es
Sedgoma, SeCereba, TiTqo ver igrZno, ver icno, _ piriqiT, raca hqonda,
sasuliero Tu saxorcielo, imas dasjerda da Tavmowonebuli Sehxaroda, TiTqo
imaze ukeTesi sxva aRara eguleba-rao qveynierebazed. amiT kmayofilma calke
Seiketa da garedam aRar miikara arc amayvavebeli Suqi mzisa, arc gamacocxlebeli
sio. am yofaSi Cavarda CineTi, misi mimyoli iaponia, romelTac aravin aRar
miikares da amisaTvis magari zRude Semoavles Tavis aremares. TiTqmis am tyuils
Tavmowonebasa da kmayofilebas mieca sparseTica, saca sasuliero wodebam
mosleminebisam Sehkra da SehboWa goneba da guli mTelis erisa da Tvalebi auba
imdenad, rom Taviszed ukeTess sxvas aravis xadida~ (WavWavaZe i., Txz., t. 9. gv.
114-115).
ase Searyia azia `tyuil TavmowonebiT yofnam~. ilia WavWavaZe gamosavals
sxvisgan Wkuis swavlebaSi xedavda. am sxvaSi ki evropas miiCnevda.
ra unda gadmoiRos ama Tu im qveyanam ufro mowinave qveynebidan, kerZod ki
evropidan? ilia am kiTxvebs pasuxobda da miiCnevda, rom CineTs, iaponias, irans
evropidan unda gadmoeRoT `evropis ganaTleba~, `mmarTveloba da gamgebloba~, misi
`wesi da rigi~ da TiTqmis yvelaferi. igi iwonebda iaponiis magaliTs da werda:
`iaponia am mxariT ufro gabedulad irjeba. misi axali xelmwife didi momxrea
evropis ganaTlebisa da lamis daucxromlad – yolisferi, nametnavad mmarTveloba
da gamgebloba qveynisa, evropis wessa da rigs Seuferos. dRes iaponias bevri
evropiulad ganaTlebuli, evropaSive swavlamiRebuli axalgazrdoba hyavs. Sinac
didad mocadineni arian swavlisa da ganTlebisaTvis. mwerloba, cotad Tu bevrad,
frTaasxmulia da gavrcelebuli, da vin icis, _ iqneba iaponiam pirveli
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mesveuroba gauwiios azias evropis civilizaciis zemoqmedebis qveS warsamateblad
da ganTiadma ganaTlebisam Tavisi sxivosani Suqi pirvel iqidam mohfinos mTels
aziasac. amboben, iaponeli amisaTvis arc niWs aris moklebuli da arc unarso~
(WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv. 115-116).
Semdeg igi iwonebs agreTve, rom sparseTmac kari gauRo evropis
civilizacias da daaskvnis: zogadad mowinave qveynidan yvelaferi unda gadmoviRoT
rasac moiTxovs qveynis sikeTe da bedniereba. ilias mTavari meTodologiuri
daskvna gamoxatulia Semdeg sityvebSi: `arc sparseTi darCa uimisod, rom evropis
civilizaciisTvis kari ar gaeRo. exlandelis Sahis mefobis dros bevrs Zvels
Cveulebas, romelic sulsa da xorcs sparseTisas ase Tu ise hxuTavda, kbili
moeWra. Sahma, romelmac ramdenjerme moiara evropa, bevrs rasmeze aaxila Tvali
da dainaxa Tavis qveyanaSi bevri umsgavsoba da Seuferebloba. igi scdilobs bevri
ram Zveli gansdevnos, bevri ram axali SemoiRos. amisaTvis igi Turme arc imis
winaSe ukudgebao, rom Tavisi neba-ufleba SeixuTos, Tu amas moiTxovs qveynis
sikeTe da bedniereba~ (WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv. 116).
sparseTis Temas iliam miuZRvna agreTve calke statia _ `dRevandeli
sparseTi~. es aris imis srulyofili nimuSi, Tu rogor unda isargeblo im qveynis
gamocdilebiT, romelic jer TviTonac ver dawinaurebula, magram amisTvis swori
gza, swori gezi aurCevia. statiaSi naCvenebia, rom Zalian frTxilad unda
mivudgeT imis gamorkvevas, Tu ra aris misaRebi an miuRebeli. ilia werda:
`dRevandeli sparseTi is sparseTi ar aris, rac aqamomde iyo. dRes sparseTSi
iqauri sasuliero wodeba, romelic aqamomde marto gundruks ukmevda yvelafers
sparsuls da ukadrisad ixseniebda sxvas yovels, rac sparsuli ar iyo, cotad
TiTonac gamofxizlda da dainaxa, rom Tumca evropa urjulo qveyanaa, magram iq
bevri imisTana wesi da rigia, romelsac kacma cxviris maRla aweviT gverds ar
unda gauaros, piriqiT, unda dinjis TvaliT daukvirdes da awon-dawonviT
mosCxrikos, _ ra aris iqidam kargi misaRebi da Semosatani da ra aris
uarsayofeli gansadevni.~ (WavWavaZe i. Txz., t. 9, gv. 117).
ilias azriT, mowinave qveynebis gamocdilebis gaziarebisaTvis CvenTvis
prioritetuli unda iyos evropulad swavleba da evropuli ganaTlebis miReba,
radgan mxolod ase SevZlebT sworad SevafasoT yvelaferi, swori diagnozi
davsvaT da Cvens satkivars misi wamliT vuSveloT. aqedanac Cans, ra mniSvnelobas
aniWebda ilia adamians, rogorc Rirebulebas. ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
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ganviTarebasTan erTad ilia saWirod Tvlida sakanonmdeblo da ekonomikuri
reformebis ganxorcielebas, mrewvelobis gaZlierebas, xalxis keTildReobis
gaumjobesebas.
ilias miaCnda, rom Wkvianuri midgomiT Cven SevZlebT Cveni codna
gavamdidroT da CvenTvis sasargeblo daskvnebi gamovitanoT ara marto evropis,
aramed msoflios sxva qveynebis gamocdilebidanac.
exeboda ra braziliis respublikad gamocxadebas, ilia SeniSnavda, rom
braziliaSi, don-pedros mmarTvelobis periodSi didi Zvrebi moxda. TiTqmis
yovelmxriv srulyofili gaxda eris moqalaqeobrivi da politikuri Tavisufleba,
sruli iyo sityvis da presis Tavisufleba.
ilia WavWavaZe SeniSnavda, rom `arc gzebi da sxva sasargeblo saqmeni darCnen
warumateblad. rac 1870 wels rkinisgzebi iyo _ 1887 wlamde erTi-aTad miemata.
winaT TiTqmis arafris gamsyidavi brazilia imodenad gaZlierda don-pedros
xelSi, rom am bolo xanebSi yovelwliv 700 milionis saqonelsa hyidis gareT.
ramodenad aiwia mkvidrTa sarCo-sabadebelma, ramodenad imata maTma qonebam – es,
sxvaTa Soris, Semdegidamaca sCans. 1860 wels pirvelad daarsebul iqmnen
sasoflo bankebi. aTis wlis Semdeg daarsebis dRidan am bankebSi misabareblad da
Sesanaxavad Setanil iqmna mkvidrTagan TxuTmet milionamde. gavida kidev aTi
weliwadi da am fulma aiwia ormocdaxuT milionamde~ (WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv.
254).
am qveynis udides warmatebad, don-pedros udides saqmed ilias miaCnda
monobis mospoba braziliaSi. 1871 wels miRebuli iqna kanoni, romelmac
gamoacxada monaTa yvela bavSvis Tavisufleba. `1888 wels, roca don-pedro
evropaSi iyo, misma asulma izabelam, romelic mis moadgiled darCa, srulad
amohkveTa monoba~ (iqve, gv. 254). ase aRadgina imperatorma WeSmariti
kacTmoyvareoba da adamianuri Rirseba. rogorc vxedavT, ilias aqac miaCnia, rom
`kacTmoyvareoba~ da `Rirseba~, umTavresi adamianuri Rirebulebani da qveynis
winsvlis orientirebia.
braziliisadmi miZRvnil statiaSi, romelic oTxi gverdic ki ar aris, am
uzarmazari perspeqtivis mqone qveynis dawinaurebis ambavi ise naTlad aris
warmoCenili, rom SedarebiT CamorCenilma qveyanam, visac aqamde jer ar miuRwevia,
igi SeiZleba Tavis momavali gzis sanimuSo etalonad miiCnios. aseTsave mosawon
nimuSad miaCnia did ilias is, rom monobis gauqmebis gamo gulnatken
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plantatorebs `revolucia mouxdeniaT usisxlo, wynari da mSvidobiani~ da ase
dauwesebiaT respublika. e.i. aqac ilia iseT umTavres Rirebulebebze, mis
nayofismomcem Zalaze migvaniSnebs, rogoric aris `mSvidoba~.
umTavresi ekonomikuri sakiTxi, romelic qveyanam SeiZleba gaiziaros sxvaTa
gamocdilebidan, es aris sakuTrebis, misi formebis Tanafardobis sakiTxi. es
kargad Cans ilias werilidan _ `irlandia da inglisi~. avtori irlandiisdaTvis
yvelaze did saqmed miiCnevda mamulebis Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis daSvebas.
ratom iyo aucilebeli mamulebis yidva-gayidvis daSveba? es aucilebeli iyo
imisaTvis, rom mamulebi mis armqoneebsac darigebodaT da gza gaxsnoda fermerobis
ganviTarebas. saWiro iyo, rom umamulod darCenili xalxisaTvis sasaxleebi da
cotaodeni sakomlo mamulebi mainc miecaT, radgan miwis uzomod uTanabro
ganawileba mcxovrebT metad gaWirvebul yofaSi ayenebda. amitom saWiro iyo
`Tanasworuflebianobis~, `samarTlianobis~ damyareba dawyebuliyo umTavresi
saarsebo saSualebidan, miwidan.
ilias umniSvnelovanes sakiTxad miaCnda optimaluri Tanafardobis dacva
miwis miTvisebaSi da mis gansazRvra-formirebas saTanado kanonis safuZvelze
gansazRvruli zomiT (`farglebiT~) miiCnevda.
aanalizebda ra inglisis gamocdilebas, ilia miiCnevda, rom inglisis
ministris gladstonis kanoni `dids arafers warmoadgens~, magram misiT
safuZveli Caeyara miwaTmflobelobis Zveli wyobis cvlilebebs da sityva saqmed
iqca. ilia imasac aRwers, rom es kanoni efuZneba olsteris Cveulebas da amiT
kidev erTxel usvams xazs adgilobriv CveulebaTa Seswavlisa da mis mixedviT
kanonmdeblobis Sedgenis aucileblobas.
gladstonis kanonma Secvala inglisSi manmade arsebuli `Zlieri moZRvreba
sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobisa~, riTac misi avtoris dideba da saxeli mTels
qveyanas moefina. `rac iyo~, im realuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, es `uwyinari
kanoni~, `didi gabeduli da Tamami biji~ iyo. ratom hqonda am kanons aseTi
mniSvneloba?
gladstonis kanonis udidesi mniSvneloba is iyo, rom man mTels evropas da
SeiZleba iTqvas mTels msflios `qonebrivi wyobilebis~ samarTlian safuZvelze
aSenebis gza gauxsna. kanonma gza gauxsna miwaze, mamulze sruli sakuTrebis
dafuZnebas. ilia WavWavaZe amis Sesaxeb werda: `mag kanons, Tumca sifrTxiliT,
magram aSkarad didmniSvnelobiani sagani udevs sarCulad – ara marto
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inglisisaTvis, aramed mTel dasavleT evropisaTvisac. qonebrivi wyobileba
exlandelis sazogadoebisa dasavleTs evropaSi... unda im safuZvelzed aSendes,
rom fermerma, RaliT miwebis mWerelma, umamulo muSakacma sakuTrebad Seisyidon
mamulni, romelzedac droebiT da vadiT dganan.~ (WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv. 45).
amis Semdeg ilias mohyavs erTi ingliseli mecnieris sityvebi, romelsac
aRuniSnavs, `rom mag kanons ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvso mTelis inglisisaTvis...~
radgan igi aris mTeli eris saWiroeba, `-biji, marTalia, mokled gadadgmuli,
magram Zlieri da uku daubrunebelio~... am sityvebis warmoTqmidan aTi wlis
Semdeg, 1886 wels, gladstonma `1872 wels cotad gaRebuli mis mierve kari
axalis azris dasabinaveblad, exla TiTqmis mTlad gaaRo, uSiSrad~. ilias miCnda,
rom es kanoni WeSmarit samarTlianobaze efuZneboda da momavalSi aucileblad
gzas gaikafavda. igi werda: `waagebs amaSi gladstoni, Tu moigebs, damarcxdeba, Tu
gaimarjvebs, _ amas mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod dRevandelis dRis satkivarisaTvis,
xolo es ki ueWvelia, rom mermisi misi moZRvrebisaa da moedans
miwaTmflobelobisas misi moZRvreba daiWers.
ai, ra mizeziT dasavleTi evropa ese gulmodgined Sehyurebs dRes inglisis
Sinaurs saqmes da Tvals ar aSorebs moxucebuls kacs gladstons, romelmac
siWabukis siTamamiT da mxneobiT dRes Widili gaubeda... wyobasa, da
moxucebulobisagan dRemiwuruli ar SeuSinda arc kicxvas, arc lanZRvas, arc
muqaras, marto imis gamo, rom simarTle Tavis moZRvrebisa swams da am simarTliT
surs Cavides saflavSi.~ (WavWavaZe i, Txz., t. 9, gv. 46).
didi ilias am sityvebidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra gzas unda dasdgomoda jer
kidev maSin Cveni qveyana. es iyo miwaze kerZo sakuTrebis dafuZnebis, misi yidva-
gayidvis daSvebis da am sruli sakuTrebis xelSeuxeblobis mtkice garantirebuli
damkvidreba.
1.5. civilizaciis‚ kulturis da Rirebulebis cnebaTa
urTierTmimarTeba
sazogadoebis ekonomikuri cxovrebis srulyofili Seswavla Tanamedrove
etapze interdisciplinarul midgomas moiTxovs, vinaidan calkeul sferoTa
fundamenturi sakiTxebis calcalke gamokvlevis Sedegebs sWirdeba ganzogadeba da
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mTlianobaSi gaazreba, rogorc civilizaciis, kulturis da Rirebulebis
problemebs.
upirveles yovlisa, saWiroa kargad gaverkveT „civilizaciisa” da „kultu-
ris” cnebebSi. rogorc cnobilia, humanitaruli azrovnebis adreul etapze gaCnda
termini „civilizacia” da momdinareobs laTinuri sityvidan civitas‚ rac niSnavs
sazogadoebas‚ aqedan warmosdgeba civis – moqalaqe‚ civilis – samoqalaqo; adreul
istoriul etapze es termini gaCnda laTinur sazogadoebaSi da gamoxatavda
laTinuri sociumis‚ saxelmwifoebrivi modelis upiratemobas barbarosebis
cxovrebis wesTan SedarebiT. meore termini‚ „kultura~‚ warmosdgeba laTinuri
`kultura~-dan. aRsaniSnavia‚ rom igi Tavdapirvelad niSnavda damuSavebas‚ movlas,
aRzrdas, ganviTarebas, gamomuSavebas (http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Культура).
kacobriobis istoriuli ganviTarebis dRevandel etapze civilizaciisa da
kulturis cnebebis Sinaarsi globalizacias daukavSirda. „Sua saukuneebis
evropel ganmanaTleblebTan TandaTanobiT xdeba civilizaciisa da kulturis
cnebaTa daaxloeba‚ romlebic ukve ukavSirdebian istoriul procesebs (avaliani e.
kultura da civilizacia, zogadi mimoxilvebi, Tb., `lomisi~, 1997, gv. 5).
kulturis cnebis universaluri gansazRvreba‚ romelic yvelasaTvis misaRebi
iqneboda‚ jer kidev ver Camoyalibda. es exeba civilizaciis cnebasac. am
terminebis mokled ganmarteba sayovelTaod cnobilma mkvlevarebmac ver moaxerxes.
amitom prof. e. avaliani samarTlianad exeba am cnebaTa mxolod zogad
parametrebs da aRniSnavs: amiT „mxolod nawilobriv warmovaCenT „kulturisa~ da
„civilizaciis” rTul bunebas:
1. zogadad‚ kultura‚ civilizaciisagan gansxvavebiT‚ kacobriobis viwro‚
SemoqmedebiT-inteleqtualuri‚ parametrebiT ganisazRvreba. igi moicavs‚
ZiriTadad‚ adamianis SemoqmedebiT sawyisebs‚ SezRudulia sivrcesa da droSi.
2. Tavisi bunebiT kultura naklebad kosmopolituri movlenaa. igi emyareba
monaTesave eTnosebis urTierTSexebis Sedegad miRebul gamocdilebas‚ xolo
komunikaciis saSualebad iyenebs viwro‚ eTnikur-enobriv jgufSi gaerTianebul
lokalur enebsa da dialeqtebs. lokaluri kulturebis msoflaRqmis sistema
ZiriTadad religiur orientirzea mimarTuli‚ xolo aRniSnuli sazogadoebis
mxatvruli‚ analitikuri da praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi kategoriebi‚ Tavis mxriv‚
sulier-iracionalur plastzea gaTvlili.
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3. civilizacia Tavisi bunebiT kosmopolituri da komunikabeluri
sazogadoebis formaa‚ romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavis sazRvrebs SigniT
aerTianebs sxvadasxva eTnosebsa da enobriv ojaxebs.
4. civilizacia ganfenilia did sivrcesa da drois xangrZliv monakveTSi. igi
moicavs sazogadoebis SemoqmedebiT-inteleqtualuri miRwevebis safuZvelze
mimdinare teqnologiur da socialur procesebs. civilizaciis msoflaRqmis‚
cnobierebis modeli Tavisi specifikiT naklebadiracionaluria. civilizaciis
etapze sxvadasxva religiaTa sinTezi ireligiurobasa da racionaluri azrovnebis
tips nergavs”. (iqve, gv. 6-7).
avtoris daskvnebi aseTia: „saerTo jamSi‚ civilizacia‚ albaT‚ gagebul unda
iqnes rogorc politikur‚ socialur‚ ekonomikur‚ inteleqtualur tradiciaTa
erToblioba‚ maSin‚ roca kultura ukavSirdeba adamianis SemoqmedebiT‚ SemecnebiT
da sulier sawyisebs. igi naklebad materializebulia cxovrebis iseT formebSi‚
rogoric aris politika‚ ekonomika‚ socialuri urTierTobebi. zogadad‚ kultura
warmoadgens sazogadoebis sulieri Zalebisa da SemoqmedebiTi potencialis
realizaciis sferos. kulturis rogorc istoriul-filosofiuri kategoriis
SigniT SesaZlebelia gamoiyos sami ZiriTadi forma: mxatvruli‚ analitikuri da
praqtikul-gamoyenebiTi. am formaTa arseboba da maTi erToblioba ayalibebs
kacobriobis istoriaSi e. w. „maRali~ anu „ganviTarebuli~ kulturebis models.
da bolos‚ Cvenis azriT‚ kulturis istoria (farTo gagebiT) aris
zogadsakacobrio gamocdileba yofisa da azrisa‚ gakveTilebi warsulisa‚ romelic
gvexmareba awmyosa da momavlis gacnobierebaSi. calkeul lokalur kulturaTa Tu
civilizaciaTa miRwevebi‚ romlebic zogadsakacobrio faseulobebad iqcevian‚
aRniSnuli sociumebis sulier da materialur miRwevaTa erTianobas warmoadgenen.
istoria calkeuli kulturebisa da civilizaciebis erTobliobaa‚ es aris
krebiTi cneba – termini‚ romelic aRniSnuli erTeulebis gamocdilebas erT
zogadsakacobrio istoriad‚ codnad da gamocdilebad ayalibebs. maSasadame‚ Tavad
istoria jamia istoriuli cnebebisa (civilizacia + kultura =
civilizaciis/kulturis istoria)‚ sadac „kultura~ da „civilizacia~ TavisTavad
istoriul-filosofiuri kategoriebia~ (iqve, gv. 7).
kulturologiis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis garkveva-dazustebaSi didi wvlili
Seitana zigmund froidma. swored mas eZRvneba prof. m. qumsiSvilis gamokvleva –
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„ra dauSava kulturam froids?~ avtori termin „kulturas~ froidiseuli
gagebis Sesaxeb SeniSnavs Semdegs:
„froidis azriT‚ termini „kultura~ aRniSnavs miRwevebisa da institutebis
mTel jams. kultura gulisxmobs adamianis daculobas bunebisagan da adamianis
batonobas bunebaze. kulturas evaleba adamianTa Soris urTierobebis regulireba.
kulturaSi Sedis inteleqtualuri‚ mecnieruli da mxatvruli miRwevebi:
religia‚ filosofia da idealebi‚ anu calkeuli pirovnebis‚ mTeli xalxis an
mTeli kacobriobis warmodgenebi srulyofis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb. radgan
froidi ar asxvavebs erTmaneTisagan kulturisa da civilizaciis cnebebs‚ amitom
rodesac kulturis an civilizaciis froidiseul gagebaze vlaparakobT‚
yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs ara mxolod kultura an civilizacia‚ aramed
Taviseburi „kultura-civilizacia”. magram Cven SeiZleba am ori cnebis gamijvna
vcadoT; froidiseul „kultura-civilizacias” civilizacia aris yvelaferi is‚
rac Seuqmnia adamiansa da kacobriobas dasabamidan dRemde‚ anu yovelgvari
dadebiTi da uaryofiTi‚ mTavari da aramTavari‚ mniSvnelovani da umniSvnelo‚
mdabali da amaRlebuli Rirebulebebi‚ xolo kultura aris civilizaciis
mxolod saukeTeso nawili‚ mxolod dadebiTi‚ umTavresi da umniSvnelovanesi
Rirebulebebi‚ mxolod umaRlesi rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebebi. es Rirebulebebia:
sikeTe‚ WeSmariteba‚ mSveniereba‚ samarTlianoba‚ siyvaruli‚ Tavisufleba‚ mSvidoba‚
xelovneba‚ Semoqmedeba da sxva...
kulturasa da civilizacias Soris nawilisa da mTelis mimarTebaa da amitom
yvelaferi is‚ rac miekuTvneba kulturas‚ amave dros miekuTvneba civilizaciasac‚
magram civilizacia ufro farTo da tevadi cnebaa‚ kultura ki ufro viwroa
moculobis TvalsazrisiT‚ magram ufro Rrma da woniania Sinaarsis
TvalsazrisiT~ (qumsiSvili m. ra dauSava kulturam froids? Tb., 2003, gv. 12).
imisaTvis‚ rom „kulturis~ gageba ufro naTeli gaxdes‚ ganvixiloT
qarTveli filosofosis niko WavWavaZis mosazrebani. 1984 wels man rusul enaze
gamosca gaxmaurebuli naSromi: ,,kultura da Rirebulebebi~.
prof. m. qumsiSvili aRniSnavs, rom: „n. WavWavaZiseuli gansazRvrebis
mixedviT‚ kultura aris ganxorcielebul RirebulebaTa samyaro. da, amave dros,
kultura aris idealur-RirebulebiTi miznebis realizacia‚ Rirebulebebis
gadasaxleba jerarsis samyarodan arsebulis samyaroSi da idealis ganxorcieleba‚
saidanac SeiZleba davaskvnaT‚ rom kultura yofila ara mxolod ganxorcielebul
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RirebulebaTa samyaro‚ aramed jer ganuxorcielebeli Rirebulebebisac imis gamo‚
rom am RirebulebebSi igulisxmeba adamianis idealebic da ocnebebic‚ romlebic
kulturis mamoZravebel miznebs warmoadgenen. amitom‚ kulturaSi potenciurad‚
SesaZleblobis saxiT yovelTvis unda vigulisxmoT imaze gacilebiT meti‚ vidre
is aris. marTali iyo froidi‚ rodesac kulturas idealebic miakuTvna. Cven
SeiZleba davazustoT kulturis gansazRvreba da vTqvaT‚ rom kultura aris ara
mxolod ganxorcielebuli umaRlesi rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebebi‚ aramed
kultura aris adamianis da kacobriobis keTili nebis miswrafebac am umaRlesi
rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebebis ganxorcielebisaken. „miswrafeba~ imitom‚ rom‚
magaliTad‚ brZola da Zalisxmeva usamarTlobisa da Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg ukve
unda CaiTvalos kulturul procesad. „miswrafeba~ imitom‚ rom kulturuli
revolucia Tu kulturuli Rirebulebebis absoluturi da sruli ganxorcieleba
SeuZlebelia da adamiani arasodes ar iqneba savsebiT kmayofili arsebuli
kulturuli miRwevebiT (iqve, gv. 12-13). zigmund froidis da niko WavWavaZis
azrebze dayrdnobiT m. qumsiSvili kulturas ganixilavs rogorc eTikuri
Sinaarsis miswrafebas esTetikur formaSi dasrulebisaken.
„kultura~ rom srulyofilad gaviazroT‚ kidev bevri ramis gacnobierebaa
saWiro. maT Soris Zalian mniSvnelovania „sindisis~ cneba. m. qumsiSvili wers:
„froidis azriT‚ sindisi aris adamianis mier sxvebis nacvlad sakuTari Tavisaken‚
sakuTari me-s winaaRmdeg mimarTuli agresia. magram am agresiaSi froidi
gulisxmobs zedamxedveloba-akrZalvebsac‚ danaSaulis grZnobasac‚ sasjelis
moTxovnilebasac da codvebis monaniebasac. froidis azriT‚ sindisi ar arsebobs
„ze-me~-mde. ufro metic‚ sindisi aris „ze-me~-s anu super-egos funqcia da mas
evaleba „me~-s anu egos ganzraxvebsa da moqmedebebze Tvalyuris devna‚ maTi
Sefaseba‚ kontroli da moraluri cenzura. „ze-me~ aris pirovnebis Taviseburi
TviTcnobiereba da TviTdakvirvebis unari. da amave dros „ze-me~-Si Sedis
moraluri‚ religiuri da socialuri moTxovnebi da idealebi‚ rac amave dros
kulturis ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawilebicaa. sindisi Taviseburi kritikuli
instanciaa. „me~-s miswrafebebi iZulebulni arian‚ rom daemorCilon „ze-me~-s
moTxovnebs da maTi gavleniT bevr rameze Tqvan uari‚ Tavi Seikavon da survilebi
moTokon. amitom‚ sindisi aris pirveladi miswrafebebis dakmayofilebaze uaris
Tqmis Sedegi. froidi kulturasac xom amaSi adanaSaulebs.
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froidis azriT‚ individis „ze-me~-s msgavsad kulturasac gaaCnia Tavisi „ze-
me~. kulturis idealebi da moTxovnebi‚ romlebic exebian adamianTa Soris
urTierTobebs‚ erTiandebian eTikaSi. eTikis daxmarebiT ki kultura cdilobs‚ rom
moiSoros iseTi didi dabrkoleba‚ rogoricaa agresiisadmi midrekileba. amitom‚
kulturis „ze-me~-s upirvelesi moTxovnaa: „giyvardes moyvasi Seni‚ viTrca Tavi
Seni~ (iqve, gv. 27-28).
swored kultura da sindisi xelmZRvaneloben im umaRlesi rangis dadebiTi
RirebulebebiT‚ romlebic adamianis da kacobriobis mieraa Seqmnili. swored maTiT
unda mowmdebodes Cveni qcevis siswore. Cven aseve mTlianad viziarebT froidis
uaryofiTi daskvnebidan gamotanil prof. m. qumsiSvilis Semdeg dadebiT daskvnebs:
„froidi didad araa aRtacebuli da ufro metad ukmayofiloc kia‚ rogorc
kulturis‚ aseve sindisis gamo‚ romlebic mas adamianis da kacobriobis
mCagvrelebad warmoudgenia. froidi sindissac da kulturasac uaryofiTi niSniT
afasebs‚ magram Tu am uaryofiT niSans dadebiTiT SevcvliT‚ maSin froidis
naazrevi migvaniSnebs da Segvaxsenebs‚ rom kulturac da sindisic „ze-me~-dan
gviTvalTvaleben kacobriobis umaRlesi eTikuri monapovrebis‚ Rirebulebebis da
idealebis saxiT; kulturac da sindisic is Suqurebia‚ romlebiskenac gezi unda
gvqondes aRebuli da romlebiskenac unda viswrafvodeT mTeli Cveni keTili nebis
ZalisxmeviT; kulturac da sindisic is kamertonebia‚ romelTa daxmarebiTac Cveni
qcevis siswore unda mowmdebodes. kulturac da sindisic im umaRlesi rangis
dadebiTi RirebulebebiT‚ romlebic adamianis da kacobriobis mieraa Seqmnili isev
da isev adamianis sakeTildReod da sabednierod. kultura‚ rogorc sindisi aris
siamaye adamianis da kacobriobis miRwevebis gamo da sircxvili adamianisa da
kacobriobis winaSe adamianis mierve Cadenil danaSaulobaTa gamo. kulutra aris
yvelaze wminda da naTeli‚ yvelaze mSvenieri da amaRlebuli‚ yvelaze Zvirfasi da
saukeTeso‚ rac ki Seuqmnia kacobriobas. kultura – kacobriobis sindisia.
meRimeba amas ros vwer‚ magram gamaxsenda da ar SemiZlia‚ rom ar vTqva.
komunistebs Zalian uyvardaT lozungi: „partia xalxis goneba‚ Rirseba da
sindisia~. am lozungis wabaZviT Cvenc SegviZlia vTqvaT‚ rom „kultura
kacobriobis goneba‚ Rirseba da sindisia~. Tqven warmoidgineT‚ es sityvebi
kulturas ufro uxdeba da Seefereba~ (iqve, gv. 28).
bolos‚ m. qumsiSvili gvTavazobs angariSgasawev daskvnas, romelic, misi
azriT, ufro srulad warmoaCens kulturis fenomens. igi wers: „Zalian Znelia
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kulturis sruli‚ yovelmxrivi da damakmayofilebeli gansazRvrebis mocema‚ ufro
advilia patar-patara gansazRvrebebiT kulturis fenomenis sxvadasxva kuTxidan
Cveneba. froidis kulturis Teoriaze muSaobisas kulturasTan dakavSirebiT
gakeTebuli daskvnebi rom SevajamoT‚ aseT suraTs miviRebT:
1. kultura aris umaRlesi rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebebi.
2. kultura aris kacobriobis keTili nebis miswrafeba iseTi umaRlesi
rangis dadebiTi Rirebulebis ganxorcielebisaken‚ rogoricaa sikeTe‚ WeSmariteba‚
mSveniereba‚ samarTlianoba‚ siyvaruli‚ bedniereba‚ mSvidoba‚ Tavisufleba da a. S.
3. kultura aris eTikuri Sinaarsis miswrafeba esTetikur formaSi
dasrulebisaken.
4. kultura aris aucilebeli da sasargeblo Rirebulebebis miswrafeba
TavisTavadi mSvenierebisaken.
5. kultura aris xelosnobis miswrafeba xelovnebisaken.
6. kultura aris aucilebeli‚ sasargeblo‚ praqtikuli da saxmari
Rirebulebebis sublimacia anu gadaqceva-gardaqmna-Secvla da amaRleba-aRmasvla
uangaro‚ amaRlebul da TavisTavad mSvenier RirebulebebiT‚ Rirebulebebad da
Rirebulebebze.
7. kultura kacobriobis sindisia.
kulturis TiToeuli es gansazRvreba damoukidebel gansazRvrebadac SeiZleba
gamodges da erTobliobaSi ki isini kulturis fenomenis SedarebiT dasrulebul
aRwerilobas qmnian. kulturis am gansazRvrebaTa umetesobaSi kultura
warmodgenilia ara mxolod rogorc ukve ganxorcielebul dadebiT RirebulebaTa
erToblioba‚ aramed maTSi naCvenebia kulturis dinamiur-ganviTarebadi da
evoluciur-progresuli bunebac. am gansazRvrebaTagan pirvels pirobiTad SeiZleba
mokle gansazRvreba vuwodoT‚ bolos – poeturi‚ xolo danarCenebs ki –
dinamiuri~ (iqve, gv. 29-30).
kulturisa da civilizaciis Sesaxeb, vfiqrobT, misaRebi midgomebia
Camoyalibebuli erT-erT saintereso rusul saxelmZRvaneloSi (Социально-
экономическая география зарубежного мира/ Под. ред. В. В. Вольского. – 2-е изд., с. 69.
испр. – М.: Дрофа, 2003). misi avtorebi samarTlianad miuTiTeben‚ rom Tanamedrove
msoflios makroregionebis formirebis fesvebi Rrmad midis kacobriobis uZveles
warsulSi. maTi embrionebi adamianur kulturaTa da civilizaciaTa Casaxvis‚
ganviTarebis da gavrcelebis polusebze gaCnda. isini Rebulobdnen Tavis
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Tanamedrove sazRvrebs eTnosebis‚ xalxebis‚ saxelmwifoTa‚ kulturebis‚
civilizaciebis intensiuri urTierTobebis Sedegad kontinentTa uzarmazar
sivrceebze an gansazRvrul‚ bunebrivi barierebiT Znelad dasaZlev
subkontinentebze. xalxebis mWidro kontaqtebi‚ kulturaTa urTierTgamdidreba
da amis safuZvelze regionuli civilizaciebis warmoSoba yovelTvis mSvidobiani
urTierTobebis‚ savaWro gacvlis‚ ierarqebis danaTesavebis gziT ki ar
xorcieldeboda‚ aramed miwebis‚ resursebis‚ regionSi batonobisTvis gamZafrebuli
brZolis pirobebSi. regionul omebSi gamarjvebulni yovelTvis is xalxebi ver
gamodiodnen‚ romlebsac maRali kultura hqondaT. maSin damarcxebuli xalxis
kultura ukugdebuli xdeboda. xSirad gamarjvebulebi da damarcxebulebi rolebs
icvlidnen‚ adgili hqonda gareregionul Semosevebs da Zaladobas‚ qrebodnen da
Cndebodnen saxelmwifoebi da xalxebi‚ magram es yvelaferi ukvalod ki ar
qreboda‚ aramed esa Tu is Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda Tanamedrove xalxTa
memkvidreobaSi‚ maT kulturasa da xasiaTis formirebaSi‚ maTs siwmindeebsa da
idiosinkraziaSi.
kultura SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc farTo gagebiT‚ aseve mxolod
eTnosis‚ xalxis‚ eris doneze. amasTanave‚ erTiani zogaderovnuli kulturis
pirobebSic ki‚ ers SeiZleba hqondes kulturuli provinciebi Tavisi
TaviseburebebiT da specifikiT. rogori gavlenac ar unda ganicados kulturam
garedan‚ is yovelTvis aris erovnuli‚ konkretuli‚ ganumeorebeli‚ aqvs sakuTari
istoria‚ gamoxatavs mis saerToistoriul da erovnul etapebs. xalxebis
gaqrobasTan erTad maTi kulturebic qreboda da mxolod misi raRac nawili
xdeboda xelmisawvdomi arqeologTaTvis.
Pprof. v. volskis azriT‚ „Cveulebriv kultura moicavs Semdeg qvesistemebs
da komponentebs:
materialuri kultura:
sawarmoo Zalebi (warmoebis iaraRebi‚ teqnologiebi‚ komunikaciebi‚ kadrebis
kvalifikacia‚ mecniereba da a. S.);
warmoebiTi urTierTobani;
moxmarebis sagnebi (sacxovrebeli bina‚ tansacmeli‚ kveba da a. S.);
adamianis mier gardaqmnili (kulturuli) landSafti.
sulieri kultura:
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ena‚ damwerloba‚ literatura;
xasiaTi‚ zne-Cveuleba‚ eTika;
religia;
ideologia‚ filosofia‚ samarTali‚
xolovneba;
ganaTleba.
sazogadoebrivi institutebi:
jandacva‚ socialuri uzrunvelyofa;
politikuri jgufebi‚ partiebi;
sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi;
xelisuflebis marTvis sistema.
sabolood‚ kultura – esaa adaminis naswavli qceva sazogadoebaSi‚ razedac
damokidebulia am sazogadoebis materialuri da sulieri ganviTareba~ (iqve, gv.
17).
kulturis umniSvnelovanes elementebs unda mivakuTvnoT warmoebis kultura.
igi mWidro kavSirSia mTel ekonomikasTan, samewarmeo saqmianobasTan, cnobili
amerikeli ekonomistebis, r. grifinis da m. pasteis wignSi `saerTaSoriso biznesi~
kulturis maxasiaTeblebi swored am aspeqtSia ganxiluli. (Ricky W. Griffin,
Michael W. Pustay. International Business, Fourth Edition, p. 157-158). avtorTa
azriT, samewarmeo saqmianoba, iseve rogorc adamianis moRvaweobis mravali sxva
saxe, xorcieldeba konkretuli sazogadoebis konteqstSi. Ukultura – esaa
faseulobaTa, rwmenaTa, qcevis modelTa, wes-CveulebaTa da mizandasaxulobaTa
erToblioba, rac ganasxvavebs erT sazogadoebas meorisgan. sazogadoebis kultura
adgens wesebs, romelTa Sesabamisadac kompaniebi warmarTaven TavianT saqmianobas am
sazogadoebaSi. qvemoT CamoTvlilia kulturis zogierTi maxasiaTebeli, romelTac
kavSiri aqvT saerTaSoriso biznesTan.
*kultura gansazRvravs qcevis wess, romelic yalibdeba swavlebis Sedegad
da gadaecema sazogadoebis erTi wevridan meores; kulturis zogierTi elementi
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema (magaliTad, situaciebi, roca mSoblebi Svilebs
aswavlian qcevis wesebs magidasTan). sxva elementebi gadaecema mxolod erTi
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Taobis farglebSi (magaliTad, roca ufrosklaselebi aswavlian axalbedebs
saskolo tradiciebs).
*kulturis elementebi urTierTdakavSirebulia. magaliTad, iaponiaSi
gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva Tanxmobasa da loialurobas, rac gamoixateba
muSakTa istoriulad Camoyalibebul samudamo daqiravebasa da maT minimalur
mobilurobaSi.
*vinaidan kultura gansazRvravs qcevis stils, romelic swavlebis Sedegad
Camoyalibda, igi adapturia. sxva sityebiT rom vTqvaT, kultura icvleba gare
faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT, rac mTel sazogadoebas exeba. magaliTad, meore
msoflio omis Semdeg germania gayves or nawilad: dasavleT germaniad, romelic
orientirebuli iyo Tavisufal bazarze, da aRmosavleT germaniad, romelsac
komunistebi akontrolebdnen. miuxedavad imisa, rom axlad warmoqmnil qveynebs
hqondaT saerTo kulturuli memkvidreoba, rac saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi
yalibdeboda, am gayofam mniSvnelovani kulturuli gansxvavebis warmoSoba
ganapiroba aRmosavleT da dasavleT germanelebs Soris (germanul enaSi – `Ossis~
da `Wessis~ – SeniSvna). Ees gansxvaveba gaxda aRmosavleT germaniis kulturis
adaptaciis Sedegi SromiTi saqmianobis principebisadmi, riskisa da Sromis
anazRaurebis sistemasTan damokidebulebisadmi, rac komunisturi ideologiiT iyo
Tavs moxveuli.
*sazogadoebis yvela wevri am sazogdoebis kulturul faseulobebs iyofs;
erTsa da imave kulturaze mikuTvneba gansazRvravs garkveul sazogadoebaze
mikuTvnebas. individebi, romlebic ama Tu im kulturis kulturul faseulobebs
iyofen, arian sazogadoebis wevrebi, xolo is individebi, romlebic ar iyofen am
sazogadoebis faseulobebs, ar Sedian mis wevrTa ricxvSi.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi kultura iwyeba ganaTlebidan da Tavis progress
aRwevs mecnierebis‚ teqnologiebis‚ literaturis‚ xelovnebis ganviTarebis zomis
kvaldakval. erT-erTi yvelaze mTavari safuZveli kulturis ganviTarebisa aris
sawarmoo Zalebis mudmivi ganaxleba ufro maRal doneze‚ teqnikuri da
teqnologiuri inovaciebis generacia da danergva.
industriulamdel sazogadoebaSi inovaciebi mwifdeboda an xangrZlivi
gamocdilebis‚ an SemTxveviTi gabrwyinebis (evrika!) Sedegad‚ maTgan yvelaze
mniSvnelovnebis danergva ki kulturuli revoluciebis xasiaTs iZenda.
dasrulebul industriul sazogadoebaSi inovaciebis damuSaveba specialurad
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organizebuli mecnierebis amocana gaxda da sistematur xasiaTs atarebs‚ rasac
maT danergvasTan erTad yvela sawarmoo ZalTa periodul ganaxlebasTan movyavarT‚
rac mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis (mtp) etapebs moaswavebs. postindustialur
sazogadoebaSi mecniereba gadaqceulia mTavar sawarmoo Zalad‚ inovaciebis
damuSaveba ki Rebulobs mniSvnelovanwilad winaswarmetyvelur da gegmian xasiaTs.
rogorc wesi‚ dasawyisSi inovaciebi ibadeba erTi kulturis farglebSi da
maTi Semdgomi gavrceleba (difuzia) mimdinareobs kulturaTaSorisi
urTierTobebis ganviTarebis procesSi. kulturaTa kontaqtebi sabazro ekonomikis
warmoSobamde SemTxveviT‚ aralegalur‚ an sagangebo (omis) xasiaTsac ki atarebs
da Cveulebriv‚ batonoba-damorCilebis sistemad gadaiqceva. inovaciebis difuzia
daqvemdebarebul kulturebSi nela‚ makroregionis danarCeni samyarosgan
izolirebul masStabebSi mimdinareobs. regionTaSorisi garRvevebi iSviaTia da‚
rogorc wesi‚ exeba ara warmoebas‚ aramed moxmarebas (magaliTad‚ evropaSi
aRmosavluri sunel-saneleblebis‚ abreSumis adriani SeRweva).
samrewvelo revoluciam evropaSi da msoflio bazris formirebam kulturaTa
kontaqtebis mkveTri gaaqtiureba‚ maTi regularuloba da mTeli msoflios
masStabebamde gavrceleba gamoiwvia. swrafad izrdeba inovaciaTa damuSavebis tempi.
TviTon inovaciebi pirvel rigSi mimarTulia maTi gavrcelebis gzaze barierebis
daZlevisaken. satransporto da komunikaciuri teqnikis ganviTarebasTan erTad
minimumamde dadis fizikur-geografiuli barierebis (mTebi‚ tropikuli tyeebi‚
udabnoebi‚ okeaneebi da a. S.) da manZilebis (magaliTad‚ iaponiis daSoreba
inovaciebis evropuli da amerikuli centrebisgan) mniSvneloba. ufro Znelad
dasaZlevi rCeba sulier-kulturuli barierebi – enobrivi‚ religiuri‚ cxovrebis
wesis da a.S. gansxvavebani. garTulda kulturaTaSorisi urtierTobebis xasiaTi.
ganasxvaveben procesebis ara umcires sam tips: kulturaTa asimilacia (STanTqma)‚
amalgamireba (Sereva‚ Sewyoba) da Tanaarseboba.
kulturebs Soris urTireTobaTa ganviTarebas postindustriul
sazogadoebaSi mivyavarT maTs sul ufro farTo internacionalizaciamde‚
kulturaTa konvergenciamde. inovaciaTa sirTulis uwyvet zrdas da maTi
damuSavebis kidev ufro mzard danaxarjebs saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobisa da
kooperaciis aucileblobamde mivyevarT.
termini „civilizacia~ mecnierebaSi XVIII saukunidan Sevida Zveli istoriis
mesame‚ yvelaze ganviTarebuli periodis aRsaniSnavad‚ romelic moicavs velurobas‚
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barbarosoba da civilizacias. am periodizaciis Tanaxmad‚ romelic yvelaze ufro
srulyofilad da damajereblad daasabuTa amerikelma arqeologma da eTnografma
ludvig morganma Tavis wignSi „uZvelesi sazogadoeba~ (1877 w.)‚ xalxTa istoriis
epoqebis cvla dakavSirebuli iyo Zalian msxvil‚ revoluciur inovaciebTan.
velurobidan barbarosobaze gadasvla mimdinarebda samonadiro-Semgrovebluri
meurneobis miwaTmoqmedebiT da mecxoveleobiT Secvlis ZaliT‚ e.i. uSualod
bunebisagan saarsebo saSualebaTa mopovebidan materialuri dovlaTis warmoebaze
gadasvliT. qvis da xis WurWlis nacvlad Cndeba sameTuneo nawarmis sul ufro
meti mravalferovneba‚ tyavi icvleba qsoviliT.
civilizaciis epoqaSi Sesvla TariRdeba damwerlobis gaCeniT‚ e.i. Semdgomi
Taobebisadmi gamocdilebis gadacemis SesaZleblobis mopovebiT‚ fiqsirebuli
istoriis dawyebiT. kulturis ganviTarebis civilizaciuri stadiis sxva niSnebs
miekuTvneba: metalurgiis‚ maTematikis da astronomiis gaCena‚ Sromis danawileba
da socialuri stratifikacia‚ qalaqebis warmoSoba‚ saxelmwifoebriobis da
mmarTvelobis formalizacia‚ Soreuli savaWro kavSirebi.
axla termin „civilizacias~ xmaroben rogorc kulturis sinonims‚ romlis
ganviTarebis done SeiZleba gaizomos da Sedardes. magram sazogadoebriv
meurneobebSi es termini didi xania damkvidrda da sul uro farTod gamoiyeneba
erTgvari megakulturebis arsebobis ciklebis aRsaniSnavad‚ romlebmac iTamaSes
sakvanZo roli istoriaSi da axlac TamaSoben mas. civilizaciebs‚ iseve rogorc
kulturebs‚ ganviTarebis Tavisi stadiebi aqvT – isini Cndebian‚ ganicdian ayvavebas
da kvdebian‚ magram „Cveulebrivi~ eTnokulturebisgan gansxvavebiT‚ civilizaciebi
Rrma kvals stoveben istoriaSi‚ avseben ra kacobriobis memkvidreobas. kargad
uTqvams poets: „rogor Semovida Cvens droSi wyalsadeni‚ jer kidev romis monaTa
mier amoqmedebuli~.
civilizaciis „klasikuri~ an sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRvreba ar
arsebobs‚ rogorc maTi gamoyofis „myari~ kriteriumebi. rusma mecnierma n. i.
danilevskim (1822-1885 ww.) msoflio istoriaSi 13 civilizacia moiZia‚
germanelma istorikosma da filosofosma o. Spenglerma (1880-1936 ww.) sul
sruli ciklis 7 da 4 dausrulebeli civilizacia gamoyo‚ ingliselma
istorikosma da kulturologma a. j. toibnim (1889-1975 ww.) Tavisi 14-tomiani
Sromis „istoriis gagebis~ dasawyisSi adamianur sazogadoebebs Soris Tavidan 21
civilizacia gansazRvra‚ naSromis bolos ki – 33. Tanamedrove amerikelma
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geopolitikosma samuel hanTingTonma gaagrZela civilizaciuri Teoria da 1998
wels‚ Tavis wignSi „civilizaciaTa Sexla~‚ 8 Tanamedrove wamyvani civilizacia
gamoyo: dasavluri‚ marTlmadidebluri‚ Cinuri‚ islamuri‚ induisturi‚ iaponuri‚
laTinoamerikuli da afrikuli civilizaciebi (wyaro: [Мовсесян А. Г., Огнивцев С.
Б. Мировая экономика: Учебник. – М.: Финансы и статистика, 2001, с. 53).
v. volski termin „civilizacias~ Semdegnairad gansazRvravs: „civilizacia –
esaa wesi adamianTa cxovrebis‚ xasiaTi‚ maTi urTierTobebis iseTi Taviseburebani‚
romelTa Sedegebi xdeba materialuri da sulieri kulturis miRwevebi‚ romlebic
gadian maTi warmoSobis keris farglebs gareT da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen
garSemomyof xalxTa cxovrebaze da maTi kulturebis ganviTarebaze~ (Социально-
экономическая география зарубежного мира/ Под. ред. В. В. Вольского. – 2-е изд., с. 69.
испр. – М.: Дрофа, 2003 c. 18).
civilizaciaTa teritoriuli gavrcelebis gansazRvris kriterialur niSnebs
miekuTvneba:
_ ena‚ civilizaciis centris da erovnebaTSorisi urTierTobis enebis
CaTvliT;
_ religiebi‚ maTi ganfenis centrebis CaTvliT;
_ civilizaciaTa eqspansiis sazRvrebi (imperiebi an kontrolis sxva
formebi);
_ centrisa da periferiebis teqnologiuri ganviTarebis done;
_ meurneobaTa sazRvrebi‚ centrebi da urTireTkavSirebi centrsa da
periferiebSi;
_ stilTa Taviseburebani da gavrcelebis sazRvrebi – tansacmelSi‚
mwerlobaSi‚ xelovnebaSi da a. S.
istoriulad da geografiulad civilizaciebis farglebi damokidebulia
kulturaTa erTobliobis masStabebze‚ romelzedac isini vrceldeba. pirvel
doneze mTeli kacobriobis masStabiT‚ yvela adamiani‚ romlebic amJamad dedamiwaze
cxovroben‚ miwieri civilizaciis warmomadgenlebi arian. maTi yvelaze ufro didi
miRwevebi‚ mTeli misi xelmisawvdomi istoriis manZilze‚ maTi Casaxvis
konkretuli adgilisa da droisagan damoukideblad‚ msoflio kulturis
saganZurSi Sevidnen. kulturaTa erTobliobis masStabebis Semcirebis Sesabamisad
maTi gansxvavebis detalizaciis donec matulobs: SeiZleba gamovyoT msxvili
regionebis (evropuli civilizacia‚ samxreTaziuri da a. S.)‚ subregionebis
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(dasavleTi‚ samxreTi‚ CrdiloeTi‚ aRmosavleTi evropa da a. S.)‚ qveynis‚ eris
(britanuli civilizacia‚ franguli da a. S.) civilizaciebi.
kulturisa da Rirebulebis urTierTkavSirisa da mimarTebaTa Sesaxeb
saerTod, gansakuTrebiT ki CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania cnobili qarTveli
filosofosis niko WavWavaZis naazrevi (ix.: magaliTad Чавчавадзе Н. З. Культура
и ценности, Тб., 1984), romelic umaRles Rirebulebad da kulturis umTavres
kriteriumad Tavisuflebas miiCnevda. didi beThovenic xom ase umRerda
Tavisuflebas:
`mxolod sikeTes msaxurebde sadac ki ZalgiZs,
yvelaze metad Seiyvare Tavisufleba,
da TviT monarqis taxtis winac ar moidriko,
WeSmaritebas arasodes ar uRalato~.
niko WavWavaZe Rirebulebebs obieqturad arsebuli urTierTobebis
gamoxatulebad Tvlida, adamians Tavadac qmnadobis procesSi myofad ganixilavda
da miaCnda, rom misi warmoSobiT universumis ganviTareba ki ar mTavrdeba‚ aramed
axal Tvisebriv safexurs aRwevs. igi agreTve Tvlida, rom kultura ara marto
kulturuli Semoqmedebis produqtTa erTobliobaa‚ aramed _ TviT es
Semoqmedebac‚ adamianis TviTSeqmnis da Tavisi samyaros Seqmnis procesic. man,
adamiani‚ kultura da Rirebulebebi Tanamedroveobis strategiuli mimarTulebis
cnebebad aqcia. niko WavWavaZis Tanaxmad‚ adamianuri moRvaweobis yvelaze Rrma
imanenturi azri mxolod adamianis mier Tavisufal-Semoqmed pirovnebad
TviTCamoyalibeba‚ mTeli istoria ki adamianurad – adamianuri samyaros Seqmnaa.
igi kulturas gansazRvravda rogorc adamianuri moRvaweobis iseT sferos‚
romelSic mJRavndeba da romlis wyalobiTac mtkicdeba da viTardeba Tavisufleba.
adamianis‚ erisa da kacobriobis TviTSemecnebis problemis ganxilvisas man aCvena‚
rom swored adamiania amosavali principi erisa da kacobriobis erTiani
gaazrebisaTvis.
kulturisa da Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb niko WavWavaZis nafiqrali Tavadaa Cveni
drois Rirebulebani. misi naazrevi imdenad Rrma da yovlismomcvelia‚ rom isini
Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis fasdaudebel saxelmZRvanelos warmoadgens. amis
damadastureblad mis gamonaTqvamebs‚ mis nakvlev-naZieb mokled gamonaskvul
grZlad saTqmel Rirebulebebs moviyvanT. am mizniT daveyrdnobiT niko WavWavaZis
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mecnieruli Semoqmedebis saintereso mkvlevris, dodo labuCiZis erT gamokvlevas
(ix.: labuCiZe d. moazrovne niko WavWavaZe, Tb., gamomcemloba `sani~, 2004).
***
iseTi realobebis mecnieruli Semecneba‚ rogoricaa RmerTi‚ sulis ukvdaveba
da Tavisfuleba SeuZlebelia.
***
morwmunis TvalSi RmerTi umaRlesi Rirebulebaa‚ aTeistis TvalSi ki
uaryofiTi Rirebuleba.
***
yvelafris dasabami‚ Tanac yvelaze mniSvnelovani da rTuli‚ mainc sakuTar
Tavan dialogia; yvela namdvili da didi filosofosi daeWvebuli da niadag Tavis
TavTan modave kacia.
***
pirovnebebi mxolod maSin SeiZleba eweodnen Rirseul cxovrebas Rirsebis
grZnobis Sesabamisad‚ roca maTi cxovrebis wesi gansazRvrulia ara ubralod
bunebisa da sazogadoebis obieqturi kanonebiT‚ aramed religiuri da zneobrivi
principebiT.
***
TavisTavad is faqti‚ rom adamians aqvs cnobiereba‚ mas bunebis movlenaTa
ierarqiaSi umaRles safexurze ayenebs da raki ierarqiuli wyoba Rirebulebriv
safuZvels gulisxmobs‚ SgviZlia vivaraudoT‚ rom swored cnobierebaSi‚ adamianis
sulier samyaroSi unda veZeboT is adgili‚ sadac Rirebulebani ibadebian.
***
sulieri cxovreba Rirebulia imdenad‚ ramdenadac igi mimarTulia
WeSmaritebaze‚ sikeTeze‚ mSvenierebaze‚ ramdenadac igi emsaxureba maT‚ ramdenadac
amyarebs adamianis kavSirs am RirebulebebTan.
***
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mxolod adamians SeuZlia Seicnos Rirebuleba faqtebis samyaroSi... mxolod
adamianis mier agebul kulturis samefoSi xdebian Rirebulni realuri movlenebi.
***
mxolod maSin‚ romdesac religiuri da zneobrivi principebi daedeba
safuZvlad pirovnebebs Soris urTierTobebs – megobrobas‚ siyvaruls‚ kanons‚
politikas da a.S., ganxorcieldeba praqtikuli gonebis primati adamianTa
cxovrebaSi.
***
wmida praqtikuli goneba aris keTili neba‚ anu zneobrivi qcevis neba.
***
saTnoeba gulisxmobs keTil qcevas‚ romelic aris keTili nebis gamoxatva.
***
mxolod Rirsebis mqone arsebas aqvs unari Caswvdes TavisTavadi nivTebis
sferos Rirebulebas da airCios isini Rirseuli‚ zneobrivi qcevis motivebad‚ e. i.
imoqmedos rogorc jerars.
***
zneobrivad rom moiqce‚ unda icode ra aris sikeTe da boroteba calkeul
SemTxvevaSi; unda ganasxvavo erTmaneTisagan namdvili da moCvenebiTi sikeTe.
***
sikeTe sikeTisaTvis unda ganxorcieldes‚ WeSmariteba WeSmaritebisaTvis.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isini ar iqnebodnen absoluturi Rirebulebani da
dakargavdnen jerarsuli idealuri miznebis miSvnelobas.
***
zneobrivi pirovneba is aris‚ vinc Tavis adamianur movaleobas am
movaleobisadmi pativiscemiT asrulebs da ara marto ama Tu im motiviT. es aris
namdvili adamianuri Rirseba.
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***
praqtikuli gonebis WeSmariteba aris keTilismyofeli‚ ganmaTavisuflebeli‚
ukvdavmyofi; is pirovnebas WeSmarit adamianur pirovnebad xdis da amzadebs mas
maradiuli cxovrebisaTvis. es asea‚ radgan es WeSmariteba Tavisuflad SeiZleba
iqnes arseuli da ara Tavs moxveuli empiriuli realobis obieqturi wesebiT; es
aris WeSmariteba‚ romelic umaRlesi Rirebulebebisadmi siyvarulsa da
pativiscemaSi sruldeba.
***
azrovneba saSualebaa‚ romliTac adamiani aRwevs WeSmaritebas da‚ rogorc
saSualeba‚ igi‚ ra Tqma unda‚ Rirebulebaa.
***
moraluri qcevis subieqti aris adamiani‚ rogorc (da mxolod rogorc)
nebisyofis mqone arseba.
***
Tavisuflebis arsebiTi momenti arCevanis da moqmedebis Tavisuflebaa‚ ama Tu
im gziT wasvlis wyalobiT adamians arCeva SeuZlia da Seqmna rogorc sikeTis‚
aseve borotebis.
***
sikeTe keTil qcevebSi gveZleva‚ magram sikeTis Rirebuleba rom gaigoT‚
sikeTes‚ rogorc Rirebulebas rom CavwvdeT‚ igi am qcevidan unda gamoyoT da mis
„eidosSi~ – ideaSi unda ganixiloT.
***
eTikuri sawyisi unda iyos kulturis birTvi da suli da es sawyisi Signidan
unda aciskrovnebdes yvela gamovlinebaSi kulturas.
***
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harmoniuli adamianis ganviTareba mxolod harmoniulad ganviTarebad
kulturas SeuZlia.
***
mxolod maRalzneobrivi‚ sufTa tradiciebze damyarebuli cnobierebaa gza
WeSmaritebisaken. infantiluri‚ yalbi cnobiereba ki kulturis sruli dacemaa.
***
adamiani Tu uzneod iqceva‚ es dasaZraxisad migvaCnia‚ magram Tu eri adgas
uzneobis gzas‚ qveyanas Tu zneobrivi politika ar warmarTavs‚ es ar migvaCnia
saTakilod‚ amas veguebiT. zneoba erTia yvelgan da yvelasTvis.
***
Tuki ama Tu im sazogadoebis kultura ama Tu im regioSi esTetikuri
sawyisi damcirebulia‚ anda Tuki kulturis sxvadaxsva dargebs Soris darRveulia
esTetikuri harmonia‚ – es garemoebebi kulturaSi arsebul seriozul
deformaciebs adasturebs da mdgomareobis gamosasworedlad saswrafo zomebis
miRebis aucileblobas.
***
filosofia‚ romelic ar iTvaliswinebs RirebulebaTa sferos‚ imas‚ rom
RirebulebebTan mimarTebaTa axleburad da axali kuTxiT hfens Suqs adamiansa da
mis adgils samyaroSi‚ cxadia‚ amomwuravad ver daaxasiaTebs verc adamians da verc
samyaros.
***
TviT ukanaskneli naZiralas sulSic ki arsebobs RmerTisadmi‚
adamianurobisadmi‚ WeSmaritebisadmi swarfvis miZinebuli unari da siyvarulis
gauSleli kokori. adamianSi swored am kokors unda elaparako‚ miZinebuli
adamianuroba gauRviZo‚ Tvali auxilo da adamianad aqcio.
kari II. RirebulebaTa Semecnebis fenomeni
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2.1. civilizaciuri resursebi
sazogadoebis ganviTareba, misi keTildReobis uzrunvelyofa saTanado
resursebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. raodenobrivi resursebis magaliTebia dro,
adamiani, materialuri resursebi, xolo xarisxobrivi resursebia: qveynis istoria,
tradiciebi, sazogadoebrivi miRwevebi, sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebebi. swored
ekonomikis RirebulebiT orientirebs miaqcies gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
cnobilma profesorebma: a. g. movsesianma da s. b. ognivcevma TavianTi `msoflio
ekonomikis~ saxelmZRvaneloSi, romelic qarTuladac iTargmna da 2003-2004
wlebSi or tomad gamoica.
progresis erT-erTi umTavresi piroba aris, rom sazogadoebas unda gaaCndes
RirebulebaTa sistema, is mizandasaxulobani, romlebic stimuls miscemen
ekonomikisa da, mTlianad sazogadoebis ganviTarebas.
swored gabatonebuli civilizaciuri ideologia, ganxiluli rogorc
Rirebulebebis, qcevis normebisa da msoflio aRqmis saSualebebis sistema,
ganasxvavebs erT civilizacias meorisagan. istoriul masStabSi sul axlaxan
Seqmnili Tanamedrove evropuli civilizacia savsebiT unikaluria. Cveni
Tanamedrove rom Sexvedroda Zvelegvipturi, Zvelromauli an ZvelCinuri
civilizaciis warmomadgenels, isini ver gaugebdnen erTmaneTs mecnierebis,
teqnikisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva donis gamo. es kidev SeiZleba
swrafad gadagvelaxa, magram sruli gaugebroba wamoiWreboda sazogadoebis
ganviTarebis miznebisa da kacobriul RirebulebaTa sistemis ganxilvisas.
Zalauflebisaken swarfvas gansxvavebuli gamoxatuleba aqvs sxvadasxvagvar
civilizaciur garemoSi. civilizaciebi, rogorc cnobilia, mudmivad ebrZvian
erTmaneTs msoflio ZalauflebisaTvis. es brZola warmoadgens civilizaciuri
ganviTarebis `zambaras~. civilizaciaTa erTi nawili kvdeba, mkvdarTa adgilze
Cndeba axali. maTi evolucia gvagonebs saxeobaTa evolucias bunebaSi: TiToeuli
ibrZvis Tavisi ekologiuri adgilis gasafarToeblad, sasicocxlo sivrcis
gasazrdelad. rogorc saxeobaTa brZolis dros, civilizaciuri evoluciac midis
gare samyarosTan Seguebis gziT, aseve gavrcelebis sakuTari arealis
gafarTobisken. cxovelTa yoveli saxeoba an klasi brZolaSi imedebs amyarebs
Tavis iaraRze – wvetian eSvebze, mZlavr rqebze, swraf sirbilze da a. S.
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zogierTi saxeoba, veSapTa msgavsad, Tavis adgils poulobs wylis stiqiaSi,
sxvebi, rogoric, magaliTad, Txunelaa, miwis qveS imalebian, mesameni haers
ipyroben. amrigad, evoluciis msvlelobisas Cndeba urTierTSemavsebeli saxeobebis
gaerTianeba. civilizaciur brZolaSi yoveli civilizacia cdilobs gaafarTovos
Tavisi gavlena (Zalaufleba) msoflioSi, moZraobs ra im mimarTulebiT, romelic
Zalauflebis mis mier amorCeuli formis faseulobaTa sistemas Seesabameba.
sxvaoba Zalauflebis formebSi, romliskenac iswrafvian individebi sxvadasxva
civilizaciaSi, saSualebas aZlevs TiToeul civilizacias evoluciis msvlelobaSi
daikavos Tavisi adgili msoflioSi. gare pirobebis arsebiT cvlilebas SeuZlia
ZalTa Tanafardoba radikalurad Secvalos da am SemTxvevaSi saTaveSi mdgomi
civilizacia adgils uTmobs sxvas. rogorc wesi, am dros Tavad igi iRupeba,
vinaidan, iseve rogorc es cxovelTa samyaroSi xdeba, sxvebze naklebad egueba
arsebobis axal pirobebs, marTlac, iseTi didi civilizaciebi, rogorebic iyo
Zveli egviptis, Sumerebis, acketebis, inkebis da mravali sxva gaqrnen iseve,
rogorc 150 milioni wlis win msoflioSi gabatonebuli dinozavrebi.
mxolod XVI s-dan daiwyo dominireba evropul-amerikulma civilizaciam,
orientirebulma ekonomikur Zalauflebasa da ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. dRes
fiqric ki Wirs imaze, rom man odesme SeiZleba marcxi ganicados, radgan mis mier
aRiarebul Rirebulebebs sayovelTao xasiaTi aqvs, magram SeiZleba Cven es
mxolod gveCveneba _ civilizaciaTa brZolas Cven Tvalyurs vadevnebT TiTqos
Signidan, sadReisod gabatonebuli civilizaciis CarCoebidan. iqneb Tavis droze
dinozavrebsac eCvenebodaT, rom maTi Zalaufleba msoflioze mudmivi da uryevi
iyo. da mainc, ukve uaxloes momavalSi ama Tu im civilizaciis konkurentuli
upiratesobani, rogorc Cans, dakavSirebuli iqneba ZiriTadad imasTan, ramdenad
unariania igi miaRwios ekonomikuri ganviTarebis stabilurobas. ekonomikuri
ZalauflebisaTvis brZola kidev didxans iqneba ganatonebuli Zalauflebis sxva
formebze, romlebic jerjerobiT CrdilSi rCeba.
vinaidan, rogorc Cans, Cveni sicocxlis periodSi civilizaciaTaSorisi
brZola kvlavac ZiriTadad ekonomikur sferoSi ganviTardeba, SevecadoT
gavaanalizoT dRevandeli gabatonebuli civilizaciis konkurentebi am brZolaSi.
civilizacia ar aris gaqvavebuli konstruqcia da mas aqvs unari isesxos sxva
civilizaciuri sistemebisagan ideologiis institutebi da elementebi, romlebic
maT aZlevs konkurentul upiratesobas evoluciur brZolaSi. am elementebis
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SemotaniT da maTi gonivruli Sexamebis povniT sakuTar kulturasTan da wes-
CveulebebTan, man SeiZleba gazardos sakuTari konkurentunarianoba da Seecados
moigos brZola ekonomikuri liderobisaTvis.
aris kidev erTi aranakleb mniSvnelovani garemoeba, romelic gangvawyobs
sxvadasxva moqmedi civilizaciis kulturuli da ideologiuri safuZvlebis
SeswavlisaTvis. msoflio ekonomika dRes aRaraa mxolod Teoria, bevri adamiani
uSualo kontaqtSia sxva qveynebisa da civilizaciis warmomadgenlebTan.
megaekonomikur garemoSi adamianebi axlovdebian. isini ewevian saerTo bizness,
erTobliv gamokvlevebs, mogzauroben sxvadasxva qveyanaSi, da, bolos, urTierToba
aqvT internetiT. yovelive amisaTvis saWiroa icnobde Sens partniors. xolo
imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaugo da misi qcevis prognozireba moaxdino, unda icode
misi RirebulebaTa sistema da msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlebi, romlebic im
erovnul kulturaSi, civilizaciur ideologiasa da religiaSi Zevs, romelsac
igi ekuTvnis. Tanamedrove ekonomikur cxovrebaSi es codna SeiZleba gamoviyenoT
saqmiani molaparakebebis warmarTvis dros, marketinguli kvlevebis pirvel
etapebze, saqonlis win wasawevad sazRvargareTul bazrebze da sxva mravali
amocanis gadawyvetis dros.
aq ar ganvixilavT sxvadasxva religiaTa dogmatebs, magram mniSvnelovania
gamovyoT religiebis is ideologiuri elementebi, romlebic SedarebiT ufro
metad moqmedeben ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, axdenen maT stimulirebas an
antistimulirebas. civilizaciuri ideologiis ZiriTad elements arsebuli
civilizaciebis umetesobisaTvis dRes swored religiuri sistemebi warmoadgenen.
amJamad moqmedi civilizaciuri religiebidan uZvelesia induizmi. imis imedad
nu viqnebiT, rom kargad gaverkveviT Tanamedrove miliardiani indoeTis
ekonomikaSi, Tu ar gvecodineba misi msoflmxedveluri safuZvlebi. sxva
religiebisagan gansxvavebiT, induizmi ar warmoadgens dasrulebul religiur
sistemas. iseve, rogorc Tavad indoeTis subkontinenti aerTianebs mraval
sxvadasxva ers, induizmi warmoadgens uricxvi seqtebis erTobliobas,
gaerTianebuls mxolod saerTo midgomiT religiur msoflaRqmasTan da
gamoxatuls ZiriTadad wminda werilebSi, indusebis vedebSi. induizmis
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebas warmoadgens dedamiwasa da cas Soris gadaadgilebis
Tavisufleba. adgilobriv RvTaebebs da eposis gmirebs, rogoricaa rami, SeuZliaT
gaxdnen zecaSi mcxovrebni, xolo umaRlesi RmerTi viSnu mudmivad gardaisaxeba
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ufro naklebad mniSvnelovan RmerTebSi da gmirebSi. induizmis aseTi Taviseburi
struqtura aZlevs mas saSualebas Seisixlxorcos TavisTavSi sxva religiuri
kultebi. ase magaliTad, RmerT kriSnas mimdevrebTan Sejaxebisas induistebma
gamoacxades igi TavianT RmerT viSnus erT-erT gansaxierebad. aseve moiqcnen budas
mimarTac, ris wyalobiTac am mZlavri religiis gamarjveba indostanSi SeuZlebeli
gaxda. induizmi zecisken gzas uxsnis yvelas. yvelas aqvs Sansi Seerwyas RmerTs.
sxvaTaSoris, swored es Seadgens marTlmorwmune induistis cxovrebis mizans.
RmerTTan SesaerTebeli gza Zevs RvTismosaobaze da Rrma fiqrebze, xolo
praqtikaSi, asketizmze. indusis mudmivi miswrafebebi TviTWvretisken, bunebrivia,
xels ar uwyobs ekonomikur iniciativas. induizmi cudad esadageba ekonomikis
Tanamedrove moTxovnebs. kompiuterul saxeTa samyaro ki Zalze axloa indusTan.
formaTa gardamavloba da simsubuqe, damaxasiaTebeli kompiuteruli samyaros
virtualuri realobisaTvis, gansacvifreblad emTxveva Zvel vedur warmodgenebs.
albaT swored amitom indoeTma STambeWdav warmatebebs miaRwia informatikaSi,
indoeli programistebi iTvlebian msoflioSi saukeTesod, xolo kompiuteruli
programebis eqsporti sul ufro did adgils ikavebs sagareo vaWrobis
operaciebSi. SeiZleba prognozireba, rom indusuri msoflgageba moaxdens
mniSvnelovan gavlenas sainformacio sazogadoebis saerToplanetarul
Camoyalibebze.
Cvens eramde V saukuneSi warmoSobili budizmi (sanskritulidan _ gaRviZeba)
rogorc erT-erTi religia dRes aziis 18 qveyanaSi arsebobs. mimdevrebis
ricxovnoba indoeTis princ guatamisa (560-480 ww. Cv. eramde), romelic
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, gaxda buda, 2 miliardia odenobiT, Tumca mxolod 300
milioni adamiani monawileobs regularulad budizmis religiur wes-CveulebebSi.
am religiaSi araa erTi RmerTi. budizmis Tanaxmad, arsebobs mravali samyaro
da sivrce, romlebSic sicocxle mudmivad ganicdis evolucias – dabadebidan
sikvdilamde da axal aRdgomamde da ase usasrulod. mudmivi gardasaxvis ideaze
dayrdnobilia mTeli budisturi msoflmxedveloba. buda aswavlida, rom Jini da
daukmayofilebloba iTrevs adamians yofierebis wrebrunvaSi, `cxovrebis
borbalSi~. am wrebrunvidan gamosvla SeiZleba mxolod budizmiT miTiTebuli
saSualo gziT, romelic dakavSirebulia logikuri azrovnebis gadasvliT saxeTa
iracionalur aRqmaSi. aseTi gadasvla miiRweva mudmivi varjiSiT, meditaciiT,
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koncentraciiT da nirvanas RvTiur mdgomareobaSi gadasvliT, romelSic adamiani,
iseve rogorc induistur tradiciaSi, erwymis RmerTs.
buda pirdapir ambobs, rom tanjvisagan ganTavisufleba SesaZlebelia mxolod
Zalauflebis neba-survilze uaris TqmiTa da survilebis moTokviT. bunebrivia,
Zalauflebisaken swrafvis survilis da Jinis aRmofxvra mTlianad xsnis yvela
stimuls ekonomikuri saqmianobisaTvis. gegonebaT, rom budizmi cudad aris
SeTavsebadi ekonomikur ganviTarebasTan. Tumca igi mkacria mxolod berebisaTvis.
saeroTaTvis misi mcnebebi iolad Sesasrulebelia da axali gacnobisas mTlianad
savsebiT emTxveva qristianobis cnobil aT mcnebas. yuradReba mivaqcioT am
religiis mniSvnelovan praqtikul rekomendacias misi mimdevrebisaTvis. Turme
svla RvTismosaobis gzaze SeiZleba, Tuki SeasrulebT Cveulebriv, yoveldRiur
samuSaos. ubralod aucilebelia yovel saqmeSi viswrafodeT srulyofilebisaken
– iqneba es Cais smis ceremonia Tu mikrosqemis awyoba. budizmis es aRTqma Zalian
farTod gamoiyeneba aziuri qveynebis kompaniebSi. iqneb swored am religiur
dogmaSi, romelic civilizaciuri ideologiis nawili gaxda, aris saWiro veZeboT
aziuri `vefxvebisa~ (samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis `vefxvebs~ uwodeben malaizias,
tolands, indonezias da filipinebs, romlebsac axali industriuli qveynebis
jgufs miakuTvneben) da `drakonebis~ (`drakon~ qveynebs uwodeben ganviTarebul
qveynebs – samxreT koreas, hong-kongs, singapirs da taivans) ekonomikuri
warmatebebis saidumlo? ase rom, ekonomikisagan garegnulad Soreuli, budizmi
aRmoCnda savsebiT gamosadegi ideologiuri platforma ekonomikuri
ganviTarebisaTvis.
ukve V saukuneSi Cvens eramde CineTSi wamoiSva daosizmis moZRvreba, romlis
fuZemdebeli gaxda lao czi. wignSi `daosa da des Sesaxeb~ idumali aforizmuli
formiT mokledaa gadmocemuli am swavlebis safuZvlebi, romlis Tanaxmadac
`adamians marTavs dedamiwa, dedamiwas marTavs ca, cas marTavs dao, xolo dao
Tavis Tavs marTvas. dao aris sayovelTao sawyisi, kanoni da wesi, romelic Tavis
TavSi moicavs samyaros, bunebas da adamianTa sazogadoebas~. Seimecnos dao, mihyves
mas, Seerwyas mas – amaSia cxovrebis erTaderTi azri daosis moZRvrebis
mimdevarTaTvis. daos kanonebis axsniT SesaZlebelia ukvdavebis miRweva. am
moZRvrebas ar SeiZleba vuwudoT religia. masSi bevrad metia naTqvami samyaros
mecnieruli aRqmis Sesaxeb. mTlianobaSi, Cveni azriT, daosizmi yvelaze metad
gvagonebs daaxloebiT 2500 wlis Semdeg evropaSi warmoSobil hegelianobas.
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sxvaTa Soris, es orive moZRvreba gadmocemulia naklebad gasagebi eniT. daosizmis
mniSvnelovani nawili wavida am filosofiuri sistemis, alqimiisa da okultizmis
Semdgomi Teoriuli garTulebis gziT, xolo meore Seerwya CineTSi Cv. w. aR-iT I
s-Si indoeTidan mosul budizms.
meore moZRvreba, romelmac kolosaluri gavlena moaxdina Cinur
civilizaciaze _ konfucianeloba – agreTve ar SeiZleba religiad CavTvaloT, am
sityvis evropuli gagebiT. lao czis Tanamedrove – kun fu czi (TargmanSi –
Rirseuli (fu) brZeni (czi kuni), transkrifciiT gadmocemuli evropaSi romauli
maneriT rogorc konfuci (551-479 Cv. eramde), sTavazobs qveyanas udides
moralur-eTikur moZRvrebas, romelsac Cinelebi misdeven ukve 2500 welia.
konfucianelobis moZRvrebis yuradRebis centrSia adamiani da misi moralur-
eTikuri problemebi. konfucianelobis umniSvnelovanes kategorias warmoadgens
rituali – adamianis qcevis wesebis nakrebi sxvadasxvagvar cxovrebiseul, maT
Soris ekonomikur, situaciebSi. CineTSi dRemde igive Rirebulebebi da
orientirebia mtkiced SenarCunebuli. yoveli adamiani valdebulia Seasrulos
Tavisi movaleoba Tavis adgilze. `mmarTveli unda iyos mmarTveli, mama _ mama,
xolo Svili – Svili~. ojaxic da saxelmwifoc unda iyos agebuli ufrosebisadmi
pativiscemaze da SvilTa mowiwebaze. adamiani erTnairi gulwrfelobiT da
erTgulebiT unda epyrobodes zecasac, mmarTvelsac da Tavis ojaxsac. swored es
aris erTiani urTierTkavSiris sistema kanonis anu ritualis safuZvelze.
konfucianeloba – aris wesrigi da yvela sazogadoebrivi institutis mkacri
ierarqiuli agebuleba.
roca konfucis sTxoves Tavisi moZRvreba gamoexata erTi fraziT, man Tqva:
`Cemi gza _ Semecnebis mTlianobaa~, e.i. mTeli cxovreba dauqvemdebaro ritualis
dacvis da daos gzis gayolis erTian ideas.
Cinuri msoflmxedvelobisTvis niSandoblivia mravali religiuri sawyisis
rTuli gadaxlarTva. CinelTa umetesoba misdevs kun fu czis aRTqmebs, amasTan,
sjeraT daosi da icaven budistur ritualebs. ZiriTadad am sam sawyiszea
dafuZnebuli Tanamedrove Cinuri civilizacia. Tumca misTvis ucxo ar aris arc
sxva religiebi. Cinur taZrebSi konfucis stelebis gverdiT, gaRmerTebuli lao
czis gamosaxulebebTan da budas statuetebTan erTad SeiZleba SevxvdeT
qristianul jvarcmas da muslimanur simbolikas. CineTi uzarmazari da
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mravalsaxovania. igi siamovnebiT da organulad iTvisebs ucxo kulturis
elementebs. amaSia misi, Tu gnebavT, konkurentuli upiratesoba.
aziis ekonomikurad yvelaze ganviTarebuli qveynis, iaponiis civilizaciaSi
konfucianeloba da budizmi Serwymulia Zvel erovnul religiasTan –
sintoizmTan (sinto-sgan _ `RmerTebis gza~). am religiis Tanaxmad, samyaroSi
yvelaferi sulieria – mTebi, yvavilebi, qvebi, maT gaaCnia sakuTari RvTiuri suli
– kami. maTTan erTad kamis miakuTvneben iaponelTa RvTiur winaprebs: xelosnobis
mfarvel RvTaebas, sxvadasxva qvelmoqmedTa RvTaebebs, gardacvlilTa sulebs da a.
S. amboben, rom iaponiaSi 8 milioni RmerTia. sintoizmi Zalian erovnuli
religiaa, mimarTuli ara mTeli kacobriobisaken, aramed mxolod iaponelebisken.
iaponiis istoriaSi iyo periodi, roca sinto iyo saxelmwifo religia iaponeli
militaristebisaTvis. masSi gamoiyo kokutais (`saxelmwifos sxeuli~) moZRvreba,
romelSic dasabuTebuli iyo yvela iaponelis RvTiuri warmoSoba da mmarTveli
imperatoris RvTiuroba. am ideologiiT awarmoebda iaponia meore msoflio oms,
romelSic damarcxda. axla ki sintoizmi kvlav mSvidobiani religiaa, romelic
lamazi legendebis da wes-Cveulebebis nakrebs warmoadgens. sintoists SeuZlia
erTdroulad nebismieri sxva religiis ariarebac.
iudaizmi TviTon ar gaxda msoflio religia, magram udidesi gavlena
moaxdina msoflios muslimanur da qristianul religiebze, romelic Tavis arsiT
aRiarebs biblias Tavis wminda wignad. iudaizmis arsi XII s-Si Camoayaliba
cnobilma filosofosma maimonidma. man warmoadgina iudaizmis 13 principi:
1) RmerTi arsebobs; 2) RmerTi erTia; 3) RmerTi ar arsebobs sxeulis
formiT; 4) RmerTi mudmivia; 5) iudevelebi unda Tayvans scemdnen mxolod mas –
erTs; 6) RmerTTan urTierToba xdeba winaswarmetyvelebis saSualebiT. 7) mose
udidesia winaswarmetyvelTagan; 8) Toras (moses xuTi wigni) aqvs RvTiuri
warmomavloba; 9) Tora arasodes dakargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas; 10) RmerTma icis
adamianTa yvela saqcieli; 11) RmerTi sjis borotebas da ajildoebs sikeTes; 12)
RmerTi gamogzavnis Tavis mesias; 13) RmerTi mkvdrebs aRadgens.
Talmudi mogviTxrobs adamianis istorias, romelmac gadawyvita mieRo
iudaizmi. igi mivida Zalian cnobil rabinTan – gilelTan _ da sTxova aexsna
misTvis mTeli Tora, sanam is idgeboda cal fexze. gilelma upasuxa: `ar gaukeTo
Sens mezobels is, rac ar ginda, rom sxvam gagikeTos Sen. ai, Sen mTeli Tora.
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danarCeni – es komentarebia~. am sityvebs eWvsgareSea, siamovnebiT moaweren xels
marTlmadidebeli mRvdeli, qsenZi, pastori da mola.
iudeveli, iseve rogorc qristiani da muslimani, principSi, SeuZlia gaxdes
nebismieri, vinc miiRebs iudaizmis principebs. roca Talmudi saubrobs iudevelTa
RvTisrCeulobaze, mxedvelobaSi aqvs religia da ara eTnikuri warmomavloba. amave
TvalsazrisiT RvTisrCeulad Tvlian Tavs qristianebi da muslimanebi. Tumca
realurad iudevelebs warmoadgenen mxolod eTnikuri ebraelebi, romelTa
erovnul religiad darCa iudaizmi.
am religiis Taviseburebaa misi mZafri istoriuloba. bibliis pirveli
sityvebi `Tavdapirvelad RmerTma Seqmna...~ tons aZlevs Txrobas, romelsac
sadRac mivyavarT. biblia – xalxis istoriaa, romelic istoriuli ganviTarebis
yovel etapze Rebulobs (da mudmivad mzadaa miiRos!) sul axalaxal RvTaebriv
zeSTagonebas. iudevelebs sjeraT, rom maTi sakuTari istoria bibliuris
gagrZelebaa, rom isini mudmivad qmnian istorias. maT religias aqvs principulad
dausrulebeli xasiaTi. unda gamoCndnen axali winaswarmetyvelebi, axali
WeSmaritebani da, bolos da bolos, unda movides mesia. udides istoriul
movlenebTan Tanamonawileobis SegrZneba, axlis daZabuli molodini da misi
miRebisaTvis mzadeba – mniSvnelovani Tvisebebia, iudaizmis mier motanili.
amavdroulad igi sakmaod konservatiulia da mkveTrad uaryofs crumoZRvrebebs
da crusiaxleebs. es icavs religiis erTianobas da ebrael xalxs. iudaizmi
erTgvarad qmnis pirobebs axali ideebis da moZRvrebebis inkubaciisTvis, magram
xSirad aRiarebs maT crud, acxadebs ra mis matareblebs cruwinaswarmetyvelebad.
ase iyo qristesTan da muhamedTan dakavSirebiT.
iudaizmma didi gavlena moaxdina protestantobaze da misi saSualebiT
Tanamedrove amerikul civilizaciaze. adamianis damoukidebloba RmerTTan
urTierTobaSi, pirdapiri pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba Tavis moqmedebebis gamo,
yovelive axlis miRebisaTvis mzadeba – ai, safuZvlebi im wvlilisa, romelic
Seaqvs iudaizms kacobriobis civilizaciur resursebSi.
muslimanuri civilizacia aRmosavlurTagan yvelaze axalgarzdaa (VI s.).
garkveuli warmodgena misi ideologiis Sesaxeb aucilebelia. paradoqsulia,
magram zogierTi Tavisi dogmiT muslimanoba sakmaod axlosaa qristianobis
ZiriTad praqtikul rekomendaciebTan, gansakuTrebiT mis marTlmadideblur
tradiciebSi. es religia msoflioSi yvelaze ufro Tanmimdevrulad atarebs
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erTRmerTianobis ideas. iTvleba, rom iyvnen winaswarmatyvelebi abraamidan
(ibrahimi), mosedan (musi) da iesodan (isi) yvelaze ufro did muhamedamde,
romelmac msoflios amcno erT RmerTze – alahze. axla islams (`alahisaTvis
Tavis dadeba~) misdevs 800 mln adamiani. 120 muslimanuri Temis qveynebidan _
alahisaTvis Tavdadebuli) 35 qveyanaSi muslimanebi (arabulad `muslimi~)
Seadgenen umravlesobas (Crd. afrika, axlo aRmosavleTi, TurqeTi, irani,
pakistani, avRaneTi da sxv.). maT Soris bevrSi islami saxelmwifo religiaa.
muslimanTa mTavari wignia yurani, romelic Tu gadavTargmniT, niSnavs: `is,
rasac kiTxuloben~. igi Sevsebulia moTxrobebis krebuliT _ muhamedis
moqmedebebiTa da gamonaTqvamebiT _ `suniT~. is muslimanebi, romlebic aRiareben
mas yuranTan erTad, iwodebian `sunitebad~. morwmuneTa saerTo raodenobidan isini
daaxloebiT 90 %-ia. sunitebis azriT, umaRlesi Zalaufleba unda ekuTvnodes
mTeli Temis mier arCeul xalifebs. meore muslimanuri Stoa Siitebi; isini
Tvlian, rom xalifTa Zalaufleba unda gadaecemodes mxolod muhamedis
biZaSvilis alis STamomavlebs.
Tuki miukerZoeblad wavikiTxavT yuranis ZiriTad debulebebs, masSi
aRmovaCenT ubralo da savsebiT misaReb wesebs yoveli wesieri adamianisaTvis:
morwmune unda zrunavdes Tavisi ojaxis keTildReobaze; ar eZios saqmeebSi
angareba; iswrafvodes sikeTisaken, ar mimarTos Zaladobas; daemorCilos Temis
mier arCeul kanonier xelisuflebas.
muslimanTa azriT, saero da religiuri Zalaufleba unda iyos Tavmoyrili
erT xelSi. muslimanTa qcevis wesebisa da principebis kompleqsi `SariaTia~
(`marTali gza~), romelic morwmuneTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mkacr
reglamentirebas axdens, es iqneba ojaxuri urTierTobebi, vaWrobis wesebi,
memkvidreobis ufleba, gadasaxadTa normebi, sameurneo samarTali Tu sagareo
politikis safuZvlebi. islamuri samarTali dafuZnebulia wminda werilze da
sajaro da samoqalaqo samarTlis problemebs aerTianebs.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom muslimanuri ideologia yvelaze saxelmwifoebrivia
mTel msoflioSi. saxelmwifos da bazris mudmiv da sayovelTao brZolaSi igi
ZiriTadad saxelmwifos mxarezea. garda amisa, is did mniSvnelobas aniWebs saTemo
principebs. amitom mis bazaze warmatebiT viTardeba saxelmwifo kapitalizmi da
specifikuri islamuri socializmi.
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islami acxadebs, rom adamiani sawarmoo resursebis mesakuTre ki araa, aramed
maTi ganmkargveli alahis droebiTi rwmunebulia. maSasadame, adamianisaTvis
mindobili resursebi unda gamoiyenebodes guldasmiT da uzrunvelyos realuri
saqonlisa da momsaxurebis namati. maTi gamoyeneba ar SeiZleba mevaxSeobisTvis, mas
islami gmobs. amitom muslimanurma bankebma SeimuSaves gasaocari qcevis modeli.
isini ar iReben sasesxo procents, samagierod xdebian Tavisi klientebis
monawileebi biznesSi da maTTan erTad iyofen saerTo mogebas. gansxvavebiT
mevaxSeobisagan, romelsac zizRiT ekideba, islamuri morali vaWrobas miakuTvnebs
prestiJul da pativsacem saqmianobas.
qristianoba dRes gayofilia sam msxvil mimarTulebad anu saeklesio
tradiciad: kaTolikoba, marTlmadidebloba da protestantoba. yvela am
tradicias aerTianebs rwmena qristesadmi da ZiriTadi wminda wignebi: biblia,
romelic aRwers msoflios warmoSobasa da Seqmnas, da saxareba (axali aRTqma),
romelic qristes cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs.
kaTolikur (gadmoTargmniT _ `universalur~) religias dRes qristianTa
didi umravlesoba misdevs. misi mimdevrebis ricxvi 900 milionia. es religia
ZiriTadia safrangeTSi, espaneTSi, italiaSi, laTinuri amerikis umetes da sxva
mraval qveyanaSi. ZiriTadad igi aerTianebs laTinurenovan qveynebs. mis oficialur
enas warmoadgens laTinuri, romelzec sruldeba saeklesio msaxureba da wes-
Cveulebebi. amitom kaTolikobas zogjer eZaxian laTinur tradicias.
kaTolikuri eklesiis niSandobliv Tvisebad iTvleba centraluzaciis
ukiduresi xarisxi. igi miiCnevs, rom mTeli sasuliero Zalaufleba Tavmoyrili
unda iyos romSi. kaTolikoba avtoritetebis religiaa. bibliasTan erTad
dakanonebulia eklesiis wminda mamaTa gadmocemebi, pirveli msoflio saeklesio
krebebis gadawyvetilebebi da oficialuri dokumentebi, momzadebuli papis da
saeklesio Zalauflebis centraluri organoebis mier.
romaul-kaTolikuri taZari gamoirCeva wes-CveulebaTa simravliT da saero
saqmeebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT. adre igi cdilobda saxelmwifosa da
ekonomikis saqmeebSi Carevas. dRes, bunebrivia, misi es swrafva Senelda, magram
dResac vatikani ara marto religiuri centria, aramed _ dedaqalaqic Zlieri
finansuri imperiisa. kaTolicizms midrekileba aqvs centralizaciisaken da
ierarqiisaken. es principebi Rrmad SeiWra misi aRmsarebeli xalxis SemecnebaSi,
amitom kaTolikur qveynebSi saxelmwifos roli ekonomikaSi mniSvnelovnad ufro
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aqtiuria, vidre prostestantulSi. eklesiis ierarqiulma struqturam
analogiuri Zalauflebis rTuli saero ierarqiis Seqmna ganapiroba, sadac did
rols TamaSobs Cinovnikoba. imavdroulad kaTolikuri religiis socialuri,
saTemo mimarTuleba qmnis karg niadags socialur-demokratiuli mimdinareobebis
ganviTarebisaTvis, romlebic mraval kaTolikur qveyanaSi ikaveben wamyvan adgilebs
Zalauflebis sistemaSi. kaTolikuri eklesia gamodis liberaluri doqtrinebis
kritikiT. igi Tvlis, rom kerZo sakuTreba Sedis winaaRmdegobaSi yoveli
adamianis uflebasTan isargeblos `mTeli samyaros dovlaTiT~. amitom mesakuTres
unda gaaCndes gansazRvruli, socialuri valdebulebebi da Tavs aridebdes
`sagnebis iseT flobas, romelic Semotrialdeboda Sromis winaaRmdeg~.
marTlmadidebluri, an orTodoqsaluri, religia cdilobs SeinarCunos
rwmena da wes-Cveulebebi pirvel qristianTa pirvelqmnili siwmindiT. mxolod
erTi SexedviT atarebs wminda sawesCveulebo xasiaTs misi gansxvaveba
kaTolikobisagan da protestantobisagan: jvris gadasaxva marjvnidan marcxniv,
Tanasworoba mama-RmerTis, Zis da suli wmidis, sxvadasxva kalendrebi, zeimebi,
wmindanebi da a.S. sadavo araa, rom uwinares yovlisa, marTlmadidebloba miiCnevs
erTaderT garantad bibliis erTian gagebas, Sesabamisad, sarwmunoebis WeSmaritebis
gagebaSi erTianobis udavo garantad Tvlis mxolod tradiciebis da gadmocemebis,
RmerTis Semecnebis realur gamocdilebas gadmocemuls mociqulTagan Tavis
mowafeebze, Taobidan Taobaze. marTlmadideblobis mniSvnelovan tradicias
warmoadgens episkoposTa, mRvdelTa da saeroTa krebis umaRlesi instanciad
aRiareba. krebebis gadawyvetileba qmnis demokratiuli Temis suls, sruliad
sawinaaRmdegos centralizebuli kaTolikobisa. dasavleTis qristianobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli cxovrebis saboloo miznis gageba mdgomareobs RvTiuri
sasufevlis mopovebaSi, rogorc usasrulo netarebis adgilisa. marTlmadidebloba
ki mouwodebs adamians ara netarebis Ziebas, Tundac damsaxurebuls da suliers,
aramed sulieri srulyofilebisken svlas. marTlmadideblobis TvalsazrisiT,
RmerTis sufeva sulis mdgomarebaa da ara jildo keTili saqmeebisaTvis.
marTlmadidebloba Zalauflebisken swrafvas Tvlis sulis avadmyofobad,
romlisganac saWiroa ganTavisufleba. da wamali aq erTia – siyvaruli da
sayovelTao patieba.
`giyvardes axloblebi~ _ mogviwodebs yvela religia; moepyari sxvebs ise,
rogorc ginda, rom Sen mogepyron – aris lozungi iudaizmis, konfucianelobis
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da mraval sxvaTa. Seiyvaro mteri Seni, rogorc sakuTari Tavi – bevrad Znelia da
swored rwmenis am aspeqtze axdenen aqcentirebas marTlmadideblebi. igi
ewinaaRmdegeba egoizms, ampartavnebas da ubiZgebs morCilebisaken, rameTu `RmerTi
amayebs ewinaaRmdegeba, xolo morCilebs uboZebs wyalobas~. jer kidev bizantiur
miwaTmflobelobis kodeqsSi iyo naTqvami, rom `sxvis venaxSi Sesulni, raTa
danayrdnen, dae nu daisjebian~. rogor ar hgavs es dasavleTevropul gamoTqmas:
`Cemi saxli – Cemi cixe-simagrea~.
a. g. movsesianisa da s. b. ognivcevis azriT, marTlmadidebeli Tavisi
xasiaTiT iswrafvis konservatizmisa da tradicionalizmisaken, romlebic uTuod
sasargebloa istoriis `Tanabar~ evoluciur etapebze, magram SeiZleba sargebloba
ver moitanos gardaqmnaTa periodSi. yvela zemoT ganxiluli civilizacia Caisaxa
uZveles dros da vercerTi maTgani ver iqneboda im ideologiuri sawyisis
matarebeli, romelic waadgeboda sazogadoebis sabazro kapitalistur
organizacias. mxolod XVI saukuneSi warmoSobili protestantuli religia
gaxda erTaderTi, romelic aSkara formiT qebas asxamda wminda burJuaziul
zneobas: dauRalav Sromas, mokrZalebul moxmarebas, patiosnebas saqmeebSi,
simdidris da kapitalis dagrovebas. Sua saukuneebSi angareba iTvleboda yvelaze
uaresad codvaTa Soris, xolo vaWari ar iyo RmerTisaTvis sasurveli.
warmatebuli ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro Seiqna ideologia, romelSic
angareba gadaiqceoda saTnoebad, xolo vaWari gaxdeboda gansakuTrebiT misaRebi
piri RmerTisaTvis. saWiro iyo rwmena, romlis mixedviTac adamiani ara marto
uflebamosili, aramed movalec iqneboda eSova rac SeiZleba meti fuli. am ori
saukunis win dasavlur sazogadoebaSi gabatonda warmodgena, romlis mixedviTac
individis keTildReoba niSnavs upirveles yovlisa misi piradi moxmarebis
maqsimizacias. am warmodgenis gareSe kapitalisturi motivaciis mTel struqturas
ekargeba azri, xolo ekonomikur zrdas _ mizani.
protestantoba Tavisi arsiT warmoadgens ramdenime saerTo principiT
dakavSirebuli mravali eklesiis an seqtis krebuls. pirveli principia _
`mxolod biblia~ (SOLA SCRIPTULA). saRmrTo werili aRiarebulia rwmenis
erTaderT sayrdenad. yvela Semdgomi wyaro uaryofilia. meore principia _
`mxolod piradi rwmeniT~ (SOLA FIDE). yoveli morwmune – mRvdeli, mimarTavs
RmerTs eklesiis Suamdgomlobis gareSe. mesame principia `dideba mxolod RmerTs~
(SOLI DEO GLORIA). arc papi, arc adamianis mier Seqmnili saeklesio
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institutebi ar arian uflebamosilni ganacxadon pretenzia RmerTis sibrZnesa da
Zalauflebaze. yovelive aman wyali Seuyena kaTolikur centralizms.
eklesiis Tavdapirveli reformacia mimdinareobda martin luTeris
xelmZRvanelobiT. mis mimdevrebs uwodeben reformatorebs an evangelistebs.
mogvianebiT reformatorebi gaiyvnen oTx mimdinareobad, wodebulni maTi sulieri
beladebis saxelebis mixedviT: luTeranebi, kalvinistebi – J. kalvinis mimdevrebi,
cvinglianelebi – ulrix cvinglis mimdevrebi, armianelebi – iakob arminias
mimdevrebi. yvelaferi es xdeboda XVI saukuneSi. XVII s-is damdegs
cvinglianelebi nawilobriv Seerwynen kalvinistebs, xolo meore nawilma saTave
daudo anababtizms, romelic gamodioda saeklesio privilegiebis da koleqtiuri
miwaTsargeblobis gauqmebis moTxovniT. zomieri anababtistebi gaxdnen menonitebi,
inglisma agreTve gawyvita kavSiri kaTolikur eklesiasTan da Seqmna anglikanuri
eklesia, romelsac ekava Sualeduri mdgomareoba protestantizmsa da
kaTolicizms Soris. mas tradiciulad meTaurobs Tavad mefe. anglikanuri
eklesiidan gamoiyvnen ufro radikaluri puritanebi (purus – sufTa), romlebic
imyofebian kalvinistebisa da anababtistebis ideebis gavlenis qveS. isini moicaven
presviterianebs, kogregacionalebs, kvakerebs da baptistebs. swored am eklesiebma
an seqtebma (rogorc gnebavT) moaxdines uzarmazari gavlena aSS-is ideologiis
Camoyalibebaze da dRemde imyofebian misi sulieri cxovrebis centrSi.
msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifos – aSS-s _ Tanamedrove civilizaciur
ideologiaze, garda religiisa, Zlier zegavlenas axdens specifikuri amerikuli
filosofiuri mimdinareobebi. pratikuli amerikelebi aRmoCndnen absoluturad
gulgrilni rTuli evropuli filosofiuri sistemebis mimarT. wminda amerikul
filosofiad iqca u. jeimsis pragmatizmi. man daxata mravalsaxovani msoflios
suraTi, romelSic adamianebs SeuZliaT Seimecnon mxolod nawilobrivi da
SezRuduli WeSmaritebani – WeSmaritebani, romelTac maTTvis moaqvT praqtikuli
sargebeli. am samyaroSi aravis SeuZlia moipovos monopolia bolo instanciis
WeSmaritebaze. is gamovida erTiani urTierTdakavSirebuli dogmebis winaSe
kapitulaciis winaaRmdeg, mokled rom vTqvaT, erTiani ideologiis winaaRmdeg.
amerikuli erovnuli xasiaTi imyofeba ori diametrulad
urTierTsawinaaRmdego sawyisis _ Rrmad damuSavebuli, sistemuri da
yovlismomcveli kalvinis ideologiis da pozitivizmis antiideologiis gavlenis
qveS. SesaZlebelia amitomac, amerikelTa ideebi, rogorc es moswrebulad SeniSna
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XIX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi tokvilma, an yvela saocrad viwro da mkafioa, an
sakmaod zogadi da bundovani.
roca vsaubrobT arareligiur ideologiebze, romelTac gavlena moaxdines
msoflio ekonomikur ganviTarebaze, ar SeiZleba ar vaxseboT marqsizm-leninizmi.
ZiriTad ekonomikur debulebebSi marqsizmi mSvenivrad esadageba TiTqmis yvela
msoflio religias da, SeiZleba iTqvas, Tavadac aris religia, yovel SemTxvevaSi
aranaklebi xarisxiT, vidre, vTqvaT, konfucianeloba. marqsizmis debulebani sul
ufro metad gadaiqceva gaqvavebul, naxevradreligiur formulebad da ar varganan
saxelmZRvanelod praqtikuli saqmeebis gadawyvetisaTvis. amasTanave marqsizmis
orientaciam XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi msoflio gavlenasa da msoflio
revoluciaze moaxdina ueWveli zegavlena saerToplanetaruli azrovnebis da
ideologiuri globalizaciis CamoyalibebaSi. paradoqsulia, magram swored
msoflio komunizmis talRisaTvis winaaRmdegobam ideologiur, ekonomikur da
samxedro sferoebSi gamoiwvia Sesabamisi mZlavri transerovnuli mimdinareobani
dasavleTis qveynebSi. aSS iZulebuli Seiqna mieRo komunizmis gamowveva da
prezidentma r. reiganma mouwoda sapasuxod msoflios `bazarze orientirebuli...
demokratiuli revoluciisaken~.
zogjer SeiZleba mogveCvenos, rom civilizaciuri ideologiebis da wes-
Cveulebebis Seswavla warmoadgens mxolod gansakuTrebul SemecnebiT interess,
romelic afarToebs Tvalsawiers. sinamdvileSi sxvadasxva xalxebis eTikis codna
saSualebas iZleva, rom ukeT warvmarToT sakuTari biznesi. magaliTad, rodesac
ici Cvevebi, ar unda gabrazde frangis an espanelis naxevarsaaTian dagvianebaze
molaparakebebis dros, mSvidad Sexvde ingliselis metismet TavdaWerilobas da
amerikelis gadaWarbebul ZmabiWobas. magram es, ra Tqma unda, araa mTavari.
partnioris an konkurentis religiuri aRmsareblobis an ideologiis codna
zogjer yvela ekonomikur-sadazvervo monacemebze ukeT gvaZlevs saSualebas
viwinaswarmetyveloT misi qceva sxvadasxva situaciaSi.
eTikur RirebulebaTa da, mTlianad eTikis roli ekonomikaSi bolomde araa
garkveuli da albaT arc saTanadod aris Sefasebuli. uwinares yovlisa, eTikuri
normebi saimedo instituciur bazas qmnian ekonomikuri moRvaweobisaTvis.
sxvaTa Soris, am Tu im calkeul mocemul SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis ara aqvs
mniSvneloba, Tu romeli religiis aRmsarebelia religiuri eTikuri normebis
mqone piri. mTavaria, rom naklebia albaToba, rom igi daarRvevs SeTanxmebas.
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oportunistuli (gamyidveloba) qcevis riski misi mxridan bevrad naklebia, da
Sesabamisad naklebi fulia saWiro garigebis dazRvevis saSualebebze dasaxarjad
da kontrolisaTvis. transaqciuri danaxarjebi – es sabazro ekonomikis Wiri –
mcirdeba. am azriT, eTika da ideologia ekonomiuria da ekonomikurad efeqtianic.
megaekonomikis rogorc erTiani planetaruli mTlianis Camoyalibeba stimuls
aZlevs erTiani, sayovelTao civilizaciuri ideologiis Seqmnas. saubroben imaze,
rom is unda Seiqmnas ZiriTadi civilizaciuri religiebis SeTanxmebis bazaze.
imowmeben l. n. tolstois imaze, rom maT Soris gansxvaveba arc ise didia.
religiis erTianobisaken mogviwodebs dRes sul ufro gavleniani mimdinareoba
`ekumenizmi~. Cven migvaCnia, rom es mowodeba da es tendencia globalizaciuri
procesebis dadebiT gamovlinebad ver CaiTvleba da rom ufro sworia
evrokavSiris gza, sadac erTianoba sulac ar moiTxovs saerTo religias.
ori-sami Taobis sicocxlis manZilze kacobriobis saqmianobam da masze
dafuZnebulma samecniero-teqnikurma progresma imdenad radikalurad Secvala
msoflio, rom ideologiis da filosofiis sagnobrivma sferom didi xania
gadainacvla obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvidan warmatebul praqtikul moqmedebaze
moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebisaTvis, sxvadasxva faqtoris zemoqmedebaze yvelaze
efeqtiani reaqciebis proeqtirebisaken, zemoqmedebaze, Sedegis maqsimizaciisaken.
swored warmatebis meqanizmebis uzrunvelyofis erTgvarovnebam, agreTve
globalizaciam da msoflio ekonomikis internacionalizaciam ganapiroba
civilizaciuri identurobis moTxovnileba.
am miznebsa da moTxovnilebebs aqvs rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi
mxareebi: kacobrioba sul ufro aRiqvams Tavis Tavs erTian organizmad. qveynebi
da kontinentebi sul ufro uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs, TandaTan qmnian erTian
kulturasac, biznesis saerTo wesebs, qcevis stereotipebs da ganaTlebis
standartebs. am qveynebis xalxebi, ufro met identificirebas axdenen raRac
axali civilizaciuri erTianobis doneze damkvidrebuli da SemuSavebuli `TamaSis
wesebiT~, romlebic saSualebas iZleva Tavisuflad da TviTdajerebulad
imoqmedon planetis TiTqmis yvela msxvil qalaqSi, magram isini inarCuneben
sakuTar kulturul tradiciebsac, sakuTar RirebulebiT orientirebsac. maTi
racionaluri mxareebis SenarCuneba da ganviTareba unda gaxdes momavali msoflio
wesrigis erT-erTi ZiriTadi piroba.
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2.2. didi qarTveli moazrovneebi globalizaciasa da
erovnuli ekonomikuri faseulobebis Sesaxeb
Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi‚ qveynis winsvla erovnuli
ekonomikuri Rirebulebebis gareSe warmoudgenelic aris da mizanSeuwonelic.
sakiTxis sirTulis gamo Cveni inteleqtualuri minaRwevris mxolod ramdenime
StrixiT SemovifarglebiT. kerZod‚ SevexebiT zogierT umTavres Rirebulebas‚
romlebic Cvenma didma moRvaweebma Camoayalibes. isini im mTavar orientirebs
migvaniSneben‚ saiTkenac unda viswrafodeT‚ raTa mivaRwioT optimalur sinTezss
zogadsakacobrio da erovnul Rirebulebebs Soris. es ki niSnavs, Cveni sakeTebeli
ise vakeToT‚ rom gaviTvaliswinoT da davnergoT msoflio civilizaciis miRwevebi
da Tanac es ise ganvaxorcieloT‚ rom Crdili ar mivayenoT‚ ar davkargoT Cveni
tradiciebi‚ SevinarCunoT Cveni TviTmyofadoba. amisTvis ki, upirvelesi yuradReba
unda mivapyroT qveynis ZiriTad erovnul Rirebulebebs, mis suverenitets,
usafrTxoebas, mSvidobas, demokratiasa da kanonis uzenaesobas, adamianis
uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemas, mosaxleobis materialur
keTildReobas.
mokled Tu vityviT‚ garduvali gaxda eris ganviTarebis kardinaluri
problemebis, misi keTildReobis globalur konteqstSi ganxilva da liberaluri
ekonomikuri orientirebis gonivnuli gansazRvra. amisaTvis ki‚ Tanamedrove ekono-
mikuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos Rrma mecnieruloba, rea-
listuroba, masStaburoba, sistemuroba da moqniloba. axali azrovneba unda
dafuZndes obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa Rrmad Semecnebaze, romelic axlandel
realobebs iTvaliswinebs. unda SegveZlos warsulis samarTliani Sefaseba. saWi-
roa gonivrulad mivudgeT saqmes, ar SemovifargloT amwuTieri amocanebiT.
yoveli sakiTxi kompleqsurad unda gadavwyvitoT. gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa
da realizaciis msvlelobisas droulad unda gaviTvaliswinoT axlad
warmoSobili garemoebebi, axali movlenebi da procesebi. aseTia mecnieruli
azrovnebis logika. ilia WavWavaZis moZRvreba, misi traqtatebi samarTlis da
filosofiis, ekonimikis da sociologiis, politikis da saerTaSoriso
urTierTobebis, istoriis da bibliologiis, marTlmadidebluri qristianobis da
saerTod, cxovrebis yovelgvari `kuTxe-kunWulis~’ Sesaxeb, swored aseT
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azrovnebas gvixsnis, ganmartavs, ayalibebs mis principebs da amiT gvexmareba Cveni
yoveldRiuri praqtikuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi. M
mainc ra aris is umTavresi Rirebulebani, romelTac dReniadag unda
veswrafvodeT da rogoria is meTodebi, gzebi da umTavresi principebi, romlebsac
Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi unda viyenebdeT Cveni miznebis misaRwevad?
umTavresi CvenTvis is unda iyos, romlis gareSec `Cven~, `Cven~, ar
viqnebodiT. aseTebad ilia WavWavaZes miaCnda mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba,
romlebsac `sam RvTaebriv saunjes~ uwodebda. igi aRniSnavda: `sami RvTaebrivi
saunje dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu amaTac ar
upatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?~ (i. WavWavaZe,
Txz., t.3, gv. 26-27).
am maradiul Rirebulebebs TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT, rom Cveni
mTlianoba da TviTmyofadoba ar davkargoT. mTavaria aseve vicodeT rogor, ra
gzebiT unda davicvaT Cveni mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba.
`mamulis~ Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe werda, rom es cneba JamTa viTarebam qonebis
saxelamde daaqveiTa, daamdabla da daaknina. amitom misi brwyinvaleba unda
avamaRloT da ganvadidoT. ilia werda: `samocian wlebSi yvelaze uwinares
gamobrwyinda daviwyebuli sityva `mamuli~, mTelis Tavis gulTmimzidvel da
didebul mniSvnelobiTa. visac-ki raime niSanwyali hqonda RmerTis mier miniWebul
madlisa da kalami xelT epyra, TiTqmis yvelani im gzas daadgnen, rom qarTvels
gulSi Causxon mamuli, romelic JamTa viTarebam uZrav qonebis saxelamdeRa
daaqveiTa da daamdabla. agre gaupatiurebulma sityvam samocian wlebis moRvaweTa
meoxebiT da RvawliT kvlav daiWira CvenSi kuTvnili adgili, viTarca mzem, da
Tavisi sxivosani Suqi mohfina mTels sivrces Cvenis cxovrebisas~ (t. III, gv. 225).
sarwmunoeba CvenTvis _ qarTvelebisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania. es kargad
Cans ilias Semdegi sityvebidan `qriste-RmerTi jvars ecva qveynisaTvis da Cvenc
jvars vecviT qristesaTvis. am patara saqarTvelos gadavuReReT mkerdi da am
mkerdzed, rogorc kldezed, davudgiT qristianobas saydari, qvad Cveni Zvlebi
vixmareT da kirad Cveni sisxli, da bWeTa jojoxeTisaTa ver Semusres igi~ (t. V,
gv. 12). ilia aseve dasZenda, rom qarTveli eri ufrTxildeboda Tavis rjuls,
romelic Tavis Sinagan Rirsebis garda duRabobas uwevda erTobas (t. IV, gv. 65-
66). `qristianobam Segvinaxa Cven Cveni miwa-wyali, Cveni ena, Cveni vinaoba, Cveni
erovneba~ (iveria, #9, 188, 2).
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ilia EWavWavaZis azriT, Tanamedrove samyaro, misi Semadgeneli nawilebi ise
mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli, isea urTierTgadajaWvuli, rom erTi
qveynis WeSmariti sargebloba imazea damyarebuli, rom meorec, sxvebic kargad
iyvnen. qveyana miT ufro met sargebels naxavs TviTon, rac ufro met sikeTes
moutans sxvebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom igi msoflios yvelaze ufro ganviTarebuli
qveynis, inglisis „sargeblobas~, mis „kargad yofnas~ damoukideblad, calke
aRebulad ki ar ganixilavs, aramed regionul, globalur konteqstSi. aseve udgeba
igi saqarTvelosac. 1879 wlis ianvris Sinaur mimoxilvaSi, exeboda ra ruseTisa
da inglisis metoqeobas aziaSi „mflobelobisaTvis~, avtori eris sayovelTao
keTildReobas msoflio masStabiT ganixilavda da SeniSnavda, rom inglisi `ecdeba
Zalauneburad imaT kargamyofobasac, vinc mas aziaSi binadrad daxvdeba...~ – o da
dasZenda: `azia saerTod da Cven TiTon sakuTriv varT saWironi aramc Tu Cvenis
TavisaTvis mxolod, aramed sxvisTvisac. Tumca bevri ram Seicvala qveynierobazed
am xuTas-eqvsas weliwadSi, magram es miwis-yeli, romelsac kavkasias eZaxian, ro-
melic aziisa da evropis karad yofila uwin da romlis dapyrobisaTvis bevri
sxvadasxva xalxis sisxli daRvrila, mainc isev karad darCa da xalxTa Soris
SuRlisa da cilebis mizezad iqneba kidec~. (i.WavWavaZe, Txz., t. 5, gv. 18).
ilia WavWavaZe miuTiTebda, rom miwaTmoqmedebis, safabriko da saqarxno
warmoebis gasaZliereblad gvWirdeba davagrovoT „saWiro codna da gamocdileba~,
aucilebelia sxvam ar dagvaswros da Cven TviTon davikavoT Cveni „niSi~ _
„moclili da sxvisgan dauWereli adgili~. Ees iyo da aris umTavresi gza, epoqis
moTxovna. swored amitom, eris mamam ar moiwona germaneli kapitalistis meisneris
mier gansaxorcielebeli investiciebi saqarTveloSi‚ radgan misi amxanagobis mono-
polizebuli saqmianoba Cvens xalxs gaaCanagebda da arsebobis safuZvlebs
gamoaclida. qveynis ekonomikis dawinaurebisaTvis ilia mizanSewonilad miiCnevda
Sromis nayofierebis gadidebas da soflismeurneobrivi specializaciis gonivrul
gaRrmavebas. igi „TviTarsebobisa~ da „TviTganviTarebisaken~ mogviwodebda da
miuTiTebda, rom yovel sameurneo operacias Tavisi Semosavali, „xeiri~ moaqvs.
amitom rac ufro met operaciebs Seasruleb Sen TviTon, rogorc qveyana, yvela
misi Semosavalic piradad dagrCeba.
ilia WavWavaZe gamokveTilad ayalibebs Tavis azrs imis Taobaze, rom
meisneris proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad Cveni xalxi arsebobis mTavari
safuZvlis, miwis gareSe darCeboda, rom erTeulebis gamdidrebis sawinaaRmdego
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mas araferi ar hqonda, magram didad samwuxaroa, rom amasTan erTad „cxovrebis
saxsari akldeba xalxs~-o. kerZod igi werda: „b-n eliozovisa da ioselianis
SiSs, rom amxanagoba miwasac xelidam gamogvacliso, sayuradRebo da Znelad da-
sarRvevi sabuTi aqvs. ai am saganzed ra sTqva 1845 w. parlamentSi exlandelma
pirvelma ministrma inglisisam gladstonma, romelsac, rogorc finansists,
TiTqmis cali ara hyavs mTels qveynierebazed: „erTi yvelazed samwuxaro ambavi
Cvenis qveynis (ese igi inglisis) yofacxovrebisa imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
ramodenadac Zlier bevrdeba umaRles wodebaTa xelSi simdidre da izrdeba Cvens
qveyanaSi kapitali, imodenad cxovrebis saxsari akldeba xalxs, imodenad
naklebuloba da siRatake matulobs muSa-xalxs Soriso~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. 5,
gv. 230). swored aseTi principebis gaTvaliswinebit da xalxis interesebis
dacviT unda vudgebodeT ucxouri investiciebis Semosvlas saqarTveloSi
amJamadac.
ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevda, rom qveyanam ise unda gamoiyenos Tavisi absoluturi
da SefardebiTi upiratesobani, rom misi ekonomikis mdgradobas safrTxe ar
daemuqros da xalxisTvis, arsebobisTvis saWiro saxsrebi advilad da iafad
mosapovebeli gaxados. aseTi naazrevi yoveli xelisuflebisagan did dakvirvebas
moiTxovs. Gglobalizaciis, liberaluri sabazro ekonomikis sayovelTaod
ganvrcobis pirobebSi absoluturi da SefardebiTi upiratesobebis zomis zustad
migneba, ganviTarebis misaRwevad, misi gonivruli, eris saerTo interesebis dacviT
gadawyveta, xelisuflebis, sazogadoebis yvelaze prioritetuli, sayoveldReo
amocanaa.
ilia WavWavaZem, saukuneze meti xnis win, 1897 wlis 31 dekembers, qarTveli
xalxis mier ori aTasi wlis manZilze ganuwyeteli brZolebis, omebisa da
sisxlis Rvris Sedegad ganvlili gadarCenis gza gaaanaliza. hkvirobda wminda
ilia marTali: ram gagvaZlebina, rogor gadavrCiTo? pasuxsac Caswvda da amoicno,
rom saqarTvelo orma didma saidumlom gadaarCina. Cveni gadarCenis pirveli didi
saidulo is aris, rom WeSmarit patriotizms mudam Tan axlda namdvili
profesionalizmi. amis Sesaxeb ilia WavWavaZe wers: „yvela es SevZeliT da
sakiTxvad saWiroa, _ ram SegvaZlebina? ram gvixsna? jvarcmulni qristesTvis
rogor gadavrCiT? wamebulni da sisxl-mTxevelni mamulisaTvis ramRa gvacocxla,
ram gvasuliera? man, rom vicodiT - im dros ra undoda, ra iyo misi cixe-
simagre, misi far-xmali. vaJkacoba undoda, vaJkacni viyaviT. xmali undoda, xmlis
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Wedva vicodiT. omis saqmeTa codna undoda, omis saqmeni vicodiT. ai, ram
SegvaZlebina, ram gvixsna, ram Segvinaxa!.. im droTa Carxze gaCarxulni viyaviT, im
droTa qar-cecxlSi gamofoladebulni, im droTa samWedurSi naWedni. „silbo
gvqonda naqsovisa~ _ viT qristianebs „da simtkice naWedisa~ _ viT meomrebsa da
mamuliSvilebs. amiT gavitaneT Tavi, droTa Sesaferi Rone vicodiT, droTa
Sesaferi xerxi, droTa Sesaferi codna gvqonda, droTa Sesaferi mxneoba da gamr-
jeloba...~ (i. WavWavaZe, Txz., t. 5, gv. 12).
saqarTvelos gadarCenis meore didi saidumlo, aris misi ekonomikuri wyoba.
ilia WavWavaZe konkretulad axasiaTebs Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobis
saidumlos. kerZod igi wers: „Cvena gvgonia, sikeTe Cvenis ekonomiuris
agebulebisa da wyobisa imaSi yofila, rom miwa, ese igi mamul-deduli, cotad Tu
bevrad ufro samarTlianad morigebuli yofila Cvens xalxSi, vidre sadme sxvagan.
sakvirvelia, rom dRes-aqomamde umamulo, ubinao kaci CvenSi TiTqmis arsad ar
moiZeveba. amisTana wyobam mihmarTa usaTuod Cveni xalxi miwaTmoqmedebas, romelic
ufro dauSromeli da mkvidri wyaroa xalxisa da qveynis sazrdoebisaTvis, vidre
sxva ram. xsna Cvenis qveynisa am wyobaSi unda yofiliyo....
aqedan cxadia, Cveni mefeebi ras unda gahfrTxilebodnen. rogorc etyoba,
ufrTxildebodnen kidec, Tu ar mefeni, TiTon xalxi mainca. es iqidama sCans, rom
Cveulebam frTa Seakveca sakomlo ganviTarebas, radgan yvelgan sakomlo
gansazRvruli iyo zogan ocis dRiuriTa, zogan ormocis dRiuriTa, mamulebis
noyierebisa gvarad. ase rom erTs komls sofelSi CveulebiT dadgenilzed meti ar
SeeZlo mamulebi daeWira. tyisa da mindvris gansakuTreba xom yovlad SeuZlebeli
iyo da dResac aqamomde Cvenis xalxis gonebaSi vera Tavsdeba is azri, rom tye da
mindori sakuTreba iyos visime da ara samsoflo~ (Txz., t. 4, gv. 177).
aseTia saqarTvelos gadarCenis „saidumloebani~, romlis dacva Tanamedrove
globalizaciis procesSic aucilebelia. misi arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
qarTvelma xalxma icoda, Tu sad unda moeZebna misi gadarCenis gzebi, cxovrebis
azri.
rogorc ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda, Zveli saqarTvelos ekonomikuri wyobis
umTavresi azri is aris, rasac Cven ,,xiznobas~ vuwodebT da ilias sityvebiT rom
vTqvaT: ,,xiznoba imisTana miwaT-mflobelobaa, romelic arc sakuTrebaa, arc ijara
da erTisa da meoris Sua ki dgas, rogorc gansakuTrebuli, erT-gvari, Taviseburi
saxe miwaT-mflobelobisa~ (,,iveria~, #221, 1886, 2). aseTi urTierTobis dros
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miwis damqiravebels SeeZlo miwa hqonoda Tavis sargeblobaSi da mflobelobaSi
samudamod, aseve gadaeca Tavisi STamomavlebisaTvis, Tumca, misi gayidvis ufleba
mas ar hqonda, radgan miwis sruli mesakuTre ar iyo. vfiqrobT, rom am formis
optimaluri gamoyeneba dResac did sargeblobas moutans qveyanas, raTa Tavisi
resursebi xalxs moaxmaros uklebliv da srulad.
ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri midgomebidan Cveni epoqisTvis umniSvnelovanesia
agreTve, rom mis mier yvelaferi, yovelgvari movlena fardobiTobaSi anu
relatiurobaSi ganixileba. misi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli Tavisebureba
is aris, rom ilia yvelafers sakuTari qveynisadmi, misi adgilis (geostra-
tegiuli mdgomareoba), garemo pirobebis da istoriuli viTarebis (drois) niSniT,
maTze damokidebulebis mixedviT ganixilavda. misi Teoria ekonomikur cxovrebas
warmogvidgens ara rogorc movlenaTa, aramed rogorc Tanafardobis gagebas
(axsnas). Tavis TxzulebebSi ilia sul am Tanafardobis dadgenis ZiebaSia:
dReniadag cdilobs daadginos optimaluri, WeSmariti Tanafardoba,
sakuTrebis formebs, mis or umTavres, kerZo da sazogado formas
Soris; miiCnevs, rom sakuTrebis am or formas Soris iseTi
Tanafardobaa ukeTesi, rodesac Sroma aris Tavisufali rogorc
droSi, aseve sivrceSi.
xsnis zogadkacobriuli da erovnuli ekonomikuri idealebis
Tanafardobas (sazomis, „sawyaos~, „standartis~ Camoyalibebas).
klasikurad ganixilavs saerTo erovnuli da regionuli interesebis
Tanafardobas; miiCnevs, rom saerTo erovnul doneze unda
ganixilebodes ,,sayovelTao kanonmdeblobis warmoeba~ anu saerTo
kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba, ,,saerTo Semosaval-gasavali~ anu
qveynis finansebi da ,,sayovelTao mxedrobis dawyobiloba~ anu qveynis
Tavdacva, yvela danarCeni sakiTxi ki adgilze unda wydebodeso.
qveynis ganviTarebisTvis ucilobel pirobad WeSmariti adgilobrivi
mmarTvelobis damkvidrebas, adgilobrivi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisa
da TviTmmarTvelobis optimalur gamijvnas moiTxovs ,,evropiuli
gamocdilebis~ gaTvaliswinebiT.
asabuTebs fritrederuli (liberaluri, Ria) da proteqcionistuli
sagareo ekonomikuri politikis Tanafardobas, qveynis
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,,TviTarsebobisa~ da ,,TviTganviTarebis~ uzrunvelsayofad da sxva
mravali.
swored aseTi Tanafardobis dadgenis safuZvelze miiCnevs ilia SesaZleblad
mTeli sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas. es ki universalur
meTods warmoadgens zogadkacobriuli da erovnuli Rirebulebebis optimaluri
sinTezis misagnebad, Cveni „me~-s, „adgilobrivi wvrilmanebis~, tradiciebis da zne-
CveulebaTa SenarCunebis gziT saerTo winsvlis misaRwevad. yovelive zemoT
aRniSnuls, Tanamedrove globalizaciis epoqaSi TiToeuli qveynisTvis
fasdaudebeli, gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba aqvs.
ilia WavWavaZe qveynis winsvlisaTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovnad miiCnevda swavlas
da ganaTlebas. am Rirebulebebs igi gansakuTrebul rols aniWebda da swored amas
miiCnevda daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar dedoflis xanis saqarTvelos warmatebis
umTavres safuZvlad. ilias miaCnda, rom saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi Tavisufle-
bisaTvis mebrZol qarTvel xalxs `...Tu Siga-da Sig, Wrelad, ramdenime weliwadi
mosveneba Sexvedria, maSinve is mosvenebis dro Seuwiravs swavlisa da
ganaTlebisaTvis. daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar dedoflis mefoba am SemTxvevaSi
metad sanugeSo magaliTebs warmogvidgens...~ (i. WavWavaZe. Txzulebani, t. IV, gv.
321). Tavis mniSvnelobas dResac ar kargavs is princpiebi da umTavresi
Rirebulebebi, romelTa ganxorcielebis Sedegadac SeiZleba mivaRwioT winsvlas.
am principebs Soris aRsaniSnavia: erTianoba, TavisuflebisaTvis Seupovroba,
aRmSenebloba, reformebi da gamarjveba.
cnobilma qarTvelma poetma eTer TaTaraiZem‚ vaJa-fSavelas cxovrebis metad
saintereso mxareebis Sesaxeb Tavis SesaniSnav gamokvlevas‚ mgosnis siyrmis
Svilis‚ gulqan razikaSvilis Semdegi sityvebi SeurCia saTaurad: „mamama RmerTs
Camahyara saxeli”. wignis saTauri migvaniSnebs‚ rom vaJa-fSavela Tavisi
sulierebiT, gonebiTa da gagebT srul WeSmaritebamde amaRlda. amitom didi
mgosnis msoflxedvis mTavari orientirebis‚ gansakuTrebiT ki misi
zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebis Seswavla Tanamedrove poziciebidan didi
Teoriuli da praqtikuli mniSvnelobis saqmea. sul sxvaa‚ rodesac gkarnaxoben,
rogor gavigoT Semoqmedis namoRvawari imasTan SedarebiT‚ rodesac amas aravin ar
gkarnaxobs da Sen TviTon ganixilav mgosnis naazrevs drois mixedviT‚ axleburad‚
Tanamedrove „eniT” da midgomebiT‚ anu evoluciurad‚ rac Tanamedrove
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gadasaxedidan mis Seswavlas niSnavs. mxolod ase SeiZleba didi Semoqmedis
SexedulebebSi aRmovaCinoT iseTi ideebi‚ Rirebulebebi an principebi‚ romelTac
cxovreba unda daefuZnos globalizaciis pirobebSi. distanciidan danaxuli
Sefasebebi mudmiv urTierTqmedebaSi myof sazogadoebas mTeli Tavisi WeSmaritebiT
warmoaCenen. mTavaria aseT Tvalsawiers miagno da igi sistemurad asaxo.
zogadplanetaruli ganviTarebis‚ zeerovnul xanaSi‚ rodesac nebismieri qveynis
mdgomareoba mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba imiT‚ rac mis farglebs gareT‚ saer-
TaSoriso masStabiT xdeba, vaJa-fSavelas zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobis naazrevi
ganmsaxRvrel RirebulebaTa rangSi amaRlebuli warmoCndeba. klasikoss am
TvalsazrisiT marto erTi publicisturi werili „kosmopolitizmi da
patriotizmi~ rom daewera‚ aRarafers vambobT‚ magaliTad‚ poemaze
„gvelismWameli~‚ isic sakmarisi iyo erovnul da zogadsakacobrio movlenebis
optimaluri sinTezis ganmsazrvreli Rirebulebebis misagnebad.
sadavo ar aris is‚ rom mwerali miT ufro didia‚ rac ufro zogadi‚ zogad-
kacobriuli Rirebulebebisa da problemebis gamoxatvis SemZlebia igi‚ radganac
swored es aris sazomi anu sawyao misi msoflio mniSvnelobisa. ufro gasagebad
Tu vityviT‚ is rac zogad-kacobriulia‚ mTeli kacobriobis kuTvnilebaa‚ rogorc
mecniereba‚ romelic yvelas ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa. Tavis werilSi
„kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi~ vaJa-fSavela werda: „genioss‚ rogorc
pirovnebas‚ individs‚ aqvs sakuTari samSoblo‚ sayvareli‚ saTayvanebeli‚ xolo mis
nawarmoebebs ara‚ vinaidan igi mTeli kacobriobis kuTvnilebaa‚ rogorc
mecniereba...~ (vaJa-Savela, kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi, ix. Txzulebani, Tb.
1986, gv. 681).
geniosis nawarmoebis zogadkacobriulobis mTavari sazomi aris mecniereba‚
romelsac aqvs Zala TiToeuli adamiani‚ yvela eri da mTeli msoflio waiyvanos
win ekonomikurad‚ politikurad da socialurad. ese igi‚ is aris wamali‚
romelic yvelas erTnairad kurnavs. vaJa-fSavela aRniSnavda: „mecniereba da
geniosebi gvixsnian gzas kosmopolitizmisaken‚ magram mxolod patriotizmis‚
nacionalizmis meoxebiT. ganaviTareT yoveli eri iqamdis‚ rom kargad esmodes
Tavisi ekonomikuri‚ politikuri mdgomareoba‚ Tavis socialuri yofis avkargi‚
mospeT dRevandeli ekonomikuri ukuRmarToba da‚ ueWvelia‚ maSin moispoba
erTisagan meoris CasanTqmelad miswrafeba‚ erTmaneTis rbeva‚ omebi‚ romelic dRes
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gamefebulia dedamiwis zurgze~ (vaJa – fSavela, kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi,
ix. Txzulebani, Tb. 1986, gv. 681).
es iseTi WeSmaritebaa‚ romelsac istoria yovel etapze gvimtkicebs. amis
dadasturebaa Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikuri integraciis ganviTareba‚ romlis
naTel magaliTs warmoadgens evrokavSiris saqmianoba. amitom Cven gvWirdeba „iseTi
erovnuli kulturis ganviTareba‚ romelic zogad sakacobrio TvalsazrisiTac
obieqtur Rirebulebas warmoadgens da romelsac‚ amdenad‚ wvlili Seaqvs‚ ragind
mcirec ar unda iyos igi‚ msoflio civilizaciaSi‚ zogadsakacobrio kulturaSi~
(T. gamyreliZe, sityva, warmoTqmuli ilia WavWavaZis dabadenidan 160 wlisadmi
miZRvnil saiubileo saRamoze. Ggaz. ,,literaturuli saqarTvelo~, 1997 wlis 28
noemberi – 5 dekemberi, gv. 1). swored amaze werda akaki wereTeli, rom qarTveli
„jer unda TviTon suliT amaRldes‚ rom sxvas miuZRvnas mere man Zmoba~.
vaJa-fSavelas msoflSegnebis WeSmariti Rirebulebebis Seswavla evoluciur
midgomas saWiroebs. aseTi midgoma mwerlis Sexedulebebis adgilis‚ garemo
pirobebisa da drois mixedviT Seswavlas gulisxmobs. swored aseTi orientaciiT
xasiaTdeba qarTveli mkvlevaris‚ giorgi arabulis klasikuri wigni „vaJa-fSavelas
sami poema”. rogorc avtori aRniSnavs‚ umTavresi dedaazri‚ ris warmoCenasac vaJa-
fSavela Tavis poemebSi da saerTod yvelgan cdilobs, is aris‚ rom adamianSi
umTavresi misi, rogorc adamianis Rirebulebaa. swored amis mixedviT unda
vafasebdeT mas da ara imis mixedviT‚ Tu romeli erovnebis warmomadgenelia igi.
vaJa-fSavela Rirsebas umTavres‚ adamianur Rirebulebad Tvlida. Rirseuli ki
iseTi adamiania‚ romlis mentaliteti tolerantobaze‚ Semwynareblobaze‚
gansxvavebli azris aRiarebazea dafuZnebuli. Rirseulia iseTi adamiani‚ romelsac
pirovnuli da erovnuli egoizmi dauZlevia da WeSmaritad mdidari sulis
adamianad qceula. erTi sityviT‚ Rirseuli iseTi adamiania‚ romelic ise eqceva
sxvas‚ rogorc unda rom TviTon mas eqceodnen. vaJa-fSavela zneobriobis
gvirgvinia. misi nawarmoebebis gmirebi zneobrivi gmirebi arian, romlebmac Temze
maRla adamianuri Rirebulebebi daayenes. mxolod ase SeiZleba yvela sikeTisa da
bunebrivi faseulobebis gamanadgurebeli siZulvilis daZleva da WeSmaritebasTan‚
siyvarulTan miaxloeba.
sikeTisken swrafva vaJa-fSavelas adamianurobis yvelaze mTavar sazomad
miaCnda da aRniSnavda:
„visc hSian‚ swyuran keTili‚
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igi megulvis kacada~
arc zneobrivi‚ arc ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT adamiani adamians ar unda
„hxuTavdes~‚ ar unda sCagravdes:
„rad minda maSin sicocxle‚
lukmasa vsWamde sxvisasa~-o‚ – werda vaJa-fSavela.
Tanamedrove globalizirebul samyaroSi‚ Cveni TviTmyofadoba Cven TviTon
unda davicvaT. vinmes ar unda SevyurebdeT xelebSi da mowyalebas sxvebisgan ar
unda velodoT. Cveni saqme Cven TviTon unda vakeToT. „Sens Tavs Senve mouareo. es
kanoni – istoriuli kanonia...~ – aRniSnavda ilia WavWavaZe. aseve genialurad
werda ilia WavWavaZis Zma‚ Svili‚ TanamebrZoli‚ didi poeti vaJa-fSavela 1896
wels:
„xelebs nu ikrebT gulzeda‚
saqmes nu agdebT RmerTzeda‚
TviT upatroneT Tavis Tavs‚
nu imedovnebT sxvebzeda~.
vaJa-fSavela universalur, maradiul Rirebulebad Tavisuflebas Tvlida
da mis sapirwoned mxolod sicocxle miaCnda, Tvlida, rom adamianma medgrad unda
ibrZolos ,,da ar dazogos sicocxle Tavisuflebis mosapoeblad~ (vaJa-fSavela,
kosmopolitizmi da patriotizmi, ix. Txzulebani, Tb. 1986, gv. 760). Tavisufali
iseTi adamiania, romlis yovelgvari saqmianoba mimarTulia qveynis sabednierod,
avazaki ki, ,,Tavisuflad iqceva mxolod piradi sargeblobisTvis~-o. Tavisufleba
niSnavs imas, rom adamians ,,eZleva saSualeba patiosani SromiT moipovos puri
arsebisa~, sadac Sroma Rirseulad fasdeba, sadac Tanasworadaa ganawilebuli
codna, qoneba, sadac qonebriv uzrunvelyofas Tan `axlavs eris saerTo gonebrivi
simwife~.
TviT vaJa-fSavelas yvelaze didi Rirseba is aris‚ rom igi‚ eris did
moRvaweebTan erTad‚ zneobriobis umaRless kvarcxlbekze dgas.
vaJa-fSavelam, Tavis moTxrobaSi `kldem mxolod erTxel sTqva~ simbolurad
dagvmoZRvra, rom mxolod siyvaruli agvacilebs Tavidan yvela im `codvas~,
`Secdomas~ da `sacodaobas~, rac datrialebula da trialebs dedamiwis zurgze.
am moTxrobaSi aris mcdeloba imis garkvevisa, Tu ra aris yvelaze umTavresi
Rirebuleba adamianisaTvis, rasac sazogadoeba unda efuZnebodes, razedac
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kldesaviT mtkiced unda vidgeT, rasac araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar unda gadavuxvioT.
avtori kldesTan aseT saubars marTavs:
` _ aaax! rogor guliT mondomebuli var adgilidan daiZra, gaxvide xalxSi
da iqadago! ra mSvenieri suraTi damidgeboda Tvalwin: auarebeli xalxi da maT
SuaSi Camdgari Sen, klde, hgadagebde egre medidurad, warbSeuxrelad,
mourideblad, ukrZalavad. Cven, roca kacis xasiaTis simtkice gvinda gamovsaxoT,
vambobT: kldea, swored kldeao. da axla is warmoidgine, TviT klde esaubrebodes
qveyanas... maSin ra iqneba? nuTu saswauls ar moaxdendi? magram ara, hzarob,
geZneleba adgilidan daZvra, SeCveuli xar erT adgils dogmas, ar gexerxeba
ganZreva. geSinian, rom gavinZre, gavCuCunde, sulerTianad davifuSebio.
_ me ras vityvi iseTs, Senc ar SegeZlos imisi Tqma?
_ risa? magaliTad?
_ mxolod sami sityvisa: giyvardeT kacno, erTmaneTi! Sen ggonia, sakvirvels,
axals rasme gaswavli da an vaswavli qveyanas? xolo am sityvebs gansakuTrebuli
yuradReba unda mieqces, Sina da karSi es xma unda ismodes, pirveli mcneba es
unda iyos, deda amas unda CasCiCinebdes Svils akvanSi, ise gamudmebiT, rom es
CaZaxili veRara gziT ver amoiSalos adamianis gulidan, rogorc Cems mkerdze
veraferi amohSlis wyalTa da zvavTa nakvalevs. anu, uked rom vsTqvaT, is patara
buSti leSisa, romelsac Tqven guls eZaxiT, iqces erT, mxolod erT sityvad –
giyvardes~.
ivane javaxiSvili. 1944 wels gamoqveynebul werilSi grigol robaqiZe ivane
javaxiSvils ilia WavWavaZis uSualo memkvidred da misi saqmis gamgrZeleblad
warmogvidgens. (ix.: grigol robaqiZe, CemTvis simarTle yvelaferia. krebuli. Tb.,
1996, Sps `jek-servisi~‚ gv. 205-208).
grigol robaqiZis gadmocemiT, 1907 wels saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi
qarTveli swavluli moxsenebas kiTxulobs. TeatrSi teva aRaraa. msmenelTa Soris
imyofeba didi qarTveli ilia WavWavaZe‚ romlis Tanadaswreba mTel krebas sazeimo
iersa hfens. `... momxsenebeli laparakobs nela‚ pauzebiT: etyoba – swonis da
zomavs naTqvams. sityva TiTqo ar emorCileba – albaT cdilobs: arc meti iTqvas
da arc naklebi. arcerTxel xmis amaRleba: naazris cxadeba ise gulisxmieria misi.
damswreni guldasmiT ismenen yovel sityvas momxseneblisas – da grZnoben
TandaTan, rom maTSi raRac izrdeba nel-nel‚ anu ukeT: raRac imarTeba‚ ase
tkbili da Zalis momgvreli. saqarTvelos xerxemali? swored es da mxolod es.
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Tavdeba moxseneba. msmenelni afrTovanebiT acileben axlad movlenil swavluls‚
xolo Tvali mainc ilias mimarT uWiravT: undaT gaigon‚ Tu ras ityvis
dauRalavi mouravi saqarTvelos kulturisa. neli‚ mokle‚ Sinagan aRvivebuli
sityviT amcnebs didi qarTveli irgvliv TavmoyrilT Tavis gaxarebas. ilias
sityva edeba mTel krebas – rigidan rigebs – viTar madliT ganfenili dasturi.
sixaruli matulobs. bolos es „ganaCeni~ momxsenebelsac swvdeba. mis mSvid saxes
naTeli efineba – TiTqo hsurs gamxnevebuls gasZaxos xevsurulad: „jani
mamimatis!~ axalgazrda swavluli ivane javaxiSvilia~ (iqve, gv. 205-206).
`saqarTvelos kulturis dauRalavi mouravis~ kmayofileba, rogorc grigol
robaqiZe aRniSnavs, imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom ivane javaxiSvilma qarTul
sazogadoebas idealurad warmoudgina eris wiaRSi Casaidumloebuli genia, misi
Rirebulebebi, misi TviTmyofadobis xerxemali da es ise gaakeTa, saTqmeli ise
Tqva da sakeTebelic ise akeTa, rac mxolod saRmrTo madliT mosil rCeuls
xelewifeba. swored amitom daasaxela didma iliam Tavis memkvidred ivane
javaxiSvili.
gadis ramdanime Tve. saqarTvelos Tavs atydeba didi ubedureba: wiwamuris
veli irwyveba didi qarTvelis sisxliT. mkvleli qarTvelTa naSieria‚ raic kidev
ufro amZafrebs tkivils. didia glova da vaeba. xolo saocari da sacnauri: eris
mier Rrmad gancdil tanjvaSi mkvleloba TandaTan „msxerplis” saxes iRebs –
msxverplis‚ romlis saidumloeba sinamdvilis gardamqmneli Zalaa.
yovel qarTvelSi iRviZebs saqarTvelo – iRviZebs ara wilobiT‚ aramed
mTlad: iRviZebs mTeli saqarTvelo‚ mTeli misi bediT. arc erTi meqme qarTveli
ar rCeba exla ganze ganapirebuli. yoveli maTganis gza midis amieridan am
msxverplis niSniT. xolo erTi kaci‚ romelic mTeli Tavisi arsiT saqarTvelos
saukunoebSi gawvdil wiaRSia gadasuli‚ albaT yvelaze ufro Rrmad ganicdis am
Sinagan gardaqmnas. es kaci uTuod ivane javaxiSvilia sixaruli‚ ilias gaxarebiT
Sobili‚ exla misTvis „kurTxevad~ iqceva. xolo kurTxeva mowodebaa da
daniSnuleba. ilia iRvwoda saqarTvelos mzeosan xelmwifebis aRdgenisTvis.
sityviT‚ saqmiT‚ cxovrebiT. kurTxeva-miRebuli swavluli xedavs exla naTliv: man
unda ganagrZos es gza‚ metad mZime garna metadve saSuri. magram rogor?
javaxiSvili mematianea‚ meistorie‚ gamoikvlevs saqarTvelos Tavgadasavals – igi
amiT daexmareba mis xelmwifebis aRdgenas. es aris exla misi uRrmesi rwmena‚
rwmena utyuari da marTebuli. gsurs gaigo „vina xar~‚ unda Seigno „vin iyav~.
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ginda iqce „ramed~‚ unda Seityo „ra ganvle~‚ „saiTken?~ mizanmxvedria maSin‚ Tu
esec ici: „saidan?~ istoria aris ara marto xsova warsulisa – igi Tanve qmediTi
monawilea momavlisa. am rwmeniT iwyebs javaxiSvili Tavis mowodebas. uamravi
siZneleni imarTebian mis win: evropaSi istoriuli kvleva gaadvilebulia:
swavluls aq yoveli dargi gakafuli xvdeba win: yoveli masala dalagebulia.
javaxiSvili ki TiTqmis yvelafers pirvelad unda Seexos. igi swavlobs evropasa
da ruseTSi: enebs‚ rogorc dasavleTisa ise aRmosavleTisa‚ paleontologias‚
arqeologias‚ eTnologias‚ xuroTmoZRvrebas – da kidev ras? dro da dro mokle
narkvevebsac aqveynebs – xolo yoveli es jer kidev mzadebaa mxolod da
masalasTan miaxloveba~ (iqve, gv. 206-207).
iwyeba msoflio omi. qarTvel erSi ocneba iRviZebs: vin icis‚ xalxTa Sexla-
Semoxla ise datrialdes‚ rom saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba ergunos. revolucia
arRvevs ruseTis imperias da qarTvel mamuliSvilTa ocnebas ganamdvilebis piri
uCans. RRmavdeba Segneba qarTvelisa – rogorc qarTvelis‚ TavdadebulTa erTi
mcire jgufi cdilobs daarsdes qarTuli universiteti‚ raTa am Segnebas
qvakuTxedi augos. am jgufis Taosani da sulis Camdgmeli ivane javaxiSvilia.
siZnele siZneles mosdevs‚ xolo energia TavgamodebulTa kidev ufro matulobs.
Semdeg qarTvel TavdadebulTa mcire jgufTan erTad ivane javaxiSvili
universitets afuZnebs.
„roca 1918 wels maisis 26 saqarTvelos TavisTavs ganTavisuflebulad
acxades‚ mis xelmwifebas ukve amarTuli aqvs Sinagani simagre: universiteti‚
qarTuli kulturis Cauqrobi kera~ (iqve, gv. 207).
***
„iwyeba dauRalavi‚ nayofieri Sroma. qarTuli universiteti iqceva
laboratoriad qarTuli Segnebisa. Sua gulSi aqac ivane javaxiSvilia:
TavganwirviT – romelic umagaliTo Tu ara samagaliToa – agrZelebs igi erTxel
dawyebul saqmes: agrovebs saqarTvelos yofidan yovelgvar masalas – Zvel
xelnawers‚ naxats‚ naxazs‚ gadmocemas‚ sigels – da kidev ras? agrovebs masalas‚
arCevs da ikvlevs da alagebs mas. xolo masala ufro da ufro xvavdeba.
javaxiSvili exla ikrebs mTels jgufs axalgazrda mkvlevarTa: TanaSromelTa da
damxmareTa. CaRdeba umagaliTo muSaoba. „qarTveli eris istoria~ – mTavari Sroma
javaxiSvilisa – izrdeba TandaTan: Tvidan Tvemde‚ wlidan wlamde. es araa
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Cveulebrivi „istoria~‚ igi ufro enciklopediaa. yvelaferia aq ganxiluli:
qarTvelTa warmoSoba‚ naTesav tomTa erT erad qceva da Camosxma‚ qarTuli ena‚
nivTieri da sulieri kultura saqarTvelosi‚ xelmwifebis dgena da ganmtkiceba
misi‚ bedi Tu ubedoba‚ marji da marcxi – yvelaferia aq ganxiluli. da mere
rogor? aiReT nimuSad ganxilva qarTuli sityvisa „mze~‚ romelsac am SromaSi
TiTqmis mTeli sami gverdi uWiravs. es ganxilva sworupovari cdaa enis Sinagani
denis‚ misi miTiur-msaxierebeli cnevisa. da ase yvelgan‚ yovel dargSi. drodadro
igi am naSroms sxvadasxva narkvevebiT avsebs da amagrebs. igi ikvlevs: qarTul
samarTals‚ qarTul eklesias‚ qarTul xuroTmoZRvrebas‚ qarTul mxatvrobas‚
qarTul musikas‚ geografias‚ damwerlobas‚ arqeologiur naSTebs – da kidev ras?
qarTul mevenaxeobasac ki! da mere ra siyvaruliT da gulmodginebiT! ar
darCenila arc erTi lerwi‚ romelic mas „raobis” mixedviT ar ganexilos. ar
darCenila arc erTi mtevani‚ romelic mas „Tvisebis~ mxriT ar ganexilos. mtevnis
marcvalic raa – misi mniSvnelobac ki aqvs gaSuqebuli. da ase yvelgan‚ yovel
dargSi.
didia naSromi ivane javaxiSvilisa da fasdaudebeli misi danatovari. mis
istoriul nakvlevSi – aq mexmareba genia qarTuli sityvisa – monivTulia
„cxovrebai qarTlisai~. diax – „monivTuli~. es qarTuli sityva‚ sxva enaze
uTargmneli‚ sworupovrad marTavs naSroms Cveni istorikosisa. momavali
meistorie‚ romelic daisaxavs miznad: aRmoaCinos qarTvelTa viTarebaSi msoflio
qcevis erT-erTi gulisxmieri saxeoba – javaxiSvilis mier „monivTul~
TavgadasavalSi saqarTveloisa ipovis yvelafers dasaxulis misaRwevad. maSin
dafasdeba igi sabolood rogorc mklevari – winamorbedi‚ xolo CvenTvis dResac
naTelia erTi ram: ivane javaxiSvilma pirnaTlad gaamarTla kurTxeva‚ didi
iliasagan idumali gzis miRebuli: da amiT ukvdav hyo Tavisi pirovneba qarTveli
eris dauSretel wiaRSi~ (iqve, gv. 2080).
grigol robaqiZis es Sefasebani ivane javaxiSvilis pirovnebis maradiulobis
Sesaxeb udavod STambeWdavia, rac kidev ufro vrclad warmoaCina profesorma
sergo jorbenaZem 1981 wels gamocemul fundamentur monografiaSi _ `cxovreba
da Rvawli ivane javaxiSvilisa~. ivane javaxiSvilis fasdaudebeli nawerebi
qarTvelTaTvis didi ganZia misi msoflio donis, msoflio `standartis~
Rirebulebebis Ziebis, misi mignebis da zogadsakacobrio ganvrcobis, saerTo
keTildReobis miznis misaRwevad.
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bolos werilisTvis grigol robaqiZes aseTi minaweri gaukeTebia:
„P. S. zemoxsenebul moxsenebas javaxiSvilisa me ar davswrebivar: im Jamad
ucxoeTSi viyavi. Tu rogor Sexvda am moxsenebas ilia WavWavaZe – es ambavi
gagonili maqvs gansvenebul valerian guniasagan. sxvaTa Soris: ukanaskneli uzomo
Tayvaniscemeli iyo iliasi‚ romlis saxels igi icavda‚ rogorc Tavdadebuli
raindi~.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, uwmindesi da unataresi ilia II.
globalizaciisa da erovnuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kaTolikos-
patriarqis ilia II-is mosazrebebis ganxilva unda daviwyoT misi Semdegi
gamonaTqvamiT: `globalizacia aris gardauvali movlena da igi ukavSirdeba
mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis ganviTarebas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mTeli
msoflio gaxda globaluri, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom didma qveynebma
unda STanTqan mcire qveynebis kulturuli, sulieri Tu erovnuli faseulobani,
raTa Seiqmnas erTiani da usaxo kultura.
zogs hgonia, TiTqos mcire erebis sulieri Tu erovnuli faseulobani qmnis
konfliqts da dapirispirebas, rac SesaZloa mtrobasa da SuRlSic gadaizardos.
sinamdvileSi es sulac ar aris ase. es faseulobani, maTi mravalferovneba,
piriqiT, amdidrebs msoflios~ (saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II, sityva
globalizaciisa da civilizaciaTa dialogis saerTaSoriso forumze, Seraton-
metexi palasi, 24 seqtemberi, 2004. `sapatriarqos uwyebani~, #38, 2004, gv. 1).
2010 wlis 3 ianvris qadagebaSi ilia II-m gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miapyro
iseT saSur saqmes, rogoricaa unikaluri qarTuli faseulobebis samecniero-
popularul enaze damuSaveba da misi dacva maradiuli eris samsaxurisaTvis.
patriarqma kerZod aRniSna: `Zalian xSirad vambobT imis Sesaxeb, rom saqarTvelo
da qarTveli eri mdidaria Tavisi erovnuli faseulobiT, sulieri faseulobiT.
Tqven mogexsenebaT, rom yoveli monasteri iyo ara moRvaweobis adgili, aramed
iyo mecnierebis centri. es axasiaTebda saqarTvelos da qarTul monastrebs. da
bolos, roca Cven vekiTxebiT xalxs, mainc ra faseuloba gagvaCnia Cven? TiTqmis
ver vpasuxobT da ar viciT. viciT, rom mdidaria saqarTvelo Tavisi sulierebiT,
Tavisi wminda mamebiT, mowameebiT. viciT, rom mdidaria Tavisi xelovnebiT, Tavisi
literaturiT, Tu istoriiT da konkretulad Cven ver vasaxelebT. da, ai, am
globalizaciis procesSi, globalizaciis dros, yovelma qarTvelma adamianma unda
icodes, ra gagvaCnia Cven? me vfiqrob, rom unda daiweros soliduri wigni, sadac
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111
miiReben monawileobas mecnierebaTa akademia, universiteti, Cveni mecnierebi da,
konkretulad qarTvelma xalxma da mTelma msofliom unda icodes, rom
saqarTvelo aris mniSvnelovani ara marto strategiuli TvalsazrisiT, aramed
upirveles yovlisa, sulieri da materialuri faseulobiT~.
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi miiCnevs agreTve, rom msoflios
gadasarCenad saWiroa Camoyalibdes RirebulebaTa saerTo sistema, romelic misi
zneobrivi RerZis funqcias Seasrulebs. igi aRniSnavs: `saWiroa Camoyalibdes
sakacobrio RirebulebaTa zneobrivi RerZi, rasac Cven mTlianad mxars vuWerT da
migvaCnia, rom igi xels Seuwyobs civilizaciaTa Soris dialogs. es saqme saSuria,
dRes filosofiaSi da, saerTod, azrovnebaSi arsebobs aseTi cneba: swrafi
reagirebis kultura. marTlac, ise swrafad viTardeba movlenebi dedamiwaze, rom
Sesabamisad maTi swrafad aRqma aris saWiro da ara martooden aRqma, aramed
gaanalizeba da saTanado reagireba.
...adamiani aris gonieri arseba, igia xateba RvTisa da RvTisgan boZebuli
goneba man aucileblad keTilad unda gamoiyenos~ (iqve, gv. 2).
aqve patriarqi imasac gvTavazobs, rom Tu rogor unda mivaRwioT kulturaTa
da religiaTa Soris dialogs ise, rom yvela erma Tavisi religia SeinarCunos da
ise CamovayaliboT, miviRoT da ganvaxorcieloT yvelasaTvis erTiani Rirebulebebi,
RirebulebaTa saerTo zneobrivi RerZi. amis miRweva ki mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
aris SesaZlebeli, Tu dialogis dros araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SevexebiT
dogmatikas, Cvens mrwamss, religiis arss, ramac SeiZleba konfliqti gamoiwvios.
saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi globalizaciis epoqaSi erT-erT umTavres
Rirebulebad saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis Camoyalibebas miiCnevs. igi
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs mamulis msaxurebas WeSmariti rwmeniT‚
Rirsebis‚ Tavisuflebisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT. aseve mniSvnelovania
gavemijnoT ideologiur ukiduresobebs da gaviazroT „Cvenis~ saWiroebis
upiratesoba „mes~ da „Cemis~ saWiroebebze. 2005 wlis saaRdgomo epistoles
meSveobiT patriarqi gvmoZRvravs:
„rogorc yovel adamians‚ ersac amqveynad Tavisi misia aqvs. saamayoa‚ rom
mTeli istoriis manZilze vinarCunebdiT Cvens funqcias‚ – mtris auracxeli
Semosevebis miuxedavad saukuneTa manZilze viyaviT aRmosavleTSi qristianuli
kulturuli samyaros forposti‚ xolo jvarosnuli omebis dros‚ – mTeli
evropuli koaliciis angariSgasawevi mokavSire Zala.
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dRes msoflio procesebi axal gamowvevas sTavazobs yvelas‚ Cvenma ermac
pasuxi unda gasces globalizaciis mier SemoTavazebul moTxovnebs da Tavisi
adgili da funqcia ipovos Tanamedrove msoflioSi‚ rac aucileblad moiTxovs
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis Camoyalibebas. saxelmwfiebrivad moazrovne
sazogadoebis arseboba ki qveynis warmatebis sawindaria.
mamulis msaxureba WeSmariti rwmeniT erT-erTi umTavresi Rvawlia;
eklesiisagan swored am niSniT arian wmindanebad Seracxilni: cotne dadiani‚
demetre Tavdadebuli‚ ilia WavWavaZe‚ eqvTime TayaiSvili da sxvani.
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba‚ upirveles yovlisa‚ Rirsebis‚ Tavisuflebisa da
pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT gamoirCeva. SeuZlebelia‚ sazogadoebas Sinaganad ar
surdes Tavisufleba da sxvaze damokidebulebas amjobinebdes; SeuZlebelia‚
sazogadoebas ar hqondes pasuxismgebloba winaprebisa da momavali Taobebis winaSe‚
ers ar hqondes sakuTari Rirsebis grZnoba da aaSenos srulfasovani saxelmwifo~
(,,kviris palitra’’, 2-8 maisi, 2005).
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis mniSvnelovani orientiri unda iyos
sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri problemebis gonivruli gadawyveta.
patriarqi miiCnevs, rom, upirveles yovlisa, unda mivxedoT jars da ganaTlebis
sferos. aseve aucilebelia mosaxleobis dasaqmeba‚ – mcire da saSualo erovnuli
biznesis ganviTareba‚ soflis meurneobis aRorZineba‚ adgilobrivi produqtiT
Cveni bazris Sevseba da samamulo warmoebisaTvis prioritetis miniWeba.
aucilebelia mecnierebis‚ kulturis da sportis xelSewyoba da bunebrivia‚
qveynis mTlianobis aRdgenisTvis zrunva.
globalizaciis epoqaSi saqarTvelos TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis‚
patriarqs umTavres pirobad miaCnia, rom Cvens tradiciebze dayrdnobiT SevqmnaT
Tanamedrove teqnologiebsa da miRwevebze dafuZnebuli qarTuli saxelmwifo.
2006 wlis saaRdgomo epistoleSi patriarqi aRniSnavs: „saqarTvelo mxolod
maSin gadarCeba da daimkvidrebs Rirseul adgils msoflioSi‚ Tu is‚ Tavis
tradiciebze dayrdnobiT‚ Seqmnis Tanamedrove teqnologiebsa da miRwevebze
dafuZnebul qarTul saxelmwifos~ (`kviris palitra~, 24 - 30 aprili, 2006).
ar arsebobs calke aRebuli arcerTi dargi, romelsac martos SeeZlos
qveynis krizisidan gamoyvana. umTavres prioritetad ki, patriarqi samecniero‚
kulturul da ekonomikur sferos miiCnevs. swored maTzea damokidebuli, Tu
rogor saxelmwifod CamovyalibdebiT.
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Sromis msoflio danawilebaSi Cven, Cveni resursebiT unda CaverToT.
umniSvnelovanesi resursi kacobriobisaTvis aris wyali. perspeqtivaSi
gansakuTrebiT amaRldeba mtknari wylis mniSvneloba, romlis moxmareba
msoflioSi metad swrafad matulobs. wylis miwodebaze gazrdili moTxovnileba
saWiroebs misi gawmendis, damuSavebis, dacvis (Senaxvis) da transportirebis
axali teqnologiebis ganviTarebas. saqarTvelo wylis resursis erT-erTi didi
mflobelia, amitom momavalSi wylis msoflio bazarze Cveni adgili unda
movipovoT. dRes ki umTavres prioritetad unda iqces soflis meurneobis‚ mcire
da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba. unda Seiqmnas samuSao adgilebi‚ rom xalxi
dasaqmdes da gamovides mZime socialuri pirobebidan. yovelive zemo aRniSnuli
gvidasturebs, rom dasaxelebul problemebsa da prioritetebs patriarqi Tavis
epistoleebSi mravaljer gvimeorebs sxvadasxva konteqstebSi, es ki imas
gvidasturebs, rom maTze orientirebulobas, maT gadaWras qveynisTvis
sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs da umTavres materialur faseulobebad
warmogvidgebian.
Cveni didi resursia inteleqtualuri potencialic. Ppostindustriuli
ekonomikis pirobebSi inteleqtualuri resursebis roli ganuxrelad izrdeba,
maTi mopovebisaTvis brZola ki sul ufro mwvavdeba. qveyanam ar unda dakargos is
samecniero monapovari‚ rac mas gaaCnia. srulad unda gamoviyenoT Tundac sabWoTa
periodis samecniero Tu ekonomikuri miRwevebi‚ romlis didi nawili Cven TiTqmis
mTlianad davTmeT da davkargeT. rac Seexeba mecnierebas, unda iTqvas, rom mraval
dargSi saqarTvelos msoflioSi aRiareuli mkvlevarebi hyavs. saerTod‚ nebisimeri
qveynis ganviTarebaSi samecniero sfero gadamwyvet rols asrulebs‚ mis
Camoyalibebas didi Tanxa da didi dro sWirdeba. qveyanam unda gamoiyenos Tavisi
mdidari samecniero potenciali.
aucilebelia vimoqmedoT drois moTxovnebis mixedviT da davicvaT erovnuli
faseulobebi. Cveni winaprebis‚ wina TaobaTa minaRwevris dacva gvmarTebs. amisaTvis
didi Zalisxmeva gvWirdeba. Tanamedrove pirobebSi viTareba kidev ufro rTuldeba
imiT‚ rom kacobriobam Seqmna brZolis axali forma – informaciuli omi. amitom
Cvenc Secvlili viTarebis Sesabamisad unda vimoqmedoT da saTanado alRo avuRoT
am axal movlenas.
2009 wlis saaRdgomo epistoles meSveobiT, uwmindesi da unetaresi, sru-
liad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II yuradRebas amaxvilebs Cveni
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sulieri da erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacvis aucileblobis Sesaxeb, mezobel
saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, kulturaTa Soris dialogis Sesaxeb.
amisaTvis TiToeuli Cvengani unda ecados, gaakeTos masze dakisrebuli
pasuxismgeblobis maqsimumi. xelisufalT, qveynis teritoriuli usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofasTan erTad moeTxovebaT sulieri da erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacva
da ganviTareba, xalxis materialur keTildReobaze zrunva, socialur-ekonomikuri
problemebis mogvareba, jandacvis sistemis uzrunvelyofa, ganaTlebis xelSewyoba.
Cven aucileblad, unda gavaRrmaoT kavSiri mezobel saxelmwifoebTan. Amisi
winapiroba unda iyos kulturaTa Soris dialogi. erTmaneTis sulieri,
mecnieruli da materialuri faseulobebis warmoCena xels Seuwyobs Cvens Soris
arsebuli sxva sakiTxebis gadawyvetas.
erovnul ekonomikur faseulobebs unda efuZneobdes Cveni erovnuli
interesebi, romlebsac niadag unda vicavdeT da vaZlierebdeT. patriarqi qadagebs:
`saerTod, saxelmwifo unda ganviTardes da misi ideologiis ganmsazRvreli unda
iyos ara gare geopolitikuri faqtorebi, aramed erovnuli interesebi. Aam
interesebs umniSvnelovanesad unda miiCnevdes rogorc xelisufleba, ise partiebi,
arasamTavrobo organizaciebi da masmedia. igive iTqmis Cven TiToeul moqalaqezec.
Cven Cveni meoba unda davicvaT, raTa ar viqceT sxvaTa miznebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis brma iaraRad. Ees nebismieri saxelmwifos arsebobisa da
ganviTarebis garantiaa...~ (`kviris palitra~, 20-26 aprili, 2009).
zemoT CamoTvlil institutebSi erovnuli mimarTulebis gaZlierebis mizniT,
patriarqi mizanSewonilad miiCnevs qarTuli biznes-seqtoris gafarToebas,
SeZlebuli saSualo fenis Seqmnas, mcire da saSualo biznesis aRorZinebas,
ekologiurad sufTa produqciis warmoebas, risTvisac aucilebelia saxelmwifos
daxmareba subsidiebisa da grZelvadiani kreditebis saxiT.
imis gamo, rom msoflio ekonomikuri krizisi sakmaod mwvaved Seexo qarTul
ekonomikasa da bizness, samuSao adgilebis Semcirebis Tavidan acilebis,
moqalaqeTa da mewarmeTa sagadasaxado tvirTis Semsubuqebisa da maTi ekonomikuri
aqtivobis waxalisebis mizniT patriarqi xelisuflebas konkretulad sTavazobs
saqarTveloSi moqmedi yvela iuridiuli da fizikuri piri gaaTavisuflos sanqcia
– sauravebisagan. aseTi nabiji seriozulad Seamsubuqebs rogorc mewarmis, aseve
moqalaqeebis sagadasaxado tvirTs da waaxalisebs maT ekonomikur aqtivobas.
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da bolos, patriarqi miiCnevs, rom `arsebobs sami didi siwminde: RmerTi,
samSoblo da adamiani~, yvelaze aucilebel pirobad ki, patriarqi miiCnevs
samarTals, simarTlis msaxurebas, samarTlianobas, radgan `RmerTi simarTliT
mcxovrebT madliT mosavs, cruT da TvalTmaqcT ki – ganeSoreba~.
wminda mamebi gvmoZRvraven, rom amqveyniuri cxovreba aris brZola Cvens
codvebTan da rom yvelaferi codvianobidan modis: miwisZvrebi, SimSilobebi,
avadmyofobebi, omebi, xolo am ubedurebaTa Tvidan acilebis mTavari faseuloba
aris siyvaruli. siyvaruli aris swrafva srulyofilobisa da simSvidisaken
(netari avguistine). es aris swrafva iseTisken rogoric macxovaria. amisaTvis
marto eklesiaSi Sesvla da sanTlis danTeba da pirjvris gadawera ar kmara.
saWiroa sistematuri codvebis monanieba, aRsareba, ziareba.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos patriarqi ilia II siyvarulis cnebas
Semgednairad ganmartavs: `siyvaruli es aris sicocxle sxvebisaTvis, sicocxle
sxva adamianebisaTvis...~ uwmnidesi da unetaresi gvmoZRvravs: `siyvaruli ufro
metia vidre sityva: zrunva – usiyvarulod uSedegoa; pasuxismgebloba –
usiyvarulod sifrTxilea; samarTlianoba – usiyvarulod gulqvaobaa; siWkviane –
usiyvarulod eSmakobaa; megobroba – usiyvarulod mliqvnelobaa; wesrigi –
usiyvarulod mewvrilmaneobaa; pativi – usiyvarulod qedmaRlobaa; qoneba –
usiyvarulod sixarbea; religia – usiyvarulod fanatizmia; izrdeba, siyvaruli
rwmeniT!~ swored siyvaruli da rwmena gadaarCens Cvens qveyanasac da mTels
kacobriobasac.
2.3. erovnuli Rirebulebebis saerTo saTaveebTan
miCneulia, rom faseulobebi gansazRvravs adamianis adgils samyaroSi, Tavad
samyaros aRqmas, damokidebulebebs yvelasa da calkeulis mimarT. swored amas aqvs
ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba qveynis erovnul RirebulebebSi garkvevisaTvis.
saqarTvelos umTavres erovnul RirebulebebSi ufro naTlad gasarkvevad
garkveuli miniSnebebi mocemulia qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi,
romelic 2005 wlis 8 ivliss saqarTvelos parlamentma sabolood miiRo. es
koncefcia garkveul Rirebulebebs efuZneba, romelic warmodgenas gvaZlevs
rogoria is umTavresi erovnuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic gansazRvraven Cveni
qveynis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis mTavar orientirebs da rogoria am mxriv
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Tanamedrove midgomebi. dasmuli sakiTxi swored am TvalsazrisiT aris
saintereso.
zogadad Tu vityviT, saqarTvelom unda gaagrZelos muSaoba progresisa da
reformebis kuTxiT. mTavari mimarTuleba aris adamianis uflebebis dacva, kanonis
uzenaesoba da demokratiis gaZliereba.
erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia qveynis ZiriTad erovnul Rirebulebebad
acxadebs suverenitets‚ usafrTxoebas‚ mSvidobas‚ demokratiasa da kanonis
uzenaesobas‚ adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemas‚ mosaxleobis
materiaalur keTildReobas...
aRniSnul Rirebulebebs efuZneba qveynis erovnuli interesebi‚ romlebic
Tavis mxriv‚ gulisxmobs: teritoriul da erovnul mTlianobas; regionul
stabilurobas; Tavisuflebisa da demokratiis ganmtkicebas mezobel qveynebsa da
regionebSi; qveynis satranzito funqciis ganmtkicebasa da energiis mowodebis
alternatiuli wyaroebis uzrunvelyofas; qveynis da regionis ekologiur
usafrTxoebas; erovnuli da kulturuli TviTmyofadobis uzrunvelyofas.
qveynis erovnuli usafrTxoebisTvis mTavar saSiSroebad ki miCneulia
darRveuli teritoriuli mTlianoba‚ romelic Zirs uTxris qarTuli
saxelmwifos politikur‚ ekonomikur da socialur stabilurobas.
zemoaRniSnuli dokumentis dasawyisSive‚ naTlad aris naCvenebi‚ rom
saqarTvelo evro-atlantikur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli qveyanaa. koncefciaSi
es yovelive naTlad aris gamokveTili da dasabuTebulia damajereblad. masSi
calkea gamoyofili: „Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciasa da
evrokavSirSi integracia”. am organizaciebSi gaerTianeba koncefciis mixedviT
saqarTvelos sagareo da usafrTxoebis politikis „upirveles prioritets~
warmoadgens. nato-s wevroba saqarTvelos moutans samxedro da politikuri
usafrTxoebis aqamde uprecedento xarisxs. saqarTvelo mTel rig RonisZiebebs
axorcielebs‚ romlebic am organizaciebSi integraciis winapirobas warmoadgens.
nato-sTan individualuri partnioroba; TanamSromloba nato-s wevr
saxelmwifoebTan da wevrobis msurvel qveynebTan „partnioroba mSvidobisaTvis~
programisa da evro-atlantikuri partniorobis sabWos farglebSi; evropis
samezoblo politikaSi monawileoba... samxreT kavkasia, da ara marto saqarTvelo
nato-s evro-atlantikuri usafrTxoebis Zalian mniSvnelovan regions warmoadgens.
amisaTvis ki yvelaze mTavaria mSvidobis uzrunvelyofa, demokratiis ganviTareba
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da adamianis uflebebis dacva. nato Cveni usafrTxoebis mTavari garantia, rogorc
aSS-s prezidentma baraq obamam meore vadiT Tavisi arCevisas aRniSna, Tavisuflebaa
mTavari, mis mopovebas ki usafrTxoeba sWirdebao.
garkveuli gagebiT SeiZleba iTqvas‚ rom es aris Rirebulebebis safuZvelze
agebuli dokumenti‚ romelSic naCvenebia‚ Tu romeli Rirebulebebi unda iyos
qarTuli saxelmwifos prioritetebis rangSi ayvanili. amitom erovnuli
usafrTxoebis koncefcia metad mniSvnelovani koncefciaa. misi SemuSaveba qarTveli
sazogadoebis erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi RirebulebebisaTvis brZolis erT-erTi
Sedegia. qarTulma saxelmwifom pirveld auwya Tavis xalxs da msoflios
sakuTari msoflmxedveloba‚ Rirebulebebi‚ miznebi‚ socialuri‚ ekonomikuri‚
politikri‚ kulturul-inteleqtualuri problemebi da maTi gadaWris gzebi‚
erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi perspeqtivebi da idealebi.
zemoaRniSnul koncefciaSi daxasiaTebulia saqarTvelos fundamenturi
erovnuli Rirebulebebi. kerZod‚ dokumentis me-2 muxlSi aRniSnulia:
„muxli 2. saqarTvelos fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba efuZneba mis fundamentur erovnul
Rirebulebebs‚ romelTa dacva aucilebelia saqarTvelos arsebobisa da
usafrTxoebisaTvis‚ misi moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebisa da keTildReobisaTvis.
saqarTvelo daicavs Tavis fundamentur erovnul Rirebulebebs yvela arsebuli
kanonieri saSualebebiT. saqarTvelos fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebia:
2.1. damoukidebloba: saqarTvelo aris suverenuli‚ damoukidebeli
saxelmwifo‚ romelic pativs scems sxva qveynebis suverenitets‚ teritoriul
mTlianobas da maTganac Sesabamis damokidebulebas moiTxovs. saqarTvelosaTvis
miuRebelia mis saSinao saqmeebSi sxva qveynebis Careva.
2.2. Tavisufleba: adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciiT da adamianis
uflebebisa da fundamenturi Tavisuflebebis dacvis evropis konvenciiT
gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi fndamenturi erovnuli
Rirebulebebia. saqarTvelo qmnis garantiebs mis teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela
moqalaqisa da jufis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis dasacavad‚ pativs scems maTi Tavisufali arCevanis uflebas da
amkvidrebs xelsayrel garemos TiToeuli moqalaqis SesaZleblobebis
realizaciisaTvis.
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2.3. demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba: saqarTvelo erTgulia universaluri
demokratiuli Rirebulebebisa da principebisa‚ romelTa safuZvelzedac
amkvidrebs mmarTvelobis demokratiul sistemas‚ sadac saxelmwifos Zalaufleba
kanoniT aris gansazRvruli da ganawilebuli saxelisuflebo Sromebs Soris.
saqarTvelos politikur sistemaSi garantirebulia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis
siZliere da damoukidebloba. saqarTvelo xels uwyobs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
ganviTarebas da uzrunvelyofs masmediis damoukideblobas.
2.4. keTildReoba: TiToeuli moqalaqis keTildReobis asamaRleblad da
cxovrebis Rirseuli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad saqarTvelo uzrunvelyofs qveynis
mdgrad ekonomikur ganviTarebas demokratiuli‚ gamWvirvale wesebis safuZvelze
da efeqtiani socialuri politikis gatarebas. saqarTvelos xelisufleba xels
uwyobs Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebas‚ qmnis xelsayrel garemos
Tavisufali mewarmeobis ganviTarebis‚ sagareo vaWrobis gafarToebisa da
investiciebis mozidvisaTvis.
2.5. mSvidoba: saqarTvelo miznad isaxavs saerTaSoriso samarTliT aRiarebul
normebze damyarebuli urTierTobebis Camoyalibebas yvela saxelmwifosTan.
saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania megobruli urTierTobebis
ganviTareba mezobel qveynebTan. sadavo sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad saqarTvelo
gamoiyenebs mSvidobian‚ saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiT gaTavliswinebul
meTodebs. Tavisufali‚ damoukidebeli‚ erTiani‚ ganviTarebuli da mSvidobiani
saqarTvelo mniSvnelovan wvlils Seitans regionuli usafrTxoebisa da
stabilurobis ganmtkicebaSi.
2.6. usafrTxoeba: saqarTvelos xelisufleba eswrafvis saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos‚ misi institutebisa da moqalaqeebis usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas
saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvrebis farglebSi.
usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad saqarTvelo xelmZRvanelobs saerTaSoriso
samarTliT aRiarebuli normebiT~.
saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi wina planze wamoweulia
demokratiuli Rirebulebebi. masSi vkiTxulobT‚ rom saqarTvelo mowodebulia
Seasrulos „evrosabWos rekomendaciebi~‚ rogoricaa: „demokratiis ganviTareba
adgilobriv da regionul doneze‚ erovnuli umciresobebis da adamianis uflebebis
dacvisa da kanonis uzenaesobisaTvis aucilebeli meqanizmebis ganmtkiceba
qveyanaSi~.
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koncefciaSi calkea ganxiluli „Rirebulebebi‚ interesebi‚ safrTxeebi da
gamowvevebi~. dokumenti ayalibebs im kategoriebs‚ romlebic fundaments uqmnian
saxelmwifos simtkices‚ uzrunvelyofen damoukideblobas‚ qveynis saSinao
stabilurobas da sazogadoebis‚ mosaxleobis yovelmxriv ganviTarebas. CvenTvis
sainteresoa „Rirebulebebi~‚ romelic „koncefciaSi~ calkea gamoyofili saTauriT
– „saqarTvelos fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebi~. igulisxmeba da
ganmartebulicaa: suvereniteti; qveynis saSinao da sagareo usafrTxoebia;
mSvidoba; demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba; adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadi
Tavisuflebebis pativisfema; keTildReoba.
„koncefciis~ mixedviT upirvelesi xarisxi „fundamentur erovnul
Rirebulebebs~ ekuTvnis. swored mas efuZneba erovnuli interesebi. dokumentSi
ganmartebulia‚ rom saqarTvelo‚ rogorc mravalsaukunovani istoriisa da mdidari
kulturuli memkvidreobis mqone saxelmwifo‚ qveynis kulturuli da erovnuli
TviTmyofadobis SenarCunebas erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis
mniSvnelovan elementad miiCnevs. rac Seexeba danarCen „erovnul interesebs”‚ isini
Semdegia: teritoriuli mTlianoba; erovnuli erTianoba; regionuli stabiluroba;
Tavisuflebis da demokratiis ganmtkiceba mezobel qveynebsa da regionebSi; qveynis
satranzito funqciis ganmtkiceba da energiis mowodebis alternatiuli wyaroebis
uzrunvelyofa; qveynis da regionis eklogiuri usafrTxoeba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciaSi naTladaa warmoCenili‚
rom upirvelesi Rirebuleba aris xalxi. masSi CamoTvlili da ganmartebulia
ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis politikis mimarTulebebi: mikroekonomikuri
stabilurobis ganmtkiceba; samuSao adgilebis Seqmna; mrewvelobis tradiciuli
dargebis ganviTareba da xelSewyoba; regionebsa da dedaqalaqs Soris socialuri
da ekonomikuri uTanasworobis Semcireba; qveynis SedarebiTi upiratesobebis‚
gansakuTrebiT satranzito‚ satransporto da sakomunikacio potencialis
realizacia; saqarTvelos saeqsporto potencialis xelSewyoba; jansaRi
konkurenciis garemos Seqmna.
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia erTmniSvnelovnad usvams
xazs imas‚ rom saxelmwifom WeSmariti RirebulebebiT unda ixelmZRvanelos. is
gvarwmunebs: „saqarTvelos xalxis da saqarTvelos xelisuflebis mizanmimarTuli
ZalisxmeviT da saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis xelSewyobiT saqarTvelo SeZlebs
Seqmnas iseTi saxelmwifo‚ romelic siamayes aRuZravs mis moqalaqeebs‚
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ixelmZRvanelebs mSvidobiani Tanacxovrebis da demokratiuli Rirebulebebis
principebiT da Rirseul adgils daikavebs erTa TanamegobrobaSi~.
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcias udidesi gamoyenebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs. koncefciaSi aRniSnulia: „saqarTvelos xelisufleba erovnul
usafrTxoebis koncefciis safuZvelze atarebs Sesabamis grZelvadian RonisZiebebs‚
romlebic uzrunvelyofs fundamenturi erovnuli Rirebulebebis dacvas da
erovnuli interesebis ganxorcielebas erovnuli usafrTxoebis winaSe mdgar
safrTxeebze‚ riskebsa da gamowvevebze adekvaturi reagirebiT. erovnuli
usafrTxoebis koncefciis safuZvelze iqmneba sxvadasxva dargobrivi strategiebi
da gegmebi. erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis cvlilebasTan erTad xdeba
calkeuli dargobrivi strategiebisa da gegmebis ganaxlebac~.
Cvens mier ganxilul koncefciaSi bevri ram Zalian sworad aris
Camoyalibebuli, magram mainc migvaCnia, rom Tanamedrove epatze mas gardaqmna da
daxvewa sWirdeba. swored aseTi kursi dasaxa saqarTvelos axalma mTavrobam.
premier-ministrobis kandidat biZina ivaniSvilis sityvaSi aRniSnulia Semdegi:
`saqarTvelos mTavroba SeimuSavebs erovnuli usafrTxoebis strategias da
warmarTavs erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikas dasavluri standarebisa da
meTodebis Sesabamisad.
daixveweba samxedro Zalebis sazogadoebrivi kontrolis meqanizmi.
savaldebulo gaxdeba Tavdacvis saministros mxridan parlamentisaTvis sajaro
angariSebis wardgena, maT Soris finansur sakiTxebzec.
Cveni mTavari amocanaa Tavdacvis saministros sruli depolitizeba,
Camoyalibdeba marTvis, koordinaciisa da kontrolis meqanizmebi Sesabamisi
konkretuli funqciebiTa da movaleobebiT.
qveynis Tavdacvis politikis gansazRvraSi monawileobas miiRebs qveynis
farTo politikuri speqtri, radgan Tavdacva da usafrTxoeba ar aris romelime
politikuri Zalisa Tu partiis viwro valdebuleba an interesi.
SemuSavdeba samoqalaqo Tavdacvis efeqtiani sistema, romelic mTlianad
qveynis Tavdacvis sistemis Semadgeneli nawili iqneba.
Seiqmneba samxedro-saparlamento ombudsmenis instituti, gadaixedeba
samxedro mosamsaxureTa uflebebis darRvevis yvela saqme, gadaisinjeba
pretenziebi pensiebis daniSvnis kanonierebis sakiTxebze.
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natoSi integraciis prioritetulobis gaTvaliswinebiT, gagrZeldeba da
gaRrmavdeba partnior qveynebTan TanamSromloba~ (`saqarTvelos respublika~,
#206, 26 oqtomberi, 2012, gv. 4).
Tavis erT-erT wignSi cnobil qarTvel emigrant mecniers, profesor mixeil
musxeliSvils, mohyavs didi frangi poetisa da moazrovnis, pol valeris
sityvebi, romelic kargad migvaniSnebs, ra igulisxmeba `evropaSi~? sinamdvileSi
ras warmoadgens evropa? ra xalxebi da erebi moiazrebian evropaSi? pol valeri,
kerZod, aRniSnavda: `yvela rasa, yvela miwa, romelic Tanmimdevrulad iyo
romanizebuli, gaqristianebuli, eqvemdebareba berZnuli disciplinis Segnebas,
absoluturad evropulia~. (ix.: mixeil musxeliSvili, saqarTvelo da evropa,
saqarTvelos urTierToba evropisa da amerikis qveynebTan, Tb., 1992, t. 2. gv.
182). am gamonaTqvamidan naTlad Cans, rom evropa da evropeloba ar ganisazRvreba
arc geografiiT, arc rasiT, arc eniT, arc zne-CveulebebiT, aramed misi sulis
utyuari TvisebebiT, romelic aris sami gavlenis, romanizaciis, qristianobis,
berZnuli disciplinis Segnebis memkvidre.
aRsaniSnavia, rom arsebobs akademiuri, mecnieruli meTodebi imis
gansazRvrisa, Tu romeli tipis kulturas miekuTvneba esa Tu is eri an
zeerovnuli erToba (Cveulebriv, civilizacias rom uwodeben). amgvari
mikuTvnebulobis gansazRvris meTodologiebi dasavleTSi ukve wina saukunis 50-
iani wlebidan arsebobs. cnobilia ramdenime aseTi meTodologia. erT-erTis
Sesaxeb Cven ukve aRvniSneT.
arsebobs, agreTve, meTodologia, romelic gulisxmobs erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli maCveneblebis (indikatorebis) mTeli rigis gamoyofas da Semdeg
imis dadgenas Tu rogor SeiZleba daxasiaTdes esa-Tu is kultura am maCveneblis
TvalsazrisiT. bunebrivia, erTmaneTTan axlos mdgomni iqnebian is kulturebi,
romlebsac maqsimalurad didi odenobis saerTo an msgavsi maCveneblebSi eqnebaT.
es maCveneblebi moicaven yovelive imas, rac adamianuri kulturis arss Seadgens -
uxsovari droidan vidre dRemde.
cnobili politologi, kaxa kacitaZe am meTodologiis Sesaxeb aRniSnavda
(ix.: misi blogi `rogor gavceT pasuxi kiTxvas - `ras niSnavs qarTveloba~
(blogoteqsti daviT guramiSvilze CanarTiTurT~ saitze: http://www.for.ge),
rom nebismieri kultura SeiZleba daxasiaTdes iseTi maCveneblebis nakrebiT,
romlebic moicaven Semdeg sferoebs
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• rogor esmoda ama Tu im kulturas buneba da masze zemoqmedebis
saSualebebi: a) magiuri; b) teqnikuri; g) SromiT; d)sxva;
• rogor uyurebda esa Tu is kultura adamianis adgils samyaroSi;
• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura adamianis asakobrivi ganviTarebis
ZiriTad etapebs: a) bavSvobas; b) yrmobas; g) momwifebul asaks; d) siberes; e) maT
Soris gardamaval safexurebs;
• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura drosa da sivrces;
• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura sikvdilsa da avadmyofobas;
• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura Tavad kulturis sxvadasxva saxeebs:
a) mwignobruls; b) zepirsityviers; g) tradiciuls; d) novaciurs. e) sxvas;
• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura ganaTlebis arss da mis nairsaxeobebs;
• rogor afasebdnen ama Tu im kulturis warmomadgenelTa sxvadasxva
socialuri fenebi: a) sakuTrebas; b) Sromas; g) simdidres; d) siRaribes;
• rogor aRiqvavdnen ama Tu im kulturis sxvadasxva jgufebis
warmomadgenlebi amave kulturis sxva jgufebs;
• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura adaTsa da samarTals, raSi xedavda
maTi rogorc socialuri urTierTobebis regulatorebis funqcias;
• rogor uyurebda esa Tu is kultura omsa da mSvidobas;
• rogor aRiqvavda esa Tu is kultura istoriasa mis doneebs (globaluri,
erovnuli adgilobrivi) da rogor esmoda mas istoriis msvleloba;
• ra dResaswaulebi da koleqtiuri cxovrebis ritmebis sxva regulatorebi
hqonda ama Tu im kulturas.
• rogor aRiqvavda es kultura sxva kulturebs;
• ra fobiebi axasiaTebda ama Tu im kulturas. rogor aRiqvavda imas, rasac
is paTologiad miiCnevda;
• ra xasiaTisaa ama Tu im kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli arqiteqtura da
ramdenad imeorebs is am kulturis matarebelTaTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebriv-
geografiul garemos;
• individualuri da koleqtiuri TviTcnobierebis formebi;
• sufra, rogorc socialuri urTierTobebis modelirebis forma; kvebisa da
Wama-smis normebi;
• sqesobrivi cxovrebis aRqma da misi regulirebis formebi;
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• yvelaze tipuri personaJebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelni arian ama Tu im
kulturisaTvis da aRiqmebian ZiriTadad tipaJebad am kulturis CarCoebSi.
zemoaRniSnuli meTodologiis gaTvaliswinebiT, profesori vaJa SubiTiZe
samarTlianad aRniSnavs: `saqarTveloc iseTive evropuli qveyanaa, rogorc
poloneTi, ungreTi an romelime sxva maTi msgavsi. Tu ar CavTvliT dmanisis
teritoriaze aRmoCenil evropaSi uZvelesi adamianis 1,7 milioni wlis winandel
naSTebs, romlis asaki orjer aRemateba espaneTsa da italiaSi aRmoCenil dRemde
uZveles analogebs (atapuerko da Ceprano, 800 aTasi wlis asaki), maSin
qarTvelTa urTierToba evropul civilizaciasTan (aieti, medea, `oqros sawmisi~
da berZenTa eqspedicia iazonis meTaurobiT kolxeTSi) 30 saukunes iTvlis.
diax, saqarTvelo evropuli qveyanaa. gamoCenili arqeologebis azriT swored
aq iwyeba evropa. cnobili mecnieris varaniakis azriT, sinamdvileSi saqarTvelodan
daiZra emigraciis pirveli didi talRa evropisken. mogvianebiT mWidro
urTierTobebi damyarda saqarTvelosa da saberZneTs Soris (Savi zRvis qarTul
sanapiroebze berZnebis mier qalaqebis daarseba da savaWro-kulturuli
urTierTobebi).
pompeusma saqarTveloSi romi Semoiyvana (Zv. w. 65 wlidan) da ukve Cv. w-is
pirvel saukuneSi saqarTveloSi qristianoba SemoiWra, romelmac mesame-meoTxe
saukuneebis mijnaze mTeli qveyana moicva. amrigad, dasavleTis civilizaciis
gariJraJze saqarTvelo masSi monawileobda da misi mzera yovelTvis mimarTuli
iyo dasavleTisken (petre iberi, giorgi mTawmindeli, mefeebi daviT IV
aRmaSenebeli, Tamari, giorgi IV laSa, giorgi V brwyinvale, simon mefe,
Teimuraz, vaxtang VI, erekle II da sxv), vidre saqarTvelo ruseTma motyuebiT da
veragobiT ar SeierTa~. (ix.: misi blogi ,,evrointegracia da saqarTvelo~ saitze:
http://www.for.ge).
1950 wels veneciaSi daarsda evropis kulturuli asociacia. misi mizani iyo
mweralTa‚ SemoqmedTa da mecnierTa gaerTianeba erovnuli warmomavlobisa da
ideologiuri mrwamsis miuxedavad. sazogadoebis damaarsebeli iyo cnobili
italieli filosofosi umberto kompanioli‚ komitetis wevrebi iyvnen Tomas mani‚
mark Sagali‚ fransua moriaki‚ juzepe ungareti da sxvebi. 1983 wlis 7-9
oqtombers eka-s veneciis deklaraciaSi naTqvamia: „evropis kulturuli asociacia
acxadebs: WeSmariti samyaro‚ samyaro‚ romlisTvisac omi ar aris erTaderTi
alternativa‚ moiTxovs saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebis axlebur gaazrebas da
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solidarul pasuxismgeblobas yoveli pirovnebis da eris mxridan. igi
solidarobas ucxadebs adamianis Rirsebas. miaCnia‚ rom solidarobis ideis
matareblebi‚ pirvel rigSi‚ kulturis moRvaweni arian‚ amitomac erTiandebian
isini eka-Si‚ riTic kisruloben pasuxismgeblobas‚ Zala da energia ar daiSuron
imisaTvis‚ rom ipovon gamosavali civilizaciis krizisidan. asociacia amtkicebs‚
rom kulturis politikis safuZveli aris yoveli adamianis pirovnuli sindisi~
(ix. l. RoRoberiZe‚ 800 milioni evropelis evropa. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005
wlis 29 aprili‚ gv. B1).
2005 wlis 5 aprils‚ veneciaSi‚ evropuli kulturuli asociaciis
generaluri asambleis sxdomaze‚ am asociaciis aRmasrulebeli komitetis wevri‚
saqarTvelos elCi evrosabWoSi q-ni lana RoRoberiZe Tavis mier warmoTqmul
sityvaSi xazs usvamda iseT evropul Rirebulebebs‚ rogoricaa: pirovnuli
sindisi‚ Tavisufleba‚ erToba‚ Tanasworoba‚ samarTlianoba. swored am
RirebulebebiT vacnobierebT Cven Tu ra aris CvenTvis evropa. rogorc lana
RoRoberiZe aRniSnavda‚ Tu adre evropasTan miaxloeba misi bavSvobis ocneba iyo‚
axla es realobad iqceva. igi ambobda: „da ai‚ dRes Cven mivediT sadRac iq‚ sadac
gveqmneba STabeWdileba‚ rom vcxovrobT Cveni bavSvobis ocnebaSi.
ra aris CvenTvis‚ sabWoTa sinamdvilidan gamosuli adamianebisTvis‚ evropa?
evropa erTiani‚ evropa gamTiSveli sazRvrebis gareSe‚ sadac yvelas‚ qveyanas‚
iseve‚ rogorc pirovnebas‚ SeuZlia icxovros Tavisi TavisuflebiT. es iseTi
momxibvlelia‚ xedavde‚ rogor iqmneba erToba erebisa‚ romlebic inawileben
saerTo beds; erToba‚ romelic samyaros globaluri moTamaSe xdeba‚ romelic ar
kmayofildeba imiT‚ rom iyos regionuli Zala an supermarketi; sadac yvela
grZnobs Tavis mniSvnelobas sxvebisTvis da Tavis Tanasworobas sxvebTan. es iseTi
momajadoebelia‚ warmoidgino erTianoba erebisa‚ romlebic inawileben saerTo
sindiss‚ erToba‚ sadac yvela inarCunebs da aviTarebs Tavis TviTmyofadobas da
romelsac or materialist gigants – amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da CineTs
Soris – ar eSinia iyos cotaTi idealisti‚ gaaerTianos erebi
Tanasworuflebianobis safuZvelze‚ gamoiyenos Tavisi kulturuli
mravalferovneba da misces planetas Tavisi simdidreebis samarTlianad
ganawilebis magaliTi”.
lana RoRoberiZe aseve aRniSnavda‚ rom Cveni qveyana aucileblad gaxdeba misi
ocnebis Tanaziari‚ rom igi gaxdeba evropuli erTobis Semadgeneli nawili. amis
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yovelgvari safuZveli aqvs Cvens qveyanas: istoriuli Rirebulebebis‚
civilizaciuri resursebis‚ eris xasiaTis Rrma gacnobiereba gviCvenebs‚ rom
evropuli Rirebulebebi Cveni Rirebulebebic aris. q-ni lana RoRoberiZe am
yovelives ise STambeWdavad da naTlad gadmoscems‚ rom Tavs uflebas vaZlevT
misi gamosvlis es monakveTi vrclad warmovadginoT:
„Tqven ityviT‚ rom es ocnebaa? SeiZleba. magram es iseTi ocnebaa‚ romelic
erT dRes sinamdviled iqceva. nu gagikvirdebaT‚ rom Cven gvaqvs mZlavri survili‚
gavxdeT am ocnebis Tanaziari.
minda SevaCero Tqveni yuradReba Cemi qveynis aRma da daRma svlebze misi
grZeli istoriis manZilze. rom daviwyoT promeTeTi‚ romelmac mostaca RmerTs
cecxli‚ ramac mTel kacobriobas misca Semoqmedebis biZgi‚ rogorc ambobda guSin
batoni geremeki; promeTe kavkasionis qedze‚ anu saqarTveloSi iyo mijaWvuli; da
vin icis‚ iqneb qarTvelebs imis mtkicebac moundeT‚ rom es pirveli meamboxe
qarTveli iyo? da mere argonavtebi‚ romlebic Camovidnen saberZneTidan kolxeTSi‚
anu saqarTveloSi‚ da Tan waiRes oqros sawmisi‚ sinamdvileSi oqros mopovebisa
da damuSavebis traqtati‚ rac 3000 wlis win am qveynis ganviTarebis maRal
doneze metyvelebs; da rac kidev ufro mniSvnelovania – faqti‚ rom saqarTvelo
berZnul-romaul kulturas miekuTvneboda imTaviTve; qristianoba me-4 saukuneSi
oficialur religiad gamocxadda; amave saukuniT (da zogierTi TeoriiT‚ bevrad
adrindeliT)‚ TariRdeba qarTuli anbani; me-12 saukunis oqros xana‚ renesansis
ideebi‚ sayovelTaod gavrcelebuli am dros‚ – maSin saqarTveloSi ukve arsebobda
parlamentis Canasaxi‚ organo‚ sazogadoebis sxvadasxva fenebis warmomadgenlebiT
dakompleqtebuli; sikvdiliT dasja gauqmebuli iyo Tamar mefis dekretiT‚ qalis
da kacis Tanasworoba saxelmwifo politikis qvakuTxedad iyo gamocxadebuli... da
mere‚ darbevebisa da ukusvlis grZeli saukuneebi‚ 200 weli gatarebuli ruseTis
da Semdeg sabWoTa imperiis SemadgenlobaSi‚ damoukideblobis sami xanmokle wliT;
da bolos‚ sabWoTa kavSiris rRveva da tanjvis fasad mopovebuli
damoukidebloba‚ aseTi nanatri saukuneTa manZilze da mainc savse
winaaRmdegobebiT‚ SecdomebiT‚ bednierebiT‚ marcxiTa da gaWirvebiT. Cven ver
avicileT Tavidan verc erTi safrTxe‚ romelic gvelodeboda damoukideblobis
gzaze‚ da maT Soris yvelaze mZime – sakuTar TavSi Caketvisa da izolacionizmis
safrTxe‚ romelmac‚ sabolood‚ samoqalaqo omamde migviyvana; da Tumca
dapirispirebis wlebma‚ istoriuli TvalsazrisiT‚ sul cota xans gastana‚ omma
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qaossa da sasowarkveTilebaSi Cagvagdo. da sul bolos‚ am weliwadnaxevris win‚
vardebis revolucia‚ romelmac gaaerTiana eri da daamkvidra WeSmariti imedi‚
rom‚ bolos da bolos‚ namdvili damoukidebloba da Tavisufleba movipoveT‚ da
romelmac dasabami misca mZlavr demokratiul moZraobebs mTel postsabWoTa
sivrceSi.
aris kidev erTi ram‚ rac mTel am – istoriulad determinirebul –
movlenebs Tavisebur elfers aZlevs‚ es aris eris xasiaTi. me vfiqrob
qarTvelebis Tvisebebze‚ romlebic maT xmelTaSua zRvis kulturasTan aaxlovebs‚
sicocxlis‚ siyvarulis‚ drostarebis‚ Rvinisadmi gansakuTrebul ltolvaze‚ –
albaT‚ SemTxveviTi ar aris‚ rom es qveyana Rvinis akvnad aris aRiarebuli; is
simsubuqe‚ garkveuli Tavqarianobac ki‚ romelic mTlad pozitiur Tvisebad ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos‚ magram romelmac yvela Tavsdatexili qartexili
gadagvatanina; stumarTmoyvareoba‚ romelsac me aRviqvam‚ rogorc gaxsnilobas
sxvis‚ mosulis mimarT; istoriulad cnobili tolerantuloba‚ – TbilisSi Tu
CamoxvalT‚ Tqven aucileblad gaCveneben moedans Zvel qalaqSi‚ sadac saukuneTa
manZilze Tanaarseboben qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesia‚ kaTolikuri eklesia‚
meCeTi‚ sinagoga da gregorianuli eklesia.
me Sevecade damerwmunebineT‚ rom evropuli faseulobebi ucxo ar aris
CvenTvis‚ ufro zustad‚ rom isini Cveni faseulobebic aris”. (ix. l. RoRoberiZe‚
800 milioni evropelis evropa. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005 wlis 29 aprili‚ gv.
B1.)
sxdomaze‚ romelTan dakavSirebiTac Cven vsaubrobT‚ b-nma arigo levim
ilaparaka sam ZiriTad gansxvavebaze‚ romelic arsebobs evropul qveynebs Soris
da romelic abrkolebs erTa gaerTianebas. esenia – gansxvavebani cxovrebis dones‚
tradiciebsa da bolos‚ interesebsa da instinqtebs Soris. q-ma lana RoRoberiZem
ki aRniSna‚ rom mas gaerTianebis gzaze realur dabrkolebad mxolod erTi am
problemaTagani miaCnia‚ esaa gansxvaveba cxovrebis doneTa Soris (ix. l.
RoRoberiZe‚ 800 milioni evropelis evropa. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005 wlis 29
aprili‚ gv. B1) da dasZina: „me mgonia‚ rom es bunebrivi daZabuloba mdidrebsa da
Raribebs Soris SeiZleba gadailaxos‚ Tu erTi mxriv‚ axladmosulebi naTlad
gaiazreben‚ rom isini gardamaval periodSi imyofebian da Tavisi qmedebebi am mware
realobas unda Seufardon‚ da meore mxriv‚ solidarobis yovlisSemZle da
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ukeTilSobilesi politikiT‚ romelic daexmareba axal wevrebs‚ daamarcxon maTi –
istoriuli ukuRmarTobiT ganpirobebuli – CamorCena.
am miznis misaRwevad uaRresad cxovelmyoflad mimaCnia kulturuli
asociaciis ideebi. srulad viziareb am azrs: imisaTvis‚ rom evropis kavSirma
realuri istoriuli wona SeiZinos‚ aucilebelia Seiqmnas evropelebis kavSiri.
erovpelebisa‚ romelTa mentaliteti solidarobaze‚ Semwynareblobaze da sxvisi‚
anu gansxvavebulis aRiarebaze iqneba dafuZnebuli. es erTaderTi gzaa‚
gadavabijoT pirovnul da erovnul egoizms‚ davamarcxoT yvela sikeTis da
bunebrivi faseulobis gamanadgurebeli siZulvili‚ romelic jer kidev arsebobs
erTa Soris. me naTlad vxedav‚ rogor SeiZleba dagvexmaros kulturis politika
am umniSvnelovanesi miznis miRwevaSi”. (ix. l. RoRoberiZe‚ 800 milioni
evropelis evropa. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005 wlis 29 aprili‚ gv. B1.)
lana RoRoberiZem gamoTqva Tavisi dasabuTebuli mosazrebani imis Taobaze‚
rom evropa kidev ufro unda gaZlierdes. mxolod ase iTamaSebs igi Tavis
Sesabamis rols aSS da CineTs Soris. evropis sazRvrebis Semdgomi gafarToeba
evrokavSiris realuri siZlieris multiplikatoris rols Seasrulebs. ai,
konteqsti avtoris sityvisa: „da bolos: me darwmunebuli var‚ rom momavalSi
evropa SeiZleba iqces namdvil Zlevamosil erTobad da iTamaSos Tavisi
mniSvnelovani roli msoflios or gigants Soris mxolod im SemTxvevaSi‚ Tu is
gaaerTianebs 800 milion evropels‚ ruseTis CaTvliT‚ rogorc es xdeba dRes
evropis sabWoSi (Tu dRevandeli ruseTis politika evropul suliskveTebasTan
sruliad Seufereblad mimaCnia‚ – mxedvelobaSi maqvs misi pozicia samxedro
bazebTan dakavSirebiT da‚ yvela saerTaSoriso normis sapirispirod‚
separatistuli regionebis mxardaWera‚ – is mainc rCeba evropul qveynad Tavisi
didi literaturisa da kulturis wyalobiT). me imedi maqvs‚ rom swored es aris
Cveni arc ise Soreuli saerTo momavali: 800 milioni evropelis kavSiri!
Zvirfaso kolegebo‚ neba momeciT‚ mogmarToT aseTi mesijiT: meti gulisyuriT
moekideT axali demokratiebis momarTvebs da survilebs; nu aiZulebT maT‚
Caiketon TavianT TavSi‚ es SeiZleba yvelasaTvis saxifaTo aRmoCndes. damerwmuneT‚
evropuli solidarobiT visargeblebT ara mxolod Cven‚ axali demokratiis
qveynebi‚ aramed Tqvenc‚ dasavlelebi‚ naxavT sulis WeSmariti gamdidrebis
SesaZleblobas: im dRevandel da xvalindel axal wevrebs‚ romelTac uamravi
tanjva gamoiares TavianTi istoriis manZilze‚ aqvT samyarosa da misi momavlis
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sakuTari‚ Tqvengan gansxvavebuli xedva‚ xolo erTad Sekrebili da gaerTianebuli
sxvadasxvaoba – es realuri siZlierea”. (ix. l. RoRoberiZe‚ 800 milioni
evropelis evropa. ga. „24 saaTi~‚ #97‚ 2005 wlis 29 aprili‚ gv. B1.)
2012 wlis 18 noembers satelevizio arx `maestroze~ gadacema `pres-pres~-Si
saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa ministrma qalbatonma maia fanjikiZem, gaanaliza ra,
qveynis winaSe mdgari amocanebi evrokavSirSi integrirebasTan dakavSirebiT,
aRniSna: `pirvel rigSi is unda vTqva, rom dasavleTze orientacia aris qarTveli
xalxis arCevani, romelic misi ara mxolod damoukideblobis Semdeg aris
gacxadebuli, aramed bevrad ufro istoriulia. aqedan gamomdinare, nebismieri
xelisufleba saqarTvelosi orientirebuli dasavleTze, radganac asrulebda
sakuTari xalxis nebas. verc erTi xelisufleba ver gaatarebs veranair sxva
politikas saqarTveloSi. aqedan gamomdinare, sruliad bunebrivia is, rom axali
xelisuflebisTvisac dasavleTi aris mTavari orientiri. rac Seexeba
orxelisuflebianobas, mxolod sagareo politika ar gansazRvravs qveynis
cxovrebas. piriqiT, bevrad ufro meti Sexebis wertili, konfrontaciis wertili
Tu Tanxmobis wertili SeiZleba iyos saSinao politikaSi. es saSinao politika
gansazRvravs mere garkveulwilad sagareo politikasac da aris sakmaod mWidro
urTierTkavSirSi. ai, erTi magaliTi giTxariT, is aris, rom evrokavSirSi
integraciisTvis aucilebelia im fundamenturi Rirebulebebis dacva, romelic
emyareba evrokavSiris faseulobebs...
arsebobs raRaca, ris gamoc arafers ar davTmobT. es aris saqarTvelos
integracia, es aris saqarTvelos teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgena, misi
suvereniteti da qveynis gamTlianeba. aseve is Tavisufleba, rom saqarTvelos
SeuZlia TavisiT airCios sad gawevriandeba, xolo Tu sad gawevriandeba
saqarTvelo, esec Zalian cxadad aris naTqvami, es aris evrokavSiri da nato. sxva
aranair kavSirSi saqarTvelo ar gawevriandeba. amitom sul tyuilad epatiJebian
sxvadasxva kavSirSi, xolo rogor moxdeba imisi SeTanxmeba, rom ruseTi aris
saqarTvelos natoSi Sesvlis winaaRmdegi da, amave dros, Cven masTan urTierTobis
dalageba gvinda... garkveuli nabijebis Semdeg, garkveuli urTierTobis Semdeg,
garkveuli wlebis Semdeg, ra Tqma unda, aravis ara aqvs imis iluzia, rom es
dRes da xval moxdeba. SeiZleba Seicvalos poziciebi...
es Cemi piradi azria, romelsac me mgoni bevri gaiziarebs, rom is, rom
evrokavSiri ar aris mxolod ekonomikuri gaerTianeba, xolo nato ar aris
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mxolod samxedro gaerTianeba. me mgoni es sayovelTaod cnobilia. erTic da
meorec aris pirvel rigSi faseulobebze orientirebuli kavSiri... aris
SemTxvevebi, rom romelime qveyanas ise vr Seusrulebia, vTqvaT, samxedro
elementi natoSi gaerTianebis, magram swored imitom, rom erTguleba
daudasturebia am faseulobebis mimarT, aRmoCenila natoSi anda evrokavSirSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, swored es gzaa, romelic Cven unda gaviaroT orive
gaerTianebaSi gawevrianebamde, rac ar unda grZeli iyos, CvenTvis aris Zalian
mniSvnelovani imitom, rom CvenTvis igi progress ukavSirdeba. rac ufro metad
gadmoviRebT Cven am faseulobebs da rac ufro metad gavxdiT maT bunebrivs Cveni
qveynisTvis da rac ufro metad viqnebiT maTi erTguli da cxovrebaSi gavatarebT
amas yvelafers, aRar CamovTvli axla, miT ufro kargi iqneba es qveyana, maT
Soris afxazebisTvis, osebisTvis, miT ufro mimzidveli gavxdebiT yvelasTvis.
ruseTic erT mSvenier dRes mixvdeba, SeiZleba exla vTqvaT, rom es ar aris
realisturi prognozi, rom stabiluri da demokratiuli qveyana ukeTesi
mezobelia, vidre sawinaaRmdego~.
saqarTvelos da evropas saerTo Rirebulebebi aerTianebT. saqarTvelos
SeuZlia bevri ram iswavlos evropisagan. saqarTvelo evropis nawilia.
saqarTvelom unda aiRos is didi pasuxismgebloba‚ rac evropaSi integraciisTvisaa
saWiro. Cven evropisken unda gadavdgaT nabijebi.
Rirebulebebis wyaros‚ misi mravalferovnebis da prioritetebis Sesaxeb‚
moviyvanT gazeT „kviris palitris~ mier Catarebuli saprizo gamokiTxva-reitingis
Sedegebs. (ix.: gaz. „kviris palitra~‚ #18 (531)‚ 2005 wlis 2-8 maisi‚ gv. 35.)
reitingis Tema iyo „Tanamedrove Rirebulebebi~. kiTxvas: „ra aris TqvenTvis
mTavari‚ yvelaze ufro Rirebuli?~ – 539 mkiTxveli gamoexmaura. 7 baraTi
arasworad iyo Sevsebuli. konkursSi 238 qalisa da 310 mamakacis mier Sevsebuli
baraTi monawileobda.
udavoa‚ rom aq CamoTvlili yvela Rirebuleba Tanamedrove adamianisTvis
„sasicocxlod mniSvnelovania”‚ magram... sainteresoa ra aris qarTvelisaTvis
yvelaze Zvirfasi. reitingis Sedegebi Tnamedrove qarTvelis saintereso
fsiqoportrets gvixatavs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ramdenime wlis win mkiTxvelma umTavresi Rirebuleba
daasaxela – samSoblo.
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dRes‚ 21-e saukunis qarTvelTaTvis ki faseulobaTa ierarqias saTaveSi
„ojaxi~ udgas‚ respondentTa 31%-ma Seafasa „ojaxi~ maqsimaluri – 9 quliT.
Semdeg adgilzea „janmrTeloba~‚ romelsac sul mcire sxvaobiT „CamorCeba~
„samSoblo~. sainteresoa‚ rom orive maTgani respondentTa zustad erTnairma
raodenobam 23%-ma Seafasa maqsimaluri SefasebiT.
reitingSi aseve maRali maCvenebliT gamoirCeva „religia~‚ saSualo qulaa
5‚25.
aseve sagulisxmoa is faqtic‚ rom Cveni mkiTxvelebisaTvis materialuri
faseulobani aq CamoTvlil sulier Tu maradiul RirebulebebTan SedarebiT
umniSvneloa – „materialur keTildReobas” mxolod oTxma mkiTxvelma (0‚7%)
dauwera 9 qula.
yvelaze meti raodenobis minimaluri qula „demokratiul Rirebulebebs”
xvda wilad – mkiTxvelTa 63%-ma misca mas minimaluri Sefaseba.
rogorc vxedavT‚ ojaxi‚ janmrTeloba da samSoblo – Tanamedrove
qarTvelisTvis umniSvnelovanesi Rirebulebebia. es qarTuli sinamdvilea‚
romelsac dro verafers aklebs. Tu winaparTaTvis samSoblo upirvelesi iyo‚ mas
Semdeg ojaxi da janmrTeloba mosdevda. sameuli (mcire saxecvlilebiT)
dRevandeli qarTvelisTvisac igivea.
Rirebulebebis TvalsazrisiT, ganviTarebul da ganuviTarebel qveynebs Soris
mTavari sxvaoba – adamiania. erTSi adamiani aris mTavari Rirebuleba (individis
uflebebi aris xelSeuvali da kanonebiT garantirebuli, mas aseve aqvs
movaleobebi, romelic aseve kanonebiT aris daregulirebuli). meoreSi ki –
mTavari Rirebuleba aris Temi, saxelmwifo da sazogadoebis saWiroebebi. aseT
sazogadoebebSi adamiani mniSvnelovani imdenad, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia am mTavari
Rirebulebis dacva da misi erTguleba.
saqarTveloSi konstituciiT deklarirebulia adamiani, rogorc mTavari
Rirebuleba, realurad ra Rirebulebis matarebelia saqarTvelos sazogadoeba,
romelmac sakuTari Rirebulebebis konstatacia konstituciaSi sajarod moaxdina?
SeiZleba gamoiyos sami tipis sazogadoeba, romelTagan TiToeuls sakuTari
RirebulebaTa sistema aqvs. esenia:
1. tradiciuli Rirebulebebi, romelic agrarul sazogadoebas Seesabameba da
romlis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia ojaxi da religia, rogorc mTavari
prioritetebi.
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2. modernuli Rirebulebebi, romelic Seesabameba industrial sazogadoebas.
aseTi sazogadoeba orientirebulia TviTgadarCenaze, ekonomikur mogebaze.
industrializacia xels uwyobs masobrivi politikuri partiebisa da
profkavSirebis Camoyalibebas, rasac sabolood mivyavarT iqiTken, rom sazogadoeba
aviTarebs masebis politikur gadawyvetilebebSi Carevis ufro aqtiur formebs.
modernuli sazogadoeba mxolod maSin SeiZleba funqcionirebdes gamarTulad,
rodesac adamians miaCnia, rom ucxo ar aris mteri. biurokratia da didi
korporaciebi eyrdnoba urTierTmoqmedebis prognozirebad nimuSebs adamianebs
Soris. tradiciul sazogadoebaSi ki ndobisa da moraluri valdebulebebis
grZnoba ar vrceldeba ojaxsa da klans miRma.
3. postmodernuli Rirebulebebi, romelic postindustriul sazogadoebas
Seesabameba, orientirebulia cxovrebis stilis daxvewaze da cxovrebis xarisxis
gaumjobesebaze, anu mas Semdeg, rac uzrunvelyofilia sakvebisa da fizikuri
usafrTxoebis moTxovnilebebi, yuradReba gadadis iseT socialur moTxovnebze,
rogoricaa mikuTvnebuloba da pativiscema, TviTganxorcielebis pirovnuli
moTxovnileba. aseTi sazogadoeba orientirebulia samuSao adgilebisa da
politikaSi gavlenis gazrdis, Tavisuflebis uzrunvelmyofi uflebebisa da
pirovnuli TviTformirebis SesaZleblobebis gazrdil moTxovnebze.
sazogadoebis es sami tipi warmoadgens konstruqts, idealistur tips da ar
aris aucilebeli, isini wminda saxiT realobaSi Segvxvdnen. am dayofas
meTodologiuri mniSvneloba aqvs – is ukeT warmoaCens gansxvavebebs sxvadasxva
sazogadoebebs Soris, romelic, cxadia, ar amoiwureba aRniSnuli tipologiiT.
2007 wels aRmoCnda, rom saqarTvelo erTdroulad ganviTarebis sam
stadiaze imyofeba – tradiciulze, modernulze da postmodernulzec ki. mokled,
asea – Cven vcxovrobT sazogadoebaSi, romlis umravlesobac ojaxis wevrebisa da
naTesavebis mets aravis endoba; unda Zlieri lideri, romelic parlamentisTvis
da mTavrobisTvis angariSis gaweviT Tavs ar Seiwuxebs; romlis 81 procenti
marTlmadidebeli qristiania da am 81 procentis 48 procents sjera sikvdilis
Semdeg sicocxlis; 31 procents – mkvdrediT aRdgomis, 26 procents – eSmakis, 13
procents – sulis, 20 procents – jojoxeTis, 14 procents – samoTxis da
romlis mxolod 5-11 procenti monawileobs saeklesio RvTismsaxurebaSi kviraSi
erTxel; romelic ver itans homoseqsualebs, romelic ar endoba Tavis mier
arCeul arc erT institucias (parlamenti, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
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organoebi) da endoba im institutebs, romelTa arCevasa da dakompleqtebaSi
Tavad saerTod ar monawileobs – eklesias, Tavdacvis sistemas da ganaTlebis
sistemas. sazogadoebis mxolod 4 procentisTvis aris mniSvnelovani sityvis
Tavisufleba da Tavisufali piradi arCevani. postmodernuli ganviTarebis etapze
vimyofebiT eklesiis socialuri rolis Sefasebisas, anu mniSvnelovan socialur
rols eklesias Cveni moqalaqeebis mxolod eqvsi procenti aniWebs.
tradiciuli Rirebulebebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia ojaxi da religia,
rogorc prioriteti.
niSandoblivia, rom adamianTa 93 procents RmerTis sjera, magram ukve
mxolod 48,9-s sjera sicocxlis Semdeg sikvdilis. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos
mosaxleobis 70 procenti ar cxovrobs religiuri cxovrebiT, magram, sakuTar
Tavs religiur pirovnebad miiCnevs.
Cvens `religiur~ sazogadoebaSi sakmaod maRalia procenti im adamianebisa,
vinc amarTlebs magaliTad, mkvlelobas Tavdacvis mizniT, aborts, sxvisi manqanis
dazianebis SemTxvevaSi argamxelas da sxv. amdenad, mniSvnelovania, rom
sazogadoebis umravlesoba aRiarebs ra sakuTari Tavis mikuTvnebulobas garkveul
RirebulebaTa sistemisadmi, sinamdvileSi, sruliad sxva realobaSi cxovrobs.
qarTveli sazogadoebisTvis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Rirebulebaa tradicia,
ojaxi. sxvaTa Soris, kiTxvaze _ `aRniSneT qvemoTCamoTvlili punqtis Sesaxeb, Tu
ramdenad mnisvnelovania igi TqenTvis~ _ umravlesoba upiratesobas ojaxs aniWebs.
es bunebrivic aris – sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, sabWoTa sinamdvileSi ojaxi
erTaderTi sazogadoebrivi institucia iyo, romlis ndobac SeiZleboda.
rac Seexeba, tradicias – isic TviTmyofadobis erTaderTi gamovlena iyo.
qarTveloba, somxoba an sxva niSnavda ara awmyoSi sakuTari Tavis ganxorcielebas,
aramed gadmocemas – me var is, rac Cemi mama-papa iyo.
saqarTvelos sazogadoebisTvis mniSvnelovania samuSao (samsaxuri, posti) da
ara Sroma, rogorc TavisTavadi Rirebuleba. umetesoba aRiarebs, rom urCevnia ar
iSromos, Tu SemosavlebiT uzrunvelyofili iqneba. rac Seexeba, pirovnebis
Tavisuflebas – am Rirebulebis mniSvnelobaze Znelia isaubro iq, sadac
gamokiTxulTa 42 procenti diqtatorze ocnebobs, maT Soris 9 procenti ki
samxedro diqtaturaze.
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2.4. Rirebulebebis gaufasureba
Rirebulebebi erT adgilze gaqvavebuli fenomeni ar aris. isini
cxovrebiseul cvlilebebs ganicdian. zogjer ki TavianT WeSmarit saxes kargaven
da ufasurdebian kidec.
Tavis blogSi `inteleqtualuri hermetuloba an axali adami(ani)~
(http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=10583&f_cat=&a_title=inteleqtualuri+hermetuloba+anu+axali
+adami(ani)) prof. v. SubiTiZe swored RirebulebaTa gaufasurebas exeba, risTvisac
brwyinvale espaneli moazrovnis xose ortega i gasetis esses iyenebs, romelic
avtorma 1935 wels gamoaqveyna, qarTulad ki baCana bregvaZem Targmna da 1993
wels gamoica.
gadagvarebuli adamianisaTvis, romelsac v. SubiTiZe `axal adams~ uwodebs,
xose ortega i gasetis azriT, damaxasiaTebeli xdeba inteleqtualuri
hermetuloba, sixarbe, upasuxismgebloba da uzneoba. aseTi saxecvlilebis
utyuari mizezi aris faseulobaTa gadafaseba. rogorc v. SubiTiZe aRniSnavs,
axali adami yvelgan Tavis sityvas ambobs: iseTia rogorc yvela, ise fiqrobs
rogorc yvela, fizikuri TvalsazrisiTac Tavs safrTxeSi ar igdebs, guSin es
rigiTi jariskaci dRes generlad iqca, sazogadoeba axla mxolod generlebisgan
Sedgeba, cxovrebis asparezze mihqris Tavisi agresuli energiulobiT, sixistiT,
siTamamiT da utifrobiT, cdilobs Tavisi azri moaxvios sxvebs da rac SeiZleba
meti wahglijos cxovrebas, TviTkmayofilebam gaaCina masSi Sinagani lpobis
bacila, is mxolod dRevandeli dRiT cxovrobs, sakuTari Tavisa da ojaxis garda
aRaraferi da aravin adardebs, igi daTqmulia dRevandelobaSi, amitom mas aRar
izidavs warsuli (romelsac specialurad iviwyeben), romelmac interesi dakarga
adamis TvalSi, igi misabaZ nimuSad warsuls ki aRar Tvlis, aramed mxolod
dRevandelobas, mTlianad dakarguli aqvs tradiciulobis suli.
`axal adams~ aRar sWirdeba winaprebis normebi, wesebi da nimuSebi, fulis
mopovebisa da simdidris Sovnisken iswrafvis, samSoblo mxolod sufraze
axsendeba, mas wigni aRar sWirdeba, xandaxan eklesiaSic wava da codvasac
moinaniebs, oRond moCvenebiT, cotaoden qvelmoqmedebasac gaswevs, esec
moCvenebiTia, qedmaRalia da, amasTan, daTrgunvili, xSirad Tavis niWsa da unars
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saeWvo Rirebulebebs axmars, dakarguli aqvs sakuTari Tavisa da Zalis Sefasebis
unari, iTxovs sul ufro da ufro met keTildReobas, sakuTari Tavis garda
aravis avtoritets ar cnobs, an moCvenebiTad aRiarebs mas. yovelive aman umZimes
mdgomareobaSi Caagdo `axali adami~. yovelive aman umZimes mdgomareobaSi Caagdo
`axali adami~, goneba sul daexura realobis aRqmis da TviTmoqmedebis unari
waerTva.
zemoaRniSnulSi kargad aris gadmocemuli RirebulebaTa gaufasurebis
dialeqtika. swored maSin da iq, rodesac da sadac adamiani moralisa da
movaleobisagan daicleba, RirebulebaTa gaufasurebac iwyeba da adamianuri
samyaros dasasrulic axlovdeba.
RirebulebaTa gaufasurebas, ra Tqma unda, yvelgan aqvs adgili, maT Soris
ekonomikis sferoSic. msoflio finansur krizisamde Camoyalibebuli amerikeli
momxmareblis qceva iqiTken iyo mimarTuli, rom is ufro mets xarjavda, vidre
gamoimuSavebda. erTi mxriv, es xels uwyobda biznesis ganviTarebas, vinaidan qmnida
saTanado moTxovnas. axla ki sxva dro dadga. dRemde Camoyalibebulma qcevam
mkveTri cvlileba ganicada. Rirebulebebis cvlilebis Sedegad amerikelebi
finansur sakiTxebSi uecrad dabrZendnen an warsulis Secdomebze (fulis
xelgaSlilad xarjvis Secdomaze) iswavles. es TviT cxovrebam moiTxova.
amerikelebs fulis dazogvis garda sxva arCevani aRar darCaT. momWirned xarjvam
isini imaze daafiqra, Tu ra aris am cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovani da ra aqcevs maT
bednierad. (ketrin rampeli, Rirebulebebis cvlileba, `24 saaTi~, 2009 wlis 19
maisi, `niu-iork Taimsis~ qarTulenovani damateba. gv. 1, 3).
saqarTvelos himnis avtori‚ daviT maRraZe, sainteresod ganixilavs im
umTavres Rirebulebebs‚ romelTa gaTaviseba da msaxureba aris umTavresi –
„madli da marili ama qveynisa~. poetis azriT‚ saqarTvelos arcerT moqalaqes ara
aqvs ufleba wauyruos „raime iseTs‚ rac ar Seuwyobs xels ciskaris varskvlavis
or zRavs Sua gabrwyinebas...~ qveynis realuri mdgomareobis Semxedvare adamiani
aRtkinebuli mexotbe da difirambisti namdvilad ver iqneba... „sxvis
Tavmosawoneblad cxovreba ar varga. – saqmeman Senman gamogaCinos Sen‚ – didebuli
naTqvamia. piriqiT ki uxerxulia‚ rom mudmivad Sen cdilobde amoaCino saqme‚
romelic ukeTes SemTxvevaSi‚ mkafiod ar Cans...~ miuRebelia iseTi simptomebis
gaCena‚ rodesac „mTavari is ki ar aris‚ rom saqme gakeTdes‚ aramed is‚ rom xalxs
egonos‚ rom saqme keTdeba~. da bolos umTavresi mosazreba: „saxelmwifo
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Secdomebze miTiTebiT‚ maTi aRiarebiTa da gamosworebiT Sendeba da ara ovaciis
SeZaxiliT~. (maRraZe d. sazogadoebis Rirseba da Rirebulebebi. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚
#91‚ 22 aprili 2005 w.‚ gv. 1). rogorc ki ase ar moviqceviT‚ uTuod
davcildebiT WeSmarit Rirebulebebs.
gaz. „24 saaTis~ ombudsmeni nodar ladaria miiCnevs‚ rom RirebulebebTan
mimarTebaSi yvelaferi logikas unda eqvemdebarebodes. ama Tu im sinamdviles misi
adeqvaturi saxelwodeba unda Seesabamebodes. simarTlis ardanaxva‚ Rirebulebis
deficiti ki sazogadoebisaTvis metad arasaxarbielo‚ saeWvo da saxifaTo ramaa.
avtori gmobs siZulvilsa da undoblobas adamianebis mimarT‚ romelsac
nacionaluri SuRlis gaRvivebamde mivyavarT. presombudsmeni aRriSnavs:
„... ara‚ ver Sedis qarTvelis gonebaSi‚ rom ufaso sauzmeebi araTu ar
arsebobs‚ aramed arc unda arsebobdes!
magram aris kidev erTi ram‚ rac ganapirobebs sinamdvilisa da saxelwodebis
Seusabamobas saqarTveloSi: siZulvili da undobloba adamianis mimarT. siZulvili
da undobloba‚ romelsac saguldagulod malaven da niRbaven. amitomac ar
gveubnebian: „Seni vaJkacoba sWireba samSoblos!~ an „modi‚ Tu ginda Tavi mamakacad
igrZno!~. sul sxva rames gveubnebian: kargad SeWam‚ inglisurs da kompiuters
iswavli‚ ping-pongis TamaSiT guls ijereb. ar gvendobian‚ gulis siRrmeSi
darwmunebulni arian‚ rom gaiZverebi da komformistebi varT...
viTareba sakmaod martivia: sazogadoebis SemakavSirebeli Zala RirebulebaTa
erTianobaa. roca adamianTa jgufi RirebulebaTa deficits ganicdis‚ maT eTnikuri
warmoSobis erTianoba Caanacvlebs xolme. nacionalizmis safuZvelic esaa –
RirebulebaTa deficiti~ (ix. gaz. `24 saaTi~‚ # 131‚ 13 ivnisi‚ 2005 w.‚ gv. B8).
avtori aseve SeniSnavs‚ rom Cven „RirebulebaTa deficiti~ gvaqvs
RirebulebaTa siuxvis pirobebSi‚ maSin‚ roca isini „Tavze sayrelad gvaqvs~.
Seqmnilia iseTi viTareba‚ roca Cvenive Tavmosawonebeli Rirebulebani
gamouyenebel‚ fuW‚ cariel ideebad qceulan. brZenis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT: „aras
gargebs swavluloba‚ Tu ara iqm brZenTa Tqmulsao~. Cvenc swored aseTi
arasasurveloba dagvmarTnia. batoni nodar ladaria axlaxan moyvanil mis azrs
aseT komentars umatebs:
„vgrZnob‚ ra winaaRmdegobas gamoiwvevs es debuleba: rogor‚ gana
Rirebulebebi gvaklia qarTvelebs? – gvaklia ki ara‚ Tavze sayrelad gvaqvs‚
CamoTvlac gauWirdeba kacs. magram saqme isaa‚ rom es Rirebulebebi Zalian
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gagonebs soflis saxlis meore sarTuls – Seremontebuls‚ mowyobils‚ avejiT
(„veSCiT~) gamotenils – meore sarTuls‚ sadac aravin cxovrobs‚ asvliTac aTasSi
erTel Tu adis vinme mosagvelad da xandaxan stumars Tu gaaTevineben Rames...
Cveni Rirebulebebic aseTia~ (ix. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #131‚ 13 ivnisi‚ 2005 w.‚ gv.
B8).
sazogadoebaSi jer kidev fesvgadgmuli ormagi standartebi‚ gulgriloba‚
gaumWvirvaloba‚ araadeqvaturoba‚ realobisagan mowyveta‚ simarTlis damalva,
avtoris azriT, mxolod erTs amtkicebs: „CvenSi sayovelTaod gancxadebuli
Rirebulebebi butaforiaa da meti araferi~.
am Wors swrafad Tu ar mivxedeT‚ cxovreba uazrobad gadaiqceva. saWiroa
droze davubrunoT sityvebs Tavisi mniSvneloba. mxolod ase SeiZleba davinaxoT
da SevimecnoT simarTle. sxvanairad eklesiasTan Cven ver mivalT. aseT azrs
aviTarebs ombudsmeni‚ roca konfuciosis sityvebiT gvmoZRvravs:
„magram es yvelaferi iqiT iyos. axla sxva ramaa sadardebeli. erTxel
konfuciuss hkiTxes: ras izamdi qveynierebis gadasarCenado? brZenma upasuxa:
satyvebs TavianT mniSvnelobas davubrunebdio. rodemde unda arqmevdnen Cvens
sinamdvileSi kaxabers imas‚ rac sul ara hgavs mas?
qveynis prezidenti‚ romelic xulignobas gmirobad ixseniebs‚ popularuli
telearxis mesveurebi‚ romlebic mconarobas amtanobad racxen‚ moZRvari‚
romelsac Tavisive eklesiaSi mokalaTebuli qurdebis dasacavad simarTlis
ardanaxva Rirseul saqcielad miaCnia – saeWvod da saxifaTod gvanan erTmaneTs~
(iqve).
Jurnalisti qeTevan ignatova sainteresod exeba imas‚ rom Rirebulebis
gaufasureba arasaxelmwifoebriv cxovrebas‚ azrovnebas‚ morals niSnavs‚ rac Cvens
yoveldRiurobaSi vlindeba. igi miuTiTebs‚ rom bolo periodSi mas sabolood
samouyalibda mosazreba amis Sesaxeb. avtori statiis dasawyisSi exeba did
gamoxmaurebas‚ romelic Tbilisis meris daniSvnas mohyva da aRniSnavs: „es azri
nel-nela‚ droTa ganmavlobaSi miyalibdeboda da ucnaurad‚ moulodnelad‚ swored
meris daniSvna da amasTan dakavSirebuli komentarebi is bolo wveTi aRmoCnda‚
romelmac Cems mokrZalebul mosazrebas saboloo saxe misca. Cemi azri ki imaSi
mdgomareobs‚ rom iqneba es oseTis‚ afxazeTis‚ korufciis‚ liceumis‚ jaris‚
saxlebis Rebvis‚ universitetis Tu nebismieri sxva sakiTxi‚ yvelgan erTi da igive
problema ixateba. problema‚ romelsac saxelmwifoebrivi azrovnebis deficiti
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hqvia. nebismieri samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebuli‚ ukmayofilo‚ opozicioneri
deputati Tu bazrobis garemovaWre‚ xelovani Tu mecnieri‚ mwerali Tu
samarSruto taqsis mZRoli saxelmwifoebrivi xedvidan radikalurad gansxvavebul
zesubieqtur poziciaze dgas da garesamyaros‚ mimdinare movlenebs‚ cvlilebebs‚
warmatebebsa da Secdomebs TiTqos sakuTari pawawina sarkmlidan afasebs~
(ignatova q. mavne Cveva subieqturi minarevebiT. gaz. „24 saaTi~, #160‚ 16 ivlisi
2005 w.‚ gv. 2).
Rirebulebis erT-erTi umTavresi niSani isaa‚ rom igi diadi miznisken
mimarTuli‚ mis kalapotSi Cayenebuli swrafvaa. rogorc ki kalapotidan
amovardeba‚ is ufasurdeba‚ sazogadoeba ki gayalbebul pirobebSi gadadis. Cvens
droSi‚ Rirebulebebis gaufasureba konkretulad aravisi brali ar aris. igi
Cvenma saarsebo adgilma‚ garemo pirobebma da drom ganapiroba. q. ignatova wers:
„albaT‚ konkretulad es aravis brali ar aris. samocdaaTi weliwadi Cven
yvelas erTi‚ sakmaod abstraqtuli‚ ukidegano samSoblo unda gvqonoda‚ romelSic
saqarTvelo da‚ magaliTad‚ komis avtonomiuri respublika‚ sakuTari karis
mezobeli an Tanasofleli da Soreuli uralis meSaxte erTnairad unda
gvyvareboda‚ erTnairad gagveTavisebina Wiric da lxinic. ginda Tu ara‚ erTad
unda gagveziarebina. aseTi iyo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi yvela CvenganisTvis
kargad nacnobi sabWoTa ideologia‚ romlis msxverpli‚ ramdenic ar unda
vibaqibuqoT‚ umravlesoba aRmovCndiT. „Родина мать” gveZaxda da Cvenc yvelani
erTad vomobdiT‚ vxnavdiT‚ vTesavdiT‚ vaduRebdiT folads‚ vmarTavdiT
koncertebs‚ aRlumebs‚ magram ra iyo es „Родина~‚ ar vicodiT‚ ar gviyvarda.
faqtobrivad araferi gviyvarda‚ sakuTari Tavis garda. Cven cru Rirebulebebis‚
cru-patriorizmis‚ gaufasurebuli faseulobebisa da gayalbebuli istoriis
pirobebSi vizrdebodiT. istoriisa‚ romlis damwerTa nawili Tavisive SeTxzuls
dRes universitetis kibeebze Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTan ase gulmodgined
icavs. icavs imitom‚ rom erTxel naTqvami tyuilis aRiarebisTvis misi
saxelmwifoebrivi azrovneba sakmarisi ar aris.
miTiuri‚ amorfuli‚ mogonili didi samSoblo‚ sabWoTa kavSiri‚ rogorc iqna‚
daingra da daiwyo ganukiTxaobis wlebi‚ romlebsac rusuli gamoTqma „cмутные
времена~ Tu mouxdeboda. daiwyo saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis is wlebi‚
rodesac TandaTan‚ mizanmimarTulad Rirebulebebis sruli‚ saboloo gaufasureba‚
moralis, elementaruli zneobis nivelireba mimdinareobda. saqarTveloSi bolo
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TxuTmeti wlis ganmavlobaSi batonobda ideologia‚ romlis mixedviT cudi kargi
gaxda‚ kargi‚ wesieri ki – ubadruki‚ dasacini. wlebi‚ rodesac saxelmwifoebrivi
azrovnebs gaTelva‚ maRali idealebis gaSarJeba‚ kanonis totaluri‚ daufaravi
darRveva‚ cinizmi‚ urwmunoeba‚ nihilizmi‚ skepticizmi da tyuili‚ erTi didi
globaluri tyuili modaSi Semovida da aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi sabWoeTis
mier momzadebul niadagze warmoudgenlad iolad damkvidrda~ (ignatova q. mavne
Cveva subieqturi minarevebiT. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #160‚ 16 ivlisi 2005 w.‚ gv. 2).
avtors Rirebulebebis gaufasurebis Sesaxeb yovelive zemoT aRniSnulis
dasabuTebisTvis konkretuli magaliTebic mohyavs da am magaliTebiT Tavis
Teoriul ganzogadebas ufro damajerebels da sarwmunos xdis. q. ignatova wers:
„amisTvis ramdenime konkretul magaliTs mogiyvanT. elementaruliT daviwyeb.
SuqniSanTan wiTelze gavla‚ manqanis uxeSi darRvevebiT‚ maRal siCqareze marTva
kargi biWobis‚ elitarulobis maniSebeli iyo Tu ara? narkotikiT vaWroba‚
narkomania‚ kbilebamde SeiaraRebuli siaruli‚ dausjeli mkvlelobebi‚
gamZvinvarebuli kriminali‚ CamSvebi Zveli biWebi‚ qurduli gagebis policielebi‚
meqrTame biurokratebi Cveni yoveldRiuri cxovrebis bunebriv nawils
warmoadgendnen Tu ara? yovelgvari codnisa da monacemebs gareSe umaRles
saswavlebelSi Cabareba‚ ganaTlebis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo Tu ara? rodisme
gamogviTqvams aRSfoTeba aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebuli sasamarTlo
sistemis groteskulobis Taobaze? modiT vaRiaroT‚ rom ara. morCilad vixdidiT
qrTamebs da amiT sakuTar Rirsebasa da‚ rac mTavaria‚ saxelmwifoebriv SegrZnebas
gTulavdiT. rodisme davfiqrebulvarT‚ rom inspeqtorisTvis ori laris‚
teqbiuroSi oci laris‚ sapasportoSi asi dolaris an nebismier sxva
dawesebulebaSi elementaruli cnobis asaRebad TiTqosda umniSvnelo qrTamis
gadaxdiT sakTari xeliT swored imas vuTxridiT Zirs‚ SevuracxyofdiT‚ rasac
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo‚ misi Rirseba hqvia? rodesme aRgviqvams‚ rom
eleqtroenergiis `sCotCikSi~ CarWobili mavTuliT‚ gazis inkasatorTan garigebiT‚
gadasaxadebis argadaxdiT Cven Tavsve vpatiobdiT? modiT erTxel mainc
gulaxdilad vaRiaroT‚ rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi TiToeuli CvenganisTvis
uSiSroeba‚ Sinagan saqmeTa saministro‚ saqstandarti‚ meria‚ prokuratura‚
gamgeobebi‚ sasamarTlo‚ rkinigza‚ jari‚ sigaretis‚ benzinis biznesi da a.S.
mxolod da mxolod ukanono fulis kolosalur wyaros niSnavda da mets
arafers. nuTu romelime Cvenganma ar icoda‚ rom nebismieri sawarmos muSaoba
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mxolod „levze~ iyo awyobili. nuTu erTi iseTi qarTveli moiZebneba‚ romelic
ityvis‚ rom kanonierad‚ kapik-kapik ixdida gadasaxadebs? an ki visTvis‚ an ratom
unda gadaexada‚ Tu gadasaxadis gadaxda mxolod sakuTari jibidan sxvis jibeSi
Cadebas niSnavda da saxelmwifo‚ rogorc aseTi‚ am ormxriv procesSi aranairad ar
figurirebda. nuTu dagvaviwyda‚ rom wlebis ganmavlobaSi policielebi qurdebad‚
kanonieri qurdebi mosamarTleebad‚ mosamarTleebi kriminalebad‚ kriminalebi
gmirebad‚ gmirebi‚ anu arsebuli realobis miuxedavad wesierad mcxovrebni‚
idiotebad iyvnen gamocxadebulni? uamravi amgvari wvril-wvrili‚ wlebis
ganmavlobaSi Cveni yoveldRiurobis Semadgeneli magaliTebis moyvana SemiZlia‚
magram darwmunebuli var‚ rom TiToeul qarTvels es yvelaferi Cemze aranaklebad
kargad axsovs‚ awuxebs da aRar unda~ (ignatova q. mavne Cveva subieqturi
minarevebiT. gaz. „24 saaTi~‚ #160‚ 16 ivlisi 2005 w.‚ gv. 2).
cxovreba iseT sazogadoebaSi‚ sadac WeSmariti Rirebulebebi gaufasurebulia
da yvelaferi gaukuRmarTebulia‚ adamianebisTvis gausaZlisi da autaneli xdeba.
mis dabrunebas didi Zalisxmeva‚ dauRalavi brZola da dro sWireba. mxolod ase
SeiZleba davamkvidroT TamaSis mxolod erTi wesi – kanoni da saxelmwifoebrivi
azrovneba. q. ignatova Tavis mTavar azrs ase aboloebs:
„piradad me aRar minda yvelasaTvis ucnob‚ upativcemulo‚ msoflios
qveynebis korumpirebulobisa da cxovrebis donis amsaxveli siis bolo adgilze
myof amorful teritoriaze cxovreba. me minda‚ rom am teritorias saxelmwifos
realuri konturi hqondes da me ki misi amayi moqalaqe viyo. dRes amis realuri
Sansi gagviCnda da es albaT yvelasac unda‚ magram erTia survili da meorea Cveva.
samwuxarod‚ arsebobs uamravi iseTi mavne Cveva‚ romelTanac brZola‚ survilis
miuxedavad‚ mainc Zalian Znelia. sigaretis mowevas mTeli guliT minda Tavi
davanebo da ar gamomdis‚ da rogor unda moTxovo calkeul adamianebs‚ rom erT-
or weliwadSi aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gamomuSavebul Cvevas –
arasaxelmwifoebriv cxovrebas‚ azrovnebas‚ morals ase iolad‚ erTi xelis mosmiT
Seelion.... Tbilisis axali meris daniSvnasTan dakavSirebiT gakeTebuli
komentarebis mosmenisas ratomRac aSkarad davinaxe‚ mivxvdi‚ rom xelisuflebis
daundobeli kritika‚ pasuxismgeblobis Tavidan acilebis survili‚ moda‚ kargi
toni ki ar aris‚ rogorc aqamde megona‚ aramed elementaruli TviTgadarCenis
survili‚ subieqturi komfortisTvis brZolaa da meti araferi. brZola‚ romelic‚
samwuxarod‚ Tavis motyuebas ufro waagavs‚ Tumca iseve‚ rogorc is cru
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simyudrove‚ romelTan ganSoreba ase uWirT‚ magram romelTanac Seleva‚ undaT Tu
ara‚ mainc mouwevT. amis gagebas‚ dajerebas ki dro unda.
saqarTvelo saxelmwifo gaxda da moswons es vinmes Tu ara‚ nebismier
saxelmwifos TamaSis mxolod erTi wesi aqvs – kanoni da mxolod erTi xedva –
saxelmwifoebrivi~ (ignatova q. mavne Cveva subieqturi minarevebiT. gaz. „24
saaTi~‚ #160‚ 16 ivlisi 2005 w.‚ gv. B2).
istoriaSi bevria imis magaliTi, rodesac Rirebulebebi ufasurdeba. aviRoT,
Tundac, iseTi uzarmazari potencialis qveyana, rogoric irania. am qveyanas
yvelaferi aqvs imisaTvis, rom misi moqalaqeebi Tavisuflad da bednierad
cxovrobdnen, Tumca, umeteswilad, yvelaferi piriqiTaa. amis dasadastureblad
SeiZleba davimowmoT nobelis premiis orgzis nominantis, riSard kapuSCinskis
lieraturuli Sedevri `SahinSahi~. es wigni qarTulad Targmna poloneTis
kulturis damsaxurebulma moRvawem, cnobilma mTargmnelma, ekonomistma,
profesorma ambrosi griSikaSvilma, romelic 2012 wels gamoica da, romelic
iranSi gasuli saukunis 70-iani wlebis miwuruls datrialebul movlenebs exeba.
Cven mogveca saSualeba, rom es didebuli Sedevri mSobliur enazec wvikiTxoT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom sazogadoebas imis mixedviT aqmeven Tavis namdvil saxes, ra
Rirebulebebsac is atarebs, rogori RirebulebebiTac misi kultura aris
gamsWvaluli. exeba ra, iranSi damkvidrebul antiRirebulebebs, imas, Tu rogor
ufasurdeba WeSmariti Rireblebani iranis sinamdvileSi, anu rogor xdeba xalxis
interesebidan gandgoma, misi arafrad Cagdeba, piradi egoisturi miswrafebebis win
wamoweva sakuTari moqalaqeebis miwasTan gasworebis, maTi fundamenturi
uflebebis fexqveS gaTelvis gamo, am RirebulebebiT qveynis kulturuli
memkvidreobis gamsWvalvis niadagze, cnobili blogeri, profesori zurab marSania
aRniSnavs: `erTi iraneli meores arafers uTmobs arasodes. mas pirveloba surs,
iswrafvis, Tavisi Sexedulebebi sxvas moaxvios Tavze. me! me! me! me pirveli var,
Sen - meore, Sen ki kvlav mesamed rCebi. is meore da mesame ki, ar kmayofildebian
TavianTi bediT da dauyovnebliv iwyeben intrigebis xlarTvas. swored aseTi
TamaSis wesebis gamo ver xerxdeboda verasodes iranSi soliduri opoziciuri
partiis Seqmna, rameTu partiis SigniT dauyovnebliv iwyeboda erTmaneTs Soris
ZiZgili, brZola liderobisaTvis. am qveyanaSi yvela da yovelTvis sakuTari
partiis Camoyalibebas lamobda.
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vercerT SemTxvevas ver gaixsenebT istoriaSi, xalxs rom daetirebinos
iranSi Tavisi Sahi da saboloo gansasveneblamde tiriliTa da moTqmiT
gaecilebinos. iranis yvela Sahma Tanamdeboba da sicocxlec ki gaurkvevel
viTarebaSi dakarga. xalxi maT saSinel adamianebad miiCnevda, sulmdablobaSi
adanaSaulebda, maT Tanamdebobidan gadadgomas sixarulis SeZaxilebiTa da wyevliT
xvdeboda. Sahis sikvdili ki, rogorc wesi, qveSevrdomebis zeimis sababi xdeboda.
axalaysaydrebuli Sahi Cveulebriv ase Sedioda xolme iranis dedaqalaqSi -
erT mxares ruseTis elCi umSvenebdagverds, xolo meores ki – britaneTisa. ase
iyo maSinac, rodesac iranis bolo monarqis - muhamed reza fehlevis mama, reza
Sahi Sevida TeiranSi. misma Svilma - muhamed reza fehlevi maciranisaTvis
tradiciad qceul stilSi, 1941 wels, rusul-britanuli „xiStebis“ meSveobiT
daimkvidra Zalaufleba mamis taxtidan gadayenebisa da gadasaxlebis Semdeg.~
(http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=10567&f_cat=&a_title=reminiscencia+riSard+kapuSCin
skis+stilSi)
sazogadoebis Tanamedrove transformaciis procesSi erT-erTi urTulesi
problema is aris, rogor SevinarCunoT, rogor vixsnaT gaufasurebisagan is
Rirebulebebi, romelTa gareSe Cven fons ver gavalT, an ganvsazRvroT, is
fundamenturi Rirebulebebi, romelTa gareSe SeuZlebelia humanuri ganviTareba,
sikeTis zrda sazogadoebaSi. am sakiTxebze saintereso da fuZemdebluri
mosazrebebi aqvs Camoyalibebuli profesor giorgi malaSxias Tavis wignSi
`adamianuri ekonomika~, romelic 2009 wels rusul enaze daibeWda (malaSxia g.
adamianuri ekonomika, sanqt-peterburgi, Tbilisi, 2009).
rogorc prof. g. malaSxia aRniSnavs, obieqturi faqtorebis (Sinagani
wanamZRvrebis) dominirebuli rolis dros sistemis transformacia, rogorc wesi,
mimdinareobs spontanurad, adapturad, gareSe Zalebis mier mkafiod gamovlenili
wabiZgebis da mkveTri cvlilebebis gareSe. igi mimdinareobs mwyobrad, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi xdeba mniSvnelovani Zvrebi.
marTlac, SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom istoriuli procesi _ sxvadasxva
masStabis transformaciaTa jaWvia socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. Rrma
konservatizmi da xangrZlivi stagnacia miuRebelia civilizaciisTvis, misi
Sinagani kanonebis mixedviT cvlilebebi aucilebelia. magram istoria ar
mimdinareobs ubralo sworxazovani sqemiT. igi rTulia, cxovrebaSi uSvebs
zigzagebs, Sereul da bundovan formebsac ki. transformacia arsebobs sayovelTao
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da lokaluri masStabis, igi moicavs qveynebis jgufs, calkeul qveynebs an
sazogadoebis cxovrebis mxareebs.
dRes transformacia mimdinareobs mTel msoflioSi, maT Soris mravali
winaaRmdegobriobis gamo, gansakuTrebiT ki axal civilizaciur tendenciebsa da
Zvelebs, aseve konservatiul urTierTobebsa da cxovrebis wess Soris, wamyvan
kapitalisturebSi. socialur-ekonomikur sistemaTa transformacia calkeul
qveynebSi SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos ara marto Sinagani faqtorebiT, aramed am
qveynebSi cxovrebis realiaTa SeusabamobiT civilizaciis globaluri kanonebis
saerTo moTxovnebTan, aseve kacobriobis mowinave nawilis inteleqtualur-
kulturuli ganviTarebis donesTan, Tavisuflebis da demokratiis
zogadsakacobrio idealebTan. mwvave krizisi, romelic gansakuTrebiT mZafrad
exeba adamianTa interesebs, SeiZleba warmoiSvas cxovrebis garkveul sferoebSi.
ase magaliTad, transformaciis mizezi xdeba moqalaqeobriv TavisuflebaTa,
demokratiis SezRudva da a.S.
mimdinare transformaciis da maTi Sedegebis Sefasebis kriteriumia
humanuri ganviTareba _ sikeTis gazrda sazogadoebaSi, anu is, rogor Seesabameba
cxovreba da misi cvlilebebi zogadsakacobrio faseulobebs _ zneobas,
samarTlianobas, Tavisuflebas, WeSmaritebas da sxv. istoriuli procesis analizi
da sazogadoebrivi formebis transformacia unda mimdinareobdes swored im
TvalsazrisiT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba isini zogadsakacobrio faseulobebs,
sayovelTao idealebs da mTeli xalxis interesebs da ara mosaxleobis calkeuli
fenebis miznebsa da moTxovnilebebs. SevniSnavT, rom saubaria am faseulobebis
WeSmarit gagebaze, vinaidan adamianebs da mTel kacobriobas yovelTvis axasiaTebda
am faseulobebis, faqtebis Sefasebisa da cxovrebis procesebis gagebaSi
cdomileba. xSirad yuradRebas amaxvileben movlenis mxolod erT dadebiT mxareze
da duman meoreze, uaryofiTze. araswori warmodgena sagnebze, socialur-
ekonomikur movlenaTa bunebasa da arsze, xdeba didi dabrkoleba, zogjer ki
safrTxec ki cxovrebis progresis gzaze.
es xdeba socialuri movlenebis Sinagani bunebis gaxsnis sirTulis gamo,
zogjer maTi SeniRbulobis gamoc, sirTuliT `awon-dawono~ kargi da cudi,
SeaRwio maT siRrmeebSi. TviT genios adamianebsac ki monoba da batonymoba
eCvenebodaT normalur movlenad, ekonomikuri mecnierebis Tanamedrove
warmomadgenlebs ki ganawilebiTi urTierTobebis aRmaSfoTebeli usamarTloba
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(keinsi), monopoliaTa TviTneboba, spekulacia birJebze, damTrgunveli
daqiravebuli Sroma da a.S. miaCniaT rogorc sruliad normaluri, kanonzomieri
da misaRebi movlena.
prof. g. malaSxia gansakuTrebul yuradRebas miapyrobs imas, rom
dResdReobiT, mniSvnelovania gavakeToT swori daskvna sabazro ekonomikis
adgilis, bunebis da perspeqtivebis Sesaxeb zogadsakacobrio faseulobebis
`sarkeSi~. ganzogadebuli saxiT, am faseulobebis TvalsazrisiT, Tanamedrove
(sabazro) ekonomika SeiZleboda dagvexasiaTebina Semdegi saxiT.
cxrili 1
Tanamedrove ekonomika fundamenturi zogadsakacobrio
faseulobebis `sarkeSi~
kriteriumebi (maradiuli,
fundamenturi faseulobebi)
ZiriTadi naklovanebebi Seviwroveba.
zneobrioba
maradiuli zneobrivi normebisa da
principebidan gadaxveva ekonomikuri
sargeblis misaRebad, adamianur
urTierTobaTa `gaciveba~, agresiis
gaZliereba adamianebs Soris,
patiosnebis, mokrZalebulobis,
sulierebis da a.S
samarTlianoba
dovlaTis usamarTlo ganawileba, qonebrivi
mdgomareobiT mosaxleobis kolosaluri
diferenciacia, romelic ar Seesabameba am
qonebis mflobelebis wvlils sazogadoebrivi
dovlaTis SeqmnaSi; dovlaTis daumsaxurebeli
miTviseba calkeuli adamianebis mier sabazro
meqanizmebis daxmarebiT.
Tavisufleba
adamianebis politikur TavisuflebaTa da
demokratiul uflebaTa pirobiToba
(arasrulfasovneba), am uflebebis da
Tavisuflebebis garkveuli iluzoruloba,
maTi damokidebuleba sabazro wesebze;
mdidarTa yovlisSemZleoba.
WeSmariteba
socialur-ekonomikur urTierTobaTa
WeSmariti bunebis damaxinjeba, upirveles
yovlisa, sabazro da ganmanawilebeli, agreTve
sakuTrebis xasiaTis; materialur dovlaTTa
mniSvnelobis gadafaseba da sulieri da
socialuri dovlaTis daufasebloba.
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cxovrebis silamaze
(esTetikuroba)
adamianTa faseulobiTi orientaciis da qcevis
simaxinje, urTierToba maT Soris (daundobeli
konkurenciuli brZola, sxva agresiuli
moqmedebebi); sabazro mentalitetis
Seusabamoba humanurobasa da esTetikur
idealebTan; riskiani situaciis dominireba
cxovrebaSi, perspeqtivis gaurkvevloba.
is, rom sabazro urTierTobaTa pirobebSi vamCnevT adamianebs Soris
humanuri damokidebulebis faqtebs, adamianTa interesebis dacvas, adamianebis
urTierTdaxmarebas da isini avlenen solidarulobas, keTilmosurneobas
erTmaneTis mimarT da a.S. _ yovelive es adamianurobis genetikuri resursia,
romelic arasodes qreba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi. es aucilebeli pirobaa TviT
kacobriobis arsebobisTvis. sabazro urTierTobebTan ki es Tvisebebi
dakavSirebuli araa.
yovelive zemonaTqvamidan gamomdinare, prof. g. malaSxia akeTebs daskvnas
imis Taobaze, rom im qveynebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapi, romlebmac ganicada
postsocialisturi transformacia, unda gaxdes gadasasvleli humanuri
ganviTarebis relsebze, qcevis sabazro wesebis ganurCeveli batonobis uaryofaze,
postsabazro epoqisken. aseTia prof. g. malaSxias ZiriTadi mosazrebani aRniSnul
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT.
bolos, zemoT ganxilul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba gavakeToT Semdgi
daskvna. `Rirebuleba~ SeiZleba ori mxriv warmovidginoT. mis erT nawils, rac
misaRebia, ramac gaiara gamocda Tavis ganxorcielebis procesSi da adasturebs,
rom swori gziT mivdivarT Tu araswori orientiri agvirCevia, anu rasac ukve
mivaRwieT da ganvaxorcieleT, rac ukve gamocdilia, Zvelia da aprobirebuli,
zogjer konservatiuls uwodeben. XVIII saukunis ingliseli saxelmwifo moRvawe
edmund burke im cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas, romelic kacobriobam mravali
saukunis ganmavlobaSi daagrova, `kacobriobis `gons~ uwodebda (ix.: oT.
fanaskertel-ciciSvili, liberalizmi – samyaros gadamrCeni, Tu _ piriqiT.
`saqarTvelos respublika~, #130, 13 ivlisi, 2010, gv. 3-4), rac is aris, rac
unda gvindodes. amasTan erTad, Rirebulebas meore mxarec aqvs – axali,
cvalebadi, araaprobirebuli, gamoucdeli, ganuxorcielebeli nawili, anu is, rac
unda gvindodes. Rirebulebebi isaa, romelsac adekvaturad, idealurad Cven
verasodes ver vaRwevT. Rirebulebebi erT wertilSi gaCerebuli araa. ase rom
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iyos, daiZvrebodi misken da odesRac miaRwevdi kidevac. magram dRes rac gvinda,
anu riskenac mivdivarT, vidre mas ganvaxorcielebdeT, misi `koordinatebi~ ukve
Secvlilia da amitomac, Cven ukve es Secvlili unda gvindodes.
2.5. RirebulebaTa gaziarebis istoriuli gakveTilebi
`yoveli Cvengani unda cdilobdes... rom Cveni cxovreba warmoadgendes erTs didebuls denas SeerTebulis Zalisas~.
ilia WavWavaZe
kacobriobisis istoriis daskvnebsa da gakveTilebs didi
mniSvneloba aqvs. isini Cveni swori, swrafi da uSecdomo ganviTarebis
orientirebi arian. daskvnebi warmoadgens ekonomikis ganviTarebis
Sesaxeb SesaZeni istoriuli gamocdilebis sistematizebul
konstatacias. rogorc qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSia
aRniSnuli, daskvna msjelobis Sedegad miRebuli mokled
Camoyalibebuli saboloo azria. daskvna, rogorc wminda ilia marTali
ityoda, aris: `grZlad Tqmulis mokled gamonaskva~. gakveTili ki aris
gamocdileba, romelic sxvas gamoadgeba. cxadia, rom marto daskvnebiT
ar unda SemovifargloT. amis ori mizezi arsebobs. 1. istoriuli
gamocdileba ufro mdidari da mravalferovania, Tumca, daskvnebSi
koncentrirebulia misi Semajamebeli arsi. 2. qveynis yvela mcxovrebi
swavlebis procesSi cxovrebaSi gadis samoqalaqo qmnadobas da
eufleba kidec mas, kerZod, ekonomikis istorias ara imdenad imisaTvis,
rom Caabaros gamocda, ramdenadac imisaTvis, rom gamoitanos zogi
gakveTili, romelic SeiZleba gamoiyenos da gaiTvaliswinon TavianT
Semdgom cxovrebaSi. es gakveTilebi ki daskvnebze ufro mdidaria.
maS ase, albaT jer ekonomikuri ganviTarebis istoriuli
gamocdilebis daskvnebiT unda daviwyoT.
1. ekonomikuri ganviTareba sam umTavres wanamZRvars efuZneba.
imisaTvis, rom amuSavdes manqana, saxelwodebiT `progresi~ (e. i.
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erToblivad ganviTardnen mecniereba da ekonomika), unda
dakmayofildes sami piroba.
pirveli piroba _ sazogadoebaSi unda iyos adamianTa sakmao
raodenoba, romlebic dakavebulni iqnebian informaciis damuSavebiT,
axali codnis mopovebiT da teqnologiur inovaciebamde misi miyvaniT.
amisaTvis, ekonomikam unda Seqmnas sakmao produqcia, raTa misi
wevrebis nawili gaTavisufldes dRiuri lukmis mopovebis rutinuli
Sromisagan.
codnis da teqnologiuri inovaciebis warmoeba ganxorcieldeba
avtomaturad, Tuki samecniero da sagamomgoneblo saqmianobisaken
midrekil adamianebs eqnebaT SesaZlebloba SemoqmedebiTi Sromisa,
roca SeZleben gamokvlevebisaTvis aucilebel mowyobilobebTan
miRwevas. aqedan gamomdinareobs meore pirobis Sesrulebis
aucilebloba – ekonomika unda iyos imgvarad organizebuli, rom
adamianebs, romelTac bunebiT boZebuli aqvT mecnierebis an
gamomgoneblis talanti, SeeZloT Sroma mecnierebisa da teqnologiuri
inovaciebis SemuSavebisas. amisaTvis aucilebelia arsebobdes
ekonomikuri institutebi, romlebic ise gadaanawileben sazogadoebriv
simdidres, rom uzrunvelyofen mecnierebis ama Tu im dargSi muSaobiT.
eklesiam sakuTari uzrunvelyofis sakiTxebi gadawyvita mecnierebamde
didi xniT adre, roca daawesa socialuri sagadasaxado sistema,
magaliTad, saeklesio desetina da gamoyo mRvdel-msaxurebi
gansakuTrebul wodebad, rac ara marto gantkicda kanonebSi, aramed
wes-CveulebebiTac damkvidrda. mecniereba ganaTlebasTan yovelTvis iyo
mWidrod dakavSirebuli, e. i. bazris eniT rom vTqvaT, codnis yidvis
sferosTan. swored saganmanaTleblo institutebi da organizaciebi
aZlevdnen mecnierebas ganviTarebis saSualebas. Sua saukuneebidan
dawyebuli samecniero skolebi viTardebodnen universtetebTan.
samecniero codna mxolod axlandel dros gamovida uSualod
teqnologiuri inovaciebis bazarze. warmatebuli ganviTarebisaTvis
aucilebelia ekonomikuri institutebis Seqmna, romlebic
uzrunvelyofen warmoebas teqnologiuri inovaciebiT.
istoriaSi Cven araerTxel SevxvedrivarT iseT situaciebs, roca
teqnologiuri inovaciebi sworad tardeboda, hqondaT savsebiT
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sakmarisi institucionaluri uzrunvelyofa, magram ekonomikuri
ganviTareba praqtikulad ar iyo. rogorc aRmoCnda, aucilebelia kidev
erTi, mesame pirobis Sesruleba: sazogadoebas unda gaaCndes
RirebulebaTa sistema, is mizandasaxulobani, romlebic stimuls
miscemen ekonomikis ganviTarebas. swored gabatonebuli civilizaciuri
ideologia, ganxiluli rogorc Rirebulebebis, qcevis normebis da
msoflio aRqmis saSualebebis sistema, ganasxvavebs erT civilizacias
meorisagan.
2. ekonomikis ganviTarebis safuZvels Seadgens: Sromis danawileba
(es SesaZleblobas iZleva rac SeiZleba produqtiulad iqnes
gamoyenebuli adamianis unari da niWi, ris meoxebiTac xdeba piradi
interesebis Sexameba sazogadoebrivTan; mesaqonleoba, miwaTmoqmedeba,
xelosnoba, vaWroba da mSenebloba warmoiqmna uZveles droSi, magram
Seadgines axali, barbarosulTan SedarebiT, ekonomikuri cxovrebis
safuZveli da warmoSvas civilizaciis ganviTarebis materialuri baza);
Sromis produqtebis warmoeba sxva produqtebze gasacvlelad (rac
qmnis regionur ekonomikur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis safuZvels);
kerZo sakuTrebis arseboba yvela simdidris wyaroze – miwaze, Tavisi
araorganuli da organuli komponentebiTurT (rac iwvevs mesakuTreTa
da mwarmoebelTa ekonomikur urTierTobaTa samarTlebrivi
regulirebis saWiroebas);
fulis gamogonebis meoxebiT gacvlidan evolucionizebuli vaWroba
(romelic qmnis wanaZRvrebs msoflio ekonomikuri sivrcis
organizaciisa da funqcionirebisaTvis);
sazogadoebis fenobrivi dayofa (bunebrivi movlenaa adamianTa
cxovrebaSi, romelic ganpirobebulia sakuTrebis warmoSobiT,
arsebobiT, saqmianobiT);
saxelmwifoebrioba (warmoiSva rogorc adamianisa da misi qonebis
dacvis sazogadoebrivi moTxovnileba da gadaiqca yvela sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobis regulirebis saWiro atributad, romelSic moiazreba
religia, ideologia da kultura);
dabegvra (nebismieri saxelmwifos sabaziso elementi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs sawarmoo Zalebze maRla mdgomi misi struqturebis
funqcionirebas);
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fenobrivi jgufebis profesionalizmi (erTi mxriv, qmnis
samomxmareblo bazarze sakonkurencio brZolaSi Tavis gadarCenis
pirobebs da, meore mxriv, uzrunvelyofs maT garkveul daxSulobasa
da kasturobas; amis bunebrivi pirobaa profesiuli swavleba);
xalxis swavla-ganaTleba (gulisxmobs codnis gadacemas mozardi
TaobebisaTvis cxovrebis Sesaxeb da uzrunvelyofs axalgazrdobis
mier Tavisi SesaZleblobebisa da miswrafebebis adekvaturi saqmianobis
arCevas).
3. kacobriobis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi motivi da mamoZravebeli
Zalaa adamianis, rogorc homo sapiens-is moTxovnilebani, romlebic
Seicavs rogorc materialur, ise sulier komponentebs (antikur
romSic ki plebeebi moiTxovdnen `pursa da sanaxaobas~), romlebic
droTa ganmavlobaSi gadaiqca kulturis cnebad, rogorc sazogadoebis
mier materializebuli garemo, raTa adamians xorci Seesxa Tavisi
niWis realizaciis SesaZleblobebisaTvis materialuri warmoebis
sferos gareSe.
4. mosaxleobis ricxvis zrdis pirobebSi adamianTa moTxovnilebebis
dakmayofilebis saWiroebas mohyva ekonomikuri faqtorebis, resursebis,
teqnikisa da teqnologiebis, adamianis inteleqtualuri
SesaZleblobebis intensiuri (tempiani) ganviTareba; jgufebma,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen am Zalebis ganviTarebas, sazogadoebaSi
didi wona SeiZina, maTma ekonomikurma damoukideblobam ki gamoiwvia im
miswrafebebis inicireba, rom uzrunvelyofil iqnes rogorc Tavisi
simdidris (qonebrivi mdgomareobis) dacva-Senaxva da xelSeuxebloba,
ise saxelmwifos marTvis saqmeSi monawileobis uflebaTa politikuri
aRiarebac. TviTmpyrobelobis formula `saxelmwifo – es me var~
sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebasTan Seicvala jer ideiT, Semdeg ki
kanonTa uzenaesobisa da xelisuflebis ganawilebis koncefciiT.
5. sazogadoebaSi Tavisuflebisa da sajaroobis uqonloba niSnavs
mis ganuviTareblobas da, rogorc wesi, umaRlesi xelisuflebis
totalurobis niSania. sajarooba – es aris sayovelTao saero
ganaTleba da xalxis informireba maT Soris saxelmwifos arsisa da
miznebis, misi struqturebisa da maTi muSakebis, maTi
`aramwarmoebluri~ funqcionirebis Sesaxeb, rac ganapirobebs qveynis
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mosaxleobis winaSe ekonomikuri pasuxismgeblobis saWiroebas.
amitomac sazogadoebam unda miiRos da SeaTanxmos misi ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis maCveneblebi, rac XXI saukuneSi civilizaciis Cveulebriv
elementad yalibdeba.
aseTia daskvnebi, romlis Semdegac aucileblad gakveTilebze unda
gadavideT.
gakveTili pirveli. realuri ekonomikuri cxovrebis analizisa da
Sefasebis dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT gansaxilveli regionis
mosaxleobis cxovrebis wesi. am faqtorze gavlenas axdenen regionis
bunebriv-klimaturi da socialur-ekonomikuri Taviseburebani, miwis
savargulebis xarisxi da sasargeblo wiaRiseulTa arseboba,
mcxovrebTa tradiciebi da rwmena. SemTxveviT rodi mohyva
miwaTmoqmedebas binadroba. binadrobam xeli Seuwyo xelosnobasa da
mSeneblobas, vaWrobas. warmoiqmna qalaqebi, romlebmac gza gauxsnes
sayofacxovrebo pirobebis Seqmnas, komfortsa da kulturas. da roca
cvilizaciaze vlaparakobT, uneburad vgulisxmobT cxovrebis qalaqur
pirobebs. sazogadoebasTan adamianis ekonomikuri kavSir-urTierTobebis
aRwerisas bibliasa da yuranSic naTlad Cans cxovrebis binadrobisa
Tu momTabareobis wesis gavlena. Tanamedrove politekonomiis
fuZemdebelma petim `traqtatSi gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis
Sesaxeb~ moaTavsa mTeli Tavi `sasjelebis Sesaxeb~, romelSic wers:
`Cveulebrivi sasjelebi, fuladi jarimebis garda, aris sikvdili,
saxiCroba, patimroba, sajaro pativayra, fizikuri tkivilis miyeneba da
wameba. fulad jarimebs Cven ufro mtkiced moviTxovT, xolo danarCenT
mxolod imisaTvis SevexebiT, rom ganvixiloT, SeiZleba Tu ara isini
Seicvalos jarimebiT...~. Tanamedrove msoflio Tanamegobrobis sagangebo
mravalferovneba ganisazRvreba, uwinares yovlisa, gansxvavebebiT
sxvadasxva qveynaSi mosaxle adamianTa cxovrebis wesSi.
gakveTili meore. meore, aranakleb mniSvnelovani faqtori, romelic
mWidrod ukavSirdeba pirvels da arsebiT gavlenas axdens masze, aris
regionis mosaxleobis rwmena, misi religia. msoflioSi arsebobs 6
ZiriTadi religia. ori maTgani (induizmi da budizmi) warmoiSva sami
aTas welze meti xnis winaT (am religiebs misdevs amJamad Sesabamisad
500 da 300 milioni adamiani), ori (zoroastrizmi da konfucianoba) _
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2,5 aTas welze meti xnis winaT (300 da 200 milioni adamiani), ori aTas
welze meti xnis winaT warmoiSva qristianoba (mas aRiarebs miliardi
adamiani), 1400 wlis winaT – islami (aRiarebs 600 milioni adamiani).
daaxloebiT 50-50 milioni adamiani aRiarebs daoizms, sintoizms,
iudaizms. arsebobs mravali aTasobiT `mcire~ religia da sarwmunoeba
(warmarTobidan aTeizmamde). religiebi, romlebic arsebiTad
gansazRvraven adamianis msoflmxedvelobasa da zneobriobas, bunebriv
zegavlenas axdenen cxovrebis weszec: sakmarisia, gavixsenoT farTod
cnobili magaliTebi SabaTs muSaobis akrZalva (iudaizmi), sakvebad
Roris xorcis gamoyenebis akrZalva (islami), Zroxebis wmindanad
aRiareba (induizmi). istoriaSi bevria saeklesio dogmatebis daZlevis
magaliTi (henrix VIII inglisSi, reformaciis mTeli istoria da sxv.),
magram uqmdeboda ara religia, rogorc aseTi, aramed erTi dogmati
meoriT icvleboda. da Tumca, Tanamedrove civilizacia aviwroebs da
atransformirebs bevr religiur wess, ar SeiZleba ar
gaviTvaliswinoT orTodoqsebisa da religiuri afeTqebebis gavlena,
islamuri `fundamentalizmis~ msgavsad.
gakveTili mesame. meore daskvna sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
gadamwyvet momentad miiCnevs adamianis moTxovnilebebs. maTgan yvelaze
bunebrivi da sayovelTao (misi istoriuli `pirveladobis~ gamo) aris
ekonomikuri interesebi. es mTavari, magram erTaderTi Zala rodia.
Tanamedrove pirobebSi es interesebi SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc
piradi, ise sakuTari ojaxebisaTvis samomxmareblo kalaTis
uzrunvelyofis saWiroeba. adamiani mudam cdilobs gamoavlinos da
xorci Seasxas Tavis unars – esec ganviTarebis erT-erTi
mamoZravebeli Zalaa. da Tu sazogadoebrivi mowyoba aseT
SesaZleblobas iZleva, maSasadame, igi funqcionirebs, ar Trgunavs
pirovnebas da misi `aRmzrdelobiTi~ funqciebi SeiZleba
Semoifarglos mxolod adamianTa Soris ekonomikuri urTierTobis
safuZvlebis ganmartebiT, sadac arsebobs konkurencia da
momxmareblisaTvis muSaobis saWiroeba, sadac aravin ar aris
valdebuli cxovrebis gza gagikvalos, _ es piradad Seni sazrunavia.
sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos movaleobaa uzrunvelyon TavianTi
moqalaqeTa Tanasworuflebianoba: yvela revolucia xdeboda
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TavisuflebisaTvis (Seviwroebis winaaRmdeg) _ sakmarisia gavixsenoT
safrangeTis 1789 wlis didi revoluciis liberte, egalite,
frateznite da a. puSkini, romelmac Tavis `sastik saukuneSi~ `adida
Tavisufleba~ da werda:
`Cemi saxeliT aivseba didi
ruseTi,
yoveli eri Seminaxavs
damaxsovrebiT,
slavTa memkvidre, da fineli
da tunguseli,
kalmiki, tramal velTa mcxovrebi.
moyvarul xalxSi ar
mokvdeba Cemi sufeva,
radgan sikeTes ugalobda
Cemi Conguri,
radgan vadide Cven sastik dros
Tavisufleba,
da Sevivrdome yvela
Cagruli~.
politikuri Tavisufleba SeiZleba `gamocxaddes~ `dekretiTac~;
ekonomikurs ki sWirdeba kanonebic, yoveldRiuri axsna-ganmartebiTi
muSaobac. sazogadoebis funqcionirebis efeqtianoba damokidebulia
imaze, Tu rogor Seasxams xorcs misi yvela wevri Tavis niWsa da
unars. bavSvebi bednierebi arian nebismieri sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis
dros (isini ver Seadareben da Seafaseben Tavisi epoqis
`istoriulobasa~ da `rols~), axalgazrdoba mudam aqtiurad Semtevia
(man xom unda moawyos Tavisi cxovreba da es aris imis garantia, rom
kacobriobis ganviTareba ar SeCerdeba), `mozrdilTa~ movaleoba ki
isaa, rom gaanaTlos mozardi Taoba am terminis yvelaze `wminda~
gagebiT (arseboba, mravalmxrivoba, obieqturoba, istoriuli da
`ekonomikuri~ perspeqtiuloba).
gakveTili meoTxe dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva saxelisuflo
struqturebis rogorc saxelmwifos xerxemlis, formirebis gagebasTan.
xelisuflebis mTavari ekonomikuri funqcia is aris, rom moawesrigos
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ekonomikuri urTierTobani, maT Soris saxelmwifo sakuTrebasTan
dakavSirebiTac (romelic nebismier xelisuflebas surs rom hqondes).
xelisufleba yovelTvis iyofa umaRles da adgilobriv
xelisuflebad; pirvels imitomac ewodeba umaRlesi, rom igi Tavs
uyris saxelmwifo resursebs. Zalismieri struqturebis mosamsaxureni
(moxeleebi) TiToeuli saxelmwifos ganuyreli atributia da
arsebiTad Seadgenen korporaciul (praqtikulad _ wodebriv) jgufs.
dapirispirebas umaRles da adgilobriv xelisufalTa Soris sakmaod
stabiluri xasiaTi aqvs, rasac gansazRvravs Tavad termini
`xelisufleba~. umaRlesi xelisuflebis urTierToba sazogadoebasTan
(xalxTan) SeiZleba cxadvyoT stalinis ganTqmuli gamonaTqvamiT:
`hitlerebi midian da modian, germaneli xalxi, germaniis saxelmwifo
ki rCebian~. Tu am gamonaTqvamSi `hitlerebs~ SevcvliT `beladebiT~,
`germanel xalxs~ ki nebismieri sxva xalxiT (anda ubralod amoviRebT
am sityvas) _ miviRebT ufro vrcel da samarTlian formulas. swored
es (da amis msgavsi istoriuli eqskursebi) iZleva SesaZleblobas
CamovayaliboT erTi SexedviT paradoqsuli hipoTeza, rom `ubralo
xalxisaTvis~ saerTod sulerTia, Tu ra saxelwodebisaa umaRlesi
xelisufleba da ramden xans imyofebian misi xelmZRvanelebi postze:
mniSvnelovania mxolod is, rom es xelisufleba Tavis qveSevrdomebs
adamianebad miiCnevdes, pativs scemdes maTs ekonomikur interesebs da
uzrunvelyofdes ekonomikis stabilur ganuxrel ganviTarebas
(sakmarisia SevadaroT `Svideulis~ wevri qveynebis politikur da
sazogadoebriv mowyobas). e. w. `saxelmwifo interesebs~ ayalibeben
politikanebi, xalxs amasTan metad arapirdapiri damokidebuleba aqvT.
gakveTili mexuTe. germanelma mkvlevarma, fridrix ratcelma,
ganaviTara ra saxelmwifoebriobis idea, aRniSna, rom saxelmwifo
dedamiwis zurgze aris cxovrebis gavrcelebis erT-erTi forma. sami
mTavari cxovrebiseuli elementis – miwis, niadagis da xalxis
simbioTekuri urTierTkavSiris Sedegad saxelmwifo iRebs Tavis
organizaciul formas, Tavis organikul Sinaarss (amitomac mis
Teorias meorenairad uwodeben `organikulsac~). ratcelis mosazrebiT:
saxelmwifo aris cocxali organizmi, sadac dedamiwis zedapiris
sakmaod cnobili nawili masSi TamaSobs iseT mniSvnelovan rols, rom
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saxelmwifos yvela Tviseba ganisazRvreba masSi mcxovrebi xalxis
TaviseburebebiT da misi teritoriebiT. aseT teritoriul an namdvil,
bunebriv Taviseburebebs warmoadgens sidide, mdebareoba, zedapiris
formebi, mcenareuloba da morwyvoba, damokidebuleba dedamiwis
zedapiris sxva nawilebTan, magram, rodesac vsaubrobT `Cvens miwaze~,
Cven vakavSirebT Cvens warmodgenaSi aRniSnul Taviseburebebs, aseve
imas, rac Seiqmna am miwisagan adamianis mier sakuTari Sromis fasad. aq
warmoCindeba ukve kargad cnobili miwis sulieri kavSiri CvenTan, mis
sxva mcxovreblebTan da mTel Cvens istoriasTan~. SemdgomSi ratcelma
Tavis Teorias uwoda `biogeografiuli koncefcia~. arsebobs mxolod
ori `absoluturi~ simdidre: miwa (Tavisi resursebiT) da masze
mcxovrebi adamianebi. es resursebi rom moqmedebdes, miwas amuSaveben,
adamianebs ki aswavlian; kacobriobas jerjerobiT sxva araferi ar
mougonia. erTic da meorec ganuwyvetliv ixveweba, magram erTsac da
meoresac yuradReba da saTuTi damokidebuleba sWirdeba (yvela
danarCeni simdidre xom am ZiriTadisagan aris warmoebuli). adamianebi
qmnian saxelmwifo (erovnul) simdidres, kapitals, maT Soris naklebad
mosavliani niadagis nayofierebas, materialur da sulier
Rirebulebebs, kulturas da mTel civilizacias. da swored es
SeiZleba iyos rogorc sakuTriv dabegvris politikis, ise mTeli
saxelmwifo saSinao socialur-ekonomikuri politikis sabazo
safuZveli. sakuTar saxelmwifoSi ucxoel ostatTa da specialistTa
mowvevis (daqiravebis) praqtikas Soreul (axal eramde didi xniT adre)
warsulSi aqvs fesvi gadgmuli. ucxoel specialistebs iyenebs yvela
saxelmwifo da es msoflio Tanamegobrobis cxovrebis yoveldRiuri
norma gaxda.
gakveTili meeqvse. nebismieri sazogadoeba (nebismieri qveynis
mosaxleoba) warmoadgens mravalwodebriv formats. ukve Zvel egvipteSi
(Cvens eramde sami aTasi wliT adre) mcxovrebni oTx wodebad iyvnen
dayofili, da es faraonisa da `saxelmwifos~ axireba ki ar iyo, aramed
Tu ra adgili ekava adamians ekonomikaSi da tomebis arsebobis
sazogadoebriv struqturaSi, romlebic egviptis xalxad iyvnen
gaerTianebulni. xelosnobisa da qalaqebis ganviTarebam, saokeano
naosnobam da msoflio vaWrobam, samrewvelo revoluciam da
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industrializaciam, samoqalaqo uflebebisaTvis brZolam da
mecnierebis CarTvam sawarmoo ZalebSi mravalgzis gazarda profesiis
ricxvi. sawarmoo Zalebis mecnieruli analizis dros cnebaTa
abstrahirebisa da garkveuli gamsxvilebis saWiroebam adam smiTs
gauCina azri, rom SemoeRo politekonomikuri termini `klasi~; termini,
romelsac iyeneben ukve 200 welze met xans da apogeamde miiyvana
marqsizm-leninizmma da jerac ar gamqrala, Tumca TviT e.w. ssr
kavSiris socialur-ekonomikurma cxovrebam uaryo misi praqtikuli
vargisianoba TviT saxelmwifo marTvisaTvis (partiaSi Semsvleli
avsebda grafas `warmoSoba~ Tavis mSoblebis mixedviT, rac
uzrunvelyofda muSaTa saWiro `procents~ partiebSi, romlis himni iyo
internacionali, xolo socialuri dasayrdeni _ `mSierTa da monTa
mTeli msoflio~). ruseTis 1897 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris dros
gamoyofili iyo 8 wodeba, amasTan SedegebSi miTiTebulia, rom
mosaxleobis 0,3 procenti `sxva wodebaTa~ pirebia. mefis ruseTisaTvis
wodebrivi kuTvnileba gansazRvravda saxelmwifosTan adamianis
urTierTobas. sabWoTa `klasobrivma~ midgomam es sakiTxi kidev ufro
gaabundovna, radgan industrializaciam da sawarmoo Zalebis
ganviTarebam realurad warmoSves mravalricxovani wodebrivi jgufebi
(gansakuTrebiT, `gonebrivi Sromis~ muSakTa, egreTwodebul `fenaSi~
or klass Soris). visac amaSi garkveva surs, dae, gaaanalizos
krebulebi: `ssr kavSiris saxalxo meurneoba...~, `xelmZRvanelTa,
specialistTa da mosamsaxureTa sakvalifikacio Tanamdebobani~ (1989)
da `saerTo sakavSiro klasifikatori. muSaTa profesiebi,
mosamsaxureTa Tanamdebobani da satarifo ganakveTebi~ (1991), amasTan
Tavidan yuradReba dauTmon imas, rom maTSi ar aris aRniSnuli
partiuli organoebis Tanamdebobani (romlebic saxelmwifo organoebis
`gareSe~, ufro zustad ki saxelmwifo organoebs Tavze `asxedan~). ssr
kavSiris xelmZRvanelebisaTvis es xelsayreli iyo, radgan adamianTa
mier jgufuri socialuri interesebis dacvis ufleba icvleboda
`mowinave klasisa~ da misi `avangardis~ interesebiT; yvela danarCeni
an `gadmonaSTia~, an `mtris xrikebi~. saxelmwifos amgvarma mowyobam ar
gaamarTla, ris winaswarmetyveleba principulad SeiZleboda Tundac
partiis magaliTiT, romelic yovelgvar organizaciul xrikebsac (maT
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Soris SeRavaTebsac) mimarTavda, raTa `muSuris~ saxeli gaemarTlebina.
istoriulad analogiuri bedi xvdaT wilad socializmis `moZme~
qveynebis sxva komunistur partiebsac (Tu ruseTis federaciis
kompartia Tanaxmaa miiRos Tavis rigebSi morwmuneni, mas komunisturi
partia veRar ewodeba).
gakveTili meSvide mTeli istoria, romelsac vswavlobT, arsebiTad
reformebis istoriaa da es bunebrivicaa, saxelmwifo mSenebloba,
adamianis, sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis srulyofa
iseve usasruloa, rogorc Tavad ganviTareba (reformireba imanenturad
damaxasiaTebelia ganviTarebisaTvis). bevrni, maT Soris mecnierebic,
xSirad reformaTa periodebs `gardamaval~ periodad naTlaven.
migvaCnia, rom es sakmarisad dasabuTebuli ar aris, radan mmarTvelebi,
romlebic ar axorcieleben reformebs (ese igi ar aumjobeseben)
TavianT saxelisuflo sistemas, maT uZraobisTvis da, bunebrivia,
ekonomikuri ganviTarebis tempebis SemcirebisaTvis swiraven (amis
Sedegad Semdegi mmarTvelebi iZulebulni xdebian gacdenili dro
aanazRauron da reformebi ufro mkacri meTodebiT warmarTon). amitom
ekonomikuri istoria (yovel SemTxvevaSi, `axali~, kolumbisSemdgomi
drois) SeiZleba warmovidginoT ganuxreli ganviTarebis (ganuwyvetliv
reformirebuli) saxiT calkeuli (mTel rig qveynebSi) uZraobis
`moednebiT~, romlebic fesvgamjdari uqnarobis periodebs axasiaTebs...
amrigad, reformebi:
xorcieldeba konkretuli socialuri jgufebis interesebisaTvis
(Znelia moiZebnos magaliTebi, roca reforma yvelasaTvis
erTnairad iyos sasargeblo); xSirad es garkveulwilad laxavs
mosaxleobis sxva jgufebis interesebs;
warmatebulia maSin, roca isini gamowve-ulia sazogadoebis
Sinagani ganviTarebis moTxovnebiT, warmoadgens socialur
saWiroebas, ese igi, SeuZliaT Seamsubuqon (`gaamartivon~) viRacis
cxovreba da xeli Seuwyon adamianis potencialis ufro pro-
duqtiul gamoyenebas. nebismieri soci-alur-ekonomikuri
reformis Sedegebi sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebaa. Tu igi
daCqarebulia, maSasadame, reforma `Sedga~ da reformatorma
sworad Seafasa viTareba sazogadoebaSi da misi moTxovnilebani;
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fuli Rirs da xSirad es xarjebi metad mniSvnelovania.
batonymobis gauqmeba ru-seTSi udavod socialur-ekonomikuri re-
formaa, magram man xazinisagan `moiTxova~ 500 milioni maneTi
(rac biujetis Semo-savlis nawilis 20 procentze metia) marto
memamuleebisaTvis gamosasyidi gadasax-delebisaTvis, romlebsac
Tavdapirvelad xalisiT rodi kisrulobda saxelmwifo;
SeZlebisdagvarad kompleqsuri unda iyos da moicavdes
sareformo obieqtis yvela mxares. batonymobis gauqmebis Semdeg,
radgan igi kardinalurad cvlida qveynis sazogadoebriv
wyobilebas, aleqsandre meorem ganaxorciela reformaTa mTeli
`paketi~, uromlisodac ubralod SeuZ-lebeli iqneboda
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Seqmna da `uampaketoT~ TviT
batonymobis gauqmebas qanci gamoscloda da Seewyvita arseboba;
umaRlesi xelisuflebis mier ganxorci-elebuli reformebi
gamoricxaven revo-luciebis SesaZleblobas, romelTa dros
uneburad iRupebian adamianebic da materi-aluri faseulobanic,
adamianebma rom Seqmnes (ase rom, Semdeg gamarjvebulebi
iZulebulni arian aRadginon dangreuli da gaCanagebuli).
samarTliania ukuTezisic: nebismieri socialuri revolucia
`orians~ uwers umaRlesi xelisuflebis moqmedebas imis gamo,
rom mas unari ar Seswevs gadaWras Tavisi xalxis problemebi.
umaR-lesi xelisuflebis kraxi sulac ar aris katastrofa
xalxis cxovrebaSi.
ai, ori istoriuli magaliTi. 1768 wlis ivnisSi qristian meSvidis
(daniisa da norvegiis mefe) samefo qirurgad dainiSna 31 wlis eqimi
iohan fridrix struenze; orwlinaxevris Semdeg igi pirveli ministri
da dedoflis favoriti gaxda, rac faqtobrivad mowmobda, rom mis
xelSi iyo mTeli Zalaufleba (radgan mefe mZimed iyo avad; dedofali
ki mxolod 19 wlisa iyo). 4 seqtembers struenzem daiwyo
kanonSemoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba. pirveli brZanebuleba acxadebda, rom
Tavadis wodeba eniWebodaT mxolod erTguli samsaxurisa da
damsaxurebisaTvis; meore exeboda presis Tavisuflebasa da cenzuris
gauqmebas. yvelaze `revoluciur~ brZanebulebaTa Soris iyo: saidumlo
sabWos gauqmeba, sasamarTlos reorganizacia (sajarooba da
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damoukidebloba, sasamarTlos winaSe dacva da yvelas Tanasworoba),
qurdobisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjis gauqmeba, fizikuri dasjis,
mikerZoebiT wamebisa da dakiTxvebis gauqmeba, kudianTa procesebis
akrZalva, sindisis sruli Tavisuflebis gamocxadeba, uqorwino
Svilebis diskriminaciis akrZalva, alimentebis SemoReba da sxv. Tavisi
marTva-gamgeobis 18 wlis manZilze struenzem gamosca 1069 (!) kanoni.
finali ki rogori iyo? 1772 wlis ianvarSi danielma Tavadaznaurobam
gadatrialeba moawyo. struenzes bralad dasdes kavSiri dedofalTan
da sikvdiliT dasajes. Ees aris idealisturi cdis sagulisxmo
magaliTi, Tu rogor undodaT ganexorcielebinaT `monarqis kavSiri
filosofosTan~ ise, rom ar hqonodaT dasayrdeni romelime socialur
jgufTan.
meore, aranakleb saintereso da Wkuis saswavli `paraleli~.
stolipinis agraruli reformis erT-erTi yvelaze udavo Sefaseba is
aris, rom mas surda Seeqmna sayrdeni TviTmpyrobelobisaTvis soflad
damoukideblad moqmedi SeZlebuli glexebis (mogvianebiT maT
`kulakebi~ ewodaT) saxiT. sabWoTa enciklopedia axasiaTebs maT
rogorc yvelaze `mxec, uxeS da velur~ eqsploatatorebs, amtkicebda,
rom XIX saukunis damlevisaTvis maTi ricxvi ar aRemateboda glexuri
komlebis erT mexudeTs, amasTan awarmoebda sasaqonlo puris 50
procents da flobdnen sasoflo-sameurneo manqanebis (warmoebis
iaraRebis) da savaWro-samrewvelo sawarmoebis umravlesobas soflad,
agreTve iuwyeba, rom isini iyvnen, proletaruli revoluciis
Seurigebeli mtrebi~. TiTqosda yvelaferi naTelia. magram Semovida
nepi (axali ekonomikuri politika). leninis winadadebiT, ruseTis
social-demokratiuli muSaTa partiam `mwvane Suqi~ misca sasursaTo
gadasaxads sursaTis ganawilebis nacvlad da Tavisufleba mianiWa
glexebs (maTi 97 procenti ki meurneobriobas eweoda individualurad,
ese igi damoukideblad) sabazro, eseigi Tavisufali fasebisaTvis,
sakuTari produqciT vaWrobisaTvis. 1926-1927 sameurneo wels glexuri
meurneobebis 35 procenti, rogorc `Raribebi~, gaaTavisufles
sasoflo-sameurneo gadasaxadisagan. ras niSnavda es? es niSnavda, rom
axalgazrda sabWoTa (`proletarul~) saxelmwifos apurebda glexuri
komlebis mxolod ori mesamedi, rom es ori mesamedi damoukideblad
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meurne glexebi gaxdnen `Zlierebi~. maS, raRa iyo saWiro, rom maTTvis
kulakebi ewodebinaT?..
amrigad, socialuri wyobilebiT ori sxvadasxva saxelmwifos
(TviTmyrobeluri ruseTis imperiisa da sabWoTa kavSiris) ori
sxvadasxva mTavrobis orma meTaurma sasoflo-sameurneo problemis
gadasaWrelad qveynisaTvis Znel dros airCia erTi da igive gza –
saxelmwifosTan mwarmoeblis sabazro urTierTobis gza.
gakveTili merve. XIX saukuneSi mkveTrad gaizarda mecnierebis
roli. didma napoleonma aqac gamoiCina Tavi. 1809 wels man gadawyvita,
rom saWiro iyo Sapis telegrafze ufro swrafi da ufro saidumlo
kavSiris sistema. amitomac mimarTa daxmarebisaTvis germanel mecnier-
gamomgonebels s. t. fon ziomerings; man ki gamoigona
eleqtrotelegrafi (es aris pirveli dokumenturad dafiqsirebuli
SemTxveva, roca Sesrulda kvleviTi samuSao dasaxul Temaze,
SekveTiT). SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom aman dasabami misca egreT wodebul
`gamoyenebiT~ mecnierebas (`akademiurisagan~ gansxvavebiT). saukunis
bolomde arc erTi msxvili firma ar darCenila, rom ar hqonoda
samecniero-kvleviTi qveganayofebi. XX saukunis Sua xanebisaTvis ki
mecniereba gadaiqca uSualo sawarmoo Zalad: mecnierTa aRmoCenebi
qmnidnen bazas axali warmoebebisa da mTeli dargebis
ganviTarebisaTvis, samomxmareblo bazarma ki miiRo uamravi
moulodneli saqoneli da momsaxureba, romlebzec prognozistebsa da
mweral-fantastebsac ki ar uocnebiaT. magram mecniereba, mis
SemoqmedTa maRali ganaTlebisa da maTi didi inteleqtualuri
potencialis gamo, inarCunebs sazogadoebis sulieri cxovrebis
(ubralod kulturisac) Semadgeneli komponentis rols; misi
ganviTareba savaraudo iqneba, Tu ar ganxorcieldeba da
uzrunvelyofili mTeli xalxis ganaTleba. Cven kvlav vubrundebiT
maT Soris ganaTlebis socialur-ekonomikur rolsac: moqalaqeebma
unda iswavlon (iyvnen ganswavluli) saxelmwifo struqturebis
moqmedebisa da ganzraxvis gageba da fxizeli Sefaseba, _ ganaTleba ki
skolidan iwyeba. sazogadoebaSi urTierTgagebis ganviTarebis mizniT
saWiroa, rom stabilurad qveyndebodes oficialuri statistikuri
monacemebi ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb – im pirobiT, Tu
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maCveneblebi da kriteriumebi SeTanxmebuli da gasagebi iqneba
adamianebisaTvis. magaliTad: samomxmareblo kalaTa, saqmiani
aqtiuroba, erovnuli Semosavali da sxv. (maT Soris sazogadoebis
yvela wevrisaTvis `kulturis~ xelmisawvdomobac). naTqvami
SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs viocneboT saxelmwifo biujetis gasavlis
nawilis formirebisadmi principulad axal midgomaze: jer
uzrunvelyofili unda iyos sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri
moTxovnilebani (bavSvebi, ganaTleba, janmrTeloba da a.S.), Semdeg ki
(`narCenebis principis” mixedviT dagegmili Semosavlis darCenili
nawili) _ saxelmwifo `aparatis,~ SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, sagareo-
politikuri da sxva organoebis Sesanaxad.
gakveTili mecxre _ socialuri mSvidobis Sesaxeb ekonomikis
reformirebam (mecxramete saukunis Semdgomi movlenebi) cxadyo, rom
omebi da revoluciebi (romlebic angreven damkvidrebul
sazogadoebriv wyobilebas saxelmwifoSi) xels rodi uwyobs
ekonomikis ganviTarebas. magram yvelaze mTavari, rac am ganvlilma
periodma daamtkica, is aris, rom socialuri mSvidoba sazogadoebaSi
saWiroa da aris lamis ZiriTadi mastabilizebeli faqtori,
gansakuTrebiT ekonomikuri krizisebidan gamosvlis periodSi.
gavixsenoT Tundac amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis, iaponiisa da
germaniis ekonomikuri istoria.
kongresi iRebda f. ruzveltis mier SemoTavazebul kanonebs
ramdenime dRis ganmavlobaSi: raki ekonomika krizisSia da xalxmac xma
misca `axali kursis~ programas, modiT, aRvadginoT ekonomika,
uzrunvelvyoT keTildReoba, Semdeg ki davubrundeT politikur
bataliebs. ruzveltis sagangebo kanonebiT marto amerikelTa Cveuli
piradi uflebebi rodi ilaxeboda, _ kanonebi mrewvelobisa da soflis
meurneobis Sesaxeb saerTod arakonstituciuri iyo (rac aRiara kidec
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis uzenaesma sasamarTlom ori wlis
Semdeg; magram isini gaTvaliswinebuli iyo ori wlisaTvis, raTa
adgilidan `daeZraT~ uremi, _ Semdeg ki procesi damoukideblad
`ganviTarda~). da aravin ar usyvedurebs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
am prezidents imis gamo, rom daarRvia qveynis konstitucia, radgan
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moqalaqeTaTvis normaluri cxovrebis uzrunvelyofa yvela daweril
qaRaldze ufro Zvirfasia.
roca iaponiis ekonomikis reformas axorcielebda, amerikis
SeerTebulma Statebma ar dauSva Secdoma imperatoris
xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT (mis likvidacias SeiZleboda mZime da
ganuWvreteli socialuri Sedegebi mohyoloda). imperatori mxolod
Camoaciles qveynis marTvaSi pirdapir monawileobas, skolebSi ki
gauqmda yvela sagani (rogorc wesi, samxedro ganxrisa), romlebic
dakavSirebuli iyo mikadosa da misi kultis `gaRmerTebis~, iseve
rogorc samuraelTa qcevis kultis danergvasTan. `obivatelebisaTvis~
imperatori darCa; eris socialuri afeTqebis safuZveli ar Seqmnila,
iaponelTa mozardi Taoba ki aRiqvamda ekonomikuri da politikuri
cxovrebis axal realiebs. ufro metic, Seqmna ra, profkavSirebi,
makarturis samxedro administraciam mSromelTa mTeli energia
waremarTa maTi uflebebis dasacavad kanonieri gziT, romelic ar
angrevda ekonomikas. ekonomikur problemaTa gadaWris araZaladuri
xerxi ufro produqtiuli gamodga, vidre Zaladuri (organizebuli
evolucia revoluciis nacvlad).
ludvig erhardi SesamCnevi figura gaxda mas Semdeg, rac gazeTma
`noie caituingma~ gamoaqveyna (1946 wlis 14 oqtombers) statia
`Tavisufali ekonomika da gegmiani meurneoba~. saxelmwifos amocanaa
`ekonomikas dausaxos miznebi da SeimuSaos sameurneo politikis
xelmZRvaneli principebi, ...Tvali adevnos imas, rom arc
sazogadoebrivi privilegiebi, arc xelovnuri monopoliebi ar
arRvevdes ekonomikuri Zalebis bunebriv wonasworobas, rom rCebodes
adgili moTxovnisa da miwodebis TamaSisaTvis~. gaxda ra ekonomikis
sammarTvelos direqtori, erhardi yovel kviras gamodioda radioTi,
mosaxleobas ganumartavda ekonomikur RonisZiebebs, romlebic
muSavdeboda da xorcieldeboda. `kanoni sameurneo struqturis
principebisa da fasebis politikis Sesaxeb fulis reformis Semdeg~
gaitanes 1948 wlis 17 ivniss ekonomikuri sabWos meSveobiT, romelsac
xma misca 52 kacma, xolo winaaRmdeg _ 37 (winaaRmdegi iyo social-
dekokratTa mTeli fraqcia; germaniis social-demokratiulma partiam
Tavisi pozicia mxoldo 1959 wels gadasinja). `kapitalisturi
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anarqiis~ winaaRmdeg profkavSirebmac gailaSqres. 1949 wlis
martisaTvis saqonlis fasebis zrda Sewyda, daiwyo ekonomikuri
stabilizacia, erhards daujeres (germaniisaTvis kargi gamodga is, rom
saokupacio xelisuflebma erhards mxari dauWires). axla `socialurad
orientirebuli ekonomika~ Tanamedrove ekonomikuri mecnierebis erT-
erTi anbanuri WeSmaritebaa.
gakveTili meaTe. erisa da qveynis warmateba, misi ekonomikuri da
sulieri winsvla mxolod maSin aris SesaZlebeli, rodesac eri cal-
calke, jgufebad da wodebaTa dauyoflad, erTiani mecadineobiT
cdilobs cxovrebis gzis gakvalvas, misi sawinaaRmdego gza ki aris
momakvdinebeli.
sazogadoeba, romelSic yoveli individi, jgufi an wodeba cdilobs
mxolod Tavisi interesebiT Semoifarglos, myarad ver viTardeba.
aseTi wyoba, aseTi agebulebis sazogadoeba qviSaze agebul saxls
emsgavseba, romelic mcire winaaRmdegobasac ver gauZlebs da pirveli
qaris SebervisTanave daifuSeba. rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
istoriis gamocdileba mowmobs, qveyanaze marto im ers gauZlia,
warmateba moupovebia da gaZlierebula, romelsac moumarjvebia
`moZRvreba marTali da WeSmariti~. ilia WavWavaZe aRniSnavda: `exla
sul sxva droa da am sxva drom sxva moZRvrebac moitana, moZRvreba
marTali da WeSmariti. exla calke kacia, Tu calke wodeba, marto amas
unda iZaxdes da marto amisaTvis unda erjodes guli, rom Tu sxvani
kargad arian, mec kargad viqnebio. vinc dRes amas iviwyebs, is iviwyebs
sakuTars Tavsa, sakuTars bednierebas suliersa da xorciels~ (i.
WavWavaZe, TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli aT tomad, p. ingoroyvas
redaqtorobiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo gamomcemloba, Tb., 1957. gv.
313).
is sazogadoebrivi jgufi, romelic `daiqadebs~, rom `Tu me kargad
var, sxvanic kargad iqnebiano~, e.i. saerTo interesebTan SedarebiT wina
planze Tavisas wamoswevs da Tavis qonebriv da gonebriv Rones imis
cdas Sealevs, rom `calke viyo da calke vbednierdebodeo~, amaod
daSvreba, radgan aseTi ram SeuZlebelia. amas adasturebs xangrZlivi
istoriuli gamocdileba. aqedan Cven unda gaviTvaliswinoT yvelaze
mTavari gakveTili. `yvelam erTad da TiToeulma calke unda icodnen,
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rom igi ganuyofeli nawilia mTelis erisa da amitomac Tavis
keTildReobas unda eZebdes marto mTelis eris keTildReobaSi da ara
calke. aragonierma kacma, ra wodebisac gind iyos, es ar unda
daiviwyos, Tu unda Tavisi sikeTe mkvidrs safuZvelze daamyaros~ (iqve,
gv. 314).
imisaTvis, rom ekonomikuri progresi Seuqcevadi gavxadoT,
aucilebelia `Cveni cxovreba warmoadgendes erTs didebuls denas
SeerTebulis Zalisas~, rom `sikeTe erTobisa da yvelasaTvis saxeirod
gaiSalos~.
kari III. Tanamedroveoba da Rirebulebebi
3.1. demokratiis liberaluri Rirebulebebi
iseve rogorc tranzituli anu gardamavali qveynebis umravlesobas
saqarTvelosac jer kidev bevri aklia rogorc demokratiis, ise, liberaluri
demokratiis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. magaliTad, demokratiis amosavali
principi samarTliani saarCevno garemos da Tavisufali arCevnebis uzrunvelyofaa.
ganaxlebul saqarTveloSi, SeiZleba iTqvas amisken Cven sakmaod didi nabiji ukve
gadavdgiT. liberaluri demokratiis arsi ki is aris rom upiratesoba eniWeba ara
umravlesobis gadawyvetilebebs, aramed individebisa da calkeuli jgufebis
interesebs. ufro martivad rom vTqvaT liberaluri demokratiis pirobebSi
dasaSvebi da misaRebia yvelaferi, rac ar Seicavs socialur saSiSroebas anu ar
emuqreba sxvis usafrTxoebas. am mimarTulebiTac winsvla ukve daiwyo. Tumca,
aseTi liberaluri cnobierebis Camoyalibebis sakmaod rTul gzas jer mxolod
davadeqiT.
demokratia (Democracy) mmarTvelobis erT-erTi SesaZlo forma, xalxis
mmarTvelobis sinonimia da, rogorc aseTi, gansxvavdeba erTi (monarqia,
avtokratia), an ramdenime piris (aristokratia, oligarqia) mmarTvelobisagan.
demokratiulia is qveynebi, sadac kanonmdeblobiTaa dadgenili, rom mmarTvelTa
uflebamosilebani marTulTa Tanxmobis Sedegia. warmomadgenlobiT demokratiis
pirobebSi amomrCevlebi periodulad irCeven Tavis warmomadgenlebs, romlebic
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pasuxs ageben maT mier miRebul politikur gadawyvetilebebze. nebismieri
demokratiis damaxasiaTebeli niSania arCevanis Tavisuflebis pativiscema, romelic
gulisxmobs iseTi samoqalaqo Tavisuflebis arsebobas, rogoricaa sityvis da
Sekrebebis Tavisufleba. demokratia Semdegi pirobebis dacvas gulisxmobs:
1. xelisuflebis dayofa;
2. xelisuflebis Zalauflebis SezRudva;
3. Semwynarebloba uTanxmoebaTa mimarT;
4. informacis xelmisawvdomoba;
5. sazogadoebaSi ganxeTqilebis ararseboba;
6. warmatebuli ekonomikuri ganviTareba.
demokratias xSirad aigiveben umravlesobis mmarTvelobasTan, risi
damadasturebelic, TiTqosda, Tavisufali, samarTliani arCevnebia. Tumca, rogorc
istoria gviCvenebs, umravlesobis mmarTveloba SesaZlebelia Zalian sastiki
aRmoCndes calkeuli adamianebisa da sxvadasxva saxis umciresobaTa mimarT.
swored umravlesobam gamoutana sasikvdilo ganaCeni sokrates, rac aTenis
politikur wyobas dadebiTad ar axasiaTebs. umravlesobas, rogorc wesi, aviwydeba
umciresobaTa problemebi, xolo zogierTi problema mtrul damokidebulebas
iwvevs umravlesobis mxridan. es imas niSnavs, rom umravlesobis ganusazRvreli
Zalaufleba safrTxes warmoadgens calkeuli pirebis, an jgufebis mimarT. swored
amitom, Tanamedrove gagebiT, demokratia umravlesobis SezRuduli Zalauflebaa,
SezRuduli yvela im uflebiTa da TavisuflebiT, romlebic calkeul adamianebs
ekuTvniT. umravlesobas ara aqvs am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis
ufleba. amrigad, adamianis uflebani da Tavisuflebani zRudaven umravlesobis
Zalauflebas.
SezRuduli Zalauflebis pr
incipi xSirad warmogvidgeba, rogorc konstituciurobis principi. Cvens
droSi es principi asaxulia konstituciis TavebSi – es is Tavebia, romlebSic
mocemulia adamianis uflebani da Tavisuflebani. isini pirvel rigSi
kanonmdeblebis Zalauflebas zRudaven, vinaidan ar aZlevs maT saSualebas gaauqmon
azris gamoxatvis Tavisufleba, an sakanonmdeblo wesiT dauSvan adamianis pativisa
da Rirsebis Selaxva. amrigad, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi adamianis uflebani da
Tavisuflebani umravlesobis Zalauflebis zRvars aweseben. demokratiis done miT
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ufro maRalia, rac ufro SezRudulia elitis politikuri Zalaufleba da rac
ufro maRalia farTo socialuri fenebis gavlena.
demokratiuli uflebebi (Democratic rights) niSnavs Semdegs:
1. yovel adamians aqvs sakuTari qveynis marTvaSi pirdapir, an arCeuli
warmomadgeblebis meSveobiT monawileobis ufleba;
2. yovel adamians aqvs Tanaswori ufleba, iyos saxelmwifo samsaxurSi
sakuTar qveyanaSi.
xalxis neba xelisuflebis Zalauflebis safuZvelia: es neba gamoxatuli
unda iqnes periodul da samarTlian arCevnebSi, romlebic tardeba faruli
kenWisyriT sayovelTao da Tanabari saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze, an
ekvivalenturi saarCevno proceduriT.
Tanamedroveobis umTavres liberalur Rirebulebebad, romelTac demokratia
efuZneba, miiCneven sicocxles, sakuTrebas da Rirsebas, romelTac aRniSnulis
gamo sam burjs, sam veSaps uwodeben. ra Tqma unda, sxva Rirebulebebic arsebobs,
magaliTad, rogoricaa tolerantuli sivrcis Seqmna, adamianis uflebebisa da
sityvis Tavisuflebis xarisxis amaRleba, eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebis
xelSewyoba da mravali sxva, magram yvelaze ufro fundamenturad, zemoaRniSnuli
sami mTavari faseuloba iTvleba.
aSS-is konstituciaSi sicocxle, Tavisufleba da sakuTreba mTavar
demokratiul Rirebulebebad iTvleba (ix. magaliTad: aSS konstitucia:
kompromisis xelovneba anu marTulTa mmarTveloba. samecniero redaqtori mindia
ugrexeliZe, gamomcemloba `jisiai~, Tb., 1997). isini pirovnebis ZiriTad,
TanabarmniSvnelovan uflebebadaa miCneuli. demokratiis fundamenturi
kategoriebiT azrovneba mis saTanado gaazrebas saWiroebs, magram gza idealuri
demokratiisaken ia-vardiT mofenili rodia. igi TviT aSS-ic ar iyo yovelTvis
srulyofili. SeuZlebelia iTqvas, rom umciresobebis uflebebi amerikaSi
yovelTvis daculi iyo. es, miT umetes, iTqmis saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, romelic
demokratiis sawyis, misTvis fundamentis Cayris stadiaze imyofeba.
Tu msoflio konstitucionalizmis praqtikas gadavxedavT, SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom umravlesi qveynebis konstituciebSi demokratiuli weswyobilebis
fundamentur Rirebulebebad, romliskenac dReniadag unda viswrafvodeT da
romelic saqarTvelos konstituciiTac aris gacxadebuli, miCneulia:
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saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi. saxelmwifo xelisufleba
xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi.
xalxi Tavis Zalauflebas axorcielebs referendumis, uSualo
demokratiis sxva formebisa da Tavisi warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT.
aravis ara aqvs ufleba miiTvisos an ukanonod moipovos xelisufleba.
saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisufleba danawilebis
principze dayrdnobiT.
saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela sxva
samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias.
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba Seesabameba saerTaSoriso samarTlis
sayovelTaod aRiarebul principebsa da normebs. saqarTvelos
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas an SeTanxmebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur SeTanxmebas aqvs upiratesi
iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT.
saxelmwifo acxadebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis srul Tavisuflebas,
amasTan erTad aRiarebs saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri
marTlmadidebeli eklesiis gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi
da mis damoukideblobas saxelmwifosagan.
yvela adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia
ganurCevlad rasisa, kanis ferisa, enisa, sqesisa, religiisa da
politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebisa, erovnuli, eTnikuri da socialuri
kuTvnilebisa, warmoSobisa, qonebrivi da wodebrivi mdgomareobisa,
sacxovrebeli adgilisa.
sicocxle adamianis xelSeuvali uflebaa da mas icavs kanoni.
yvelas aqvs sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba.
adamianis pativi da Rirseba xelSeuvalia.
adamianis Tavisufleba xelSeuvalia.
yovel adamians aqvs sityvis, azris, sindisis, aRmsareblobisa da rwmenis
Tavisufleba.
yoveli adamianis piradi cxovreba, piradi saqmianobis adgili, piradi
Canaweri, mimowera, saubari satelefono da sxva saxis teqnikuri
saSualebiT, agreTve teqnikuri saSualebebiT miRebuli Setyobinebani
xelSeuxebelia. aRniSnuli uflebebis SezRudva daiSveba sasamarTlos
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gadawyvetilelbiT an mis gareSec, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
gadaudebeli aucileblobisas.
sakuTreba da memkvidreobis ufleba aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia.
dauSvebelia sakuTrebis, misi SeZenis, gasxvisebis an memkvidreobiT
miRebis sayovelTao uflebis gauqmeba.
yvelas, vinc kanonierad imyofeba saqarTveloSi, aqvs qveynis mTel
teritoriaze Tavisufali mimosvlisa da sacxovrebeli adgilis
Tavisufali arCevis ufleba.
inteleqtualuri Semoqmedebis Tavisufleba uzrunvelyofilia.
inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ufleba xelSeuvalia.
yovel adamians aqvs ufleba Tavisuflad miiRos da gaavrcelos
informacia, gamoTqvas da gaavrcelos Tavisi azri zepirad, werilobiT an
sxvagvari saSualebiT.
yvelas, garda im pirebisa, romlebic arian samxedro Zalebis, policiisa
da uSiSroebis samsaxurebis SemadgenlobaSi, ufleba aqvs winaswari
nebarTvis gareSe Seikribos sajarod da uiaraRod rogorc WerqveS, ise
gareT.
yvelas aqvs sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis, maT Soris profesiuli
kavSirebis Seqmnisa da maTSi gaerTianebis ufleba.
saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes 18 wlis asakidan aqvs referendumSi,
saxelmwifo da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba. uzrunvelyofilia amomrCevelTa nebis Tavisufali gamovlineba.
saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs daikavos nebismieri
saxelmwifo Tanamdeboba, Tu igi akmayofilebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil
moTxovnebs.
Sroma Tavisufalia.
saxelmwifo zrunavs qveynis mTeli teritoriis Tanabari socialur-
ekonomikuri ganviTarebisaTvis. maRalmTiania regionebis socialur-
ekonomikuri progresis uzrunvelsayofad kanoni adgens SeRavaTebs.
gaficvis ufleba aRiarebulia. am uflebis ganxorcielebis wesi
ganisazRvreba kanoniT. adgens agreTve sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani
samsaxurebis saqmianobis garantiebs.
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saxelmwifo xels uwyobs kulturis ganviTarebas, kulturul
cxovrebaSi moqalaqeTa SeuzRudav monawileobas, kulturuli
TviTmyofobis gamovlinebasa da gamdidrebas, erovnul da
zogadsakacobrio RirebulebaTa aRiarebas da saerTaSoriso kulturul
urTierTobaTa gaRrmavebas.
yvelas aqvs ganaTlebis miRebisa da misi formis arCevis ufleba.
qorwineba emyareba meuRleTa uflebriv Tanasworobasa da nebayoflobas.
yvelas aqvs ufleba isargeblos janmrTelobis dazRveviT, rogorc
xelmisawvdomi samedicino daxmarebis saSualebiT. kanoniT dadgenili
wesiT gansazRvrul pirobebSi uzrunvelyofilia ufaso samedicino
daxmareba.
saqarTvelos moqalaqeni Tanasworni arian socialur, ekonomikur,
kulturul da politikur cxovrebaSi ganurCevlad maTi erovnuli,
eTnikuri, religiuri Tu enobrivi kuTvnilebisa. saerTaSoriso samarTlis
sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebisa da normebis Sesabamisad maT
ufleba aqvT Tavisuflad, yovelgvari diskriminaciisa da Carevis gareSe
ganaviTaron TavianTi kultura, isargeblon dedaeniT pirad cxovrebaSi
da sajarod.
saqarTvelos konstitucia ar uaryofs adamianisa da moqalaqis sxva
sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebs, Tavisuflebebsa da garantiebs,
romlebic aq aris moxseniebuli, magram TavisTavad gamomdinareoben
konstituciis principebidan.
saqarTvelos yovel moqalaqes ufleba aqvs kanoniT dadgenili wesiT
gaecnos saxelmwifo dawesebulebebSi masze arsebul informacias, agreTve
iq arsebul oficialur dokumentebs, Tu isini ar Seicaven saxelmwifo,
profesiul an komerciul saidumloebas.
yovel adamians ufleba aqvs uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad
mimarTos sasamarTlos.
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yoveli piri valdebulia asrlebdes
saqarTvelos konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis moTxovnebs.
adamianis uflebebi demokratiuli saxelmwifosa da demokratiuli
sazogadoebis arsebobis mniSvnelovani pirobaa. adamianis yvela uflebis dacva
aris saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis upirvelesi amocana. mis Sesaxeb politologi
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paata zaqareiSvili gaz. `24 saaTis~ korespondentTan saubrisas Semdegs
aRniSnavda: `yvelaze didi saSineleba sazogadoebisaTvis aris akrZaluli Temebi.
sxva sakiTxia, sad da rodis unda ilaparako am Temebze – yvelgan da yovelTvis
ar SeiZleba. nebismier SemTxvevaSi swori aris ara TviTon pozicia, aramed
poziciis dafiqsireba. adamians ufleba aqvs, Tavisi simarTliT icxovros da ar
eSinodes Tavisi simarTlis dafiqsirebisa da am simarTlis dacvisa. sazogadoeba
valdebulia da mzad unda iyos nebismieri poziciis gaTvaliswinebisa da
msjelobisaTvis. kargia, roca sazogadoebaSi viRaca fiqrobs sxvanairad da es
sazogadoeba mzad aris es sxvanairi azrovneba gaiTvaliswinos, miiRos da pativi
sces kidevac. sazogadoeba aris is, sadac yvelas mosazrebebi erT sivrceSi
arsebobs da mimdinareobs diskusia~ (nana sajaia, `me – adamiani~, `24 saaTi~, 13
ivnisi, 2007, #129, gv. A5).
yvela qveyana individualuri da gansxvavebulia. yvela mTavroba unda
asaxavdes Tavisi qveynis kulturasa da istorias. magram yvela demokratia unda
asaxavdes xalxis nebas. demokratia movaleobebis gareSe ar arsebobs. is bevr
valdebulebas gulisxmobs – kanonis uzenaesobas, gamWvirvalobas da umciresobaTa
uflebebis dacvas. pasuxismgebloba niSnavs samarTlianobas, niSnavs imas, rom
adamianebs vuTxraT mTeli simarTle da sajarod vaRiaroT daSvebuli Secdomebi.
pasuxismgebloba didi miznebisaTvis yvelas erTad dgomis da tiraniis winaaRmdeg
gabedul brZolasac niSnavs.
demokratiuli sazogadoebis zefaseulobebi aris misi liberaluri
Rirebulebebi. swored isini gansazRvraven qarTuli saxelmwifos mSeneblobis
paToss. saxelmwifo unda qadagebdes da amkvidrebdes liberalur, memarjvene
models, roca saxelmwifo ar ereva bevr mniSvnelovan procesSi da procesebi
bunebrivad viTardeba. amaSi igulisxmeba kerZo mewarmeoba, ganaTleba,
janmrTelobis dacva. aravis ara aqvs ufleba SezRudos sxvisi ufleba. memarjvene
modelis mixedviT saxelmwifo bevr mniSvnelovan procesSi ar unda ereodes.
amasTan arsebobs uamravi sikeTe, romelTa uzrunvelyofa saxelmwifos Carevis
gareSe SeuZlebelia, es ki niSnavs, rom SeiZleba vinme SeizRudos kidec.
araviTari Rirebuleba ar arsebobs `Tavisuflebis~ gareSe. amitom Cven
qvemoT, ZiriTadad am kategoriiT SemovifarglebiT. Tavisufleba – msoflioSi
yvelaze liberaluri saxelmwifos – amerikuli civilizaciis sakvanZo sityvaa.
Catarebuli gamokiTxvebis Tanaxmad, amerikelTa 72%-ma kiTxvaze: ra aris maTTvis
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mniSvnelovani – Tavisufleba Tu Tanasworoba? _ upasuxa `Tavisufleba~.
Sesadareblad igive kiTxvaze igive pasuxi iaponelTa 43%-ma gasca. liberalizmi
(liberty – Tavisufleba) gaxda aSS-s gabatonebuli filosofia da TandaTanobiT
aRiqmeba mTeli danarCeni msoflios mier. igi gaxda transnacionalizaciis
filosofiis da Tanamedrove megaekonomikis mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili (a.
g. movsesiani, s. b. ognivcevi, msoflio ekonomika, me-2 tomi, 2004 w. gv. 39).
Tavisufleba (Freedom) individualuri, an koleqtiuri mdgomareobaa,
romelic sxvadasxva moqmedebas Soris arCevanis saSualebas gulisxmobs.
Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis SesaZleblobas imoqmedos Tavisi nebis Sesabamisad,
vinmes mier, an visime saxeliT dawesebuli yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe. amave
dros Tavisufleba adamianis xelSeuxeblobasac gulisxmobs (aramarTlzomieri
dakavebis, an dapatimrebisagan Tavisufleba, deportaciisa da monobisagan
Tavisufleba).
`Tavisufleba~ niSnavs imas, rom xelisufleba pirobebs ar karnaxobs da
Tavis nebas ar axvevs xalxs. xelisufleba xalxis moTxovnebs da saWiroebebs
unda pasuxobdes. Tavisufleba aris iq, sadac xalxs SeuZlia Secvalos lideri,
Tu is ar moswons~. aSS-s eqsprezidenti jorj buSi umcrosi miiCnevda, rom
Tavisufleba universaluria, anu is aris sazogado, yovlismomcveli, sayovelTao.
swored amaze metyvelebs misi sityvebi: `me idealisti var da mjera imis, risi
gakeTebac SesaZlebelia. mjera, Tavisufleba universaluria da mjera, rom Tu
adamianebs Sansi miecemaT, isini aucileblad airCeven mas~ (eka kvesitaZe.
`Tavisufleba universaluria~ interviu aSS prezident jorj buSTan. gaz. `24
saaTi~, #102, 2005 wlis 9 mais, gv. 3) es brZola ki aucileblad unda iyos
mSvidobiani. TavisuflebisaTvis unda vibrZoloT. mxolod ase SeiZleba mivaRwioT
imas, rom xalxi TviTmmarTvelobaze gadavides.
`Tavisuflebis~ ufro safuZvlianad gasacnobiereblad misi cneba
filosofiurad unda gaviazroT.
Tavisufleba _ SesaZlebloba, moiqce ise, rogorc gsurs. neba Tavisi
arsiT yovelTvis Tavisufalia. Tavisuflebis problema filosofiis istoriaSi
rTuldeba imiT, rom bevri moazrovne cdilobda Tavisuflebis arsidan gamoeyvana
adamianis movaleoba, iswrafodnen an saerTod ar iyenebdnen Tavisuflebis cnebas,
an Tu iyenebdnen mas, garkveulwilad zRudavdnen. magram movaleoba arasodes ar
SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes Tavad Tavisuflebidan, mxolod eTikuri
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Sexedulebebidan. aris ra SeuzRudveli Tavisi arsiT, Tavisufleba sworedac unda
gulisxmobdes eTikas, raTa gaxados adamianebi ganusazRvrelad pasuxismgeblobis
mqoneni yvelafer imaze, rasac isini sCadian da ris nebasac sxvebs rTaven;
Tavisuflebis realurobis, rogorc aseTis, mtkiceba moyvanilia onTologiis mier
fenebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebaSi, fsiqologiaSi _ normaluri adamianisTvis
Seuracxmyofeli daxasiaTebis misi rogorc `Seuracxadis~ analiziT, anu rogorc
iseTi adamianisa, romelsac ar SeuZlia pasuxi agos Tavis moqmedebebze, vinaidam
igi Tavisufali araa.
cneba Tavisuflebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi SemoqmedebiTi Tavisuflebis
cneba TandaTan devnis dabrkolebebisgan (iZuleba, kazualuroba, bediwera)
Tavisuflebis cnebas. Zvel filosofiaSi (sokrates da platons) upirvelesad
saubaria Tavisuflebasa da bedisweraze, Semdeg politikuri despotizmisgan
Tavisuflebaze (aristotelesa da epikuresTan) da adamianuri yofis ubedurebebze
(epikuresTan, stoikosebTan, neoplatonizmSi). Sua saukuneebSi Tavisuflebad
igulisxmeboda codvisgan Tavisufleba da eklesiis mier SeCveneba, amasTan
Cndeboda uTanxmoeba adamianis mier zneobrivad moTxovnad Tavisuflebasa da
religiis mier moTxovnad RmerTis yovlisSemZleobas Soris. renesansis epoqasa da
momdevno periodSi TavisuflebaSi gulisxmobdnen adamianuri pirovnebis
daubrkolebel yovelmxriv ganfenas. ganmanaTleblobis droidan Cndeba
Tavisuflebis cneba, romelic nasesxebia sabunebismetyvelo samarTlis
liberalizmidan da filosofiidan (altuzia, hobsi, grociusi, pefendorfi; 1689
wels inglisSi _ uflebebis bili), mas akavebda sul ufro gaRrmavebuli
samecniero Sexeduleba, romelic aRiarebda yovlisSemZle bunebrivi mizezobriobis
da kanonzomierebis batonobas. germanul religiasa da filosofiaSi, dawyebuli
meister ekxartidan, leibnicis, kantis, goeTes da Sileris CaTvliT, agreTve
germanul idializmSi Sopenhaueramde da nicSemde, dasmulia sakiTxi
Tavisuflebaze, rogorc arsis da misi ganviTarebis zneobriv-SemoqmedebiTi
Sesabamisobis postulatis sakiTxi. marqsizmi Tavisuflebas fiqciad miiCnevs:
adamiani azrovnebs da iqceva zraxvebidan da garemodan gamomdinare, amasTan
ZiriTad rols mis garemoSi asrulebs ekonomikuri urTierToba da klasobrivi
brZola. haidegeris egzistencializmis Tanaxmad, yofierebis ZiriTadi Semadgenelia
SiSi _ SiSi aryofnis SesaZleblobis winaSe, SiSi, romelic aTavisuflebs adamians
sinamdvilis yvela pirobiTobisgan da aseTi safuZveli saSualebas aZlevs mas,
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miaRwios garkveulwilad Tavisuflebas, romelic damyarebulia araferze, airCios
Tavisi Tavi Tavis gardauval pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebaSi Tavis Tavze, anu
airCio Seni Tavi rogorc sakuTari, faseulobis mqone arseboba. iaspersis
egzistencializmis Tanaxmad, adamiani Tavisufalia daZlios samyaros yofiereba
Tavisi Tavis arCevisas da miaRwios yovlismomcvelis transcendencias. Tavisufali
yofierebaa niSnavs SesaZleblobas, ganaxorcielo keTili an boroti neba. keTil
nebas aqvs RvTaebrivi upirobo sarwmunooba; igi Semoifargleba ubralo garkveuli
yofierebis da WeSmariti yofierebis aracnobieri cxovrebiseuli sijiutiT.
sartris egzistencializmis Tanaxmad, Tavisufleba ara adamianis, aramed misi
substanciis Tvisebaa. adamiani ar SeiZleba ganirCeodes Tavisi TavisuflebiT,
Tavisufleba ar SeiZleba ganirCeodes misi gamovlenisgan. adamians, vinaidan igi
Tavisufalia, Tavisuflad SeuZlia arCeul mizanze Tavisi Tavis proecireba da es
mizani gansazRvravs, ras warmoadgens igi. mizandasaxulobasTan erTad warmoiSoba
sxva faseulobebic, sagnebi gamodis TavianTi aradiferencirebulobisgan da
organizebas axdens situaciis, romelic asrulebs adamians da romelsac igi Tavad
miekuTvneba. Sesabamisad, adamiani yovelTvis imis Rirsia, rac emarTeba. mas ar aqvs
Tavis marTlebis safuZveli;
transcendentuli Tavisufleba _ kantis mixedviT, nebis
TviTgamorkvevis piroba sakuTari kanoniT, romlis wyalobiTac iwyeba axali
kazualuri gvari movlenaTa samyaroSi. transcendentuli Tavisufleba praqtikul
Tvisuflebas SesaZlebels xdis, kerZod ki, nebis damoukideblobas grZnobiTi
zraxvebis mxridan iZulebiT.
cxovrebas ver Seicnob, Tu Seni epoqis Sinaarss ar (an ver) Seimecneb.
amisaTvis ki, upirveles yovlisa, mTavari epoqaluri orientirebi unda
gaicnobiero. unda icode ra aris is mTavari maxasiaTebeli, RirsSesaniSnavi, didad
mniSvnelovani movlena, rac epoqas qmnis. axla ukve yvela Tanxmdeba imaSi, rom
Cveni drois mTavari damaxasiaTebeli TavisuflebisaTvis globaluri brZolaa. misi
daxasiaTeba aSS-Si 2001 w. 11 seqtembers ganxorcielebuli teraqtidan aiTvleba,
mTavari niSan-Tviseba ki saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa Zireuli Secvlis dasawyisSi
mdgomareobs.
Cven unda vaSenoT Tavisufali da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT gamsWvaluli
sazogadoeba. mxolod ase SeiZleba davutovoT Cvens momaval Taobebs naTeli
momavali: `Tavisufali da mSvidobiani msoflio~. es ki demokratiisa da mSvidobis
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172
aucileblobaze metyvelebs. mSvidobiani msoflio planetis xalxebis sanimuSo
Tanacxovrebas, maTs karg mezoblobas niSnavs. kargi mezoblebi ki mxolod Zlieri
demokratebi arian.
imisaTvis, rom icode rogor moiqce Sens mezobelTan, isic unda icode,
rogor afaseben mas sxvebi da ras gvirCeven isini Cven. unda icode, rogor
afaseben mis rols msoflio asparezze isini, vinc mas gansazRvraven. aSS-s
eqsprezidenti jorj buSi(umcrosi) saqarTveloSi vizitis dros amis Sesaxeb
saintereso Sefasebebs iZleoda. moviyvanT fragmentebs misi mosazrebebidan:
`ruseTi msoflio politikaSi Zalian did rols asrulebs. is im kvartetis
nawilia, romelic axlo aRmosavleTSi mSvidobisaTvis ibrZvis~.
`Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom saqarTvelos mTavrobam konstruqciulad
iTanamSromlos ruseTTan...~.
`mimaCnia, rom Cveni TanamSromloba (aSS-sa da ruseTs Soris _ avt.)
gadamwyvetia msoflioSi mSvidobis damyarebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis~.
`ruseTi mniSvnelovani moTamaSea msoflio politikis scenaze da me Zalian
minda, rom yvela sakiTxebze, razec Cven gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi gvaqvs,
mSvidobianad movilaparakoT da problemebi diplomatiis gziT gadavWraT~.
imisaTvis, rom zemoaRniSnuli mosazrebebi ufro kargad gavigoT, SevexoT
Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili politologis, aSS strategiisa da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa kvlevis centris direqtoris zbignev bzeJinskis
intervius (ix. gaz. `24 saaTi~, #108 (968), 2005 wlis 17 maisi, gv. 1, 3),
romelsac wiTel zolad gasdevs azri imis Taobaze, rom Tavisufleba Tavis TavSi
uzarmazar valdebulebasac moicavs da es valdebuleba, upirveles yovlisa,
institutebiT gamagrebuli, kanonis uzenaesobaze damyarebuli demokratiis Seqmnas
gulisxmobs.
z. bzeJinski miiCnevda, rom Sors aRaraa is dro, rodesac ruseTis
xelisufleba gaacnobierebs, rom demokratizaciis procesi, romelic daiwyo,
Seuqcevadia. aTwleulebis Semdeg es qveyana sul sxva Rirebulebebis matarebeli
gaxdeba, rac msflio mniSvnelobis did sasikeTo cvlilebebs moitans. z. bzeJinski
aRniSnavs: `me darwmunebuli var, rom aTwleulebis Semdeg ruseTis politikuri
elitis axali Taoba arsebiTad gansxvavebuli iqneba axlandeli mmarTveli
wrisagan. me vfiqrob, rom cvlilebebis dro aucileblad dadgeba. ruseTis
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173
axalgazrda Taobas, romelTagan bevri mogzaurobs da swavlobs sazRvargareT,
sul sxva msoflmxedveloba aqvT.~
intervius bolos, korespondentma zbignev bzeJinskis konkretuli kiTxva
dausva: `ra cvlilebebs da warmatebebs xedavT revoluciis Semdeg, SevardnaZidan
– saakaSvilamde? rogor fiqrobT, ra aris yvelaze didi gamowveva axali qarTuli
demokratiisaTvis da rogor SeiZleba am gamowvevebTan gamklaveba?~
am kiTxvaze Tavis pasuxSi politologi mkafiod ayalibebda Tavis rCevebs
saqarTvelos xelisuflebisadmi, misi prezidentisadmi da xazs usvamda
Tanamedrove etapze maTi moqmedebis fundamenturi RirebulebebiT orientirebas.
kerZod, igi aRniSnavs: `yvelaze mniSvnelovani cvlileba, romelic moxda,
xelisuflebaSi axali Taobis mosvlaa. axali politikuri liderebi gacilebiT
naklebad arian sabWoTa periodis produqtebi, vidre maTi winamorbedebi.
axla ki saWiroa, gamarTuli sistemis Seqmna da praqtikuli politikis gziT
imis demonstrireba, rom saqarTveloSi demokratia moqmedi realobaa. saqarTvelos
axalma demokratiam unda daarwmunos saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba, rom mas Seswevs
unari, moagvaros is problemebi, romelic sabWoTa kavSirma dautova. warsulis
narCenebi, maT Soris separatizmi, ar unda ganixilebodes, rogorc normaluri
movlena. am konteqstSi, saqarTvelom aseve unda daarwmunos saerTaSoriso
Tanamegobroba, rom misi demokratia mtkicea, rom is emyareba ara emociebs, aramed
konstituciiT gamyarebul kanonmorCil sistemas. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam unda
aCvenos, rom rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao politikaSi misi gadawyvetilebebi
momwifebul, pasuxismgeblobiT savse, kargad gaazrebul politikas eyrdnoba da
ara emociur atmosferoSi gakeTebul mkveTr da radikalur Jestebs~. es aris
friad mniSvnelovani, sasargeblo rCevebi, romlis ueWveli gaTvalswinebis gareSe
Cveni qveyana liberalur Rirebulebebs warmatebiT ver daamkvidrebs, amitom aseTi
orientirebiT ueWvelad unda vxelmZRvanelobdeT. am gzis siswores cxovreba Cven
yovel fexis nabijze gvidasturebs.
axla, rac Seexeba sakuTrebas. sakuTrebis ufleba (The right of property) niSnavs
yoveli fizikuri Tu iuridiuli piris uflebas flobdes da gankargavdes qonebas.
dauSvebelia sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis TviTneburad CamorTmeva. es ufleba
SesaZlebelia SeizRudos sazogadoebis interesebidan gamomdinare da mxolod
kanoniT da saerTaSoriso samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebiT. sakuTrebis
uflebis gauqmeba dauSvebelia.
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sakuTrebas yovelTvis eniWeboda gansakuTrebuli, absoluturi xasiaTi.
mxolod bolo dros sakuTrebis didebulma cnebam daiwyo TandaTanobiT
gafermkrTaleba, Semcireba da gaqroba mravali pirobiTa da ganmartebiT. axla
sayovelTaod miRebulia Sexeduleba sakuTrebaze, rogorc raRac `uflebaTa
konaze~. Tanamedrove `universaluri metaTeoriis~ saTaveebTan dganan cnobili
institucionalistebi _ 1991 wlis nobelis premiis laureati r. kouzi da los-
anJelesis universitetis profesori a. alCiani. sruli `uflebaTa kona~, maTi
ingliseli mimdevris a. onores gansazRvrebiT, Sedgeba Semdegi 11 elementisagan:
1. flobis ufleba, gagebuli rogorc nivTze gansakuTrebuli fizikuri
kontroli, an, rogorc wesi, misi gansakuTrebuli gamoyenebis ufleba;
2. nivTis gamoyenebis ufleba, roca igi ar moicavs or Semdgom
uflebamosilebas;
3. marTvis ufleba, e.i. ufleba gadawyvitos – rogor da vis SeuZlia
nivTis gamoyeneba;
4. ufleba Semosavalze, anu im dovlaTze, romelsac iZleva wina ori
uflebamosilebis realizacia;
5. gasxvisebis, moxmarebis, sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr xarjvis, nivTis
Secvlis an misi ganadgurebis ufleba;
6. garantia eqspropriaciisagan an usafrTxoebis ufleba;
7. nivTis gadacemis ufleba;
8. uvadoba;
9. sxvaTa sazianod nivTis gamoyenebis akrZalva;
10. nivTis CamorTmevis SesaZlebloba valis dasafarad;
11. narCeni xasiaTi, e.i. wesebis arseboba, romelic uzrunvelyofs
darRveuli uflebamosilebis aRdgenas.
sakuTrebis konkretulma uflebam SeiZleba moicvas mxolod ramdenime
aRniSnuli elementi, Sesabamisad, erTsa da imave qonebaze SeiZleba arsebobdes
sakuTrebis ramdenime ufleba.
saqarTveloSi, bolo aTwleulSi Ria sazogadoeba institutis adamianis
uflebebisa da mmarTvelobis grantebis programis (OSI HRGGP) mxardaWeriT
saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ramdenime gamokiTxva Catarda (2002, 2003, 2006),
romelic miznad isaxavda mosaxleobis damokidebulebebis dadgenas xelisuflebis
mier ganxorcielebuli politikis mimarT siRaribis daZlevisa da ekonomikuri
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mdgomareobis gaumjobesebis, socialuri dacvis, janmrTelobis, ganaTlebisa da
korufciis Semcirebis, adamianis uflebaTa dacvis, masmediis Tavisuflebisa da
infrastruqturis ganviTarebis sferoebSi. gamokvlevis yuradRebis centrSi iyo
saqarTvelosTvis mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi mosaxleobis
CarTvis da sxvadasxva socialuri institutebisadmi ndobis xarisxis dadgena,
aseve moqmedi politikosebis Sefaseba. Seswavlis sagans warmoadgenda
demokratiisadmi damokidebuleba, qveyanaSi arsebuli politikuri situacia da
qveynis sagareo orientacia, mosaxleobis ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi da molodinebi.
imis gasarkvevad Tu, rogor aris saqarTveloSi demokratiis liberaluri
Rirebulebebis cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis saqme, SeiZleba daveyrdnoT
sazogadoebrivi azris aRniSnul gamokiTxvebs Cvens qveyanaSi 2006 wels
Catarebulma gamokiTxvam asaxa mosaxleobis damokidebuleba qveyanaSi mimdinare
movlenebis, xelisuflebis mier ganxorcielebuli qmedebebis mimarT, warmoaCina
arsebuli problemebi da warmatebebi. aseve cvlilebebi, romlebic aisaxa
mosaxleobis damokidebulebaSi aRniSnul periodSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis
Sedegad.
rogorc demokratiis liberalur RirebulebebTan dakavSirebiT dafiqsirda,
2006 wlis `gamokvlevis Sedegebi gviCvenebs, rom liberaluri demokratia
ganviTarebis jer kidev sawyis etapzea. mosaxleobis didi nawili saqarTvelos
demokratiul qveyanad ar miiCnevs. demokratiis bevri principi irRveva, iseTi
rogoricaa kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba, moqalaqeebis CarTva gadawyvetilebis
miRebis procesSi, adamianis uflebebis dacva da sasamarTlo sistemis
damoukidebloba. amasTan erTad politikuri kulturac ganviTarebis adreul
stadiazea. partiisadmi mxardaWera ganpirobebulia ara partiis ideologiiT,
aramed partiis liderebis mowonebiT. lideris, gansakuTrebiT ki qveynis
prezidentis pirovneba warmoadgens im wertils, romlis garSemoc xdeba
politikuri mxardaWeris Camoyalibeba.
zogadad dabalia adamianebisa da saxelmwifo struqturebisadmi ndoba.
sagangaSod dabalia sasamarTlisa da parlamentisadmi ndobis done.
mosaxleobisaTvis erT-erT ZiriTad problemas adamianis uflebebis darRveva
warmoadgens~. (nana sumbaZe, barometri 2006 – saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
gamokiTxva. sazogadoebrivi politikis instituti, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 81).
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am gamokvlevis Catarebis Semdeg sakmao periodi gavida da midgomebi da
Sefasebebic, ra Tqma unda, Seicvala, romlis Sesaxebac Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT.
3.2 evropul-qarTuli Rirebulebebis sinTezisken
evropuli Rirebulebebi universaluri xasiaTisaa da yvela epoqas,
sazogadoebasa Tu saxelmwifos erTnairad miesadageba, iseT maradiul
faseulobaTa universalurobidan gamomdinare, rogorebicaa: pirovnebis
Tavisufleba, adamianuri Rirseba, kanonis uzenaesoba, erovnuli da kulturuli
TviTmyofadoba.
saerTod, unda iTqvas, rom wminda saxiT raime Rirebulebani ar arsebobs,
magram nebismieri qveynis RirebulebebSi aris raRac iseTi maradiuli,
tradiciuli, romlis gamoc maT uwodeben `evropul~, `transatlantikur~,
`aziur~, `rusul~, `qarTul~ da a.S. Rirebulebebs.
erovnuli Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb Zalian saintereso mosazrebebi aqvs
gamoTqmuli profesor giorgi mWedliSvils Tavis SesaniSnav blogebSi,
romelTagan gansakuTrebiT unda aRvniSnoT `civilizaciur konfliqtSi Tu
kulturaTa dialogSi?~ (sam nawilad).
(ix.:http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=18513&f_cat=&a_title=++++civilizaciur+
konfliqtSi +Tu+kulturaTa+ dialogSi?+(nawili+pirveli);
http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=18735&f_cat=&a_title=civilizaciur+konfliqtSi+Tu+kultu
raTa+dialogSi?+(nawili+meore);
http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=18819&f_cat=&a_title=civilizaciur+konfliqtSi+Tu+kultu
raTa+dialogSi?+(nawili++mesame)).
profesori dasabuTebulad aRniSnavs, rom Seiqmna aRmosavleTisa da
dasavleTis ori gansxvavebuli socialur-politikuri paradigma, romelic Cvens
dromde azrobrivi antonimiT ase vlindeba: Tu dasavleTi aris demokratia,
aRmosavleTi despotizmi; dasavleTi – mecnieruli codna, racionaluroba,
aRmosavleTi – intuicia, samyaros Sesisxlxorceba; dasavleTi – dinamizmi,
ganviTareba, moZraoba, aRmosavleTi – uZraoba, stabiluroba; dasavleTi –
modernizacia, inovaciuroba, aRmosavleTi – tradiciuloba, rituali; dasavleTi –
individualizmi, pirovneba, aRmosavleTi – koleqtivizmi da a.S. dRes msoflioSi,
rodesac demokratia, pluralizmi miiCneva yvela kulturisTvis universalur da
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absolutur Rirebulebad, dasavluri kulturis bevrma elementma zedapirul
doneze marTlac moicva danarCeni samyaro, Tumca siRrmiseul doneze dasavluri
warmodgenebi da ideebi kvlavac Zireulad gansxvavdeba imaTgan, romelic
damaxasiaTebelia sxva civilizaciebisaTvis. amas ki Tavad dasavleTSi
gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT ase xsnian, rom: “islamur, konfuciur, iaponur,
induistur, budistur da marTlmadideblur kulturaSi, Cven xazs vusvamT
marTlmadideblur kulturaSi, TiTqmis ver poulobs gamoZaxils iseTi dasavluri
ideebi, rogorebicaa individualizmi, liberalizmi, konstitucionalizmi, adamianis
uflebebi, Tanasworoba, Tavisufleba, kanonis uzenaesoba, demokratia, Tavisufali
bazari, eklesiis gamoyofa saxelmwifosagan da a.S.
qarTuli Rirebulebebis WeSmariti saxis warmoCenis mizniT blogeri
erovnuli kulturisa da civilizaciis safuZvlebs msoflio konteqstSi
ganixilavs, romlis safuZvelzec samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi, gvsurda Tu ara saqarTvelos aziaSi ufro didxans edga fexi, vidre
evropaSi. swored geografiuli da istoriuli pirobebis gamo iyo, rom mas
urTierToba hqonda islamur civilizaciasTan da ara marto islamur
civilizaciasTan. arc is unda dagvaviwydes, rom Cveni qveynis istoriuli da
kulturuli ganviTareba, pirvel rigSi, misma geografiulma mdebareobam
gansazRvra. did savaWro gzebis gasayarze mdebare qveyana ori kontinentis –
evropisa da aziis da, Sesabamisad, ori didi kulturuli samyaros – dasavlurisa
da aRmosavluris – mijnaze iyo ganfenili. kavkasiis yelze mdebare, igi
xmelTaSuazRvisa da maxlobeli aRmosavleTis udidesi centrebis arealSi iyo
moqceuli. amis gamo saqarTvelo uZvelesi droidanve kontaqtSi iyo mraval
qveyanasTan da xalxTan. saqarTveloSi, misi geopolitikuri realobis gamo,
ZvelTaganve erTmaneTs sxvadasxva Sinaarsis kultura da religia xvdeboda.
adgilobrivi mosaxleobis bunebiTi rwmena warmodgenebis paralelurad aq
berZnul-romauli da qanaanur-mesopotamiuri poliTeizmi, e.i. mezobeli qveynebis
kerpebi da ritualebi ikafavda gzas. XX s-is vanis, noqalaqevis, mcxeTa-armazisa
da sxva arqeologiurma aRmoCenebma daadastura qarTlisa da kolxeTis
teritoriebze rogorc dasavluri, ise aRmosavluri kultebis arseboba. Cveni
winaprebis nawili qristes Sobamde monoTeistur da dualistur Teologiasac
eziara iudaizmisa da zoroastrizmis saxiT. savaraudebelia, rom mosaxleobis
garkveuli raodenoba, elitaruli sazogadoeba mainc, induizmsa da budizmsac
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icnobda. Cveni winaprebi rom indur-tibetur samyarosac icnobdnen, amis Taobaze
Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis rogorc naTargmni, ise originaluri Zeglebic
metyvelebs. amis nimuSad „balavarianis” dasaxelebac ikmarebs. saerTo qarTuli
kulturis qmnadobaSi wvlili ebraul sinagogebsac SehqondaT. Sumeruli da
xeTuri civilizaciebi, aqemeniduri da sasanuri irani, elinisturi aRmosavleTi
da romi, arabuli samyaro da bizantia – ai qarTuli kulturis masazrdoebeli
wyaroebi.
saqarTvelos axasiaTebs is, rac sruliad bunebrivia yvela kulturuli
saxelmwifosTvis: mas ar SeuZlia sxvaTagan izolirebulad cxovreba, piruku,
aqtiur urTierTobaTa da kulturul faseulobaTa gacvla-gamocvliT mudam
imaRlebs sakuTar kulturul dones, adgilobriv niadagze gadaxarSavs yvelafers,
rasac sxvaTagan iRebs da qmnis sakuTars, qmnis iseT kulturul fenomens,
romelsac aSkarad gansxvavebuli, qarTuli hqvia.
rac Seexeba qarTuli kulturis mikuTvnebas romelime kulturis tipTan
siaxlovis TvalsazrisiT, gasagebia, rom qarTuli kultura tipologiur
msgavsebas amJRavnebs rogorc muslimur kulturasTan, ise evropulTan,
romelTanac sulieri siaxlove bevrad ufro gamokveTilad Cans.
is, rom saqarTvelo evropis Tanamegobrobis msgavsad, istoriuli faqtebiT
emyareba kulturisa da civilizaciis saerTo safuZvlebs, amis Tqmis uflebas
qveynis istoria, uwinares yovlisa, ki genialuri rusTavelis „vefxistyaosani”
gvaZlevs.
kacobriobis siyvarulis, megobrobis, moyvasisadmi Tavganwirvis,
qvelmoqmedebis saocari nimuSebiT gajerebuli es maRalmxatvruli qmnileba
TvalsaCinoo axsnaa adamianis, rogorc msoflio moqalaqis arsebobisa da
daniSnulebisa qveyanaze. pirovnebis TavisuflebisaTvis, konstituciuri
uflebebisaTvis brZolis Tvalsazrisi udevs safuZvlad aRorZinebis xanis
saqarTveloSi Seqmnil am udidesi mniSvnelobis mqone nawarmoebis erovnul da
saxelmwifoebriv msoflmxedvelobas. aqedan gamomdinare, „vefxistyaosani“, rogorc
saero kodeqsi, SesaZloa gaxdes is gansakuTrebuli gasaRebi, romelic gaaRebs
saqarTvelosTvis Tanamedrove evropuli kulturisa da sxva civilizaciaTa karebs.
rogorc profesori giorgi mWedliSvili aRniSnavs, qarTuli kulturis
istoria, misi Tundac zedapiruli mimoxilvac ki mkafiod gviCvenebs, rom
dasavluri Rirebulebebi da faseulobani maT Soris fundamenturi - adamianis
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ufleba ar iyo ucxo qarTuli samyarosaTvis da rom am mxriv maT Soris
konfliqti arasdros arsebobda. zogierTi am RirebulebaTagani saqarTveloSi
uZvelesi droidan mkvidrdeba da mniSvnelovnad win uswrebs Sesabamisi drois
dasavlur evropuls, zogic bevrad CamorCeba droSi. mTavari ki is aris, rom Cven
bevri saerTo gvaqvs da Zlier vgavarT erTmaneTs. Tundac is, rom dasavluri
Rirebulebebi da faseulobani istoriulad ar iyo ucxo, ara marto qarTul,
danarCeni samyarosaTvis, ukve SeuZlebels xdis mis miCnevas martooden dasavluri
civilizaciis monapovrad. es ki TavisTavad usafuZvlos xdis im miTis arsebobas,
rom „ganyenebuli” azrovnebis unari, midrekileba faseuli damokidebulebisadmi,
movlenebisadmi, sakuTari „sulieri stili” warmoadgendes mxolod evropelTa
gamorCeul damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebas. dRes, rodesac qarTveli eri ibrZvis,
raTa daikavos Tavisi kuTvnili adgili msoflios civilizebul xalxTa
TanamegobrobaSi, qarTuli kulturis istoriis warmoCenas, misi specifikis
Cvenebas, aris Tu ara kulturis sxva formebisgan absoluturad damoukidebeli
tipi, Tu SeiZleba mivakuTnoT ama Tu im zogad kulturul tips,
pirvelxarisxovani mniSvneloba eniWeba. radgan kulturis yoveli tipis
safuZvelia RirebulebaTa sistema, romelic istoriulad Camoyalibda da qmnis
adamianTa cxovrebis principebs, vfiqrob, im mimoxilviTac ki, romelic
warmovadgine naTelia Cveni erovnuli kulturis msoflio masStabis, maradiuli
siaxlisa da siRrmis safuZveli, rac gvaZlevs uflebas ganvacxado, rom:
mravalsaukunovani istoriis mqone qarTvelma xalxma ara marto gauZlo
istoriul qartexilebs da SeinarCuna arseboba mtrebTan uTanasworo brZolebSi,
aramed Seqmna TviTmyofadi kultura, romelic Camoyalibda kulturis sxva
formebisgan absoluturad damoukidebel tipad. swored amitomac qarTuli
kultura da qarTuli mentaliteti arasodes yofila da, albaT, arc arasodes
iqneba wmindad evropuli, an wmindad aziuri.
genialuri niko nikolaZe evropuli Rirebulebebidan, romelTa
ganxorcielebiTac evropelebi dawinaurdnen, upirvelesTa Soris asaxelebda
qveynisaTvis msaxurebas, yovelTvis eris interesebis wina planze wamowevas,
CvenTvis ucxo pragmatulobasa da realizms, ganviTarebis erovnuli modelis
Seqmnas da, amasTan, ucxouri dadebiTi gamocdilebis ueWvel gaTvaliswinebas.
swored am sakiTxebs miuZRvna saintereso statia prof. v. SubiTiZem _ `niko
nikolaZe da noe Jordania evropuli faseulobebis Sesaxeb~.
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niko nikolaZes miaCnda, rom ucxoeli, Tundac geniosi, romelmac qarTuli
specifika ar icis, qveynisTvis zustad misadagebul ganviTarebis recepts ver
moZebnis. evropuli tradiciiT, igi qveynis Sinagani saqmeebis pirvel rigSi
mogvarebas miiCnevda mTavr prioritetad. amasTan, am prioritetebis
ganxorcielebisas Cven TviTon unda gamovZebnoT gzebi, Cveni sakuTari interesebis
dacviT. igi damRupvelad miiCnevda gadaWarbebul radikalizms, gulgrilobas,
TaobaTa metismet dapirispirebas da memkvidreobiTobis naklebad daculobas.
miuReblad miaCnda qarTuli mentalitetis, tradiciebis da cxovrebis wesis
ukugdeba, ucxouris ukritikod da uniadagod miRebis xarjze, erovnul quraSi
gautareblad. qveynis evropeizaciisaTvis aucileblad miaCnda Sromis
mizandasaxuoloba, misi swori organizacia, aziuri inertulobisa da iluziebis,
sxvisi moimedeobis da ioli gamdidrebis ganwyobilebis daZleva. gmobda mxolod
ucxoelTa finansuri da ekonomikuri daxmarebis imedad yofnas da amocanad
gvisaxavda evropuli wesisamebr mecadineobas, Cveni qveynisaTvis zrunvas, marto
Cveni Tavis imedad yofnas, marto gaZlierebaze da ganaTlebaze muSaobas.
sxvagvarad Cven perspeqtiva ar gvaqvs. saqarTvelos aRorZinebis umTavres pirobad
n. nikolaZe ekonomikur ganviTarebas miiCnevda da amis misaRwevad aucileblad
miaCnda evropuli swavla, TavCauxreli Sroma, pasuxismgebloba da TviTganviTareba,
Sinagani Tanxmoba.
yvelaze umTavres evropul Rirebulebebs miekuTvneba adamianis uflebebi da
misi Rirsebis dacva. adamianis uflebebis (Human Rights) koncefcia
gamomdinareobs bunebiTi koncefciis doqtrinidan, romlisTvisac ZiriTadia
ganuyofeli, Tandayolili adamianuri Rirsebis cneba. am koncefciis mixedviT
sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs, kanoniT miniWebuli uflebebis garda, aqvs ZiriTadi
uflebebi – swored imitom, rom isini adamianebad daibadnen. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, xelisuflebas imdeni ufleba aqvs, ramdensac mas kanoni aniWebs,
(SezRuduli Zalauflebis principi), xolo adamians aqvs yvela is ufleba,
romelsac ar ukrZalavs kanoni.
adamianis uflebebSi or ZiriTad jgufs gamoyofen: materialur da saproceso
uflebebs.
materialuri uflebebi moicaven pirad, anu samoqalaqo uflebebsa da
Tavisuflebebs, politikur, ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul uflebebs.
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pirad anu samoqalaqo uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs miekuTvneba: yvela
adamianis Tanasworoba kanonis winaSe, moqalaqeobis ufleba, sicocxlis, pativisa
da Rirsebis, Tavisuflebis xelSeuvali uflebebi, sityvis, azris, sindisis da
religiis Tavisufleba da a.S.
politikur uflebebs miekuTvneba: xelisuflebis mier gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi monawileobis ufleba, saarCevno ufleba, politikuri partiis,
profesiuli kavSiris Seqmnis da masSi monawileobis ufleba, mitingebisa da
manifestaciebis Catarebis ufleba da a.S.
ekonomikur da socialur uflebebs miekuTvneba: Sromis samarTliani da
xelsayreli pirobebis ufleba, profkavSirebis Seqmnis ufleba, gaficvis ufleba;
ganaTlebis, janmrTelobis uflebebi da a.S. kulturul uflebebs miekuTvneba:
sazogadoebis kulturul cxovrebaSi monawileobis ufleba, samecniero progresis
SedegebiT sargeblobis ufleba da a.S.
saproceso uflebebi ki adamianisaTvis mikuTvnebuli moqmedebis meTodebi da
maTTan dakavSirebuli institutebia, romelTa daxmarebiTac adamiani daculia
xelisuflebis TviTnebobisagan. adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saproceso garantiebs
miekuTvneba, agreTve, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, ombudsmenis (saxalxo
damcvelis) instituti, referendumis mowyobis ufleba da a.S. adamianis uflebaTa
zogadi principebia:
adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi mxolod da mxolod adamianisa da
saxelmwifos urTierTobis sferos ganekuTvneba;
adamianis uflebebi individualuria da ara koleqtiuri. am wesidan
erTaderTi gamonaklisia xalxTa TviTgamorkvevis ufleba;
adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi ar aris saxelmwifos mier naboZebi
wyaloba, isini saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad arseboben, vinaidan Cven
adamianebad davibadeT;
araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs dafiqsirebulia Tu ara yvela es ufleba
da Tavisufleba saxelmwifoTa konstituciebsa da sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi,
vinaidan adamianis kuTvnili uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi yvela
konstituciasa da kanonmdeblobaze maRla dgas;
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa wyaro ar aris saxelmwifo. es
uflebebi saxelmwifosagan damoukideblad arsebobs, saxelmwifo ki
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aRiarebs maT arsebobas; saxelmwifos movaleobaa adamianis uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa dacva, radganac is arsebobs xalxisagan da xalxisaTvis;
adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi waruvali da uzenaesi adamianuri
Rirebulebebia. am uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa arseboba ar SeiZleba
Semoifarglos drois romelime monakveTiT da ar SeiZleba Seilaxos sxva
RirebulebebiT;
adamianis uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, rogorc waruvali da uzenaesi
adamianuri Rirebulebebi, zRudavs saxelmwifos xelisuflebis
ganxorcielebisas, e.i. xelisufleba SezRudulia adamianis uflebebiTa da
TavisuflebebiT.
adamianuri Rirseba (Human dignity). erT-erTi fuZemdebluri koncefciaa
(Tanaswor da ganuyofel koncefciasTan erTad), romelsac adamianis uflebaTa
dacva eyrdnoba.
adamianuri Rirseba yvelas moepoveba da aravis aqvs misi Selaxvis ufleba. am
koncefciisaTvis ZiriTadia ganuyofeli, dadebiTi adamianuri Rirsebis cneba
(gansxvaveba pirovnuli Rirsebisagan), romelic Tavad kacobriobis bunebidan
gamomdinareobs da erTnairad aqvs yvela adamians – iqneba es axalSobili, amqveynad
jer rom araferi Seuqmnia, Tu Camoyalibebuli damnaSave. adamianis uflebaTa
sayovelTao deklaraciis preambulaSi Tandayolili Rirseba da Tanaswori da
ganuyofeli uflebebi Tavisuflebis, samarTlianobis da sayovelTao mSvidobis
safuZvladaa miCneuli.
RirebulebaTa sistema, romelmac axali sazogadoebis Seqmnas unda Seuwyos
xeli, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli formiT jer kidev ar arsebobs. evropulma
qveynebma, gaiares ra sakmaod xangrZlivi da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gza
qristianobaze dafuZnebuli RirebulebaTa sistemis dasamkvidreblad, SeZles misi
Camoyalibeba. amiT maT SeZles SedarebiT umtkivneulod gaeZloT yvela
sirTulisaTvis da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi da ufro adrec mowinave poziciebze
pirvelebi da yvelaze adre damkvidrdnen. es maT upirveles yovlisa RirebulebaTa
mwyobri sistemis Camoyalibebam moutana. vinaidan am qveynebma yvelaze ufro adre
SeZles RirebulebaTa yvelaze Rirseuli, humanuri da samarTliani sistemis
damkvidreba, am Rirebulebebs SeiZleba evropuli an evro-atlantikuri
Rirebulebebi vuwodoT. swored saerTo Rirebulebebs efuZneba msoflios yvelaze
unikaluri integraciuli gaerTianeba – evropuli kavSiri, swored saerTo
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Rirbulebebma Cauyara safuZveli erTian evropas, rac 1952 wlis 25 marts romis
deklaraciiT gaformda. evropuli Rirebulebebi naklebadaa dakavSirebuli
kulturul memkvidreobasTan (mcirediTac ar ugulebelyofs, ar xelyofs maT) da
cxovrebisa da Sromis yvelaze efeqtur modelad gvevlineba, upirvelesi,
umTavresi evropuli Rirebulebebi ki demokratiaa, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo da
sityvis Tavisuflebaa. igive Rirebulebebze da wesebze dgas aSS-c. natos
sainformacio centris direqtori, `jipas~ saerTaSoriso politikis programis
koordinatori, Tornike SaraSeniZe `evropuli faseulobebis~ Sesaxeb
samarTlianad aRniSnavda: `evropuli faseulobebi naklebadaa dakavSirebuli
kulturul memkvidreobasTan (es memkvidreoba metismetad mravalferovania). es
ufro pragmatuli wesebis paketia, romelic kulturulad sakmaod gansxvavebul
erebs aerTianebs. es wesebi da procedurebi ara imitomaa sayovelTaod miRebuli,
rom maT `civilizaciur~ unikalurobebs exmianeba, aramed imitom, rom es
cxovrebisa da Sromis yvelaze efeqturi modelia, romelic ki praqtikaSi
gamoicada. racionaluri arCevania da aq naklebadaa SuaSi suliereba, ezoterika da
civilizaciuroba.
demokratia politikuri procesis marTvis meqanizmia. samarTlebrivi
saxelmwifo marTlmsajulebis sxva saxelmwifo institutebTan urTierTqmedebis
sqemaa. sityvis Tavisulfeba xelisuflebis kontrolis meqanizmi da sainformacio
sivrcis umniSvnelovanesi Semadgenelia. ase SeiZleba mivyveT yvela evropul
faseulobas. isev da isev, aranairi ezoterika.
ruseTs igive TamaSis wesebis miReba arasodes surda. Tavis droze man
komunizmi arCia, romelmac ar gaamarTla. axla gaugebaria ras arCevs. `erTiani
interesebi~ evropasTan, albaT, isev da isev energetikis sferoSi TanamSromlobas
gulisxmobs.~ (T. SaraSeniZe, interesebi da faseulobebi, `24 saaTi~, 2 aprili,
2007, #71, gv. B1,2).
evropuli Rirebulebebis Sesaxeb saintereso azrebs gvawvdis gaz. `24
saaTis~ mmarTveli redaqtori paata veSapiZe (ix. paata veSapiZe, Tavisufali
presis ararseboba tiraniaa, gaz. `24 saaTi~, #121 (670), 24 maisi, 2004). avtori
exeba fondi `caiti da herd buceriusis~ da norvegiis sityvis Tavisuflebis
fondis mier aRmosavleT evropis saukeTeso gazeTebisa da Jurnalistebis
gamosavlenad Catarebuli konkuris Sedegebs. maSin Jiurim gamarjvebulad cno `24
saaTi~ da masTan erTad kidev oTxi gazeTi, romelTac wamaxalisebeli premiebic
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(30000 evro) ergoT. statiaSi avtori aRniSnavs, rom mTavari evropuli
Rirebulebebia Tavisufali presa da Zlieri xelisufleba. aq umTavresi
prioriteti liberaluri Rirebulebebisadmi erTgulebas eniWeba. statiaSi
vkiTxulobT: `19 maiss, gazeT `caitis~ damfuZneblisa da fondis damaarseblis,
herd buceriusis dabadebis dRes, hamburgis ratuSaSi, swored am gamarjvebulTa
dajildoebis ceremoniali gaimarTa.
`romeli sjobs – xelisufleba Tavisufali presis gareSe, Tu Tavisufali
presa _ xelisuflebis gareSe? aseTi alternativis arsebobac ki dauSvebelia
normaluri qveynisaTvis, radgan xelisuflebis ararseboba anarqiaa, Tavisufali
presis ararseboba ki – tirania. amitomacaa Tavisufali presa da Zlieri
xelisufleba mTavari evropuli Rirebulebebi~ _ warmoTqva gaunter ferhoigenma
da amiT xazgasmiT erT simaRleze daayena presisa da xelisuflebis mniSvneloba
saxelmwifos ganviTarebisTvis. im qveynebSi, sadac xelisufleba ukontrolo
diqtaturisken miiswrafvis, presa umZimes mdgomareobaSia Cavardnili.
evrokomisarma daasaxela magaliTebi, Tu rogor uswordebian Tavisufali
sityvisaTvis gamocemebsa da Jurnalistebs: ukrainasa da ruseTSi presis
mdgomareoba man sagangaSod miiCnia, beloruss ki saerTod evropis Savi xvreli
uwoda. sabednierod, am CamonaTvalSi ar moxvedrila saqarTvelo~.
sistemuri saxiT, srulyofilad Camoyalibebuli Rirebulebebisgan
saqarTvelo jer kidev sakmaod Sorsaa. garkveuli gagebiT SeiZleba davsvaT aseTi
kiTxva: evropam qristianobaze dafuZnebuli RirebulebaTa sistema daamkvidra, gana
saqarTveloc am Rirebulebebs ar efuZneba? maS, raSia saqme? riT gansxvavdeba
RirebulebaTa qarTuli sistema evropulisgan, romliskenac Cven niadag
miviswrafviT? es dakavSirebulia RirebulebaTa sistemis ganxorcielebasTan,
masTan miaxloebis simwifesTan, misi sisrulis miRwevasTan, rasac saqarTveloSi
win mravali garemoeba eRobeba. amitom saWiroa, upirveles yovlisa, es
xelisSemSleli garemoebebi davZlioT.
3.3. ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis RirebulebiTi safuZvlebi
Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi‚ qveynis winsvla erovnuli
ekonomikuri faseulobebis gareSe‚ romelsac xSirad Rirebulebebsac uwodeben‚
warmoudgenelic aris da mizanSeuwonelic.
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civilizaciis miRweuli done axal azrovnebas moiTxovs. yvelaze ufro
mokled Tu vityviT‚ garduvali gaxda `eris saerTo keTildReobis” uTuod
globalur konteqstSi ganxilva da liberaluri ekonomikuri orientirebis
gonivnuli gansazRvra. amisaTvis ki‚ Tanamedrove ekonomikuri azrovnebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli unda iyos Rrma mecnieruloba, realisturoba, masStaburoba,
sistemuroba da moqniloba. axali azrovneba unda dafuZndes obieqtur kanonzomie-
rebaTa Rrmad Semecnebaze, romelic axlandel realobebs iTvaliswinebs. unda
SegveZlos warsulis samarTliani Sefaseba. saWiroa gonivrulad mivudgeT saqmes,
ar SemovifargloT amwuTieri amocanebiT. yoveli sakiTxi kompleqsurad unda
gadavwyvitoT. gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebisa da realizaciis msvlelobisas
droulad unda gaviTvaliswinoT axlad warmoSobili garemoebebi, axali movlenebi
da procesebi. aseTia mecnieruli azrovnebis logika. ilia WavWavaZis moZRvreba,
misi traqtatebi samarTlis da filosofiis, ekonimikis da sociologiis,
politikis da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis, istoriis da bibliologiis,
marTlmadidebluri qristianobis da saerTod, cxovrebis yovelgvari ,,kuTxe-
kunWulis’’ Sesaxeb, swored aseT axal, Tanamedrove azrovnebas gvixsnis,
ganmartavs, ayalibebs mis principebs da amiT gvexmareba Cveni yoveldRiuri
praqtikuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebaSi. M
mainc ra aris is umTavresi Rirebulebani, romliskenac dReniadag unda
viswrafvodeT da rogoria is meTodebi, gzebi da umTavresi principebi, romlebsac
Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi unda viyenebdeT Cveni miznebis misaRwevad?
aRniSnulis Sesaxeb winamdebare naSromSi Cven ukve avRniSneT, romelsac aq kvlav
gavimeorebT.
yvelaze umTavresi CvenTvis is unda iyos, romlis gareSec ,,Cven’’, ,,Cven’’ ar
viqnebodiT. aseTebad ilia WavWavaZes mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba miaCnda,
romlebsac ,,sam RvTaebriv saunjes’’ uwodebda. maTi maradiuli dacva TviToeuli
Cveni Tanamoqalaqis wmidaTa wmida valia. STambeWdavad werda ilia WavWavaZe: ,,sami
RvTaebrivi saunje dagvrCa Cven mama-papaTagan: mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba. Tu
amaTac ar upatroneT, ra kacebi viqnebiT, ra pasuxs gavscemT STamomavlobas?’’ (i.
WavWavaZe, Txz., t. 3, gv. 26-27).
am maradiul Rirebulebebs TvalisCiniviT unda gavufrTxildeT, rom Cveni
mTlianoba da TviTmyofadoba ar davkargoT. mTavaria aseve vicodeT rogor, ra
gzebiT unda davicvaT Cveni mamuli, ena da sarwmunoeba.
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ilia WavWavaZe miiCnevda, rom qveyanam ise unda gamoiyenos Tavisi absoluturi
da SefardebiTi upiratesobani, misi ekonomikis mdgradobas safrTxe ar daemuqros
da xalxisTvis, arsebobisTvis saWiro saxsrebi advilad da iafad mosapovebeli
gaxados. aseTi naazrevi yoveli xelisuflebisagan did dakvirvebas moiTxovs.
Gglobalizaciis, liberaluri sabazro ekonomikis, sayovelTaod ganvrcobis
pirobebSi absoluturi da SefardebiTi upiratesobebis zomis zustad migneba,
ganviTarebis misaRwevad, misi gonivruli eris saerTo interesebis dacviT
gadawyveta, xelisuflebis, sazogadoebis yvelaze prioritetuli, sayoveldReo
amocanaa.
ilia WavWavaZis ekonomikuri midgomebidan Cveni epoqisTvis umniSvnelovanesia
agreTve, rom mis mier yvelaferi, yovelgvari movlena fardobiTobaSi anu
relativurobaSi ganixileba. misi mTavari damaxasiaTebeli konkretuli
Tavisebureba is aris, rom ilia yvelafers sakuTari qveynisadmi, misi adgilis
(geostrategiuli mdgomareoba), garemo pirobebis da istoriuli viTarebis
(drois) niSniT, masze damokidebulebis mixedviT ganixilavda. misi Teoria
ekonomikur cxovrebas warmogvidgens ara rogorc movlenaTa, aramed rogorc
Tanafardobis gagebas (axsnas). Tavis TxzulebebSi ilia sul am Tanafardobis
dadgenis ZiebaSia.
swored aseTi Tanafardobis dadgenis safuZvelze miiCnevs ilia SesaZleblad
WeSmariti, optimaluri, mTeli sazogadoebisTvis misaRebi urTierTobebis
Camoyalibebas. es ki universalur meTods warmoadgens zogadkacobriuli da
erovnuli Rirebulebebis optimaluri sinTezis misagnebad, Cveni „me~-s,
„adgilobrivi wvrilmanebis~, tradiciebis da zne-CveulebaTa SenarCunebis gziT sa-
erTo winsvlis misaRwevad. yovelive zemo aRniSnuls, Tanamedrove globalizaciis
epoqaSi TviToeuli qveynisTvis fasdaudebeli, gamoyenebiTi daniSnuleba aqvs.
msoflio gamocdilebam dagvanaxa, rom liberaluri ekonomikis gzis arCeva
yvelaze swori pasuxia nebismieri ekonomikuri krizisis da sirTulis dasaZlevad.
Amis dadasturebad SeiZleba moviyvanoT Tundac aSS da CineTis magaliTebi,
romlebic yovelgvar problemas imiT Wrian, rom sul ufro met liberalizms
amkvidreben. Tu SedegebiT vimsjelebT, saqarTvelosTvisac sxva arcerTi
ekonomikuri politika, arcerTi ekonomikuri recepti Tu moZRvreba ar iqneba
iseTi gamarTlebuli da warmatebisa da zrdis momtani, rogorc maqsimalurad
liberaluri ekonomikis Senebis kursi.
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liberaluri, gaxsnili da Tavisufali ekonomika aris ara marto winsvlis
garanti, aramed swored isaa yvelaze swori da erTaderTi pasuxi nebismier
ekonomikur krizissa Tu politikur Znelbedobaze. Ees kursi ar aris CvenTvis
ucxo, gamomdinareobs Cvenive tradiciebidan, pasuxobs Cveni xalxis miswrafebebs.
Mmisi wyaroc gagvaCnia pirveli qarTveli libertarianelis ilia WavWavaZis
liberaluri ekonomikuri ideologiis saxiT.
zogijer amboben, rom liberalizmi CvenTvis zedmetad ucxo sityvaa.
SeiZleba raRac sakiTxebSi Cven marTlac gviwevs aviRoT is, rac sxva kulturebs
SeuqmniaT warmatebisTvis da amiT kidev ufro gavamdidroT Cveni didi kultura
da codna.
magram rodesac saqme ekonomikur liberalisms exeba, Cven aravisgan araferi
ara gvaqvs gadmosaRebi. Cveni ekonomikuri liberalizmis ideologias ra Tqma unda
amyareben milton fridmani da murei roTbardi, haieki da fon mizesi, magram
maTTan erTad da uwinaresad yovelTa, CemTvis mTavari aRmafrebis wyaro
mecxramete saukunis udidesi qarTveli moazrovne da Cveni dRevandeli
saxelmwifoebrivi Segnebis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli ilia WavWavaZea. ilia iyo
pirveli qarTveli libertarianeli Tavisi ekonomikuri filosofiiT. ilia iyo
pirveli qarTveli, vinc qadagebda Tavisufal vaWrobas, gaxsnil ekonomikas,
mTavrobis mcire Carevas ekonomikaSi da dabal, liberalur gadasaxadebs.
ekonomikur liberalizms igi `fritreiderobas~ eZaxda da ganmartavda, rogorc
aReb-micemobis Tvisuflebas.
jer kidev grigol robaqiZe miiCnevda, rom ilia WavWavaZe saqarTvelos geniaa,
misi simboloa, maradiul RirebulebaTa sawindari, marad Cveni Tanamedrovea. es
aris sruli WeSmariteba. Cveni lideri, Cveni ideologi da etaloni aris ilia
WavWavaZe. Tavis droze ilia WavWavaZe dadga yovelgvar qiSpze, yovelgvar
mtrobaze, yovelgvar urTierTdapirispirebaze maRla da Tqva: mTavaria
saqarTvelo, mTavaria erTianoba, mTavaria qarTveli eri da misi erTiani
mentaliteti, mTavaria erTiani saqarTvelos idea.
ilia QWavWavaZis libertarianuli ekonomikuri filosofia eris
fundamenturi, materialuri interesebis xorcSesxmas emsaxureba, vinaidan, rogorc
ilia miiCnevda, Tavisufali gacvlis pirobebSi, roca saqoneli ar aris fasaweuli
baJis an raime sxva formalobis gamo, is yvelasaTvis advilad xelmisawvdomia.
adamiani ki ekonomikurad miT ufro bednieria, rac ufro srulad, advilad da
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gaWirvebis gareSe ikmayofilebs Tavis gonivrul moTxovnilebebs. gvixsnida ra
`fritrederobas~, ilia WavWavaZe ambobda: `fritrederoba warmomdgaria
inglisuris sityvisagan free trade da sityva-sityviT rom iTargmnos, hniSnavs:
aReb-micemobis Tavisuflebasa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saaReb-micemo saqoneli,
Sinauri Tu garedam Semosuli, yovelis baJisa da gadasaxadisagan daxsnili iyos
da ara romelimesame kanonmdeblobisagan SexuTuli ar unda iqmnas. es moZRvreba
imazea dafuZnebuli, rom Tavisuflad moaruli saqoneli, ar-SexuTuli arc baJisa
da arc raime formalobisagan, yvelasaTvis advilad mosapovebelia da misawvdeni,
_ jer imis gamo, rom gaxSirebulia, da mere iefia, radganac baJisa da an raime
Seviwroebisagan gangeb fasaweuli ar aris. marTalic aris. baJi, didia Tu mcire.
gangeb zedSekecili gadasaxadia, da ramodenadac igi didia, imodenad gangeb
aZvirebs saqonelsa da am gziT saqonlis fasi, romelic Tavis sakuTaris arsebis
kanonebisagan ganisazRvreba da daidgineba xolme, baJisa da sxva raime Seviwroebis
metnaklebobasac unda eqvemdebarebodes da ekiTxebodes. saxelmwifo, romlis
mizezi da sabuTi arsebobisa sxva ara aris ra, Tu ar mkvidrTa
keTildReobisaTvis mzrunveloba, unda imasa hcdilobdeso, amboben fritrederobis
momxreni, rom cxovrebisaTvis saWiro saqoneli advilad da iefad mosapoebeli
iyos yovelis mkvidrisaTviso, radganac mkvidri kaci miT ufro ekonomiurad
bednieria, ramodenadac ufro savsed, ufro mTlad hSoulobs sarCo-sabadebelsa
da ramodenadac ufro bevrs saWiroebas cxovrebisas ikmayofilebs advilad da
gauWireblado~ (WavWavaZe i., satamoJno politika evropaSi, fritrederoba da
proteqcionoba, Txz; t. 7). werda ra am striqonebs, ilia WavWavaZe aqve (ix. gv.
318-320) moixseniebda aRniSnuli moZRvrebis Semqmnel did mecnierebs adam smits,
`saxelovan inglisel politiko-ekonoms~, romelic `mamamTavrad iTvleba
sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebisa~; `saxelovan ingliselebs kobdensa da braits~;
inglisis `mTavarministrs~ robert pils, romelmac `1846 wels gaauqma purzed
dadebuli baJi, puri sul mTlad gaanTavisufla baJisagan RaribTa mcxovrebTa
saoxad da sakeTildReod~; `am moZRvrebas mosarCeleni gamouCndnen ara marto
inglisSi, safrangeTSiac, bevri cotad Tu bevrad saxelganTqmulni mecnierni
miemxrnen am moZRvrebasa, magaliTebr, bastia, Sevalie, garnie paJes da sxvani~.
rogorc avtori aqve dasZenda: `droTa mimavlobaSi am moZRvrebam iseTi saxeli
gaiTqva, rom erTaSorisma kanonmdeblobamac ki Seiwynara da saTaved daudva
yovels Tvismoqmedebasa. am moZRvrebis safuZvlad Sesdga 1861 w. aReb-micemobis
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konvencia (xelSekruleba) inglissa da safrangeTs Soris da 1865 w. germaniasa da
safrangeTs Soris~ (WavWavaZe i., satamoJno politika evropaSi, fritrederoba da
proteqcionoba, Txz; t. 7).
imisaTvis, rom xalxis cxovreba gavaumjobesoT, saWiroa TiToeuli moqalaqe
CavayenoT qveynis samsaxurSi da viSromoT Tavdauzogavad. yvelaze ufro
prioritetuli is aris, rom vemsaxuroT samyaros yvelaze mTavar, unikalur
Rirebulebas _ TiToeul adamians. am mizniT saqarTvelos premier-ministrobis
kandidatma biZina ivaniSvilma qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe
Tavisi saprogramo sityviT gamosvlisas xalxisa da mTavrobis upirveles
amocanebs Soris gansazRvra: 1. vinaidan, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, TiToeuli
adamiani aris ganumeorebeli, unikaluri umaRlesi Rirebuleba, upirveles
yovlisa, swored xalxis umravlesobis ukidures gaWirvebas unda davaRwioT Tavi;
2. saWiroa demokratiuli institutiebis ganviTareba. unda davamkvidroT kanonis
uzenaesoba da aRvadginoT samarTlianoba qveyanaSi. arc erTi danaSauli, Tu is
mtkicebulebebiT iqneba gamyarebuli, ar unda darCes dausjeli. yvelam, visac
ukanonobaSi eqneba monawileoba miRebuli, pasuxi unda agos kanonis winaSe _
mxolod kanonisa da sasamarTlos ZaliT. Seswavlili unda iqnes sakuTrebis
uflebis totaluri darRvevis Sedegad Seqmnili viTareba, agreTve, saqarTveloSi
bolo wlebSi gavrcelebuli `elitaruli korufciis~ masStabebi da unda
SemuSavdes maTi aRmofxvris meqanizmebi; 3. qveyanam unda ganaxorcielos
farTomasStabiani reformebi yvela strategiuli mimarTulebiT da mTavrobis
politika unda daefuZnos saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mkafiod gamoxatul
interesebs. amisaTvis samTavrobo politikis dagegmvis procesSi aqtiurad unda
iqnen Cambuli moqalaqeebi da swored es unda gaxdes mTavrobis muSaobis
safuZveli (`saqarTvelos respublika~, #206 (7082), paraskevi, 26 oqtomberi,
2012, gv. 2-3).
Camoayaliba ra liberalizmis qarTuli nairsaxeobis ideologia da moZRvreba
saqarTveloSi evropis da sxvaTa mowinave gamocdilebis danergvis Sesaxeb ise, rom
ar davkargoT Cveni tradiciebi, adaT-wesebi da Cveulebebi da Tan, amasTan erTad,
sxvisi mowinave gamocdilebac gaviTvalsiwinoT, e.i. mivaRwioT mis optimalur
sinTezss, ilia WavWavaZem amiT safuZveli daudo Tavis sakuTar doqtrinas
liberalizmisa da, unda iTqvas, rom igi aris avtori da Semoqmedi aseTi
doqtrinebisa aramarto ekonomikis, aramed sxva mraval sferoSi: filosofiaSi,
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samarTalSi, religiaSi, istoriaSi da a.S. misi TiToeuli sityva magaliTi da
anderZia CvenTvis imisaTvis, Tu rogor movawyoT Cveni cxovreba WeSmariti
adamianuri Rirebulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT. rogorc ekonomisti, romlis kalams
ekuTvnis TiTqmis ToTxmet tomze meti ekonomikuri xasiaTis naSromebi da
publikaciebi, ilia WavWavaZe Tavisave mier `saxelovan inglisel politiko-
ekonomad~ da `sapolitiko ekonomiis mecnierebis mamamTavrad~ moxseniebuli adam
smiTiviT didia mTeli msofliosaTvis, Cveni qveynisaTvis ki kidev ufro didia.
ubralod, istoriuli Znelbedobis da Seqmnili viTarebis gamo Cven ver SevZeliT
ilia WavWavaZis Semoqmedebis, gansakuTrebiT misi ekonomikuri doqtrinis
nawilobriv mainc warmoCena civilizebuli qveynebisaTvis, Torem am Cveni azrebis
sisworeSi mTeli msoflio darwmuneboda, rom ilia msoflio maradfaseuli
kulturuli saganZuris TviTmyofadi burjia. amitomac Cveni amocana dReniadag
unda iyos, rom es bumberazi Semoqmedi Tavisi ekonomikuri ideologiis mTeli
peripetiebiT sxva erebsa da xalxebsac gavacnoT.
ilia WavWavaZem Camoayaliba ekonomikuri liberalizmis mTavari RirebulebiTi
safuZvlebi, romelTagan upirvelesi aris SesaZleblobebis Seqmna, ufro zustad,
qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebis Seqmna. imisaTvis, rom
ganvaxorcieloT da Seuqcevadi gavxadoT liberaluri ekonomikuri kursi da
davicvaT Cveni monapovari, saWiroa SevuqmnaT instituciuri safuZveli Cveni
ekonomikis Tavisuflebas. es safuZveli ki aris ekonomikis mTavari RirebulebiTi
orientirebi, romliskenac dReniadag unda viswrafvodeT.
swored liberaluri ekonomikuri politika mogvcems saSualebas, raTa
warmatebiT davaRwioT Tavi Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikur kriziss,
izolacionalizmis gzis arCeviT ki, Cven mas Tavs ver davaRwevT. amisaTvis ki
saWiroa fexi auwyoT msoflio globalizaciis mimdinare procesebs da ar
CaviketoT Cvens naWuWSi, viswavloT globalizaciis Sesaferisi, masStaburi
ekonomikuri azrovneba.
Tavisufleba pasuxismgeblobis gareSe warmoudgenelia. warmatebas mxolod
maSin movipovebT, Tu Cvens Rirebulebebs instituciur da ekonomikur sistemebad
CamovayalibebT da Cveni ojaxebis keTildReobamde da Rirseul dasaqmebamde
miviyvanT saqmes. aseTia Cveni gza, radgan martooden enTuziazmiT win ver wavalT.
Cven gvWirdeba Cveni Rirebulebebis instituciur da ekonomikur sistemebad
gardasaxva da, rac aseve mTavaria, Cven gvWirdeba TiToeuli moqalaqis mier
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gacnobierebuli pasuxismgebloba, mondomeba da Sromismoyvareoba. saWiroa SevikraT
rogorc erTi organizmi, rogorc erTi kompania da aviRoT saerTo
pasuxismgebloba qveynis gasaZliereblad da gadasarCenad. liberaluri ekonomikis
Senebis Cven gzaze Cveni mTavari Rirseba unda iyos TiToeuli adamianis
pasuxismgebloba samSoblos winaSe.
aq ar SeiZleba nawilobriv mainc ar SevexoT iseT mniSvnelovan socialuri
sakiTxs, rogoricaa biznesis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, misi problemebi da
gadaWris gzebi. imisaTvis, rom aRniSnulis Taobaze warmodgena Segveqmnas, ufro
davakonkretoT Tema da davsvaT kiTxva: miuxedavad yvela SesaZleblobisa, arsebobs
Tu ara praqtikaSi barierebi, problemebi, romlebic xels uSlian biznesis
ganviTarebas? xom ar xdeba ise, rom sityviT marTlac vuSvebT biznesis
Tavisuflebas, saqmiT ki vzRudavT mas? cxovreba gviCvenebs, rom es kiTxvebi aris
aqtualuri. rogorc axalgazrda ekonomistTa asociaciis mier mcire, saSualo da
msxvili biznesis warmomadgenelTa gamokiTxviT dadginda, biznesis ganviTarebas
saqarTveloSi, jer kidev mravali dabrkolebis gadalaxva uwevs (ix. maia miSelaZe:
qarTuli biznesis 9 `qileri~). asociaciam gamokiTxvis Sedegad aTamde barieri da
xelisSemSleli momenti gamoavlina. SevexoT am problemebs. kanonmdeblobis
problema: yvelaze mTavar problemas, gansakuTrebiT mcire biznesisaTvis
kanonmdeblobis xSiri qmnis.
biznesis Sesaxeb kanonebis arcodnis problema: rogorc gamokiTxviT dadginda,
mcire mewarmeTa 23%-ma saerTod ar icoda, rom bizness sagadasaxado kodeqsi
aregulirebs. problema – kanonis ena: kanonebs aTjer ufro didi zomis
ganmartebebi da instruqciebi mosdevs, xSiria `ormagi~ Canawerebic, romlis gamo
mewarme da sagadasaxado inspeqtori sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvamen kanons. gamosavali
ki is aris, rom kanoni martivad unda ikiTxebodes, ganmartebebi da instruqciebi
unda axldes. problema – dabali samewarmeo unarebi: mewarmeebs uWirT finansebisa
da partniorebis moZieba. maT mcire biznesis warmarTvis elementaruli codnac ki
ar gaaCniaT. konkurenciis mimarT damokidebulebis problema: biznesmenebi saqmes
zereled udgebian. gamokiTxulTa 20%-ma upasuxa, rom mas dargSi (vaWroba,
mSenebloba) konkurenti ar hyavs, rac vaWrobasa da mSeneblobaSi mainc, vfiqrobT,
warmoudgenelia. informirebulobis problema: aq igulisxmeba rogorc
kanonmdeblobis xSiri cvalebadoba, aseve naklebi informacia imis Sesaxeb, sad
imarTeba esa Tu is savaWro gamofena? aseve igulisxmeba informacia axali
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teqnologiebis Sesaxeb. mewarmeebma gamoTqves survili, rom maTi problemebi ufro
aqtualurad Suqdebodes media-saSualebebSi. profesiuli gadamzadebis problema:
igulisxmeba konsultaciebi da sainformacio masala, saidanac isini biznesis
keTebis elementarul wesebs Seityoben. sxvaTa Soris, arsebobs evropuli
gamocdileba, sadac saxelmwifo da arasamTavrobo seqtori TanamSromlos da
bizneskonsultaciebs uwevs dainteresebul pirebs. problema – sasurveli kadris
daqiraveba: aRmoCnda, rom dRes saqarTveloSi didi moTxovnaa profesional
eleqtrikosze, mSenebelze, SemduRebelze da mlesavze. erTi SexedviT, qveyanaSi
umuSevrobis problemaa da TiTqos, bevria aseTi profesiis adamiani. Tumca, Sromis
bazris kvlevisas aRmoCnda, rom umravlesobas esa Tu is saSualo profesia ara
specialur saswavlebelSi, aramed _ `memkvidreobiT~ aqvs naswavli: mamisgan,
babuisgan, naTesavisgan da ase Semdeg. marTalia, saxelmwifom daiwyo profesiuli
saswavleblebis aRdgena, magram aman Tu seriozuli masStabebia ar SeiZina da ar
momravlda egreT wodebuli profebi, bizness seriozuli dabrkolebas Seuqmnis.
ganaTlebis uamravi, axali teqnologiaa Semosuli da profesionali eleqtrikosis
daqiraveba Znelia, romelic am yvelaferSi erkveva. problema – Sromis bazris
kvleva: sasurvelia, rom vidre umaRlesi saswavleblebi ama Tu im specialobebze
abiturientTa miRebas gamoacxadeben, maT Sromis bazari Seiswavlon da
damsaqmeblebi gamokiTxon. kvlevis Sedegad unda dadgindes, romel specialobaze
iqneba moTxovna 5 wlis Semdeg da swored amis gaTvalsiwinebiT gamocxaddes
miReba sxvadasxva specialobaze.
msoflio ekonomikuri forumis globaluri konkurentunarianobis angariSis
mixedviT 2011-2012 wlebisTvis finansebze xelmisawvdomoba saqarTvelos
biznesisTvis upirveles problematur faqtorad dasaxelda. es kargad Cans qvemoT
moyvanili cxrilidan (3.3.1.).
cxrili 3.3.1
yvelaze problematuri faqtorebi biznesis warmoebaSi (%)
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wyaro: `kviris palitra~, 11-17 ivnisi, 2012, gv. 27
iseve rogorc mTel msoflioSi, saqarTveloSi finansebisadmi
xelmisawvdomoba problemuri sakiTxia. spredi depozitebis saprocento ganakveTsa
da sakredito resursebis Rirebulebas Soris Zalian maRalia da 3-4-jer
aRemateba saerToevropul maCveneblebs. TviTon sabanko seqtorSi SarSan
sayuradRebo is iyo, rom maT gauormagdaT mogeba (323 milionamde), maSin roca
ekonomikaze gacemuli sesxebis moculoba 12-13%-iT gaizarda, dasakuTrebuli
qonebis sididem ki ukve gadaaWarba vadagadacilebuli sesxebisa da kreditebis
Rirebulebas. magram Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ipoTekiT datvirTuli qonebis
Sefasebisas fasi, rogorc wesi, sabazrosTan 2-3-jer dabalia, maT xelSi SarSan
gadasuli qoneba, sul cota, naxevari miliardi dolaris Rirebulebis mainc aris.
gamodis, arasabanko saqmianobiTa da wminda iuridiuli kazuistikiT sabanko
seqtorma meti qoneba iSova, vidre sabanko operaciebiT gziT. amas SeiZleba Zalian
uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyves. bankebi SeiZleba klientebis gareSe darCnen.
xelisuflebam unda izrunos, rom es SiSi da SfoTi mouxsnas kerZo seqtors da
daarwmunos, rom saxelmwifo aris ara mxolod warmoebiTi urTierTobebis
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regulatori, aramed garanti stabilurobisa, xvalindel dRes normaluri
saqmianobisa. aseT pirobebSi sabanko seqtori Tavad gadawyvets saprocento
ganakveTebis Semcirebas.
aRniSnulis garda, qveyanaSi biznesis ganviTarebas sxva garemoebebic aferxebs.
rogorc qarTveli ekonomistebi amtkiceben, 2011 wlidan saqarTvelos ukve
sagareo valebis gadaxdis periodi udgeba da qveyana SesaZloa rTul viTarebaSi
aRmoCndes. amitom Cven gvWirdeba investiciebis mozidva, rac Tavis mxriv,
stabiluri da xelsayreli ekonomikuri garemos gareSe SeuZlebelia. rogorc
Jurnalisti eliso CafiZe xelisuflebasTan daaxloebuli ekonomistebis
mtkicebebze dayrdnobiT aRniSnavs: `rogor SeiZleba, xelsayreli ekonomikuri
garemo iyos qveyanaSi, sadac prezidenti yovel meore dRes acxadebs, rom
SesaZloa, ruseTi Tavs dagvesxas, sadac sabanko gadmoricxvebis procenti
msoflioSi, mgoni yvelaze maRalia, sadac bankis sesxi mxolod axloblebze
gaicema da isic – uprecedento procentebiT da sadac yvela Rirebuli da
mniSvnelovani biznesi monopoliaa da Tan, mas xelisuflebis maRalCinosnebi da
maTi ojaxis wevrebi akontroleben. saqme iqamdec ki mivida, rom mediaSic ki, Tuki
prezidentis favoriti anda ministris moadgilis coli ara xar, cota xanSi
muSaoba gagiWirdeba. (irma CafiZe, gvelodeba Tu ara daWerebis axali talRa da
socialuri protesti? `rezonansi~, 6 agvisto, 2010, #207, gv. 1, 9).
`saqarTvelos mTavrobis ekonomikuri politika emyareba Tavisufali sabazro
ekonomikis sayovelTao principebs da im Tanamedrove midgomebs, romlebic
gansazRvravs saxelmwifos rols socialuri keTildReobisa da socialuri
usafrTxoebis saqmeSi.
saqarTvelos ekonomikis konkurentunarianobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis moxdeba
ekonomikis struqturuli modernizeba, ganxorcieldeba eqsportis stimulireba da
importis Canacvleba.
saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs samarTliani, Tavisufali da konkurentuli
sabazro garemos Seqmnas da xels Seuwyobs Tanamedrove infrastruqturis
Camoyalibebas.
Cveni ekonomikuri politikis Sedegad gaizrdeba sasoflo-sameurneo warmoeba.
es Cveni qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan nawils stabilur Semosavals moutans,
gazrdis saqarTvelos sasursaTo usafrTxoebasa da qveynis saeqsporto
potencials.
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mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba gamoiyvans qveyanas ekonomikuri
krizisidan, Seamcirebs umuSevrobas, xels Seuwyobs siRaribis daZlevas da
socialuri fonis gaumjobesebas, mravalricxovani da Zlieri saSualo fenis
Camoyalibebas.
sajaro finansebis marTvaSi damkvidrdeba efeqtianobisa da gamWvirvalobis
Tanamedrove standartebi. mosaxleobis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebi daixar,jeba
miznobrivad da gamWvirvaled. daiZleva Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi arsebuli
maRali uTanabroba da yvela ojaxi sakuTar Tavze igrZnobs ekonomikur winsvlas.
Cveni mTavrobis ekonomikuri politikis prioritetebia: soflis meurneoba,
mcire da saSualo mewarmeoba, sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis gadamamuSavebeli
warmoeba, agreTve, socialur sferoSi _ sapensio reforma, janmrTelobis dacvis
reforma da umweo mdgomareobaSi myofTa daxmarebis sistemis mowesrigeba
(premier-ministrobis kandidat biZina ivaniSvilis mier 2012 wlis 25 oqtombers
saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe warmoTqmuli sityva. `saqarTvelos respublika~,
#206, 26 oqtomberi, 2012, gv. 4).
3.4. globalizacia da sazogadoebriv faseulobaTa
transformacia
msoflio ekonomikis globalizacia rTuli, mravaletapiani problemaa,
romlis Taobazec imarTeba mravali samecniero diskusia da sadReisod sakmaod ar
aris gamokveTili, raTa ubralod da erTmniSvnelovnad iyos ganmartebuli.
rogorc `msoflio ekonomikis~ erT-erTi SesaniSnavi saxelmZRvanelos
cnobili avtorebi – galina gatina, vladimer merzliaki da natalia SCukina
aRniSnaven, miuxedavad imisa, rom termini `globalizacia~ ukve 2 aTeul welze
metia, rac gamoiyeneba, dRemde am terminis erTiani ganmarteba ar arsebobs.
aRniSnuli mkvlevarebi miiCneven, rom avtorTa umravlesoba solidarulia
msoflio sistemis globalizaciis, rogorc procesis gansazRvraSi, romelsac aqvs
gamovlenisa da ganviTarebis sami mimarTuleba:
1. globalizacia – istoriuli procesia, romelic viTardeba amqveyniuri
(miwieri) civilizaciis damkvidrebis mravali aswleulis manZilze,
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romelic winaswar gansazRvravs msoflioSi (zogadsakacobrio)
kulturul-ekonomikuri tendenciebis gamovlinebas da moqmedebas.
2. globalizacia niSnavs msoflios homogenizacias, romelic cxovrebas
uqvemdebarebs erTian principebs, erTiani Rirebulebebisadmi erTgulebas,
qcevis erTiani modelebisa da normebis miyolas, universalizaciisaken
swrafvas.
3. globalizacia aris erovnul meurneobaTa urTierTSeRwevisa da
urTierTdamokidebulebis aRiareba, romelTa mTavari Sedegia erovnuli
saxelmwifo suverenitetebis Seryeva, ngreva axali zeerovnuli
struqturebis – globaluri ekonomikuri ganaTlebis, transerovnuli
mmarTvelobiT-finansuri struqturebis, religiur-kulturul
gaerTianebaTa zemoqmedebis Sedegad, romlebic ara marto erTmaneTs
Soris urTierTqmedeben, aramed TviT saxelmwifoebTanac.
axali socialur-ekonomikuri kategoriis gansazRvra namdvilad ar aris
martivi. globalizaciis procesi yovlismomcvel xasiaTs atarebs da misi
sxvadasxva mimarTulebani da aspeqtebi praqtikulad yvela Tanamedrove
sazogadoebriv-samecniero disciplinaTa Seswavlis obieqtia, romelTagan
TiToeuls Tavisi sagani, meTodologia da cnebiTi aparati aqvs.
termini `globalizacia~ pirvelad gamoCnda aSS-Si T. levitis statiaSi,
romelic 1983 w. `harvard biznes reviu~-Si gamoqveynda. avtori am cnebiT
aRniSnavda calkeuli produqtebis bazrebis Serwymis fenomens, romlebsac msxvili
transerovnuli korporaciebi (tek) awarmoebdnen. axal termins (cnebas) ufro
farTo mniSvneloba mieniWa biznesis harvardis skolaSi da am periodSi
globalizaciis ideologiis mTavari popularizatori gaxda am skolis
konsultanti – iaponeli k. ome, romelmac 1990 wels gamoaqveyna wigni `msoflio
sazRvrebis gareSe~.
Tvlida ra, rom msoflio ekonomika amieridan sami geoekonomikuri centris
`triadis~ (evrokavSiri, aSS, iaponia) urTierTdamokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba,
avtori amtkicebda, rom calkeul saxelmwifoTa ekonomikuri nacionalizmi uazro
xdeba. ZiriTadi `aqtorebis~ rangSi ekonomikur scenaze gamodian tek-ebi.
k. omes mosazrebebisadmi yvela wamyvani ekonomisti rodia solidaruli, da
miuxedavad amisa, k. omes pozicia globalizaciis Temaze praqtikulad yvela
diskusiis amosavali punqti gaxda.
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T. levitis da k. omes mier gansazRvrul orive moments aerTianebs m.
uotersis mier Camoyalibebuli globalizaciis gansazRvreba: `globalizacia aris
procesi, romlis msvlelobaSi ixsneba socialuri da kulturuli sistemebis
geografiuli sazRvrebi da mosaxleoba sul ufro da ufro acnobierebs am
sazRvrebis qrobas~.
qarTveli politologi, gela Carkviani globalizaciis `samuSao formulas~
gvTavazobs. igi wers: `termini globalizacia imdenad uzustoa, rom misi srulad
gansazRvra SeuZlebelia. am saubris farglebSi SegviZlia Semdegi samuSao
formuliT davkmayofildeT: globalizacia aris mimdinare procesi, romelsac,
rogorc miiCneven, planeta mihyavs politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli
homogenizaciisaken qveynebs Soris mzardi urTierTqmedebis saSualebiT, romelsac
minimalurad aferxebs manZilebi da saxelmwifo sazRvrebi~. avtori miiCnevs, rom
manZilebisa da sazRvrebis barierebis daZlevis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT
qmediTia ori faqtori – axali sakomunikacio teqnologiebi da liberalizmis
filosofia.
2003 wels saqarTveloSi Catarda saerTaSoriso diskusia globalizaciis
problemebze. am diskusiaze, romelic saqarTvelos biznesis mecnierebaTa akademiis
sadiskusio klubSi gaimarTa, oTxi Tvis ganmavlobaSi Catarda 8 sxdoma.
globalizaciis arsisa da misi Tanamedrove problemebis Sesaxeb saintereso
mosazrebebi Camoayalibes qarTvelma mecnierebma: prof. b. lutiZem, prof. n.
WiTanavam, prof. l. Ciqavam, prof. d. RaRaniZem, prof. al. kuWuxiZem, prof. d.
qeburiam da sxv. imis gamo, rom yvelas mosazrebaTa gadmocema amJamad Cveni mizani
ar aris, SemovifarglebiT mxolod prof. b. lutiZis mosazrebiT termin
`globalizaciis~ definiciis Sesaxeb. rogorc qarTveli filosofosi miiCnevs,
`globalizacia aris yvelas monawileoba yvelas cxovrebaSi~. Tavis wignSi avtori
wers: `globalizacia Cveni cxovrebis realobaa. Tanamedrove TaobaTa Tvalwin
msoflioSi mimdinareobs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis daCqarebuli globalizaciis
procesi~.
termini `globalizacia~, laTinuri sityvidan _ `globusidan~ warmodgeba.
etimologiuri mnisvnelobiT igi dedamiwas, mis mTlianobas aRniSnavs.
globalizaciis cneba, uwinares yovlisa, asaxavs msoflio regionebisa da
zonebis, qveynebis, xalxebis da TviT calkeuli adamianebis urTierTkavSirs,
urTierTdamokidebulebas da urTierTzegavlenas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela
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sferoSi. globalizacia im faqtis konstataciaa, rom nebismieri qveynis
mdgomareoba dRes mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba imiT, rac mis farglebs gareT,
saerTaSoriso masStabiT xdeba. erTianobis pulsacia Cveni planetis yovel
nawilSi igrZnoba. prof. b. lutiZe ase warmogvidgens globalizaciis mTavari
mdgenelebis klasifikacias, romlis Tanaxmadac, globalizaciis maxasiaTeblebia:
sayovelTao urTierTkavSiri;
sayovelTao urTierTganpirobebuloba da damokidebuleba;
urTierTzegavlena;
RirebulebaTa gasayovelTaveba da unifikacia;
msoflios gadaqceva erTian mTlianad.
globalizaciis cnebiT aisaxeba mravali movlena da erTdroulad mimdinare
procesebi. misi mravali ganzomilebidan gamovyofT ors:
1. msoflio ekonomikis internacionalizacis zogadplanetarul
masStabs, rogorc erovnul ekonomikaTa mzardi urTierTmoqmedebis
logikur Sedegs, roca am urTierTmoqmedebam SeiZina
transnacionalizaciis, e.i. maTi urTierTSeRwevisa da gadaWdobis
saxe.
2. ekonomikuri cxovrebis universalizaciasa da homogenizacias,
romelic codnis, adamianTa, saqonlis, kulturul faseulobaTa da
sxvaTa gacvlis zegavleniT sul ufro eltvis erTian struqturebs,
principebsa da Rirebulebebs.
globalizaciis dargSi bolo dros erT-erTi uaxlesi tendenciaa finansuri
globalizacia, msoflio ekonomikis Taviseburi `finansizacia~.
rogorc viciT, internacionalizaciis procesebis transnacionalizaciis
etapze warmoiqmneba kompleqsebi, romelTa erovnuli warmomavloba iwyebs
saxelmwifo sazRvrebis daZlevas. es kompleqsebi erTiandebian mZlavr savaWro-
industriul transerovnul sistemad, romelSic savaWro da samrewvelo
kapitalisgan lideris roli gadadis finansur kapitalze. iReben ra mogebas
msoflios yvela qveynidan, transerovnulma korporaciebma sakmaod daagroves
valutaTa rezervebi, romlebic dRes ramdenjerme aRemateba msoflios yvela
centraluri bankis rezervebs erTad aRebuls.
amrigad, msoflio ekonomika XX s-is bolo meoTxedidan moyolebuli,
viTardeba globaluri anu zogadmsoflio problemaTa mzardi gavleniT. am
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problemaTa warmoqmna msoflio meurneobis globalizaciis cxadi gamovlinebaa,
romelic mimdinareobs konfliqturi, problemuri, winaaRmdegobrivi formiT. da
mainc, globalizacia, rogorc termini, miuTiTebs msoflio sazogadoebis
Seqmnisaken mimarTul moZraobaze.
msoflioSi mogzaurobis gaiolebam da gaiafebam dedamiwis masStabebze
warsulSi arsebuli warmodgenebi TiTqmis mTlianad Secvala. gaadvilebulma
gadaadgilebis unarma dedamiwis zomaze metad `dapataravebis~ efeqti iqonia.
xalxi Seudareblad ufro mobiluri, xolo ucxo kulturebi da qveynebi ki
naklebad ucxoni gaxdnen. komunikaciebis gaiolebis faqtorma msoflio
kulturaTa ganvrcoba gamoiwvia. am procesebze sami umTavresi zegavlena iqonia
Semdegma movlenebma:
1. kompiuterulma ganviTareba, romelmac 1990-ian wlebSi Cveulebriv
xalxs internetis zrdis saSualebiT informaciisa da mesijebis
saerTaSoriso doneze gacvlis unari mianiWa.
2. meore faqtori satelituri televiziis ganviTarebaSi mdgomareobs.
3. mesame adgilze e.w. `pop-kulturis~ internacionalizaciis faqtia,
rac msoflios axalgazrdobas, maT Soris arsebul msgavsebebze
miuTiTebs.
globalizaciis mTavari ganmapirobebeli faqtori mainc ekonomikis
globalizaciaa. generaluri SeTanxmeba tarifebisa da vaWrobis Sesaxeb _ GATT-i
(romelic 1995 wlidan gardaiqmna vaWrobis msoflio organizaciad, WTO)
erTiani msoflio ekonomikis Seqmnisaken gadadgmuli nabijia. finansuri kapitali
Zlier mobiluri gaxda da mravalerovnul korporaciebs saxelmwifodan
saxelmwifoSi gadaadgileba aRar uZneldebaT. xSirad es ama Tu im saxiT
muSaxelis interesebis xarjze xdeba. am movlenis logikur damabalansebel Zalas
saerTaSoriso profesiuli kavSirebi warmoadgenen. globaluri politorganizeba
ki sakuTari ganviTarebis tempiT am movlenebs mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba.
Tanamedrove etapze msoflioSi mimdinare globaluri finansuri krizisis
fonze globalizaciis procesebSi bevri ram Seicvala. amitom saWiroa am
siaxleebis warmoCena, am procesebis axleburi xedva.
axla, roca msoflio politika da msoflios ekonomika Rrma krizisSi arian
Caflulni, mravldebian avis momaswavebeli niSnebis socialuri, politikuri da
sameurneo sferoebidan. hans kiungi iZleva mimdinare procesebis mZafr kritikas da
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gvarwmunebs, rom msoflio politika da msoflio ekonomika uTuod saWiroeben
yvelasaTvis savaldebulo, konsensusze damyarebul erTian zneobas, rac ufro
mSvidobians, ufro samarTlians da ufro humanurs gaxdis msoflios. Teologiis
profesori ubralo receptebs ki ara, aramed konkretul impulsebs gvTavazobs da
cdilobs ipovos pasuxi konkretul kiTxvebze: arsebobs Tu ara Sualeduri gza
realur politikasa da idealur politikas Soris? SesaZloa Tu ara
Camoyalibdes msoflio ekonomikuri politika, romelic uzrunvelyofs
saxelmwifos keTildReobas wminda wylis kapitalizmis arsebobis viTarebaSi? ra
rols TamaSoben religiebi Tanamedrove konfliqtebSi? hans kiungi damajereblad,
popularuli eniT gadmoscems saTqmels da gvTavazobs Tamam, magram mainc
realistur, vizionerul msoflxats momavlisa, romelsac safuZvlad unda daedos
globaluri zneoba.
1998 wels, cnobilma mTargmnelma zurab abaSiZem, qarTulad Targmna hans
kiungis `msoflio zneoba~, romelSic igi aRniSnavda: `hans kiungma, tiubingenis
universitetis emiritirebulma profesorma, romelmac Tavisi Teologiuri
naSromebiT msoflioSi gaiTqva saxeli (daibada 1928 w.), SeZlo saeklesio da
sekularuli `modernisSemdgomi paradigma~ da damajereblad dagvimtkica, rom
kacobriobisaTvis sasicocxlod aucilebelia erTiani zneoba, rom dedamiwaze aRar
arsebobdes `gansxvavebuli, winaaRmdegobrivi da erTmaneTis wnaaRmdeg mebrZoli
eTnosis regionebi~. zneobis uTuo maqsimebi kiungs mxolod upirobo fenomenis,
absolutis, RmerTis cnebidan gamohyavs da gvTavazobs originalursa da sarwmuno
`proeqts~ msoflios zneobisa:
`ar gviweria gadarCena Tvinier msoflio zneobisa~;
`ar daivanebs qveynad sayovelTao mSvidoba Tvinier religiaTa dazavebisa~;
`ar egebis religiaTa dazaveba Tvinier religiaTa dialogisa~.
es sami postulati warmoadgens kiungiseuli msoflios zneobis monaxazis
kvintesencias~.
winamdebare opusi warmoadgens `msoflio zneobis~ ideaTa ganvrcobasa da
misadagebas msoflio politikisa da ekonomikisadmi da vfiqrob, igi Zalian
waadgeba Cveni patara, amJamad friadi siZneleebis daZlevis stadiaze myofi qveynis
sikeTisaken warmarTvis saqmes~. (hans kiungi, msoflio zneoba msoflio politikisa
da msoflio ekonomikisaTvis, germanulidan qarTulad Targmna zurab abaSiZem,
1998, gv. 5).
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hans kiungis wignSi saukuneTa mijnaze Camoyalibebuli sazogadoebrivi
orientaciis krizisis fonze gamarTulia urTierTgagebis suliskveTebiT
aRbeWdili dialogi sapolitiko da sameurneo mecnierebebTan, moniSnulia
principuli zogadi orientacia realisturi winaswarmetyvelebisa, raTa Seiqmnas
konturebi ufro mSvidobiani, ufro samarTliani, ufro humanuri samyarosi.
amasTan yuradRebis centrSi araa raime maregulirebeli principi – saxelmwifo,
bazari an eklesia, ramac xiluli Tu uxilavi xeliT unda moagvaros yvelaferi.
arsebuli viTarebis analizisaTvis araa agebuli viwro ekonomikuri, anda
partiuli politikiT SemozRuduli ideologiis cnebaTa konstruqcia. rac
gazrdida problemaTa raodenobas da Seqmnida maTi gadawyvetis iluzias. magram
gabedulad aris moxazuli momavlis sarwmuno suraTi sazogadoebrivi
gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, suraTi, romelic amJamindel sazogadoebriv
sinamdvileze dafuZnebuli da imavdroulad masze aRmatebulia (SedarebiT) ukeTes
msoflio wesrigze damyarebuli perspeqtivis wyalobiT. wignis mTargmneli
aRniSnavs: `udavoa, rom globaluri TvalsazrisiT Cvens winaSe dgas uamravi
axali problema, magram ar SeiZleba ganvixiloT isini, viT gadaulaxavi
winaaRmdegobani, ranic samomavlo gzas gviketaven. matulobs ricxvi ubedurebis
mauwybeli winaswarmetyvelebisa. saWiroa problemebs miudgeT, rogorc didsa da
seriozul gamowvevas, rac axalgazrda Taobas ise mZime tvirTad hkidia, rogorc
im Taobebs, romlebmac gamoiares pirveli msoflio omis, diqtaturebis, meore
msoflio omis momdevno periodis gasaWiri. xSirad xdeba – rac xanmokle
periodisaTvis SeuZlebeli gveCveneba, igi SeiZleba xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi gulmodginebisa da moTminebis wyalobiT gavxadoT SesaZlebeli~.
(iqve, gv. 13-14)
dedamiwis civilizaciis binadarni erTi samyaros Svilebi varT. es erTianoba
ver ganxorcieldeba, Tu raime saerTo, zogadsakacobrio Rirebulebebs ar
davefuZnebiT. hans kiungi miiCnevs, rom msoflio Rirebulebebis gareSe Cveni
gadarCena SeuZlebelia. uamisod erebs Soris mSvidoba ver damyardeba. hans kiungi
aRniSnavs:
`erebs Soris mSvidoba ar iarsebebs, Tu ar iarsebebs mSvidoba religiebs
Soris; religiebs Soris mSvidoba ar iarsebebs, Tu ar iarsebebs dialogi;
dialogi ar iarsebebs, Tu ar iarsebebs zneobis msoflio sazomi; zneobis gareSe
msoflio ver gadarCeba~. mxolod aseT saerTo Rirebulebebze dayrdnobiT
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SeiZleba davZlioT iseT RirebulebaTa deficiti, rogoricaa sxvisi azris
mosmenis kultura, gaxsniloba, urTierTSemwynarebloba.
aseTi sazomi, aseTi Rirebulebebi msoflios yvela erSi, yvela religiaSi
arsebobs, romelsac hans kiungi humanurobis oqros wess uwodebs (hans kiungi,
msoflio zneoba msoflio politikisa da msoflio ekonomikisaTvis. 1998, gv. 134)
da, romelic yovel religiur Tu eTikur tradiciaSi gvxvdeba. amis
dasadastureblad sakmarisia moviyvanoT msoflio Svidi religiis erTi oqros
kanoni:
`Seni mTavari movaleobaa araferi gaukeTo sxvas iseTi, rac Tavad tkivils
moganiWebda~ (induizmi – Mahabharata XIII:14.8); `adamiani yvela sxva arsebas ise
unda moeqces, rogorc mas Tavad surs rom eqceodnen~ (iainizmi – sutrakritanga
1.11.33) `ar gaukeTo sxva is, rac ar ginda rom sxvam Sen gagikeTos~ (Cinuri
religia – konfuci 15.23); `mdgomareoba, romelic ar aris CemTvis sasiamovno da
aRmafrTovanebeli, aseTive iqneba sxvisTvisac~ (budizmi – samuata nikaia V,
353.35-354.2); `nu gaukeTeb sxva imas, rac Tavad ar gendomeboda rom gagikeTon~
(iudaizmi – Sabbat 31a); `moeqeci yvelaferSi ise sxvas, rogorc Tavad ginda rom
geqceodnen~ (qristianoba – maTe 7.12; luka 6.31); verc erTi Tqvengani ver gaxdeba
morwmune, sanam sakuTar Zmas igives ar usurvebs, rasac sakuTar Tavs (islami –
40 hadiTi, muhamedi 13).
ocdameerTe saukunemde saqarTvelom urTulesi gza gamoiara. qveyana bevrjer
saswaulebrivad gadarCa. am xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze TviTdamkvidrebisaTvis
brZolaSi erma Tavisi gadarCenis maradiuli Rirebulebani Camoayaliba. Cveni
gadarCenis erTaderTi swori gza, rogorc xangrZlivi istoriuli gamocdilebiT
dasturdeba, aris erovnuli, tradiciuli Rirebulebebis gaZliereba. amasTan,
globaluri faqtoris gaTvaliswinebac ar unda dagvaviwydes. gare samyarosTan
srulfasovani integrireba Cveni da saerTod yvelas ganviTarebis aucilebel
pirobad iqca. amitom Cven gvWirdeba RirebulebaTa zomieri cvlileba. es ki erTi
mxriv SeuZlebelia saTanado erovnul fundamentze dafuZnebis gareSe, meore mxriv
ki es fundamenti globalizaciiT ganpirobebuli aucilebeli cvlilebis gareSe
yovelTvis myarad ver iqneba. Cven gvWirdeba erovnul faseulobaTa homogenizacia.
socialuri politikis doqtori, giorgi SaqariSvili, 2008 wlis 2 Tebervals
Jenevidan gamogzavnil werilSi samarTlianad aRniSnavda: `saqarTvelos istoriis
erTi Tvalis gadavlebac sakmarisia imis dasanaxavad, Tu raoden mravalferovania
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sxvadasxva ideologiebis, civilizaciebis da kulturebis zegavlena qarTul
sazogadoebaze. bizantiuri wiaRidan aRmocenebuli marTlmadidebluri
qristianuli bazisi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida arabul da mongolur,
Semdgom islamistur zegavlenas, rasac mohyva caristuli ruseTis saSualebiT
evropul kulturasTan ziareba, romelic mogvianebiT Seicvala istoriuli
TvalsazrisiT xanmokle, magram Zlierad Tavsmoxveuli sabWoTa ideologiiT.
bunebrivia, zegavlenaTa amgvar dinamizms ar SeeZlo ar gamoewvia sazogadoebriv
faseulobaTa heterogenizacia, ris Sedegadac dRevandeli rigiTi qarTveli, Tavisi
kulturuli, tradiciuli Tu zneobrivi faseulobebis mixedviT, aris erTgvari
hibridi, romelSic tradiciuli qarTuli znebunebrivi Tvisebebi sxvadasxva doziT
aris Sezavebuli aRmosavluri konservatizmiT, evropuli liberalizmiT da
sabWoTa vertikalizmiT. yovel am faseulobas Sesabamisi sazogadoebrivi qceviTi
gamoxatuleba axasiaTebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebriv faseulobaTa sxvadasxva
tipebi erTmaneTTan ukuqmedebiT damokidebulebaSi imyofeba, rac sazogadoebriv
qceviT gamosavals araprognozirebad da rTulad sainteresos xdis. yovelive amis
fonze, albaT, sasurvelia am faseulobaTa met-naklebi harmonizacia, romlis
erTaderTi swori gza erovnuli, tradiciuli faseulobebis gaZliereba iqneboda.
amave dros, warmovadgenT ra dRevandeli Tanamedrove samyaros ganuyofel nawils,
albaT aseve mniSvnelovania, Cvens tradiciul sazogadoebriv faseulobaSi
arsebuli romantiul-emociuri dominantis zomieri dabalanseba Tanamedrove
globalistur-pragmatuli komponentiTac, rac dagvexmareba gare-samyarosTan
srulfasovan integrirebaSi da TanamSromlobaSi, es ki qveynis ganviTarebis da
warmatebis erT-erT gadamwyvet faqtors warmoadgens. (giorgi SaqariSvili,
sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis reforma: masmediis roli erovnul mSeneblobaSi `24
saaTi~, 12 Tebervali, 2008 w., #31, gv. A4).
imisaTvis, rom aRniSnul amocanas warmatebiT gavarTvaT Tavi, Cven gvWirdeba
rogorc calkeul individebs, aseve individebsa da sazogadoebas da sazogadoebasa
da xelisuflebas Soris urTierTobis iseTi formebis ganviTareba, rogoricaa
solidaroba, tolerantoba, ndoba, urTierTgatana, TanamSromloba, anu Cven
gvWirdeba socialuri kapitalis ganviTareba, rac, upirveles yovlisa
saganmanaTleblo sistemis prerogativaa. amasTan erTad unda davZlioT erTgvari
`fiqris deficiti~. unda davZliTo spontanuroba, emociuroba, axlomxedveloba
sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisas da davamkvidroT analizi da
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SorsmWvreteloba. myisieri efeqtis nacvlad xangrZliv Sedegebze orientirebulni
unda gavxdeT. Cven unda mivaRwioT qveynis WeSmarit demokratiulobas, romelic
ganisazRvreba ara imiT, Tu ramdenad Tavisufalia protestis gamoxatvis
saSualeba, aramed imiT, Tu ramdenad aqtiuria mmarTvelobis procesSi
mosaxleobis Tanamonawileoba. Cven gvWirdeba mosaxloebasa da xelisuflebas
Soris aqtiuri dialogis asparezis Seqmna.
didi britaneTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri devid milibendi 2009 wlis 15
ianvars `gardianSi~ gamoqveynebul statiaSi _ `terorTan omi Secdoma iyo~ jorj
buSis administraciis mier damkvidrebul ideas - `terorTan oms~ Secdomad
miiCnevs. misi azriT `problema is ki ar aris, unda SevutioT Tu ara fesvebSive
terorizms yvela SesaZlo saSualebiT. ra Tqma unda, unda SevutioT. sakiTxavia –
rogor?~ saqme is aris, rom teroristuli dajgufebebi da maTi motivaciebi
sruliad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. amitom `teroristul dajgufebebTan
brZolisaTvis maTi fesvebis amoZirkvaa saWiro, rac maTTvis iaraRisa da
dafinansebis arxebis gadaketvas, maTi gancxadebebis uSinaarsobaSi mxilebas da
maTi momxreebis demokratiul politikur procesebSi CarTvas iTvaliswinebs~. am
procesSi, rogorc devid milibendi acxadebs, gadamwyveti rolis Sesruleba
SeuZlia kanonis uzenaesobas, solidarobas saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg da im saerTo
faseulobebs, rac gvaerTianebs. da es imitom, rom samxedro Zalebs amboxebasTan
da samoqalaqo dapirispirebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis `cecxliTa da
maxviliT~ mogvareba ar SeuZliaT. ai, ra rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia Rirebulebebs
aRniSnul da ara marto aRniSnul saqmeSi. `terorizmis winaaRmdeg Cveni pasuxi
unda iyos kanonis uzenaesobis dacva da ara sxva sakiTxebze misi daqvemdebareba,
radgan kanonis uzenaesoba demokratiuli sazogadoebis qvakuTxedi gaxlavT. Cven
unda davicvaT adamianis uflebebi da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebi rogorc qveyanaSi,
ise sazRvargareT. swored amgvari gakveTili unda viswavloT guantanamos
cixesTan dakavSirebuli istoriidan da swored amitom mivesalmebiT misi daxurvis
Sesaxeb prezident obamas danapirebs.
mowodeba `terorTan omisken~ gaxldaT mowodeba iaraRisken, mcdeloba
solidarobis Seqmnisa erTi saerTo mtris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. Tumca, erebsa
da qveynebs Soris solidaroba unda emyarebodes ara imas, vis winaaRmdeg vibrZviT,
aramed warmodgenas imisa, rogorebi varT Tavad Cven da ra faseulobebi
gvaerTianebs. teroristebi warmatebas aRweven, rodesac msoflioSi SiSsa da
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SurisZiebas, ganxeTqilebas da SuRls sTesen, rodesac qveynebs aiZuleben, rom maT
qmedebebs ZaladobiTa da represiebiT upasuxon. Tumca, saukeTeso pasuxia, ar
mivceT maT daSinebis saSualeba~ (devid milibendi, `terorTan omi~ Secdoma iyo.
gaz. `24 saaTi~, 16 ianvari, 2009, #7, (2045), gv. A7).
CvenTvis sasargeblo Rirebulebebis moZieba xSirad imaSic SeiZleba, rac Cven
mTlianobaSi arc ki mogvwons. am bolo xans dasavleTis presaSi daibeWda
saintereso interviu oqsfordisa da harvardis universitetebis profesor nil
fergiusonTan, romelic msoflioSi aRiarebul istorikosad iTvleba. igi
pirdapir acxadebs, rom politikuri Tu ekonomikuri sakiTxebis warmatebuli
gadawyvetis praqtikidan gamomdinare igi bevr sasargeblo gakveTils xedavs
`imperiaSi~. igi konkretulad Semdegs aRniSnavs: `ubralod, me imperia momwons. es
ueWvelad is institutia, romelic dominirebda kacobriobis istoriis yvelaze
grZeli periodis ganmavlobaSi. ufro metic: rodesac istoriaze vsaubrobT, Cven
Cvenda uneburad imperiis istoriaze gvaqvs saubari. erovnuli saxelmwifoebi xom
mxolod XIX saukuneSi warmoiSvnen. aravis xelewifeba Cvens cxovrebaze imperiis
gavlenis waSla, amitom umjobesia misi arsis ukeT gageba. da es maSin, rodesac
arseboben iseTi mecnieruli skolebi, romlebic am problemebs ar ikvleven da
apriori akritikeben mas. rac namdvilad dauSvebelia.~ (nil fergiusoni, imperia
yovelTvis kritikas ar imsaxurebda. `24 saaTi~, 2008 wlis 26 marti, #69, gv.
B6).
mainc ra moswons imperiaSi nil fergiunsons? rogorc is aRniSnavs misi
mowonebiT sargeblobs liberaluri imperia da imitom, rom mas adamianTa
umravlesobisaTvis sikeTis motana SeuZlia. Tumca samwuxarod, xSirad borotebis
imperia gadawonis xolme sikeTis imperias, amasTan yvelaze mosawoni imperiaSi
aris is, rom imperia did teritoriebze milionobiT adaminisaTvis simSvides
uzrunvelyofs, xSirad ki ufro metsac. n. fergiusoni exeba ra am TvalsazrisiT
britaneTis imperias, Semdegs aRniSnavs: `Tuki virwmunebT, rom Tavisufali
vaWroba adamianisaTvis sikeTis momtania, Tuki virwmunebT, rom namdvilad sikeTea
korufciis aRmofxvra da kanonebisaTvis umaRlesi Zalauflebis miniWeba, maSin
unda vaRiaroT, rom britaneTis imperia sulac ar yofila kritikis Rirsi.
swored misi arsebobis wyalobiT sargeblobdnen XIX saukunesa da XX saukunis
dasawyisSi adamianebi vaWrobis Tavisuflebis sikeTiT, dabali inflaciiT,
korufciis dabali doniT, mdidari qveynebidan Raribebisaken kapitalis
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gadaadgilebis TavisuflebiT da sxv. Tumca, es imas rodi niSnavs, rom amgvar
sikeTeebs Tavisi fasi ar hqonia: koloniur qveynebSi SezRuduli iyo adamianTa
politikuri uflebebi, Savbneli periodebis naklebobac ar yofila, magaliTad,
vaWroba adamianebiT da sxv.
nu ifiqrebT, rom ar viTvaliswinebde am yovelives da nostalgiiT
Sepyrobili erTi rigiTi britaneli imperialisti viyo. ubralod yoveli
istoriuli procesi da dawesebuleba, gamokvleuli unda iyos pro I contra
argumentebis gaTvaliswinebiT. da es maSin, rodesac ukanaskneli asi wlis
ganmavlobaSi istorikosebi imperiis Sesaxeb mxolod uaryofiT mxareebs weven wina
planze~ (nil fergiusoni, imperia yovelTvis kritikas ar imsaxurebda. `24 saaTi~,
2008 wlis 26 marti, #69, gv. B6).
nil fergiusoni aseve miiCnevs, rom pirveli da meore msoflio omis
saSinelebebi ZiriTadad samma faqtorma gamoiwvia: imperiebis damxobam,
mravaleTnikuri sazogadoebebis daSlam da ekonomikurma krizisma. imperiebis, anu
XIX saukune sulac ar yofila idealuri, magram man SeZlo globaluri
sisxlisRvrebisagan msoflios dacva. misive azriT erovnuli saxelmwifoebi
evropaSi imitom amarTleben, rom 1945 wlis Semdeg aq TiTqmis aRar darCa
mravaleTnikuri saxelmwifo. erovnuli saxelmwifo amarTlebs iq, sadac
sazogadoeba monogamiuria; mravalerovnul sazogadoebaSi igi gacilebiT uaresia,
vidre imperia. aSS-s _ Segnebuli imperia msofliosTvis gacilebiT ukeTesi
iqneboda, vidre qaosi Tu sxva alternativa. Tumca am qveyanam es Sansi 2003 wlis
11 seqtembris Semdeg xelidan gauSva. amerikelebi arasodes miiswrafvodnen
mZlavri imperiis Seqmnisaken. msoflios yvelaze saSiS safrTxed dRes
energetikuli saxelmwifoebis – ruseTisa da iranis mxridan mosalodneli raime
saxis SantaJi SeiZleba CaiTvalos. metad saSiS formebs iRebs radikaluri islami,
Zlierdeba CineTi. saxifaToa aseve milionobiT imigrantis evropul sazogadoebaSi
integraciis modelis marcxic. asi wlis winaT dasavleTis qalaqebis getoebi
ebraelebbiT iyo dakavebuli. dRes masSi islamistebi cxovroben. mTavari problema
imaSia, rom isini ebraelebisagan gansxvavebiT, aq sruliadac ar Camosulan
imisaTvis, rom imuSaon anda adgilobriv mosaxleobaSi airion. yovelive es ki,
momavlisadmi pesimisturad gangvawyobs.
Sveicariis qarTuli saTvistomos Tavmjdomare giorgi kavkasiZe aRniSnavs,
rom didi gansxvaveba arsebobs dasavlur da Cvens RirebulebaTa sistemasa da
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azrovnebaSi. gansxvaveba is aris, rom dasavleTSi yoveli moqmedeba aris Sedegze
orientirebuli, CvenTan ki principze, Cven negatiurebi varT, dasavlelebi ki
pozitiurebi arian. CvenTan SedarebiT dasavlelebi ufro pirdapirebi da
gulaxdilebi arian; CvenSi kanonis upativcemuloba da udisciplinobaa,
dasavleTSi ki kanonisadmi Rrma mowiweba da morCileba. vinaidan amis ZiriTadi
mizezi aris gansxvaveba faseulobebSi, unda moxdes dasavluri faseulobebis
sinTezireba Cvens kulturasTan, yofasTan, cxovrebis wesTan. g. kavkasiZe
samarTlianad aRniSnavs: `me ar maqvs survili, rom vamtkico dasavleTSi
yvelaferi kargia da aRmosavleTSi, saqarTvelos CaTvliT – yvelaferi cudi. me
imis Tqma minda, rom Tu gvinda, mokle droSi gaviaroT is manZili, ris gavlasac
dasavleTis qveynebma aTwleulebi da saukuneebi moandomes, unda moxdes dasavluri
faseulobebis sinTezireba Cvens kulturasTan. yofasTan da cxovrebis wesTan.
saqarTvelo TiTqmis orasi weli imyofeboda `bneleTSi~, es im dros, rodesac
dasavleTi viTardeboda.
imisTvis, rom es sinTezi moxdes, Cven, pirvel rigSi, gulaxdilebi unda
viyoT. sajarod unda vaRiaroT is uaryofiTi, rac gvaqvs. mxolod amis Semdeg
iqneba SesaZlebeli axlis da ukeTesis gaTaviseba~. (giorgi kavkasiZe, ra unda
Seicvalos saqarTveloSi? `24 saaTi~, 2009 wlis 15 aprili, #83 (2121), gv. A4).
saqarTvelo evroatlantikur Rirebulebebze orientirebuli qveyanaa.
qarTuli sazogadoeba TiTqmis erTxmad eTanxmeba qveynis dasavlur kurss. amitom,
amasTan erTad, bunebrivia, gviCndeba kiTxva: xom ar davkargavT amiT Cvens
Rirebulebebs? rogorc ia anTaZe aRniSnavs: `sazogadoebis cnobierebaSi yvelaze
xSirad eWvebi erovnul TviTmyofadobasTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba: xom ar emuqreba
safrTxe qarTul tradiciebs? xom ar knindeba mravali Taobis mier aRiarebuli
Rirebulebebi? gansakuTrebiT xSirad ismis protesti teleproduqciasTan
dakavSirebiT: `amdeni sisxlis Cveneba SeuZlebelia!~, `serialebis morali Rupavs
axalgazrdebs!~, `holivudis filmebi Zaladobis kults amkvidrebs!~ (anTaZe i. ra
manZilia evropamde? `24 saaTi~, #123 (1567), 2007, gv. A5).
am kiTxvebze gonivruli pasuxi is aris, rom `Tu saqarTveloSi Rirebulebebi
icvleba, agresiis done izrdeba, an tradiciebi ikargeba, amis mizezi sakuTar
ojaxebsa da garemoSi unda moviZioT; Tu kulturis roli dakninebulia, an
mecnierebi Tavs zedmetad grZnoben, pasuxi Cvensave sazogadoebas da xelisuflebas
unda movkiTxoT. evropuli integracia qveynis TviTmyofadobas safrTxes ar
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uqmnis, amas evrokavSiris Zveli Tu axali wevri – saxelmwifoebis gamocdileba
adasturebs. erovnuli identobis dakargvis SiSs Tu rame safuZveli aqvs, es
safuZveli sakuTar TavSia saZiebeli da ara evropaSi~ (i. anTaZe. ra manZilia
evropamde? `24 saaTi~, #123 (1567), 2007, gv. A5).
es samarTliani miniSneba moiTxovs imas, rom Tu gaqvs evrokavSirsa da
natoSi integraciis ambiciebi, unda SeiZino saTanado amuniiebic, anu Secvalo Seni
Rirebulebebi, ise, rogorc evrokavSiris qveynebma Secvales. isini ise amaRldnen
saerTo evropul Rirebulebebemade, ise moaxdines erTmaneTTan integracia, rom
TavianTi TviTmyofadoba, maradiuli Rirebulebani da tradiciebi ki ar
daukargavT, aramed swored am integraciis safuZvelze SeinarCunes da ganamtkices
kidevac isini. xolo imisaTvis, rom evropul Rirebulebebamde avmaRldeT, gavxdeT
misi organuli nawili, mxolod iuridiulad evrokavSirSi an natoSi miRebiT amas
ver mivaRwevT, ver gavxdebiT misi realuri nawili. rogorc ityvian: `yofiTi
kulturiT dawyebuli – rac sul mcire, sakuTari nagvis movlaSi unda
gamoixatos da politikuri kulturiT damTavrebuli – rac xelisuflebis
mSvidobiani cvlis Tundac erTi precedentiT unda dadasturdes - evropamde,
Cans, Sori da rTuli gza gvaqvs gasavleli...~ (anTaZe i. ra manZilia evropamde?
`24 saaTi~, #123 (1567), 2007, gv. A5). amitom umTavresi amocana imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom rac SeiZleba swrafad SevusabamoT Cveni yofiTi da politikuri
kultura da, saerTod, misi yvela aspeqti, Tanamedrove civilizebuli samyaros
standartebs. swored es aris Cveni gadarCenis umTavresi amocana Tanamedrove
globalizaciis etapze.
mainc sad unda veZioT saTave RirebulebaTa gasrulyofilebisa? zogadad Tu
vityviT, saWiroa RirebulebaTa swori sistema Camoyalibdes, magram konkretulad
rogor unda gakeTdes es, ai, esaa mTavari. amisaTvis ki mza receptebi namdvilad
ar arsebobs. SevexoT, magaliTad, ganaTlebis sistemas. imis gamo, rom dairRva,
gaufasurda skolis mTavari RirebulebiTi safuZveli, saqarTvelos ganaTlebis
sistema rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. skolaSi gakveTili Tavis funqcias ver
asrulebs. ia anTaZe 2007 wels aRniSnavda: `aTi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi
vaswavlidi skolaSi da vfiqrob, rom yvelaze mTavari, rac skolaSi xdeba –
gakveTilia. rodesac gakveTili sainteresoa, rodesac moswavleebi da
maswavlebeli erTmaneTs usmenen, erTmaneTisgan swavloben da kmayofilebi arian
imiT, rac gakveTilze xdeba. skola Tavis funqcias asrulebs, magram skolis
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amJamindeli problemebis saTave isaa, rom xSirad gakveTili an saerTod ar
tardeba, an ise ar tardeba, rom moswavle da maswavlebeli erTmaneTisken
miizidos.
bolo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi skolis cxovreba mkveTrad Seicvala. erTis
mxriv, Tavisufalma azrovnebam da didma informaciulma nakadma moswavleebSi
dabada gacilebiT maRali moTxovna maswavleblebis profesionalizmis mimarT;
meore mxriv – saskolo atestatis rolis dakninebam da dabalma xelfasma
pedagogebs sruliad gauqro maRali standartis SenarCunebis motivacia.
Sesabamisad, moswavleebma moixsnes skolaSi yoveldRe wasvlis da yvela
gakveTilze daswrebis valdebuleba, xolo maswavleblebma moixsnes
pasuxismgebloba gakveTilis Catarebisa da mis xarisxze.
Rirebulebebis araswori sistemis Camoyalibebis, misi aRrevis Sedegad skola
agresiis bude gaxda. ia anTaZe dasZens: `sakuTriv skolis problemebma ki Tavi
iCina ganaTlebis dabal xarisxSi, Sesabamisad, Rirebulebebis yiralama sistemis
CamoyalibebaSi da, amis Sesabamisad mozardTa masobriv agresiaSi. imis gamo, rom
gaunaTlebloba da Rirebulebis aRreva ise ar `yviris~, rogorc daniT Tu
iaraRiT miyenebuli sasikvdilo Wrilobebi, skolis problemebi wlebis
ganmavlobaSi saojaxo ganxilvis Temad rCeboda. dRes ki sazogadoeba SiSiT da
ZrwoliT Seimcnebs, ramdenad gaufasurebulia adamianis sicocxle Cveni mozardi
Taobis TvalSi~.
raki analiziT dadginda, rom skolaSi Seqmnili miRebuli viTarebis mTavari
mizezi RirebulebaTa araswori sistemaa, gamosavalic SeiZleba moiZebnos. agresias
agresiiT ver amoSanTav. es gza kidev ufro met agresias dabadebs. amitom
gamosavali SeiZleba iyos maswavleblebisa da moswavlis motivacia, rom gakveTili
gaxdes saintereso da sasargeblo, raTa skolaSi RirebulebaTa swori sistema
Camoyalibdes. ia anTaZe samarTlianad aRniSnavda: `saministrom, skolam, ojaxma da
sazogadoebam, pirvel rigSi unda ifiqros ara imaze, Tu ra xdeba derefanebSi,
tualetebSi, ezos bnel kunWulebsa da sadarbazoebSi, aramed imaze, Tu ra xdeba
gakveTilze; unda vifiqroT maswavleblisa da moswavlis motivaciaze, rom
gakveTili gaxdes saintereso da sasargeblo informaciis miRebis adgili, agreTve
rac yvelaze mTavaria, sadac adamianebis cnobierebaSi Rirebulebebis swori
sistema yalibdeba.~ (anTaZe ia, ras mogvitans ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis
saministros mkacri politika? `24 saaTi~, 13 ivnisi, 2007, #129, gv. A4).
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gamocdebis erovnuli centris warmomagdeneli ia kutalaZe, ajamebda ra amave
centris saSualebiT Catarebul oTx saerTaSoriso kvlevis Sedegebs. aRniSnavda,
rom 45 qveynis monawile moswavleTa mixedviT Sedga reitinguli sia, romelmac
uCvena, rom wignebis mixedviT saqarTvelo am retinguli siis bolo oTxeulSia.
anu qarTvelma moswavleebma sakmaod mokrZalebuli Sedegebi aCvenes. gamokvlevam
Seamowma agreTve moswavleTa codna-unarebi maTematikisa da sabunebismetyvelo
sagnebSi. es Zalian mniSvnelovania. maTematika xels uwyobs moswavleTa azrovnebis
ganviTarebas, sabunebismetyvelo sagnebi ki (fizika, qimia, biologia) _ samyaros
Semecnebas. Tanamedrove bavSvi am yvelafris gareSe absoluturad warmoudgenelia.
masSi monawileoba miiRo samocdaaTamde qveyanam. saqarTvelo am kvlevis
reitingSic bolo meoTxedSia. gamokvlevaSi somxeTic monawileobda da man
saSualoze maRali maCvenebeli aCvena. ia kutalaZe aanalizebs ra am mZime Sedegebs,
arsebuli mdgomareobidan Tavis daRwevis mizniT saintereso mosazrebebs ayalibebs,
romelic metad mnisvnelvania skolis swori RirebulebiTi orientaciisTvis. is
konkretulad aRniSnavs: `mZime Sedegebi ganapiroba qveyanaSi arsebulma viTarebam.
is qveynebi, romlebic reitinguli siis saTaveSi arian, ganaTlebaze Zalian bevrs
xarjaven. anu investiciebi, romlebic ganaTlebis sistemaSi ideba. biblioTekis
srulyofa, saskolo resursebi, saswavlo procesisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania;
dRes Cvens qveyanas ara aqvs SesaZlebloba imisa, rom ganaTlebis sistemaSi bevrad
meti investiciebi Caidos. amitom mniSvnelovania, maqsimalurad racionalurad
gamoviyenoT es resursebi.
SevecadoT zustad ganvsazRvroT prioritetebi, ra aris mniSvnelovani, ra
gziT unda wavideT, daigegmos mizanmimarTuli aqtivobebi. Zalian sayuradRebo
resursia saxelmZRvaneloebi, aseve maswavleblebi ramdenad kvalificiuria. yvelam
kargad viciT, rom kargi maswavlebeli moswavlis integrirebas yovelTvis
axerxebda. maSin roca maswavlebelTa xelfasebi Zalian dabalia da maTi
motiviaciac Sesabamisad arc ise maRali unda iyos. arsebobs kvalifikaciis
problemebic (yvelaze, ra Tqma unda, ar vambob), yovelive amis fonze gvaqvs aseTi
Sedegebi. amdenad Zalian bevri da kompleqsuri faqtori ganapirobebs Cveni
moswavleebis dabal da mokrZalebul Sedegebs.
es pirvel rigSi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom Cven maT saTanadod ver
vexmarebiT. `Cven~-Si Sedis yvela – saxelmwifo, romelic dRes, arsebuli
realobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ufro met investicias ver debs ganaTlebis sistemaSi,
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ganaTlebis sistema, romelmac unda gansazRvros prioritetebi da amisaTvis
sWirdeba kvlevebiT miRebuli suraTi, ojaxi, garemo sadac izrdeba bavSvi da
sxva...~ (mari oTaraSvili, qarTveli moswavleebi... `rezonansi~, 2010 wlis 29
ianvari, gv. 4).
Tu rogori Sedegebi miviReT ganaTlebis aseTi politikis Sedegad,
dResdReobiT, misi garkveuli TvalsazrisiT Sefasebas iZleva lana beriZis
publikacia (l. beriZe. gamocdebis Sedegebi samarcxvinoa, saskolo ganaTlebis
done – katastrofuli. `rezonansi~, 5 agvisto, 2010, #206 (6431), gv. 1,4).
avtori aRniSnavs, rom CaWrili abiturientebis ricxvma yvela rekordi moxsna.
yvelaze meti abiturienti sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi CaiWra. kerZod, gamocdebis
erovnuli centris monacemebiT, sam arCeviT saganSi yvelaze meti abiturienti
CaiWra. 14 000 abiturientidan, romelTac maTematika airCies, minimaluri
kompetenciis zRvari abiturientTa 34%-mac ver gadalaxa, fizika mxolod 81-ma
abiturientma airCia, Tumca maTgan gamocda 58%-ma ver Caabara. qimiis gamocdaSi
monawile 465 abiturientidan minimaluri kompetenciis zRvari ki 38%-ma ver
gadalaxa. abiturientTa ucodinroba, maswavleblebis dabali kompetenciisa da
susti xelmZRvanelobis Sedegia. amitom am kuTxiT ganaTlebis sistemaSi jer
kidev bevri sakiTxia mosagvarebeli. aRniSnul mosazrebas iziarebs gamocdebis
erovnuli centris xelmZRvaneli maia miminoSvili, romelic miiCnevs, rom
ganaTlebis saministrom yvelaferi unda gaakeTos, raTa gaumjobesdes skolaSi
teqnikuri sagnebis swavlebis done.
`eqspertebi da ganaTlebis sferos warmomadgenlebi abiturientebis CaWris
maRal maCvenebels ZiriTadad skolis dabali doniT xsnian, rasac abiturientebis
dabali ganaTleba TavisTavad mohyveba~ (maia miminiSvili, `rezonansi~, 5 agvisto,
2010).
`arasamTavrobo organizacia `solidaroba ganaTlebuli saqarTvelosTvis~
gamgeobis Tavmjdomare, profesorebi Tengiz sanaZe sabunebismetyvelo sagnebSi
abiturientebis CaWras, iseve rogorc sxva sagnebSi, skolaSi miRebuli dabali
ganaTlebis doniT xsnis~.
kerZod igi aRniSnavs: es Sedegebi imis bralia, rom skolebSi swavlebis done
aris Zalian dabali. aRar aswavlian skolebSi qimias, fizikas, maTematikas da
ukeTes Sedegs rogor miviRebT?! Cveulebrivi moTxovnasac veRar akmayofileben
maswavleblebi da bunebrivia, rom moswavleebic ar arian saTanadod momzadebulni.
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teqnikuri sagnebi rom ar iswavleba skolebSi, es faqtia da erovnuli gamocdebis
Sedegebic amas adasturebs.
`wina wlebSi bevrad ukeTesi Sedegebi iyo, Tundac is, rom wina wlebSi
olimpiadebze gasvlisas qarTveli bavSvebi fizika, qimia, maTematikaSi erT-erTi
yvelaze mowinave iyvnen. axla rom gavides qarTveli bavSvi olimpiadaze, bolodan
pirvel adgils aviRebT mxolod~. misive gancxadebiT, es yvelaferi ganaTlebis
araswori reformiT aris gamowveuli.
fizika-maTematikosi, profesori merab jiblaZec teqnikur sagnebSi
abiturientebis CaWris maRal maCvenebels araswori saswavlo programiTa da
susti pedagogebiT xsnis.
igi aRniSnavs: `es Sedegebi Zalian advili asaxsnelia. es imis bralia, rom is
programa, romliTac bavSvebi teqnikur sagnebs swavloben, aris gonabasusti
pedagogebis mier Sedgenili da ar akmayofilebs aranair moTxovnebs. sabWoTa
kavSiris droundeli programebi aqvT, mecnierebi da profesionali adamianebi amaT
ar undaT, yvela `Carecxes~ da Sedegic saxezea.
ar esmiT, rom Tu teqnikuri sagnebis specialirebi ar arian qveyanaSi, Tu
qimia, fizika da biologia ar ician abiturientebma, es imas niSnavs, rom momavalSi
arc eqimi gveyoleba normaluri da arc inJineri.
imdenad gonebasusti adamianebis mier aris es programebi da sagnebi
Sedgenili, rom bavSvebi ver igeben, ras swavloben. anu, rodesac sagans aswavli
bavSvs da im sagans daskvna da analizi ar aqvs, ra unda gaigos moswavlem. rogor
unda Cawvdes im saganis arss?! amas emateba is, rom Zalian cota saaTi iswavleba
fizikac, qimiac da biologiac skolebSi, rac sakmarisi ar aris. mTlianobaSi
yvela faqtori erTad moqmedebs Sedegebze da Sedegebi rogoric miviReT, yvela
xedavs.~ misive gancxadebiT, maSin, rodesac Tavad maswavleblebi ver erkvevian
teqnikur sagnebSi saTanadod, moswavleebs TavisTavad aRar uCndebaT swavlis
survili~.
swored amitom aris, rom ganaTlebis sferos gardaqmna saqarTvelos axal
mTavrobas prioritetul mimarTulebad miaCnia (saqarTvelos premier-ministrobis
kandidat biZina ivaniSvilis mier warmoTqmuli sityva 2012 wlis 25 oqtombers
qveynis umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos winaSe, `saqarTvelos respublika~,
#206, 26 oqtomberi, 2012 weli, gv. 6). am mizniT ki es sistema mTlianad unda
gaTavisufldes politikuri wnexisagan. aucilebelia ganaTlebis sistema
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daefuZnos sayovelTaod aRiarebul Tanamedrove standartebs. sasurvelia yvela
umaRles da profesiul saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebas mieces akademiuri,
administraciuli da finansuri avtonomiis garantia. saWiroa Seiqmnas ganaTlebis
sistemis efeqtiani marTvis meqanizmebi, rac niSnavs imas, rom ganaTlebis sistemis
marTva unda gaxdes Tanmimdevruli da Sedegebze orientirebuli. saganmanaTleblo
dawesebulebebSi kvalificiuri kadrebis SesanarCuneblad da mosazidad
aucilebelia Seiqmnas obieqturi, gamWvirvale da efeqtiani meqanizmebi. upirveles
yovlisa, daculi unda iyos maswavleblis, profesoris, mecnieris Sromis ufleba.
skolis cxovrebaSi, misi saqmianobis angariSis ganxilvasa da SefasebaSi
monawileoba unda miiRon mSoblebma, aucilebelia gaizardos saxelmwifo xarjebi
ganaTlebaze mTlian SidaproduqtTan mimarTebiT da mecniereba gaxdes codnaze
dafuZnebuli ekonomikis safuZveli.
3.5. kultura da ekonomikuri ganviTareba
kaliforniis universitetis (los anjelesi) profesoris, dipak lalis
monografia `kultura da ekonomikuri ganviTareba an Sedegebi, romlebzec
winaswar ar ufiqriaT. warmoebis, kulturis da politikis uzrunvelyofis
faqtorebiT grZelvadian ekonomikur Sedegebze gavlena~ eZRvneba evraziuli
erovnuli kulturebis formirebas, politikur mowyobasa da ekonomikur
politikas, agreTve maT rols ekonomikur zrdaSi istoriis sxvadasxva etapze:
Zveli da Suasaukunovani civilizaciebidan Cvens dromde.
avtori cdilobs axsnas, ratom SeZlo maincdamainc dasavleTevropulma
civilizaciam mieRwia ekonomikuri zrdis intensifikaciisTvis samrewvelo
revoluciebis epoqaSi, Cadga ra dagrovebisa da mecnierul-teqnikuri potencialis
avangardSi. amasTan, d. lali varaudobs, rom qveynebs, romlebic sxva
civilizaciebs miekuTvneba, Tanamedrove pirobebSi damwevi ganviTarebis
traeqtoriiT moZraobaSi warmatebisTvis ar sWirdeba erovnul kulturaTa sruli
gardaqmna dasavleTevropulis msgavsad, radgan modernizacia vesternizaciis
gareSec SesaZlebelia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom d. lals kvlevisTvis originaluri midgoma gamouyenebia.
avtori, upirveles yovlisa, anTropologiis, socialuri fsiqologiis,
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evoluciuri biologiis, nevrologiis, makrosociologiis, agreTve evraziis
Semqmneli religiis da kulturis socialur-ekonomikuri istoriis specialistTa
Sromebs eyrdnoba.
wignSi iSviaTadaa damowmebuli ekonomistebis Sromebi da saerTod araa
warmodgenili mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis kanonzomierebebisadmi miZRvnili
publikaciebi. es SesaZloa dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom, rogorc avtori
varaudobs, sakiTxi kulturisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb `bevr
ekonomists warmoudgeba gaurkvevlad, areul-dareulad da uTavbolod~.
imavdroulad praqtikosebi, romlebic dakavebuli arian ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
programaTa SemuSavebiTa da realizaciiT, xazgasmiT aRniSnaven kulturis
mniSvnelobas. avtori emyareba lourens harisonis, saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis
saagentos (aSS) pasuxismgebeli muSakis, wigns, romelic gamoaqveyna saxelwodebiT
`vin yvavis. rogor ayalibebs kulturuli faseulobebi ekonomikur da politikur
warmatebas~.
d. lalis kvlevis amosavali wertilia debuleba, romlis mixedviTac
`ekonomistebi mniSvnelovanwilad eTanxmebian erTmaneTs~. saubaria imaze, rom
ekonomikuri zrdis `uSualo~ an `uaxloesi~ mizezebia investiciaTa efeqtianoba
da norma. maTematikuri sizustiT es debuleba SeiZleba gamoixatos Semdegi
formuliT:
aq:
_ namatis tempi procentebSi;
_ saangariSo periodi (weli);
( ) _ wina periodi (weli);
_ mTliani Sida produqti;
_ damatebuli Rirebuleba (mSp-is namati);
_ dabandeba ZiriTad kapitalSi;
/ _ ukugeba dabandebul kapitalze;
/ _ mSp-is danaxarjis norma ZiriTad kapitalSi dabandebulze.
kapitalis namatze ukugeba da dabandebaTa norma kapitalSi
urTierTdakavSirebulia. sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, rac ufro maRalia ukugeba
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kapitalis namatze, miT metia stimuli kapitaldabandebaTa zrdisTvis. rac ufro
meti resursi miemarTeba kapitalis formirebisTvis, miT mZafria konkurencia
mewarmeebs Soris, miT metad arian gawafulebi warmoebis efeqtianobis zrdis
ZiebaSi.
monografiaSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba ekonomikuri zrdis intensifikaciis
or ZiriTad process. pirveli _ esaa specializaciis ganviTareba da resursebis
gadanawileba saerTaSoriso vaWrobis gavleniT. meore _ samecniero-teqnikuri
progresi. pirvel mimarTulebas avtori uwidebs smitiseuli tipis zrdas adam
smitis pativsacemad, romelmac safuZveli Cauyara Sromis saerTaSoriso
ganawilebis gaRrmavebis progresul rols. meore ki, misi azriT, aris
promeTeseuli zrdis tipis, miTiuri gmiris promeTes pativsacemad, romelmac
adamianebs cecxli aCuqa.
sazogadoebaSi obieqturi procesebi warmoiSoba da viTardeba `im uamrav
individTa damoukidebeli moqmedebebis Sedegad, romlebic sxvadasxva mizans
isaxaven, xolo am moqmedebaTa saboloo Sedegebi sakmaod gansxvavdeba imaTgan,
romlebic mxedvelobaSi hqondaT miRebuli~. a. smitis droidan ekonomikur
mecnierebaSi miRebul swored am postulats ukavSirdeba wignis saxelwodebac
`ganuWvreteli (?)Sedegebi~.
ara marto obieqtur procesebs, aramed `ekonomikur politikasac aqvs
mniSvneloba~. Tu mivmarTavT adre moyvanil formulas, SeiZleba davamtkicoT, rom
sainvesticio klimati da ekonomikuri zrda damokidebulia imaze, mogebis romel
nawils iReben gadasaxadebis daxmarebiT saxelmwifo biujetis Sesavsebad.
cnobilia imis magaliTebi, Tu rogor moaxdina samewarmeo da da SromiTi
saqmianobis stimulireba mogebasa da SromiT Semosavlebze gadasaxadebis dabali
brtyeli skalis SemoRebam, ramac daaCqara ekonomikuri zrda da uzrunvelyo
mosaxleobis maRali dasaqmeba. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifos
`mtacebluri qceva~ aqvs, anu axdens danazogTa amoRebas, rac damaxasiaTebelia
avtokratiuli reJimebisTvis, es mas Semoubrundeba ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi
CamorCeniT, ekonomikis degradaciiTa da saxelmwifos kraxiT.
problema, romelsac eZRvneba recenzirebuli monografia, isaa, Tu rogoraa
obieqturi socialuri da politikuri procesebi dakavSirebuli kulturis
Camoyalibebis TavisebulebebTan da ra warmoadgens kulturis cneba ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis TemasTan mimarTebaSi.
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ingliseli sociologis da anTropologis, ernest gelneris, gansazRvriT,
`kultura aris saqmis warmoebis gansakuTrebuli saxe, rimelic axasiaTebs ama Tu
im sazogadoebas~. ekonomikis dargSi nobelis premiis laureatis, duglas nortis,
ganmartebis Tanaxmad, kultura safuZvelia `ama Tu im sazogadoebaSi TamaSis
wesebis da uzrunvelyofs adamianTa urTierTqmedebis araformalur SezRudvebs~.
urTierTqmedebis normebi gadadis socialurad. gadacemis aseTi forma
genetikurisgan gansxvavdeba imiT, rom, rogorc e. gelneri acxadebs, `amtkicebs
SeZenil niSnebs~.
d. lali Tavisi kvlevis amocanebTan dakavSirebiT yuradRebas amaxvilebs
imaze, rom kultura adamianis Segnebuli moRvaweobis procesSi garemos
cvlilebis da axal garemoSi gadarCenis xerxebis SemuSavebis Sedegia. SeZenili
unarebi fiqsirdeba `socialuri Cvevis saxiT~.
Tuki am debulebas filosofiuridan gadavitanT ufro konkretul
ekonomikur enaze, maSin saubari SeiZleba iyos Semdegze: warmoebis srulyofis
dargSi miRwevebi aisaxeba axal teqnikaSi da Zvelis modernizaciaSi, adamianTa
saqmianobis organizaciis axal sqemebSi, agreTve ganaTlebis sistemasa da
profesiul swavlebaSi, ris wyalobiTac Seqmnis teqnologiis, teqnikis
eqsploataciis da mTlianobaSi warmoebis organizaciis gadacema da srulyofa
xdeba.
avtori gamoyofs kulturis or fenas. pirvelia kulturis materialuri
formebi (gamomuSavebis formebi cxovrebisTvis), anu, Tu visargeblebT
marqsistuli terminologiiT, sawarmoo urTierTobebi. meore fenas Seadgens
msoflmxedveloba, e.i. samyaros gageba da adamianis adgili masSi. d. lali
amjobinebs mas uwodos kosmologiuri warmodgena. igi aseT gansazRvras
neitralurad miiCnevs, amjobinebs ra termin `ideologias~.
profesori amasTan dakavSirebiT ixsenebs marqsistul moZRvrebas bazissa da
zednaSenze, romlis Tanaxmadac, bazisi pirveladia, zednaSeni ki _ meoradi. igi
aRniSnavs, rom `darvinizmiT dasnebovanebuli~ socialur mecnierebaTa bevri
warmomadgeneli marqsistuli moZRvrebis am debulebas eTanxmeba. imavdroulad
anTropologTa da sociologTa didi odenoba, avtoris azriT, iziarebs
idealistur Sexedulebebs. Tavisi pozicia avtorma gamoxata Semdegnairad: `me,
rogorc keTili indusi, bunebrivia, vTvli, rom WeSmariteba sadRac SuaSia~.
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sinamdvileSi, rogorc mkvlevari, d. lali iziarebs materialistur pozicias.
igi eTanxmeba evoluciur fsiqologebs imaSi, rom adamianebi ar arian moraluri
cxovelebi dabadebidanve. morali gamomuSavdeba kacobriobis evoluciis procesSi
da moqmedebs misi moRvaweobis yvela aspeqtze, sawarmoos CaTvliT. adamians
ZaluZs icxovros sindisis karnaxiT, vinaidan, rogorc Carlz darvini werda,
misTvis damaxasiaTebelia `Seupirispiros Tavisi warsuli da momavali moqmedebebi
an zraxvebi maTi mowonebiT an dawunebiT~.
adarebs ra kulturis or fenas, avtori aRniSnavs kulturis materialuri
aspeqtebis swraf misadagebas garemos cvlilebebTan, maSin, roca kosmologiuri
warmodgenebi didxans rCeba praqtikulad ucvleli, Tumca isini SeiZleba
radikalurad Seicvalos garkveul pirobebSi. miuxedavad sxvaobisa, kulturis
orive fena moqmedebs sazogadoebaSi adamianis qcevaze. `adamianuri moRvaweoba
imarTeba rogorc materialuri, ise kosmologiuri warmodgenebiT~. es exeba
gavlenasac politikur mowyobaze, magram, am TvalsazrisiT, `Sexeduleba samyaroze
iqneba, rogorc Cans, ZiriTadi~.
d. lalis koncefciaSi principulad mniSvnelovania erovnul kulturebsa da
civilizaciebSi individualizmis da komunalizmis Tanafardobis gamoyofa.
komunalizmSi avtori gulisxmobs arakomerciul safuZvelze TanamSromlobis da
urTierTdaxmarebis unars. `dasavleTi ufro individualisturia, vidre danarCeni
msoflio~ _ konstatacias axdens igi _ da amas ukavSirebs dasavleTevropuli
civilizaciebis upiratesobebs sabazro ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi.
Zvel civilizaciaTa materialuri baza mdinareebis tigrosisa da evfratis,
nilosis, indisa da ianZis dablobebSi iyo intensiurad sarwyavi miwaTmoqmedeba.
miwaTmoqmedebis aseTi forma saWiroebda SromiT TanamSromlobas arxebis
gaTxrisas da kaSxlebis agebisas, rac xels uwyobda komunalizmis tradiciaTa
ganviTarebas. amave safuZvelze viTardeboda sazogadoebis stratifikacia, mis
wveroSi ki idga absoluturi monarqi, romlis Zalaufleba Semoifargleboda wes-
CveulebebiT.
Zvel egvipteSi monarqi iyo RmerTi, romelsac ar SeeZlo emoqmeda
TviTneburad da Tavisi axirebis mixedviT, mas Tavisi moqmedeba unda SeeTanxmebina
maatTan _ `swor wesrigTan~. mesopotamiaSi monarqad iTvleboda msaxurebis
aRsasruleblad rCeuli piri RvTiuri Zalis CareviT. mas unda `Seemecna imis
arsi, Tu rogor Seesrulebina monarqis vali~.
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Zvel imperiaTa ayvaveba dakavSirebuli iyo imasTan, Tu ramdenad uwyobdnen
xels isini saerTaSoriso vawrobis ganviTarebas da ekonomikis efeqtianobis
amaRlebas Sromis sazogadoebrivi ganawilebis gaRrmavebis safuZvelze (smitiseuli
ganviTarebis tipi). avtori imperiaTa dasasruls xsnis `saxelmwifos mtacebluri
xasiaTiT~. Sinagani wesrigis SesanarCuneblad da gareSe safrTxis Tavidan
asacileblad sagadasaxado sistemis meSveobiT igi amoiRebda danazogTa did
nawils, romelic aucilebeli iyo sawarmoo Zalebis ganviTarebaSi dasabandeblad.
gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevaa adreuli Sua saukuneebis Cinuri civilizacia.
wignSi vkiTxulobT, rom XI saukunis CineTSi `warmodgenili iyo yvela teqnikuri
komponenti im teqnologiur miRwevaTa SesamuSaveblad, romlebic gaxda dasavluri
samrewvelo revoluciis simbolo da promeTes tipis zrdis safuZveli. man
organuli ekonomika gadaaqcia mineralur nedleulze damyarebul ekonomikad~.
Cinuri ekonomikis stagnacia Sua saukuneebis periodis bolosTvis, `miuxedavad
boboqari Suasaukuneobrivi Semoqmedebisa, erT-erTi udidesi istoriuli gamocanaa~
_ miiCnevs d. lali.
uZraobis SesaZlo mizezTa saxiT wamoweulia Cinuri politikuri
administraciis Tavisebureba, romlis ZalisxmeviTac, konfucianuri warmodgenebis
Sesabamisad, imperiis fizikuri mTlianobis SesanarCunebel zomebSi `CaSenda
sistemuri SezRudvebi~ yovelgvari saxis eqspansiaze: iqneboda es samrewvelo,
komerciuli Tu samxedro.
meore mizezad avtori miiCnevs imas, rom ` vaWrobiTa da mrewvelobiT
uzarmazari kerZo simdidris dagroveba CinelTa umravlesobas miaCnda
amoralurad~. saboloo jamSi, `oficialuri ideologia da xalxuri fsiqologia
erTdroulad moqmedebda im upiratesobaTa gansamtkiceblad, romlebic moxeleebs
hqondaT nebismieri Sejaxebisas mxolod mdidar kerZo pirebTan~.
dasavleTi evropis aRorZinebas profesori ukavSirebs promeTes tipis
intensiur zrdas, uwodebs ra am movlenas `evropul saswauls~. ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis RirsSesaniSnavi Sedegebi da intensiuri zrdis mizezTa rTuli
xasiaTi safuZvels iZleva visaubroT saswaulze. d. lalis kvlevaTa mniSvnelovani
nawili eZRvneba am `saswaulis~ gaSifvras.
dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis adreul stadiaze smitiseuli tipis
intensiuri zrdis lokomotivad iqca xmelTaSua zRvispira qveynebis vaWroba,
romelic ganpirobebuli iyo maTi sxvadasxvaobiT warmoebis faqtorebiT
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uzrunvelyofaSi. amasTan erTad, mas safuZveli unda Caeyara promeTeseuli tipis
progresisTvis.
dasavleTevropuli civilizaciis pirveli instituciuri Tavisebureba iyo
qalaq-saxelmwifoebis Camoyalibeba. maTSi iqmneboda sasurveli klimati vaWrebisa
da komerciisTvis _ es iyo maTi ayvavebis safuZveli. `vaWrebi uciloblad did
rols asrulebdnen iq, vidre indoeTis da CineTis imperiul saxelmwifoebSi~.
samoqalaqo mowyobis meore Tavisebureba iyo komerciuli saxelSekrulebo
samarTlis ganviTareba da samoqalaqo kodifikacia romis samarTlis institutis
bazaze. aman saSualeba miscaT gadasuliyvnen im `rwmunebiT saojaxo kavSirebze~
damyarebuli garigebebidan, romlebsac efuZneboda vaWroba Zvel agrarul
imperiebSi, `damoukidebel mxareebs Soris~ garigebebze.
mesame Tavisebureba gamoixateboda `saxelmwifos mier kerZo sakuTrebis
uflebebis aRiarebaSi~. arsebiTad, es niSnavda `mtacebeli mTavrobebisTvis xelis
Sekvras~ formulis Sesabamisad: `ar arsebobs dabegvra warmomadgenlobebis
gareSe~.
mTlianobaSi TviTmarTvadi qalaq-saxelmwifoebis centraluri saorganizacio
principi iyo `moqalaqeobis uzenaesoba adaminTa gaerTianebis yvela formaze~.
swored samoqalaqo sazogadoebis uzenaesoba ganasxvavebda dasavleTevropul
civilizacias Zveli civilizaciebisgan.
gansakuTrebuli roli kulturuli erTianobis uzrunvelyofaSi
politikurad dayofil dasavleTevropul kontigentSi eniWeboda qristianul
eklesias. aq Cven vawydebiT ganuWvretel Sedegebs, romlebmac ganapiroba
qristianuli eklesiis moqmedeba saojaxo samarTlis sferoSi. eklesiam es nabiji
gadadga Tavisi qonebrivi interesebis uzrunvelsayofad.
VI saukuneSi papma grigori I-lma akrZala axlo naTesavebTan da moyvrebTan
qorwineba, Tanacxovreba, agreTve _ bavSvebis gadacema gaSvilebis gziT. es
akrZalva ojaxebs, romelTac ar hyavdaT mamrobiTi sqesis pirdapiri memkvidre,
SesaZleblobas arTmevda SeenarCunebinaT saojaxo memkvidreoba da xels uwyobda
mis CamorTmevas eklesiis sasargeblod. ukve VII saukunis bolosTvis safrangeTSi
mwarmoebluri miwebis erTi mesamedi eklesiis xelSi aRmoCnda. Semdgomi ori
saukunis ganmavlobaSi saeklesio sakuTrebis zrdis procesi miwaze grZeldeboda
ara marto safrangeTSi, aramed italiasa da germaniaSic.
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papebis akrZalvebma xeli Seuwyo dasavluri nuklearuli ojaxebis Seqmnas, es
ojaxebi nergavda individualizms gafarToebuli ojaxisgan gansxvavebiT (saojaxo
klani); isini gamsWvaluli iyo komunalizmis suliT da axasiaTebda sxva
civilizaciebsac. Crdilo-dasavluri evropa ojaxebis Seqmnis axali sistemis
wyalobiT ascda malTusianur gaRatakebas. axal sistemas ganasxvavebda gviani
qorwinebebi, saojaxo meurneobebis gareT dauojaxebelTa (qalebis, kacebis)
dasaqmeba da cxovreba samuSao adgilis mixedviT; qorwineba ki niSnavda saojaxo
meurneobaTa dayofas.
nuklearuli ojaxi xels uwyobda Sobadobis Semcirebas, mozrdili
mosaxleobis srul dasaqmebas, fuladi urTierTobebis ganviTarebas, namatis
Seqmnas, romelic SeiZleba mimarTuliyo investiciebze. axali sistema aseve xels
uwyobda axalgazrdebis damoukideblobas, vinaidan cxovrebaSi warmateba
upirvelesad maTze iyo damokidebuli da ara axlo naTesavebis daxmarebaze. aseTi
ojaxebi emyareboda ufro saxelSekrulebo, vidre emociur urTierTobebs.
`dasavluri sistema ar emyareboda (mozrdilebi) bavSvebis pasuxismgeblobas
TavianT mSoblebze an piriqiT, rac ganasxvavebda mas sxva evroaziuri
sistemebisgan~.
xandazmulebs daxmarebas uwevdnen memkvidreobis Sesaxeb xelSekrulebebiT an
qonebis ijariT, an fasian safuZvelze. garda amisa, ukve XIII saukuneSi da ufro
adrec viTardeba arasaojaxo mfarveloba. pasuxismgeblobas yvela asakis Ratakze
Tavis Tavze iRebda eklesia, gildia da manoriuli sistema.
individualizmis da racionalizmis sulis ganviTarebas xels uwyobda
dasavluri qristianobis reformaciac, ramac ganapiroba sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos, aseve sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebis Teoriis da praqtikis gamijvna.
amasTan erTad, es niSnavda Semdgom SeuTanxmeblobas qristianobis aRmosavlur
StosTan. kievis ruseTma airCia qristianobis bizantiuri varianti, dainaxa ra
masSi avtokratiuli mmarTvelobis sayrdeni. aman gamoiwvia ruseTis SedarebiTi
izolacia danarCeni evropisgan, `rusuli eWvianobis ganviTareba dasavleTis
mimarT~.
ruseTis geografiuli mdebareobis Tavisebureba da mosaxleobis dabali
sixSire xels uwyobda iseT garemos, `romelSic saxelmwifos SeuZlia iolad
Camoyalibdes, gadarCes brZolaSi, magram iSviaTad ayvavdes~. aseTi garemo xels
uwyobs vrcel da myife (sust) imperiebs, romlebic mowyvladia garedan
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Tavdasxmisa da SigniT amboxebebisTvis~. d. lali am ganzogadebis, romelamdec
mivida istorikosi felipe fernandes-armesto abasidebis xalifatis istoriis
Seswavlis safuZvelze, ruseTze gavrcelebas SesaZleblad miiCnevs, miT umetes,
rom f. fernandes-armestom mas `evropis araevropuli imperia~ uwoda.
ruseTis mcdelobebs gadaelaxa CamorCena, romelic warmoiqmna laTinur
qristianul samyarosTan daSorebis gamo, da `eTamaSa met-naklebad mniSvnelovani
roli msoflioSi, enacvleboda SedarebiTi dacemis periodebi~ _ miiCnevs avtori,
emyareba ra petre didis, aleqsandres II-isa da i. stalinis mier Catarebuli
reformebis gamocdilebas.
amasTan dakavSirebiT ukve naxsenebi d. lalis daskvna, romelic efuZneba rigi
qveynebis damwevi ganviTarebis Tanamedrove gamocdilebas _ modernizaciis
SesaZleblobas vesternizaciis gareSe, eqvemdebareba kritikul Sefasebas.
3.6. Rirebulebis roli ekonomikis modernizaciis saqmeSi
Tanamedrove globalizaciis pirobebSi civilizaciaTaSorisi brZola
ZiriTadad ekonomikur sferoSi viTaredeba. civilizacias aqvs unari sxva
civilizaciuri sistemebisgan isesxos ideologiis institutebi da elementebi,
romlebic maT aZlevs konkretul upiratesobas evoluciur brZolaSi.
imisaTvis, rom sxvaTa gamocdilebas eziaro, unda icode maTi Rirebulebebis
sistema da msoflmxedvelobis safuZvlebi, romlebic erovnul kulturaSi,
civilizaciur ideologiasa da religiaSi aisaxeba. maTgan umTavresi aris religia.
swored religiuri sistemebi warmoadgens ideologiis ZiriTad elements
arsebuli civilizaciebis umetesobisTvis. amJamad moqmedi civilizaciuri
religiebidan yvelaze mniSvnelovania: induizmi, budizmi, daosizmi,
konfucianeloba, sintoizmi, iudaizmi, muslimanoba, qristianoba (kaTolicizmi,
marTlmadidebloba, protestantoba). arsebobs arareligiuri ideologiebic,
magaliTad, wminda amerikul filosofiad iqca u. jeimsis pragmatizmi.
profesorebis a. movsesianis da s. ognivcevis mosazrebiT `Tu dasavleTis
yvela msoflio religiebs saxelmwifoebriobis rolis klebis da bazris da kerZo
TavisuflebaTa rolis gazrdis TvalsazrisiT ganvalagebT, maSin isini
gamwkrivdeba Semdegi saxiT: muslimanoba, marTlmadidebloba, kaTolikoba,
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protestantoba~. (movsesiani a.g., ognivcevi s.b. msoflio ekonomika,
saxelmZRvanelo, tomi I, Tbilisi, 2003, gv. 310.).
mbrZaneblur-administraciulidan sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis periodSi,
anu e.w. gardamavali ekonomikis pirobebSi, AAbunebrivia‚ gviCndeba kiTxva: ra roli
unda Seasrulos ekonomikis modernizaciis saqmeSi Rirebulebebma‚ maTma sistemam?
bevr qveyanaSi es sakiTxi mecnieruli kvlevis mniSvnelovan sferos ganekuTvneba.
misi fundamenturi analizi mocemulia profesor e. iasinis erT-erT statiaSi,
romlis dasawyisSi avtori aRniSnavs: „bevrs gauCnda azri‚ rom Cven araferi
gviSvelis‚ ayvaveba Cveni xvedri ar aris: aseTi erovnuli xasiaTi gvaqvs‚ aseTia
ruseTis kultura‚ romelsac verafers mouxerxeb‚ ver gadaakeTeb. sxvagvaradac
laparakoben: reformebi unda CavataroT ise‚ rom gaviTvaliswinoT kulturis
Taviseburebebi‚ erovnuli Rirebulebebi”. (Ясин Е. Модернизация экономики и
система ценностей, "ВЭ", #4. – 2003, с. 5).
marTlac‚ eWvs gareSea‚ rom ekonomikis warmateba gardamavali ekonomikis
qveynebSi mniSvnelovnadaa damokidebuli imaze‚ moxdeba Tu ara aucilebeli
cvlilebebi kulturaSi‚ RirebulebaTa sistemaSi da Tu moxdeba‚ rogori tempebiT
da ra mimarTulebebiT. es cvlilebebi arsebiTad warmoqmnis ara marto
modernizaciis warmatebis pirobas‚ mis socialur konteqsts‚ aramed‚ Tuki
davfiqrdebiT‚ mis yvelaze siRrmiseul Sinaars: Cven Tavad unda gavxdeT
sxvanairebi‚ raTa qveyana avayvavoT.
e. iasini ruseTis ekonomikuri modernizaciis saqmeSi Rirebulebebis rolis
SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnavs: „mTlianobaSi unda vaRiaroT‚ rom didi
dadebiTi Zvrebi araa. rac meti dro gadis‚ miT ufro naTeli xdeba‚ rom
modernizacia adgilidan ar daiZvreba‚ sanam ar daiwyeba realuri cvlilebebi
RirebulebaTa sistemaSi‚ araformalur institutebSi‚ kulturaSi. SeiZleba imis
Tqma‚ rom esaa Semdgomi‚ transformaciis III etapis amocanebi? naTelia erTi ram:
es marto mTavrobis saqme ar aris‚ yovel SemTxvevaSi‚ mxolod misi ki ara‚ aramed
mTeli sazogadoebis saqmea.
g. grefis programis damuSaveba 2000 wels daiwyo RirebulebaTa sistemis
ganxilviT. iniciativa gamoavlina „klub 2015”-ma da piradad v. lopuxinma‚
romelmac gamoaqveyna statia‚ romlidanac gamomdinareobda‚ rom ekonomikuri
zrdisaTvis aucilebelia nayofieri RirebulebaTa sistema‚ da rom Cven
istoriuli mizezebis gamo amgvar rames ar vflobT (Лопухин В. Почему мы
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бедны?, Эксперт, #1-2 – 2000. (Проблемы влияния национальных и религиозных
традиций на поведение экономических агентов неоднократно поднимались на
страницах нашего журнала. См., например: Вопросы Экономики, 1993, #8; 1994,
#7; 1996, #9. – avt.). protestantebs gaumarTlaT‚ maT protestantuli eTika
aqvT. strategiuli damuSavebis centrSi‚ erT-erT seminarze mitropolitma
kirilma daadastura‚ rom protestantuli sistema da‚ saerTod‚ liberaluri
Rirebulebebi gansxvavdeba marTlmadidebluri Rirebulebebisagan. a. konCalovskim
Tavisi winasityvaoba l. harisonis wignis „vin yvavis?~ rusuli TargmanisaTvis ase
daasaTaura: „kultura – es bedia. maS‚ ra vqnaT Cven‚ SeveguoT beds?~ (Ясин Е.
Модернизация экономики и система ценностей, "ВЭ", #4. – 2003, с. 7).
avtoritetTa azri institutebis‚ Rirebulebebis‚ kulturis mdgradobis
Sesaxeb‚ ukidures SemTxvevaSi‚ adamianis cxovrebis periodTan mimarTebaSi gaiyo.
umravlesoba maT ucvlelad, an naklebad cvalebadad miiCnevs; isini‚ misi azriT‚
mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdenen sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mraval mxareze (Вебер
М. Протестантская этика и дух капитализма. М.: Прогресс, 1990; Норт Д.
Институты. институциональные изменения и функционирование экономики. М.:
Начала, 1997; Харрисон Л. Кто процветает? Препринт, 1992; Huntington S. The
Clash of Cikilirations and the Remaking of the World Order. N. Y. Simon and
Shuster, 1996). sxvebi fiqroben‚ rom isini sakmaod cvladia ama Tu im
faqtorisda mixedviT‚ magaliTad – ekonomikuri‚ TumcaRa didi lagiT. (Инглхарт
Р. Культура и демократия. В кн.: Культура имеет значение. М.: Московская
школа политических исследований. – 2002).
meoreTa ricxvs miekuTvnebian upitaresad isini‚ vinc Tavis daskvnebs
afuZnebda dasavluri sazogadoebis Seswavlaze. m. veberis naSromTa Semdeg
ganmtkicda warmodgena protestantuli Rirebulebebis da maTi mniSvnelovani
rolis produqtiulobis Sesaxeb dasavleT evropis da CrdiloeT amerikis
qveynebis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis warmatebaSi. yovel SemTxvevaSi‚ mravalnairi
mizezis gamo aq ekonomika da RirebulebaTa sistema aRmoCnda ufro dinamiuri.
puritanuli momWirneoba‚ romelic XVIII saukunisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli‚
cudad esadageboda dRes ganviTarebul qveynebSi gavrcelebul normas – „bevris
gamomuSaveba da bevris xarjva~. magram protestantuli Rirebulebebi‚ roca es iyo
saWiro‚ xels uwyobda Tavdapirvel dagrovebas‚ xolo puritanuli momWirneoba
dResac saWiroa. cxadia ekonomikis kavSiri obieqtur da cvalebad moTxovnebTan.
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r. inglharti SeniSnavs: „ekonomikuri ganviTareba‚ rogorc warmogvidgenia‚
namdviladaa dakavSirebuli absoluturi socialuri normebisgan
nawinaswarmetyvelebi daSorebis sindromTan sul ufro racionaluri‚ moqnili‚
ndobiT mosargeble postmodernistuli Rirebulebebis sasargeblod~ (Инглхарт Р.
Культура и демократия. В кн.: Культура имеет значение. М.: Московская школа
политических исследований. – 2002‚ с. 108.)
miuxedavad amisa‚ dasavluri sistemis liberaluri Rirebulebebis raRac
zogadi safuZveli rCeba ucvleli. l. harisoni kulturis oTx faqtors gamoyofs‚
romelTa xasiaTzea damokidebuli sazogadoebrivi ganviTareba. esenia: „ndobis
radiusi” anu erTobis grZnoba; eTikuri sistemis simkacre; xelisuflebis
realizaciis wesi; damokidebuleba Sromis‚ inovaciebis‚ momWirneobis da mogebis
mimarT (Харрисон Л. Кто процветает? Препринт, 1992). nayofieria ndobis
maRali done‚ eTikuri sistema‚ romelic‚ Cveulebriv‚ dakavSirebulia religiasTan
(ufro protestantulTan‚ vidre kaTolikurTan)‚ demokratia rogorc
xelisuflebis realizaciis saSualeba‚ Sromis moyvareoba‚ ganaTleba‚ midrekileba
inovaciebis‚ danazogebis mimarT‚ mogebis mowoneba rogorc warmatebis
gamoxatuleba.
v. lopuxini gamoyofs ndobas‚ pasuxismgeblobasa da pirovnebas. pirovneba
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania‚ vinaidan dasavlur RirebulebaTa sistemaSi
individualizmi‚ adamianis Tavisuflebebi da uflebebi waxalisebulia‚ maSin roca
sxva eTikur sistemebSi‚ maT Soris marTlmadideblurSi‚ anTropocentrizmi
gakicxulia rogorc religiuri msoflmxedvelobis sapirispiro. individualizmi
aseve asocirdeba egoizmTan‚ sisastikesTan sxvebis mimarT‚ izolaciasTan‚ brboSi
martoobasTan. Tumca gamocdileba gviCvenebs‚ rom damoukidebeli pirovneba cudad
rodi eTviseba humanizmsa da solidarobis maRal xarisxs‚ Tavisufleba
gulisxmobs socialur pasuxismgeblobas da SesaZlebelia mxolod im adamianTa
garemoSi‚ sadac pativs scemen Tavis msgavsTa uflebebs.
asea Tu ise‚ dasavluri ekonomika da dasavluri kultura‚ mudmivad rom
kritikis qveS iyo‚ maT Soris Signidanac‚ ukve 400 welia‚ rac Tavis
upiratesobas gvimtkicebs moqalaqeTa keTildReobis uzrunvelyofaSic‚
axalSemoRebul wesebSic da sulieri Rirebulebebis SeqmnaSic.
CvenTvis metad mniSvnelovania gavarkvioT Tu ra kavSiri arsebobs sxvadasxva
civilizaciebsa da maT ekonomikur ganviTarebaTa Soris. a. toinbi civilizaciebs
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gansazRvravs‚ rogorc qveynebis da xalxebis erTobas‚ romelic gaerTianebulia
saerTo kulturiT‚ RirebulebebT‚ institutebiT (Тойнби А. Постижение истории.
М.: Айрис-Пресс, 2002). civilizaciaTa zrda aris gamowvevebze pasuxebis Sedegi:
es pasuxebi qmnian daZabulobas‚ rac ganviTarebis impulsi xdeba. civilizaciaTa
dacema ki ganpirobebulia gamowvevebze pasuxis gacemis uunarobiTa da Sinagani
winaaRmdegobebriobebiT. axlandeli civilizaciebis umravlesoba kavSirs avlens
tradiciul raligiur konfesiebTan.
sqema warmodgenilia Tanamedrove civilizaciaTa gamoyofis sami varianti‚
romlebic agebulia statistikuri analizis safuZvelze cnobili Tanamedrove
mkvlevarebis mier. eseni arian: s. Svarci (1990 w.)‚ g. hofstedi (1988 w.)‚ r.
inglharti (2000 w.).
a. toinbi gamoyofda kidev rusul marTlmadideblur civilizacias‚ romelSic
mniSvnelovan Taviseburebebs xedavda aRmosavleT evropis sxva qveynebTan
SedarebiT.
sqema #1.
Tanamedrove civilizaciebi
s. Svarci
g. hofstedi
r. inglharti
dasavleTevropuli
inglisurenovani
aRmosavleTevropuli
islamuri
aRmosavleTaziuri
laTinoamerikuli
Crdilouri
inglisurenovani
germanuli
axloaRmosavluri
ganviTarebadi azia
ganviTarebuli azia
(iaponia)
ganviTarebadi
laTinuri amerika
ganviTarebuli
protestantuli
inglisurenovani
kaTolikuri evropa
aRmosavleTi evropa
(postkomunisturi
marTlmadidebluri)
konfucianuri samxreT
azia
afrika
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laTinuri amerika
marTlac‚ arsebobs ki kavSiri civilizaciaTa kulturul-RirebulebiT
sxvaobebsa da maT ekonomikur ganviTarebas Soris? ramdenad cvalebadia
civilizaciaTa kulturul-RirebulebiTi Taviseburebebi da ra zomiT SeiZleba
iyos isini ganviTarebisTvis dauZleveli winaaRmdegoba? an‚ iqneb piriqiT‚ isini
Tavad Seicvleba‚ Tumca dagvianebiT‚ ekonomikasa da sxva sferoebSi momxdar
cvlilebaTa gavleniT? SesaZlebelia‚ mxolod arapirdapir ganisazRvros
upiratesi Rirebulebebi da miRebul monacemebze dayrdnobiT‚ moxerxdes ama Tu im
civilizaciis Rirebulebebsa da maT ganviTarebas Soris kavSiris dadgena. isic
gasagebia‚ rom amgvarad miRebuli daskvnebi pirobiTia.
r. inglharti warmogvidgens RirebulebaTa msoflio mimoxilvas (World
Values Surway), romelic ukve 25 welia tardeba da moicavs 65 sazogadoebaze
mets. am mimoxilvaSi qveynebi lagdeba jer erT RerZze – „gadarCena –
TviTgamoxatva~ da mere ki _ meoreze – „tradiciuli faseulobebi – sekularul-
racionaluri Rirebulebebi~. (Inglehart R. Modernization and Postmodernization:
Cultural, Economic and Political Change in Forty-Three Societies. Princeton
University Press, 1997.)
gararCenis Rirebulebebi – esaa ekonomikuri da fizikuri usafrTxoeba;
materialuri Rirebulebebi, sxvagvarad azrovnebis Seuwynarebloba‚ qsenofobia;
adamianis Tavisuflebebis da uflebebis dabali Sefaseba, mzaoba avtoritarizmis‚
morCilebis‚ mecnierebis da teqnikis mimarT yovlisSemZleobis rwmenis
midrekilebis miRebaze.
TviTgamoxatva‚ piriqiT‚ gulisxmobs pirovnebis maRal Sefasebas,
Tavisuflebas, adamianis uflebebs; aramaterialur Rirebulebebs; warmatebas,
ekonomiiT dafiqrebulobas; sqesTa Tanasworobas. gadarCenis polusTan axlosaa
postkomunisturi aRmosavleTevropuli‚ aseve – aziis da afrikis qveynebi‚
TviTgamoxatvis polusTan ki – dasavleT evropa da inglisurenovani qveynebi.
yvela pirobiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT gadarCenis Rirebulebebi axlosaa Rarib
qveynebTan‚ xolo TviTgamoxatvis Rirebulebebi – mdidrebTan.
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tradiciuli Rirebulebebi – esaa religia; ojaxi, qveyana; mowiweba
xelisuflebis mimarT, absoluturi standartebi; socialuri konformizmi,
Tanxmoba‚ vidre Ria‚ politikuri konfliqtebi.
sekularul-racionaluri Rirebulebebi – racionaluri qceva, warmatebis
miRweva; upiratesobis miniWeba saerTo saxelmwifosaTvis, religiis mcire roli.
meore midgoma gadmocemulia s. Svarcis kvlevebSi (kiTxvari 57 Rirebulebis
dasaxelebiT vrceldeboda maswavleblebsa da studentebs Soris 54 qveyanaSi‚
aRmosavleT evropis 10 qveynis CaTvliT). eyrdnoboda ra Rirebulebebs‚ romlebic
sxvadasxva kulturis religiuri da filosofiuri Sromebis analizisas
gamovlinda‚ man isini blokebad daajgufa motivaciis tipebis mixedviT da
warmoadgina polusebis saxiT sam RerZze: 1) konservatizmi – avtonomia; 2)
ierarqia – Tanabaruflebianoba; 3) ostatoba – harmonia.
konservatizmi moicavs iseT RirebulebaTa areebs‚ rogoricaa usafrTxoeba‚
konformizmi‚ tradiciebi; pirovneba ganixileba mikuTvnebul jgufze
(koleqtivizmi). dafasebulia socialuri wesrigi.
Aavtonomiis SemTxvevaSi yuradRebis centrSia pirovneba‚ romelic iswrafvis
gamoacxados Tavisi Sinagani Tvisebebi da igi amiskenaa waqezebuli. ganasxvaveben
inteleqturalur (damoukideblobas‚ gonebagaxsnilobas‚ gamomgoneblobas) da
afeqtur (siamovnebisken swrafvas‚ gedonizms) avtonomias.
ierarqia varaudobs socialuri pasuxismgeblobis maRal Sefasebas‚ romelic
ierarqiul sistemaSi pirovnebis mniSvnelobiTaa gansazRvrvruli; ierarqiiT
ufrosisaTvis daqvemdebarebas da valdebulebebis Sesrulebas‚ rac Seesabameba
ierarqiis wesebsa da poziciebs; ieraqia xalisuflebis da simdidris ganawilebaSi
uTanasworobis legitimacias axdens.
Tanabaruflebianoba – gulisxmobs imas, rom yvela individi Tanabaria
moralisa da kanonis winaSe‚ romelic dadgenilia saerTo TanxmobiT socialuri
pasuxismgebloba miiRweva sxvaTa uflebebis aRiarebiT‚ aseve – saerTo
SexedulebaTa aTvisebiT samarTlianobis‚ Tavisuflebis‚ Tanasworobis‚ patiosnebis
da valdebulebebis Sesaxeb.
ostatoba – ara ubralod profesionalizmis da codnis maRali Sefasebaa‚
aramed sakuTari da sazogado interesebis aqtiuri cvlilebebisaken swrafvacaa
(ambiciebi‚ warmateba‚ gambedaoba‚ miRwevadoba).
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harmonia niSnavs samyaros aRqmas ise‚ rogoru is aris, swrafvas ufro
SeinarCunos‚ vidre gadaakeTos arsebuli (erTianoba bunebasTan‚ mSvenierebis
maRali Sefaseba).
am kvlevis daskvnebi amgvaria: qveynebi‚ sadac Sefasebebi – avtonomia‚
Tanasworuflebianoba‚ ostatoba – maRalia‚ yvelaze metadaa ganviTarebuli‚ rac
mosalodnelic iyo. da piriqiT‚ qveynebi‚ sadac sWarbobs iseTi Rirebulebebi‚
rogoricaa konservatizmi‚ ierarqia da harmonia – umeteswilad Raribia‚ maTi
ganviTareba siZneleebs awydeba. amgvarad‚ kavSiri Rirebulebebsa da ekonomikis
ganviTarebis Soris‚ am da sxva kvlevebis daskvnebiT‚ SeiZleba damtkicebulad
CaiTvalos‚ Tumca yovelTvis naTeli rodia‚ ra aris mizezi da ra – Sedegi.
yvelaze ufro savaraudoa rogorc erTi‚ ise meore.
rogorc 1992-1994 wlebSi s. Svarcis da a. Bardis (Schwartz S., Bardi A.
Influences of daptation to Communist Rule on Value Priorities in Eastern Europe, _
Political sychology, vol. 18, #2.) mier Catarebulma gamokvlevam gviCvena‚
aRmosavleT evropaSi ierarqiis da konservatizmis Rirebulebebi ufro
mniSvnelovania‚ vidre dasavleT evropaSi. es axsnil iqna komunizmis
memkvidreobiT‚ rasac emateba cxovrebis siviwrove‚ ganpirobebuli ierarqiiT‚ an
pirovnebis da qonebis usafrTxoebis problemebis gamZafreba gardamaval periodSi.
msgavsi Rirebulebebi agreTve Zlieria marTlmadideblur qveynebSi.
Tanamedrove etapze kacobrioba sul ufro metad aRiqvams Tavis Tavs erTian
organizmad. evropa, amerika da azia, sul ufro metad uaxlovdebian erTmaneTs,
TandaTan qmnian erTian kulturas, biznesis saerTo wesebs, qcevis da ganaTlebis
standartebs. am qveynebis xalxebi erTianobasTan erTad inarCuneben sakuTari
kulturis tradiciebs da amasTanave ufro met identificirebas axdenen raRac
axali civilizaciuri erTianobis doneze damkvidrebuli da SemuSavebuli `TamaSis
wesebiT~, romelic saSualebas iZleva Tavisuflad da TviTdajerebulad imoqmedon
planetis TiTqmis nebismier msxvil qalaqSi. saqarTvelos aqvs mravalsaukunovani
gamocdileba sxvadasxva erebis Tanacxovrebisa romlebic qmian ra erTian
socialur organizms aseve inarCuneben Tavis tradiciebs, kulturas, wes-
Cveulebebs da zogierT institutebs. aseTi unikaluri viTareba gansazRvruli
ideologiuri uzrunvelyofis safuZvelze ueWvelad moutans qveyanas warmatebebs
da uzrunvelyofs mis usafrTxoebas.
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daskvna
yvelaze umTavresi daskvna Rirebulebebis TemasTan dakavSirebiT, ufro
zustad ki, Cven mier gamorkveuli masalebidan miRebuli daskvna SemdegSi
gamoixateba: Rirebulebebi yvelasaTvis erTnairad misaRebi unda iyos, anu es iseTi
idealuri fenomenia, romliskenac, aRniSnulis gamo, yvela unda iltvodes.
swored am miswrafebaTa gzaze yvelaze metad dawinaurda evropa da yvelaze
swori da yvelasaTvis misaRebi gzac evropam gakvala, miagno mas, rac Cvenc
wagvadgeba iseve, rogorc mTel kacobriobas. amiT saSualeba gveZleva, Secdomebis
gareSe, ufro swrafad gaviziaroT is evropuli da evroatlantikuri
Rirebulebebi, romlis gareSec Cvens planetaze xangrZlivi mSvidoba da qveynebs
Soris keTilmezobluri urTierToba ver damyardeba da ver SenarCundeba. amitom
kacobriobis warmatebis mTavari sawindari am faseulobebis gavrcelebasa da
damkvidrebaSi Zevs. es aris demokratiis, adamianTa uflebebis da samarTlianobis
Rirebulebebi.