sản xuất rau an toàn

8/8/2019 sn xut rau an ton

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n xut rau an ton cn kin tr v nhng giiphp ng b Nhm bo m an ton v sinh thc phm, sckhe cho ngi dn, TP Thanh Ha tin phong trong vic xy dng cc m hnh trng rau an ton. Song, do nhiu nguyn nhn m vi nm tr li y, m hnh trng rau an ton khng c pht trin, nhn rng...

Din tchtrng rau anton b thu hp

Ai cng hiuc s quantrng ca rautrong khu phn

n hng ngy, nhng hin nay ngi dn thng ctm l lo s mi khi n rau, bi trong qu trnh snxut, ngi trng rau s dng qu nhiu thuc bv thc vt, trong khi thi gian cch ly li khnc bo m, c h thu hoch rau bn sau khi phuthuc. Trc thc trng trn, nm 2003, TP ThanhHa ch o cho 4 x ng Hi, ng Hng, Qun

Sn xut rau an ton x Qung Thng, TP Thanh Ha


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nm 2008, m hnh sn xut RAT y khng cnc duy tr v din tch t sn xut RAT b th

hi xy dng khu ti nh c, phc v cho d pht trin th ca thnh ph. Qung Thng cng lx tiu biu trong vic xy dng m hnh sn xuRAT, nm 2003, x xy dng khu trng RAT rng2 ha, song m hnh ny ch hot ng c mt nmri ng bng do gp kh khn trong qu t canh

tc, hiu qu kinh t em li t vic trng rau so vcc cng vic khc khng cao, nn ngi dn khngcn thit tha. Hin ti trn a bn x ch cn hn 1ha trng rau theo m hnh RAT nhng cha chc n an ton, bi nhng m hnh ny l do ngi dn t pht lm, khng c s qun l cng nh kim nh gv cht lng v an ton trong rau ca bt k cquan chc nng no. Khng ch 2 x ng Hi,Qung Thng m c x ng Hng, x QunThnh hin nay din tch trng RAT cng ang b thuhp v mt dn.

M hnh trng RAT trn a bn thnh ph chac pht trin, nguyn nhn chnh l do qu trnh th ha din ra mnh m, qu t s dng cho s


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xut RAT t m vng trng th manh mn, nh lchia nhiu tha (phn ln din tch ch quy m h

gia nh); h thng knh mng tuy c u tnhng thiu ng b, ch yu phc v canh tc lnc; cha c h thng thy li chuyn bit cho sxut rau mu thc phm. H thng phn phi th chv, cha to c thng hiu, sn phm thu hoch yu l thng li trc tip thu mua nn cha th

to c nim tin v RAT trong tm l ngi tidng. Hn na, cho d c tp hun nhng kithc v k thut trng RAT nhng nhn thc v RAca ngi dn trng rau trn a bn vn cn nhihn ch, khng t h dn sn xut RAT chy thenng sut v li nhun, c c gi l bn, khnquan tm n vic bo v sc khe ngi tiu dn Ngc li, ngay chnh nhng ngi tiu dng vcha c thi quen v c thc trong vic mua vdng RAT, c ngi cn ham rau gi r..., cha thcs tin tng vo RAT... Tt c nhng iu ny v

ang lm nh hng n s pht trin ca m hnsn xut RAT.

Cn kin tr v c nhng gii php ng b


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Trng RAT trn a bn TP phi i mt vi nhiu

kh khn, nhng kh khn ln nht hin nay l TPkhng cn qu t thc hin v pht trin m hntrng RAT. Chnh v vy, mun pht trin v nhnrng m hnh sn xut RAT trc ht chnh quyTP cn phi quy hoch, to c qu t cho ngdn sn xut. T chc xy dng c vng chuy

canh RAT gn vi thng hiu ca cc hp tc xdoanh nghip to nim tin cho ngi tiu dng, cvy RAT mi tm c ch ng trn th trngng thi, cc cp chnh quyn TP cn c c chchnh sch mnh hn na nhm khuyn khch, h trcho ngi dn trng RAT. Ku gi cc nh u tthc hin nhiu d n c quy m ln, to ra phontro trng RAT thc s rm r trong nhn dn. Bncnh , cng cn t chc nhiu lp tp hun v sxut RAT ti cc h nng dn gip h hiu c thno l an ton, nm bt c nhng tiu ch c b

v RAT v cc c im sinh l ca cy rau qua tngiai on pht trin, t bit trng cy khe, b phn cn i v dinh dng, khng bn phn hu ccha qua mc cng nh chn lc chng loi thu


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bo v thc vt, v nht l thi gian cch ly trc kthu hoch c bo m. Bn cnh , cc nh s

xut, phn phi cn thng xuyn lm tt cng ttuyn truyn, qung b, xy dng thng hiu vquy, im bn RAT to thun li cho ngi tidng... Lm tt c nhng iu , TP Thanh Hs c c nhng vng RAT thc s an ton v phtrin.

(baothanhhoa.vn)Th by, 17 Thng 10 2009 07:00

Cung cha cu

Trn a bn thnh ph, hin c hai n v l Chi cc Bo v thc vt v Trung t Nghin cu ng dng KHCN c t cch php nhn t chc chng nhn cht lng. HChi cc Bo v thc vt ang thc hin gim st v chng nhn cht lng vng sn rau an ton ca Cng ty CP Ch bin thc phm Nam Triu. Ngoi ra, cc n v, vnsn xut khc thc hin t gim st ni b v cng b tiu chun cht lng theo qnh, xy dng thng hiu trn th trng.

Sm quy hoch chi tit

vt cht k thut, trang thit b phc v sn xut, ch bin. ng thi, tcc trin khai nhiu m hnh sn xut rau an ton gn vi tiu th sn phnh m hnh khp kn sn xut, s ch, bo qun, ng gi tiu th s phm vi quy m 5 ha, nng sut 90- 100 tn/nm, gi tr 400- 500 triung/ha/nm.

Ton thnh ph hin c 25 khu nh li, nh knh trng rau sch quy m 23.500 m2; 1vng c quy hoch b bao h thng ti tiu tin tin phc v sn xut; 4 c s xy dng nh s ch rau tiu chun an ton, trang b my tnh ni mng theo di ttrng, thng tin khoa hc k thut v sn xut rau.

iu ng quan tm l thc trng din tch manh mn, phn tn, nh l, gy kh khcho cng tc quy hoch, ch o sn xut vng rau an ton din ra lu, song ch


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c khc phc. C s h tng ng, thy li, h thng ti tiu, khu s ch, bothiu, cha ng b. Nhn thc hn ch ca mt s h dn dn n kh khn trong thc hin, tun th bin php k thut sn xut rau an ton, lm dng thuc bo v vt, phn m v c, cha bo m thi gian cch ly. Do vy, yu cu quy hoch chi vng chuyn canh sn xut rau an ton theo hng hng ha vi s lng ln phc v

trng tiu th ni a v xut khu l cn thit v i trc mt bc. Thnh ph qtm, c ch chnh sch khuyn khch, to iu kin cho ngi s dng t dn in, tha, cho thu, chuyn nhng, tch t rung t hnh thnh vng sn xut rau an totp trung, khuyn khch cc doanh nghip lin doanh, lin kt sn xut, ch bin, tiu sn phm rau an ton.

Theo Vn Lng / Bo in tHi Phng

Thi gian qua, mt s ti nghin cu sn xut rau an ton do TP Cn Th phihp vi Trng i hc Cn Th thc hin t kt qu kh quan. Tuy nhin,vic trin khai ng dng nhng kt qu ny ang gp khng t kh khn, do: nhiuim trng rau an ton ri vo vng qui hoch; cha xy dng c mng li tiuth rng ri; rau an ton cha c nhn hiu, cha c giy chng nhn ca cc c quan chc nng to lng tin cho ngi tiu dng. TP Cn Th sp trin khaid n Xy dng m hnh sn xut rau an ton phc v tiu dng ti Cn Thnhm gii quyt nhng vn trn.

Bc khi u hiu qu

Mt h trng rau an ton phng Long Tuyn, qun Bnh Thy, TP Cn Th.

Nhng nm gn y, din tch trng rau mu ca TP Cn Th tng ln theo ch trchuyn i c cu cy trng ca S Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn. Bnh qun, trn 5.000ha rau mu c gieo trng hng v. Tuy nhin, phn ln nng dn canh trau theo phng php truyn thng, lm dng thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV), khng n d lng thuc trong sn phm, thi gian cch ly ca thuc BVTV, phn bTrc tnh trng , nm 2003, chi cc BVTV Cn Th thc hin ti Trin khng dng k thut sn xut v nghin cu kh nng tiu th rau an ton TP Cn Th ti do Ph Gio s, tin s Trn Vn Hai, cn b Khoa Nng nghip v Sinh hc dng, Trng i hc Cn Th, lm ch nhim. y c xem l bc khi u trnghin cu, ng dng tin b k thut vo sn xut rau an ton ti TP Cn Th.

m bo nhng tiu chun v rau an ton, nhm nghin cu iu tra thc trng xut rau ca nng dn ti cc vng trng rau trng im; t , hon thin qui trnh s
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8/25

xut rau an ton da trn nhng k thut ca nng dn, kt hp vi k thut bo v trng t cc kt qu nghin cu. Nhm nghin cu t chc tp hun v chuyn gqui trnh sn xut rau an ton cho nng dn trong vng trng rau; thc hin 62 im trndin cc h dn 6 qun, huyn ca TP Cn Th v tnh Hu Giang. Nhng m hp dng cho cc im trnh din l dng mng ph nng nghip, nh li n gin v

m hnh ng dng tng hp. Kt qu cho thy: nng sut v li nhun ca rung raudng theo qui trnh sn xut rau an ton thng cao hn rung canh tc theo tp qun cnng dn. Tiu biu l m hnh che li trn ci x lch trong ma ma ti phng HnThnh, qun Ci Rng, nng sut cao hn rung khng che li l 8.040kg/ha, li nhucao hn 13,7 triu ng/ha. M hnh trng da leo c mng ph nng nghip nng sucao hn 5.577kg/ha v li nhun cao hn 6,5 triu ng/ha. M hnh u cove c lnhun chnh lch so vi rung bnh thng ln n trn 18 triu ng/ha Rau c xut theo qui trnh k thut rau an ton hn ch c s ln phun thuc BVTV khng thit t 0,5 n 2,44 ln/v ty theo tng loi rau, tng thi v canh tc. Cc loi thuBVTV s dng trn rau an ton thng l thuc tr su sinh hc, gp phn lm sch mtrng, gim nhim v ng c thuc BVTV i vi ngi trc tip sn xut v

th rau.Qua iu tra tnh hnh lu thng rau trn th trng v tp qun tiu th rau ca ngtiu dng, Ph Gio s, tin s Trn Vn Hai, ch nhim ti, nhn xt: 75% ngtiu dng c nhu cu s dng rau an ton bo m an ton v sinh thc phm. Tnhin, rau an ton thng c gi cao hn rau bnh thng nn a phn ngi tiu dng cthu nhp cha cao ngi tm mua rau an ton. Bn cnh , ngi bn rau cn ngi tm raan ton bn v s khng c ngi mua v s bn khng c li. Cn pha ngi tidng khng bit khi mua rau an ton v dng c ng l rau an ton hay khng. V vycn xy dng vng sn xut rau an ton vi s kim tra v gim st ca ngnh chc nntm th trng tiu th rau, xy dng ca hng kinh doanh phn phi rau an ton, t

thng hiu cho rau an ton ti TP Cn Th.Nhng vn cn quan tm

T thnh cng ca ti trn, cc m hnh v k thut sn xut rau an ton ngy cnc nhn rng. Mt s a phng u t xy dng vng sn xut rau an ton nhuyn Phong in, qun Bnh Thy p ng phn no nhu cu rau an ton ca ngtiu dng. Trong , Hp tc x (HTX) sn xut rau an ton Long Tuyn, qun BnThy c xem l mt m hnh hot ng t hiu qu cao so vi cc vng sn xutan ton khc ca TP Cn Th v tm c u mi tiu th sn phm n nh l siuMetro. y l mt m hnh c s phi hp cht ch ca nng dn, nh khoa hc, chnquyn a phng v doanh nghip trong qu trnh sn xut v tiu th rau an ton. HTc 12 thnh vin, vi 5ha chuyn sn xut rau an ton. Bnh qun 1 thng, HTX sn xukhong 3 tn rau, mu cc loi, cung ng cho siu th Metro. i sng v thu nhp cthnh vin HTX lun n nh.

Tuy nhin, nu nhn tng qut th TP Cn Th cha xy dng c nhng vng chuycanh sn xut rau an ton vi qui m v din tch ln. Cc im trng rau an ton cnh l, manh mn v nhiu nguyn do. Mt s im trng rau an ton trc y nh


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phng Hng Thnh (qun Ci Rng), phng An Bnh (qun Ninh Kiu) ri vo vt qui hoch nn nng dn khng dm pht trin m hnh. Mt khc, phn ln cc vtrng rau an ton c thc hin t kinh ph u t ca a phng hoc cc d n xut, rt t nng h t u t kinh ph trng v khng bo m c u ra cho phm. Th trng tiu th rau an ton l mt vn ang c nhiu ngi quan t

Ngoi mt s siu th c uy tn ngi tiu dng yn tm khi chn mua rau an ton, rt ch c u mi tiu th rau an ton v khng c g chng minh vi ngi tiu dng thc s l rau an ton. Do , rt nhiu kin xut l rau an ton cn c ng gc nhn hiu, c bao b, c giy chng nhn ca cc c quan chc nng ngi tidng tin tng. Song song , vic xy dng cc mng li kinh doanh, phn phi rau ton cn c quan tm u t bi c tm c th trng tiu th sn phm, nng dmi yn tm sn xut.

Trc yu cu thc tin, gia nm 2006, d n Xy dng m hnh sn xut rau an to phc v tiu dng ti Cn Th va c UBND thnh ph ph duyt. D kin, tkinh ph thc hin d n trn 887 triu ng; thi gian thc hin d n t nay n h

nm 2007. Thc s Phm Vn Qunh, Ph Gim c S Nng nghip TP Cn Th, chnhim d n, cho bit: D n c thc hin nhm tip tc pht trin nhng vng xut rau an ton huyn Phong in v qun Bnh Thy, p ng nhu cu tiu dng ran ton ngy cng cao. D n s dng qui trnh sn xut rau cht lng cao da trn ti b k thut mi, hin i c Khoa Nng nghip v Sinh hc ng dng, Trnghc Cn Th v Chi cc Bo v Thc vt thnh ph xy dng. Song song vi vic dng m hnh trng rau an ton trong nng dn v m hnh trng rau an ton trong nhli, d n cng s xy dng mt s ca hng tiu th rau an ton mt s ch; cung rau an ton cho cc nh hng, cng ty du lch, h thng cc siu th trn a bn thnh ph. Ngoi ra, d n cng hng ti sn xut mt s rau qu sch t tiu chun xkhu, lin kt vi cc cng ty xut khu rau qu c uy tn, cc siu th gip nng d

tiu th sn phm. y l mt tin vui i vi nng dn sn xut rau an ton v c ngtiu dng.

Bi, nh: CT NG Ngun: Bo in t Cn Th.

Hng i mi cho rau an ton10:04-03/11/2008


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Trong thng 11-2008, Chi cc Bo v thc vt Trung tm T vn v H tr nng nghi(thuc S NN-PTNT TPHCM) s trin khai th im m hnh kinh doanh sp rau an to(RAT) ti 3 ch u mi Bnh in, Hc Mn v Th c. y c xem nh mhng i mi cho vic tiu th RAT ca TPHCM, ng thi gip ngi tiu dng an thn khi la chn sn phm RAT khng c d lng thuc bo v thc vt.Trong thng 11-2008, Chi cc Bo v thc vt Trung tm T vn v H tr nng nghi(thuc S NN-PTNT TPHCM) s trin khai th im m hnh kinh doanh sp rau an to(RAT) ti 3 ch u mi Bnh in, Hc Mn v Th c. y c xem nh mhng i mi cho vic tiu th RAT ca TPHCM, ng thi gip ngi tiu dng an thn khi la chn sn phm RAT khng c d lng thuc bo v thc vt.TPHCM: Nhp hn 70% lng rau tiu thRau an ton ra ch: Hng i mi! Nh ni trn, d kin trong thng 11-2008, m hnh sp RAT s c trin khai tim ti 3 ch u mi. Mc tiu ca m hnh ny l tng bc hng n mt trng cung cp RAT cho ton TP, gip ngi tiu dng an tm khi la chn RAT khngc d lng thuc bo v thc vt, ng thi nng cao hiu lc qun l Nh nc trvic kim sot cht ch d lng cht c trong rau, ngn chn v x l kp thi hnhvi phm cc quy nh v v sinh an ton thc phm (VSATTP).Theo , cc sp RAT phi c giy chng nhn iu kin VSATTP do S Y tTPHCM cp, cng nh c c quan chc nng v ban qun l ch dn logo RAT lsp v trn cc sn phm. Qua nhng t kim tra t xut, nu pht hin cc sp Rkhng t cc iu kin bt buc, giy chng nhn iu kin VSATTP s b thu h

mc tiu th v thc y pht trin RAT.

Ngun: Si Gn gii phng Online

Sp ti rau an ton s c dn logo RAT vng gi trc khi a ra by bn ti cc ch u mi.
http://vca.org.vn/uploaded/2/1098_HuongdiRAT.jpg


11/25

Sau khi tham quan vng sn xut, i din vng sn xut rau an ton ti x An Th, b Trung tm khuyn nng gii thiu cc quy trnh sn xut v mong mun rau an ton c vi nhiu ngi dn thnh ph, c bit l cc bp n tp th, trng hcv qun i

Cng vi vng sn xut rau An Th, ton thnh ph quy vng sn xut tp trung trn ditch 600 ha sn xut rau mu, trong c 200 ha p dng quy trnh sn xut an ton; 56ha c cng b sn phm t tiu chun quy trnh rau an ton v c S Nng nghiv Pht trin nng thn cp giy chng nhn. NTV) Trong thi gian qua, nhng m hnh sn xut rau an ton c ph bin v nhrng nhiu a phng trong tnh, mang li li ch cho ngi tiu dng v ngun rsch v hiu qu kinh t i vi ngi trng rau. Tuy nhin, u ra cho sn phm rauton vn l bi ton kh cha tm c li gii...

Khi rau an ton cha n ngi tiu dng...u l sn phm sch thc s ?

Ch Phm Thu Huyn, mt ngi thng xuync nhu cu mua rau sch cho bit: Ngitiu dng ai cng mun mua c sn phm rausch bo m sc khe gia nh nhng thnh ph khng c ca hng hay siu th no bn rau sch c kim nh. Khi ra ch hay


12/25

cc ca hng ngi bn no cng ni rau c bn l rau sch nhng li khng c dc kin nh. Rau mua vn theo gi rau sch nhng cht lng th ti khng bit c hon ton sch khng? S lo ngi ca ch Huyn cng chnh l ni lo ca khng ngi tiu dng khc trn a bn tnh. V cu hi ti sao rau sch cha n tay ngtiu dng ? , Sn phm rau sch c bo m l sch? hay khng c t ra cho n

qun l cng nh ngi sn xut. Thc t, trn a bn tnh Bc Ninh, cha c ca hng hay siu th no bn rau sch Ngi tiu dng d bit n nhng li ch ca rau sch cng khng bit mua u, cng l iu d hiu. Vn kh khn na trong vic sn phm rau sch cha n vi ngi tiu dng l do kinh doanh R.A.T l lnh vc kh, trng rau mang li gi tr canhng cng d bin ng, ri ro. Mt khc, mun rau sch bo m sch, i hi qun l, cc doanh nghip v nng dn phi bt tay vi nhau. ng thi to s hi hc li ch gia doanh nghip v nng dn. V trn thc t khng ai c th qun l vic dng thuc tr su ca nng dn, vic ni qun l c ngi nng dn khng dthuc tr su c hi, khng dng thuc ngoi danh mc s kh thc hin.

Hin nay, sau hn 4 nm trin khai d n v trng R.A.T trn a bn tnh nhng ch c91,4 ha din tch trng rau an ton v 3 c s c cp giy chng nhn sn xut sch.

...ngi sn xut ph snv gn 1 so c rt ca gia nh anh s c tng thu nhp hn 5 triu ng th mi c nhun. Tuy nhin, anh Hon tm s cha bao gi cc t thng chp nhn mua s phm rau ca gia nh anh theo gi ca rau sch m vn b nh ng nh nng sn ccc h trng rau khc a phng.

S tht bi ca m hnh rau sch thc s l iuxt xa i vi nhng ngi tm huyt vi d nsn xut rau sch Bc Ninh.Vy, lm g rausch c ch ng trn th trng, din tch cm rng nng cao hiu qu kinh t cho nginng dn, m bo sc khe cho ngi tiu dngvn cn tm li gii ph hp!

B Trung

K thut canh tc cy

t1-Ging t cay F1 s 20 ca cng ty c phnGing cy trng min Nam. 2-Cng ty Trang


13/25

nng gm c cc ging: t ch thin s tThi lan, t ch thin (F1) TN16 Hn quc. t(ch a) Chi li Trang nng (F1) Hn quc.Ging (ch a) TN48 (F1), TN49 (F1) (ch a),TN65 (F1) (ch a).


14/25

K thut trng t tri ma[20 - Apr - 2004 :::minhquan]

t (Capsicum annum) l loi rau rt c gi Indonesia. Cho n nay,vic trng t Indonesia vn theo ma, cho nn sn lng v gi c bdao ng r rt trong nm.

Ni chung, Indonesia thng trng t vo u ma kh. Sn lng h thp voma ma. Nhm ko di ma v thu hoch v bnh n gi c, mt h thng trng ttri ma c trin khai, bng cch s dng plastic en ph t.

Kh nng thch ng k thut

K thut ny s thch ng vi mi din tch rung, t nh n ln.

Li th k thutSn lng t v gi c s n nh sut nm, thay v dao ng gia tha v thiu,nng dn c c ngun thu nhp thm trong ma kh.

[http://agriviet.com]>K thutHt gingHt ging phi chn gi, sch, u nhau v khng b su bnh. Nhng qu ging chn phi c mu

Nhng yu cu chm bn

t phi xp, d thot nc v giu cht hu c, khng c qu nhiu hm lng st. pH 5,5-6,8. Lng nc va , phi c rnh thot nc tt

Cy gingt m cy ging l t trn phn, vi t l 1:1. Cy ging m trong cc ti nhhay trn cc lung t c lm k.
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t lung phi c don sch c, rc ri, v sau c cy ba k

Cy ging l cy a sng, nhng phi c che bng gin c khung , trnh nh sntrc s. Khung rng t 1-2m v cao 40-50cm. c ph bng rm r hay vt litng t. Cc mt xung quanh ng to s thng thong cho lung trn

Cy ging cn c ti nc hng ngy, hoc khi cn thit. Khi cy ging c 25ngy tui c th em ra trng c.

Lm t

t cn c dn sch v cy ba. Nu pH t thp, th bn thm dolomite hay v Nu t rt chua, th bn khong 2tn/ha dolomite, phi hp vi phn trn compost ch phm phn bn c bn. Phn bn c bn cn dng l ur trn ln vi ph(300kg/ha), SP36 (250-300kg/ha), v KCl (Kaliclorua) (250kg/ha). Cn phi lm lungcao trc khi trng cy ging. Lung thng rng 120cm, rnh gia lung rng 40cm

su 20cm quanh lung.Ph plastic en:

Khong 12 cun/ha. Plastic c mu nh bc mt trn v mu en mt di (Mt bc s phn chiu nh nng mt tri v xua ui cn trng, mt ti bn di s lmc khng mc c).

Plastic c ri vo bui tra khi nh nng mt tri bt u gay gt. nng s lmgin cht nha cho nn n d b do. Plastic nn c cng u trn mt lung vi mnh bc hng ln trn.

Mp plastic c ko thp xung cc b lung v c buc cht vo v tr bng cctre. Chng di khong 40cm, c ung cong mt na v c cm xung t gi cc cnh cch nhau 50cm. Trn mt plastic tr cc l ch thp ti nhng v tr trng c cho cy c th tng trng.

Trng trtMi lung trng thnh 2 hng. Cc cy cch nhau 50cm v cc hng cch nhau 70cmTrng t vo bui sng sm hay lc hong hn.

Bo vCy ging b cht hay su bnh th cn c thay th. Nc ti c bm vo cho tgc cy.

Phng tr su bnh:Tr rui hi qu bng by b eugenol methyl. Cc loi gy hi v dch bnh u c kim sot bng vic phun cc loi thuc bo v thc vt thch h

Thu hoch v sau thu hoch


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Sau 60-70 ngy, la t u tin c th thu hoch. n thi gian ny, chng s bithnh mu ti.

Vic bao gi cho vn chuyn cn phi to nhng l thong kh. C th dng loi ti l Ni bo qun phi kh ro v thong mt.

Rau mu

K thut trg u a[30 -

U ATn khoa hc: Vigna sesquipedalis FruwirthVigna sinensis spp.Dolichos sesquipedalis L.H u: Leguminosae, Fabaceae

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ThS. Trn Th BaB mn Khoa Hc Cy TrngKhoa Nng Nghip & Sinh hc ng dng, Trng HCT
http://agriviet.com/news/37-rau-mau/http://agriviet.com/http://agriviet.com/nd/417-ky-thuat-trong-dau-dua/#http://agriviet.com/home/showthread.php?t=1799http://agriviet.com/news/37-rau-mau/http://agriviet.com/


17/25

1. GII THIU

u a bt ngun t mt trong ba loi ph ca u cowpea (Vigna unquiculata) ctrng nhiu Trung Quc; vng ng Nam Chu nh Thi Lan, Philippines; NamChu nh Bangladesh, n , Pakistan, Indonesia v m rng sang Chu Phi.

u a l loi rau ph bin th trng Chu , nhu cu ca th trng nc ngtrong nhng nm gn y l tiu th tri ti v ng lnh. Phm cht tri da trn msc v chiu di tri. Tuy nhin, yu cu nhp khu u a rt thay i ty mi ttrng. Dng tri cc di, mu xanh nht hu ht c chp nhn Thi Lan v HKng trong khi Brunei th thch tri ngn, mu xanh m v c nhiu tri/kg. u xukhu sang Chu u v Canada th thch tri di trung bnh, mu xanh nht.

2. C TNH SINH HC

Cy thn tho hng nm, h thng r pht trin tt.

Thn b, leo qun, c gc cnh, khng lng, mt thn thng c mu tm.

L kp 3 l ph vi cung di, l mc xen k, mt l t lng t.

Pht hoa mc nch l, hoa mu vng hay xanh l mc thnh chm nh. Trng hoa c5 cnh ri, nhy c gm 9 dnh + 1 ri, bu non vi 12 - 21 non. Hoa lng tnh, tth phn cho bi cn trng rt thp trong iu kin kh hu kh, nhng trong iu km t t l ny c th tng n 40%.

Tri di 30 - 120 cm, tri non thng, lng, mm; tri gi co tht li. tri cha 10 - 30 h

Tri ti c gi tr dinh dng tng i cao, giu protein, cht bt ng v vitamin AHt hnh qu thn, mu sc v kch thc thay i.

Sau khi ny mm cy tng trng nhanh, ra hoa 35 ngy sau khi gieo v bt u cho thhoch tri ti 2 tun sau khi hoa n. Ty theo s tng trng v cng thu hi, cyhoa, kt tri ko di 1.5 - 2 thng v cy tn 3 - 4 thng sau khi trng.

u a thch kh hu nng, nhit ban ngy thch hp l 25 - 35oC v nhit banm khng di 15oC. u a phn ng vi di ngy khng r rt nhng thin vcy ngy ngn. u mc tt vng ng bng v ni c cao trung bnh, cao c

> 700 m s ra hoa ca u b hn ch nht l vo ma c thi tit lnh.u a chu hn gii ng thi tng trng tt trong ma ma m cao, ni c lng 1500 - 2000 mm. Nhu cu nc c v l 6 - 8 mm/ngy. Trng trong ma nng ti u mc tt nh trong ma ma.

u trng c trn mi loi t , thch hp trn t nhiu hu c, pH t 5,5 - 6.


18/25

3. GING

C 2 nhm ging l u ln v u leo.

3.1. u ln: cy cao 50 - 70 cm, tri ngn 30 - 35 cm, tht tri chc, n ngon, sai tri, thu

hoch tp trung. u ln thu t la, thi gian sinh trng ngn 70 - 75 ngy, nng suthp hn u leo.

3.2. u leo: c rt nhiu ging nh ging u ht trng, ht , ht trng , ht ht trng en. Thn sinh trng v hn, canh tc phi lm gin, tri di 40 - 70 cm tging, mu tri thay i t xanh nht (ging ht trng) n xanh rt m (ging ht Cc ging cn phn bit bi sc t tm ui tri. Nng sut, phm cht tri, kh nthch nghi iu hin thi tit ca cc ging rt cng khc nhau. Ging ht trng cho tht dy, n ngon, nng sut cao v thng trng trong ma nng. Ging ht v ht cho tri tht mng, n gin, thch hp canh tc trong ma ma. u leo cho nng sut t18 -25 tn/ha. Hin nay cc Cng Ty Ging c nhiu ging cao sn qua tuyn la

thch hp canh tc cho cc ma khc nhau v cho tri p ng yu cu thng phm.4. K THUT CANH TC

4.1. Thi v

u a trng quanh nm nh c nhiu ging. V ng Xun gieo thng 11 - 12 dl, vXun H gieo thng 2 - 3 dl, v H Thu gieo thng 5 - 6 dl v v Thu ng gieo thng 8- 9 dl.

4.2. Cch trng

Chn t cao, thot nc tt, lm sch c, bn 1 tn vi/ha, cy xi k v phi i 7 -ngy. Nhng ni t thp phi ln lung cao 15 - 20 cm.

i vi u leo gieo ht khong cch 1.2 x 0.40 m, mi l 2 cy.

i vi u ln gieo ht khong cch 50 x 30 cm, mi l 2 cy.

Ma ma t nng nn gieo tha d chm sc v thu hi. Ma nng nn gieo dy tc nng sut cao.

Kh t vi Basudin v Kitazin ht trc khi gieo.Lng ging gieo 18 - 20 kg ht /ha (u leo) v 30 - 40 kg ht (dng ln).

4.3. Bn phn:


19/25

Lng phn bn ty theo iu kin dinh dng c sn trong t v nhu cu ca cy qtng giai on sinh trng. u a cho nng sut cao hn u cove nn thng blng phn cao hn. Cng thc phn thng dng cho u a l:

N: 180 - 250 kg/ha

P2 O5: 150 - 200 kg/ha

K2O : 80 - 120 kg /ha

Da vo cng thc trn c th bn cho 1 : 1 tn phn 16-16-8, 100 - 150 kg Ur, 50 kgDAP v 50 kg KCl hoc 400 - 450 kg Ur, 800 - 1.000 kg super ln, 150 - 200 kg KCl,20 - 25 tn phn chung v 1-2 tn tro tru.

Sau y l mt v d v thi im, loi phn v liu lng bn cho 1 ha:

Loi phn Tngs Bn lt Ti thcBn thc 2ln Bn nui tri

Vi (tn) 1 1Phn chung (tn) 20 2016-16-8 (kg) 1.000 300 400 300Ur (kg) 100 100DAP (kg) 50 50KCl (kg) 50 50

Bn thc ln 1: lm c v nh rnh mt bn hng u, bn phn NPK ri vun mp l phn v gi m gc.

Bn thc ln 2: lm c v nh rnh bn pha i din, bn phn NPK v vun mp cli.

Trong thi gian thu hoch tri ti, ti dm phn m v kali 10 ngy/ln ko dthi gian thu tri v tri u c tt.

Cc khu chm sc khc thc hin nh canh tc u cove.

5. THU HOCH

u ln cho thu hoch 40 - 45 ngy v u leo cho thu hoch 45 - 50 ngy sau khi gie Nng sut la u rt thp, khong 150 - 200 kg/ha. La th 4 - 5 thu r, cch ngy thuln, mi ln thu khong 1 -1.5 tn/ha. u cho thu hoch ko di 30 - 40 ngy vi 12 -la. Khi thu dng dao ct hay dng tay vn nh tri, khng git mnh lm rng n hcc la sau.


20/25

Rau an ton nhng sn phm rau ti bao gm tt c cc loi rau n c, thn, l,hoa, qu c cht lng ng vi c tnh ging ca chng, hm lng cc ho chtc v mc nhim cc sinh vt gy hi di mc mc tiu chun cho php, anton cho ngi tiu dng v mi trng.

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Vit Nam hin c gn 400.000ha trng rau, sn lng t gn 6 triu tn/nm vi nhiu loi rau, u ni v nhit i nh: c chua, ci bp, su ho, sp l, da chut, hnh ty, u ngt, Sn xut rau phi tr thnh mt ngh nhng vng chuyn canh rau, tng thu nhp, ci thin ch ddng cho ngi lao ng, gp phn ci thin mi trng, mi sinh. Nhim v ngi sn xut rau l khngng trau di nng cao s hiu bit v nm vng quy lut sinh trng, pht trin ca cy rau, p dng bin php k thut tin tin khng ngng nng cao nng sut, cht lng rau. m bo thnh phn ddng ch yu trong tng loi rau. c bit phi thc hin quy trnh sn xut rau sch mt cch tri

Ngy nay, ngi tiu dng quan tm nhiu n s an ton ca thc phm bi s tn d mt s cht hi trong cy rau nh: cc ha cht bo v thc vt, d lng nitrat, kim loi nng, vi sinh vt c hi,Theo Quyt nh s 67 - 1998/Q - BNN - KHCN ngy 28/4/1998v sn xut rau an ton ca B Nngnghip v PTNT th rau an ton c khi nim nh sau: nhng sn phm rau ti bao gm tt c cloi rau n c, thn, l, hoa, qu c cht lng ng vi c tnh ging ca chng, hm lng cc ho cc v mc nhim cc sinh vt gy hi di mc mc tiu chun cho php, an ton cho ngi tdng v mi trng th c coi l m bo an ton v sinh thc phm, gi tt l rau an ton. Rau an to phi p ng c cc yu cu sau:- Sch, an ton v cht lng: Khi sn phm rau khng cha cc d lng di y vt ngng cho p+ Thuc bo v thc vt+ Hm lng nitrat+ Kim loi nng+ Vi sinh vt gy hi

Trong mc an ton v cht lng thc phm l quan trng nht.

TNH HNH SN XUT, TIU TH RAU AN TON VIT NAM

Trong nhng nm qua, qu trnh th ha lm din tch t nng nghip b thu hp vi tc rnhanh. Do , vic sn xut nng nghip ca nng dn cc vng ny ngy cng kh khn. ng trthch thc ny i hi h phi vn ng thay i hot ng sn xut nh chuyn dn mt phn laotrong nng h sang tham gia hot ng phi nng nghip, chuyn mn ha cc loi cy c sn (cy n qucy cnh) hay chuyn t sn xut rau truyn thng sang sn xut rau an ton. i cng vi qu trnh thi hnh thi canh tc l s thay i v t chc sn xut nh s ra i ca cc nhm, hp tc x chuyngnh kiu mi, cng ty trch nhim hu hn chuyn sn xut v phn phi rau an ton Tuy nhin, vi mi a phng cng c nhng c th ring v pht trin ngh trng rau an ton.

Theo s liu ca Tng cc thng k, din tch trng rau c nc n nm 2005 l 644 nghn ha, nng st 150 t/ha v sn lng trn 9,5 triu tn. hnh thnh nn cc vng chuyn canh rau ln ng bsng Hng, ng bng Sng cu Long v ng Nam B. Pht trin ngh trng rau khng nhng gii quytt vic lm cho lc lng lao ng nng thn, chuyn dch c cu cy trng m cn nng cao thu nhp cngi sn xut rau cc vng sn xut thm canh.So vi tng din tch v sn lng rau hng nm ni chung, rau an ton hin nay chim cha ti 10%. Ncu i vi rau an ton v kh nng sn xut rau an ton l rt ln. Ni ng hn, v lu di, trn th tr
http://agriviet.com/http://agriviet.com/


21/25

ch c php cung ng v tiu th rau an ton, tt c din tch trng rau cn phi chuyn sang sn xutan ton.

Trong sn xut rau an ton p dng bin php ti nh git, ti thm dn nc bng ng nha. Cchny khng ch hiu qu i vi vng thiu nc m u nu p dng cng gp phn hn ch su bnhdo gim m xung quanh cy trng. S dng nh li dng v m cy con trong canh tc rau l x

th pht trin mnh. Cc bin php d n l hay ng b cng u nm trong khuyn co ca quy trsn xut rau an ton trong nh li vi 2 dng:- Sn xut rau trong nh li khng s dng cc ho cht, ch s dng nng dc hu c- Sn xut trong nh li c s dng hn ch cc ho cht bo v thc vt v phn khon

Mt s m hnh sn xut rau an ton trong nh c mi che ti Mc Chu, tnh Sn La em li hiu qukinh t rt cao, cung cp mt phn rau sch cho th trng H Ni

m Ph M hng n th trng mi Theo thng k ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, c nc hin c trn 1,4 triu ha rau, qu cthu hoch trn 6,5 tn triu tri cy, 9,6 triu tn rau vi tim nng rt ln v xut khTuy nhin, do thc trng sn xut v tiu th rau qu Vit Nam vn quy m nh l, th cng trong hoch, ch bin, tiu th. So vi mc tiu t kim ngch xut khu 1 t USD vo nm 2010 ca "Ch

trnh pht trin rau qu v hoa cy cnh thi k 1999- 2010" th n nm 2006 chng ta mi xut khc hn 260 triu USD, t 30% k hoch. Mc d c nhng m hnh sn xut rau, hoa qu cho nhp 400-500 triu ng/ha nhng cho ti nay, nhn thc v v tr, vai tr v li ch ca vic pht trin xut v xut khu rau, hoa, qu nhiu cp chnh quyn v doanh nghip cn hn ch, ch tp trung nvo quy hoch t cho pht trin cng nghip v th, hoc quy hoch t cho cy lng thc v cy cnghip m cha c quy hoch c th cho pht trin sn xut rau, hoa, qu, nht l khu nng nghip cngh cao to t ph cho sn xut rau, hoa, qu xut khu. Hu ht cc a phng u cha c hoch c th to thun li cho vic tch t t, lp trang tri to ra c cc vng sn xut ln, tpchuyn canh cho rau, hoa, qu, sn xut hng ho, to sn lng ln n nh, cht lng cao... p ng cu th trng cho xut khu. Quy m nh l, cha thnh sn xut hng ha. Cho ti nay, sn xut cngi nng dn vn ch yu theo kinh nghim v phng php truyn thng, da ch yu vo khai thcth t nhin, theo ma v nn vo thi k cao im ca cc ma v ( ma ng vi rau, ma h vi quth lng hng ho tp trung qu cao, khng tiu th nhanh th thua l nng, nhng tri v th hu nhkhng c, khng to c sn lng ln, n nh cho xut khu. Sn xut ch yu vn theo quy mgia nh, vi mi h t 200 - 300 m2 cho rau, 1.000 m2 cho hoa hoc qu. Quy m sn xut qu nh bkhin cho sn lng hng ha khng nhiu (quy m sn xut ca Thi Lan l 5-10 ha/h, cn ca Austral 40-50 ha/h). H tng c s cho sn xut rau, hoa, qu va yu, thiu, li khng ng b, thng phdng chung vi sn xut cy lng thc v cy cng nghip nn rt kh m bo cht lng v v sinhton thc phm. Li thm vic t chc hot ng xut khu ca hu ht cc doanh nghip trong lnh rau, hoa, qu cn thiu tnh chuyn nghip. Cha c n v no t chc kinh doanh sn xut, xut khu bn, chnh qui theo cc qui trnh tin tin t canh tc n thu hi, chn la, phn loi, ng gi bao b, lkho bo qun lnh, dng sinh, vn chuyn, giao hng n tay ngi mua nc ngoi m bo cht lv v sinh an ton thc phm nh Cng ty lin doanh ca H Lan-Indonesia HATSFARM Lt hinnay. a phn cc doanh nghip xut khu rau, hoa, qu khng gn c thng hiu ca doanh nghipsn phm. Khng c thng hiu ring cng khin rau qu Vit Nam khng to c ch ng trn trng. V vy, d c mt th trng 50 nc nhng kim ngch xut khu rau qu ca chng ta khc nh mong i m l s tri st tht thng theo din bin th trng. Bt u tho g t vng nguliu.Theo nhn nh ca nhiu chuyn gia, vn ln nht hin nay l c nc hin thiu mt chng tng b c mc tiu v pht trin sn xut v xut khu rau, hoa, qu ca Vit Nam. Cng tc quy hocha c quan tm ng mc v t chc thc hin cn nhiu bt cp nn nhiu quy hoch din tch trrau, hoa, qu tr thnh quy hoch treo; mt s nh my ch bin c xy dng xong nhng thinguyn liu hoc c nguyn liu nhng khng m bo cc yu cu v cht lng cho ch bin xut khCc trng Cc Trng trt (B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn) Nguyn Tr Ngc tha nhn: "Try, khi xy dng chng trnh xut khu rau qu, do cha tnh n yu t Vit Nam s gia nhp WTnn c nhiu ch tiu khng st". Trong khi , ngun vn u t xy dng c s h tng cho pht trin s
http://www.dpm.vn/tabID/117/default.aspx?ArticleID=223&CategoryID=5http://www.dpm.vn/tabID/117/default.aspx?ArticleID=223&CategoryID=5


22/25

xut rau, hoa, qu cha tha ng so vi cy la, ch, c ph, ma..., nhng h tr ca Nh nc cho rahoa, qu cn rt thp mc d thu nhp ca rau, hoa, qu c thc t chng minh l vt trHin nay, Vit Nam c cng ngh sn xut rau an ton bng cng ngh cao khng dng t. y cng ngh sn xut rau an ton ca M c nh khoa hc Vit Nam nghin cu v pht trin n- PGS.TS. H Hu An, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni. Cng ngh ny hon ton mi m bi khgieo ht v trng rau hon ton khng dng t m trn cc gi th sn c nh hp xp, gi nha, Ph

bn c s dng trn 10 nguyn t a vi lng cn thit cho s sinh trng ca cy rau c phn tkim chng trn c s khoa hc. Ngun nc ti ly t ging hoc ti nc sch c cung cp t lc cy con n mi giai on sinh trng, pht trin ca tng cy rau. H thng ti nh git ctr t ng hoc bn t ng di dng dung dch theo thi gian v lu lng cy c th ht trc tmt cch ng u v tit kim c bit vi vng hn hn. Cng ngh ny m bo c an tocao c v mt cht lng cng nh hnh thc v c nhiu ngi a chung.

H thng cng ngh cao cng gip t ng ha iu chnh trong nhiu khu khc nh nh sng, bc xnhit, bo m cht dinh dng, ngun nc, cc cy ging m trong nh knh. Nh vy, cy ging trnh knh c kh nng em li nng sut rt cao, c bit l cc sn phm thu c rt sch. V d: Dchut c th t nng sut khong 250 tn/ha so vi mc bnh thng trng ngoi l 70 - 80 tn/ha. Tvy, nng sut ca da chut vn cha phi l cao so vi th gii bi v ti Philippines, da chut sn trong nh knh c th t 300 - 400 tn/ha, Australia cn ln ti 500 - 600 tn/ha. L do n gin l ikin kh hu ca Vit Nam khng c thun li v c m cao.Pht trin ngh trng rau an ton tvic t chc xy dng ngnh sn xut RAT thnh mt ngnh sn xut ring, c v tr nht nh trong nsn xut nng nghip. Sn xut rau an ton phi thc s tr thnh mt ngh nhng vng chuyn canh c gi tr hng ho cao, c thng hiu trn th trng.

Pht trin ngh trng rau an ton nhm pht huy nhng thun li v t nhin, kinh t, x hi mi vng. bit phi ch n cc vng trng im, nhng vng c din tch ln v tp trung khi lng sn phln, chng loi rau phong ph, a dng, ph bin kinh nghim ca nhng ngi trng rau gii, giao ththun tin, bo qun v ch bin rau. Sn phm rau an ton c th trng tiu th n nh, p ng vi cu ngy cng cao ca ngi tiu dng trong v ngoi nc. H tr doanh nghip xut khu rau qu ac coi l vn ct li c tng thu nhp, tng cht lng ca rau, qu Vit Nam.

Ths. c Hng , SOLATE


23/25

Cch trng u c ve

c im sinh hc

- u c ve ln, cn gi l u xanh. Qu mu xanh, ht nu, cy ln khng leo.n qu xanh c th gi n ht. Qu n khng ngon bng u vng. Tnhchng chu kh hn u vng.

- u c ve ln u thuc nhm u ln. Cy c dng bi, cao 30-40cm. Cy ckh nng to nhnh mc trung bnh. Thn mnh, c lng, c th vn di nh

mt dy leo. Trong trng hp vn di, nng sut b gim r rt. Yu cu sinh thi

Nhit thch hp sinh trng l 12-20oC. V vy, ch trng v ng xunmi c nng sut cao. Tuy nhin, u vng khng chu c gi lnh di 10oC.

u cve thuc loi a ngn ngy. Thi gian chiu sng 8-10gi/ ngy l thchhp.

u cve c b r n nng, li t r ph. Do chng yu cu t lun c gi

m. m t 65% l thch hp. Vt qu 80% cy d b bnh. Thi k ra hoacn m nhiu.

m khng kh thp c th gy ra hin tng rng hoa, rng qu v nhiu hintng khc thng lm mt gi tr thng phm.

- u c ve a cc loi t nh, c ph vao. t cn ti xp, d thot nc.

K thut gieo trng v thi v

Thi v: C 3 v gieo trng:

V sm: gieo t thng 8 n thng 9.

V chnh gieo t thng chn n ht thng11.

V mun: geo t thng 12 n ht thng 1 nm sau.

K thut trng


24/25

- Lm t v bn lt, gieo ht: t c lm k p nh u nhanh bn r.

Lung c b mt rng 0,9-1m. V sm cn ch ln lung cao v dc thotnc.

Bn lt cho 1 ha u vng trng thun cn.8-10 tn phn chung tht hoai mc

100-125 kg phn ln

25-35 kg phn kali

25 kg phn m ur

Cc loi phn ln v kali c trn vi phn chung trc khi bn. Ring phn

m lc trng u mi trn ln vi phn chung hoai bn hoc rc ln b mtrch ri o sau. Phn lt c bn theo rch. Dng cuc rch thnh tng hngtrn lung, su 10-12cm lp t ph kn phn ri tra ht ln trn.

Hng c rch cch nhau 30-40 cm. Cy trn hng cch nhau 10-15cm. Htc t vo cc hc, mi hc tra 2-3 ht. Tra xong ly tay xoa t lp kn ht.Mi hec ta gieo 80kg ht ging.

K thut chm sc

Sau khi gieo ht khng nn ti nguyn nhn nc m lm ht ht no nc

qu mnh, trng ln lm rch v o, ht d b trm. Tt nht l trc khi gieonn ti nc lng qua trn mt lung nu t b kh m bo m choht, sau mi gieo ht. Trng hp s t thy mt tay th khng cn ti ncln lung.

Khi u c 2-3 l tht th no c, xi t v vun nh vo gc.

Khi u cao 20 cm th xi mt lung, thu nht c v vun cao gc.

Sau mi trn ma, mt lung b ng vng, nht thit phi xi xo li, nhng cni kh t mi c tin hnh xi. Nu xi khi t cn t c th lm thng

tn r v gc cy, to iu kin cho nm v vi khun xm nhp vo gy bnh. c bit l bnh cht vng. Cy u c l vng, a ri cht.

Bn thc cho u vng c tin hnh 3 ln;

Ln th nht khi cy c 4-5 l tht, ch bn nh.

Ln th hai khi cy 7-8 l tht.


25/25

Ln th ba khi n sp n.

Hai ln sau bn thc phn m hn. Phn dng bn thc l phn m. Dng60kg ur bn cho 1 ha cho c ba ln. C th thay th phn m bng 7-8 tnphn ngm bn thc.

Bin php chn ging v gi ging:

Mun chn ging u cve, cn chn nhng rung tt, khng b su bnh hi nhng v chnh. Chn ly nhng qu la u lm ging, hi sm nhng qu lasau tp trung cht dinh dng nui qu ging.Khi qu ging gi, hi v nguyn c v phi tht kh. Trc khi phichn k loi qu xu, qu d hnh, qu b su bnh. Sau phi kh: Ri htln nong nia phi thm 1-2 nng nh cho ht tht kh ri em bo qun nithong mt trng v sau.

sản xuất rau an toàn

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