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Q2Identify which figurative language appears in each excerpt of Kaeru’s letter, then rewrite

each excerpt using the figurative language described below.

Q1 Match the definition to the example of Kaeru’s figurative language.

Figurative language is language that goes beyond the literal definition of words. Help Kaeru, a peasant from Edo Period Japan, compose a letter asking for help from his

Emperor.

4

Metaphor The people of my village are like the toothless wolf; hungry and incapable of feeding themselves.

Idiom It is in this hour of need that we are the humble seed, reliant on your will and care.

Simile We ask you because your honour is 100 times that of the normal man, if not 1000!

Alliteration Let the seeds you send us grow luminous smiles! Let the water you send us find happiness on our fields!

Hyperbole Your loyal, loving, land-growers ask little of your limitless lion heart, my lord.

Personification With a wheeze of our lungs and rumble of our stomachs do we awaken each day.

Onomatopoeia I must get down to brass tacks my lord; our lives rest on your decision. Without your help we may all end up kicking the bucket.

On the night of the full moon, we felt the ground rumble and boom. Ten bandits rode into our village on great stallions. With a crackle and whoosh they put the yearly harvest to the flame. Our stocks of rice sizzled and popped to a crisp and there was nothing we could do.

What figurative language did Kaeru use?

Rewrite this excerpt using alliteration.SAMPLE

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In the year before, our lake would wave to us with gentle, blue fingers; greeting us each morning with a cool embrace. But before we knew it, the lake turned its back on us, disappearing without even saying goodbye.

Please, my lord, listen to our plight. You are like the stoic owl, wise and ever-watching. You are like the proud lion, dutiful and noble. You are like the rising sun on the waves of the ocean, glorious and incandescent. If it be your will, my lord, send aid.

What figurative language did Kaeru use?

Rewrite this excerpt using hyperbole.

What figurative language did Kaeru use?

Rewrite this excerpt using metaphor.

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Q1Listed below is a topic, figurative language device, and a desired meaning. Write a short

passage about the topic using the figurative language device to create the desired

meaning.

Figurative language is a great way to create meaning in your writing. Help Usagi the samurai compose a song boasting of his adventures to his beloved

wife.

6

• Topic: Usagi met a band of Buddhist monks on his adventures.

• Figurative language: Metaphor.

• Desired meaning: The monks were the wisest men he had ever met.

• Topic: In the middle of the night, Usagi saw a tiger watching him from the shadows.

• Figurative language: Personification.

• Desired meaning: The tiger was an intelligent and fierce creature.

• Topic: Usagi journeyed on a fishing boat into the eye of a storm.

• Figurative language: Onomatopoeia.

• Desired meaning: The storm was more powerful than anything he had ever seen.

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Q2Usagi wants to include lyrics about his wife, Kame, in his song. Use the narrative device

written below to create a short passage that either exaggerates or understates an aspect

of Kame (depending on whether it is positive or negative).

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• Aspect: Kame has a very large nose.

• Figurative language: Idiom.

• Aspect: Kame is exceptionally good at martial arts.

• Figurative language: Alliteration.

• Aspect: Kame placed third in her village’s singing contest.

• Figurative language: Simile.

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Q1Read the excerpts below, then circle which figurative language technique would best

improve them. Rewrite the excerpt using that figurative language technique.

Figurative language can be used to make literal writing more engaging by evoking

imaginative imagery. Help the Emperor Orizuru to better express himself for his

important edict.

8

I am the Emperor. The nation we live in is finally at peace. There have been many long wars. We are tired, but now we have time to rest and grow strong again.

Metaphor Simile Idiom

I am appointing a new Shogun, Sakana, to serve as the central military commander for our nation. He is a strong and intelligent man. I am certain that he will be a good leader and ensure peace.

Hyperbole Onomatopoeia Alliteration

From now on, we should aim to make peace wherever we can. It is important there is peace in our nation. But of course, we must keep a strong military force to combat any threat to our nation’s peace.

Personification Simile HyperboleSAMPLE

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Q2Circle any three figurative language techniques, and rewrite the passage below using all

three techniques.

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The main focus of all samurai will be to bring art and culture back to our nation. Not only will samurai be expected to perfect the art of swordsmanship, but they will also be expected to be able to paint, play an instrument, conduct religious rituals, and study the world around us. Although they were once warriors in our army, and we thank them for their duty, it is important that since there is now peace, that these loyal men continue to serve our nation. It is honourable for these men to pursue art and culture.

Furthermore, we will endeavour to send more support to our farmers and fishermen. They are important to our nation and provide food for us all to eat. Without them, we would starve. Samurai will be posted to villages across the nation to prevent bandit attacks, new irrigation systems will be implemented to provide water to villages that have suffered from drought and seeds will be sent to every village to help restock their supplies for the coming season.

Metaphor Idiom Simile Onomatopoeia Alliteration Hyperbole Personification

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Purpose of Lesson:To enhances students’ understanding of figurative language by showing them how effective it

can be at improving passages of writing.

General Capabilities: Literacy

Learning Areas: English, Humanities and Social Sciences

Subject: English

Australian Curriculum Aligned Codes:

ACELY1733, ACDSEH012

Common Curriculum Elements:• Interpreting the meaning of words or other symbols (α4)

• Translating from one form to another (α7)

• Structuring/organising extended written text (β21)

• Interrelating ideas/themes/issues (β31)

• Using correct spelling, punctuation, grammar (π9)

• Using vocabulary appropriate to a context (π10)

• Summarising/condensing written text (π11)

• Creating/composing/devising (π46)

Focus Elements:• FEL0835: Understanding texts based on word meanings, general knowledge,

figurative language and structural features and evaluating their clarity and

cohesion.

• FEH0222: Adopting strategies to increase understanding of texts.

•

•

•

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Firstly, thank you for supporting Mighty Minds and our resources. We endeavour to create high-

quality resources that are both educational and engaging. Before you begin please check the Mighty

Minds Portal for the latest version of this resource.

To assist you in using our resources, we have compiled some brief tips and reminders below.

About this resource

This Mighty Minds Lesson focuses on one fundamental skill from the NAPLAN Tests and presents

this skill through a theme from the Australian Curriculum. This lesson is also targeted at a certain

skill level, to ensure that your students are completing work that is suited to them.

How to use this resource

Our lessons are split into two main categories: Fundamentals and Working With.

Mighty Minds Fundamentals resources cover one of the identified thirty-six (36) fundamental skills

that are central to the successful development of literacy and numeracy. These resources have

been designed to align directly with the Australian Curriculum’s general capabilities, learning areas

and subjects. In addition, these lessons are classified into three levels: foundation, intermediate or

extension. This approach allows students at all levels to develop their literacy or numeracy

capabilities in the context of another engaging subject.

Mighty Minds Working With resources are intended to deepen students’ understanding in text,

mathematical concepts and learning strategies. They compliment the Fundamentals resources,

which cover the identified thirty-six (36) fundamental skills that are central to successful literacy and

numeracy development.

All Mighty Minds resources are designed to:

• save you (the teacher) considerable preparation time

• provide explicit advice/suggestions/activities around a fundamental skill

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part of your teaching of a fundamental skill to your students; and

• act as a supporting resource and not a device to replace the effective teaching practices

that occur in an engaging learning environment.

We suggest that you print the student workbook (the first set of pages with purple borders) for the

students and keep the remaining teacher resources for yourself. If students are completing this

lesson for homework, you may also like to provide them with the student answer pages.

Feedback and contacting us

We love feedback. Our policy is that if you email us with suggested changes to any resource, we will

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soon as possible. Alternatively please email feedback@mightyminds.com.au for a prompt response.

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Figurative language uses imagery to appeal to the imagination of the reader. It is very useful when

trying to engage and persuade the reader to accept an opinion or argument. Teach your students to

look beyond the literal meaning of the text and explore its figurative nature; ie the imagery or emotion

the statement is intending to evoke.

Simile

Stating that one object/idea is like another. Similes contain the words ‘like’, ‘as’ or ‘than’.

Eg

“Driving dangerously is like playing Russian roulette with your life.”

“He was as tall as the Empire State Building.”

Metaphor

Stating that one object/idea possesses the qualities of another.

Eg

“The sea was a washing machine, churning with rage.”

“My life is a blank journal just waiting to be filled.”

Hyperbole

Exaggerating a statement to emphasise a point.

Eg

“I have told you to tidy your room millions of times.”

“She was so hungry that she could eat an elephant.”

Personification

Giving non-human entities (animals, objects, concepts etc) human qualities.

Eg

“The ever-encroaching waves are hissing bad fortune at the foreshore development.”

“My unfinished homework glared up at me from my desk.”

Alliteration

Repeating the same letter or sound to start two or more words in a group.

Eg

“The feisty, ferocious feline leapt out from behind the curtain.”

“Slowly, I crept out from my hiding place, horribly humiliated.”

13

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Onomatopoeia

Using a word or words which sound like the thing or sound they are describing.

Eg

“The gravel crunched underneath my heavy footsteps.”

“Above us the fireworks fizzled and popped, lighting up the sky.”

Idiom

An expression specific to a particular language, especially one having a meaning other than its literal

one.

Eg

“It’s raining cats and dogs.”

“Painting the town red.”

14

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Peasant’s Problem, Samurai’s Song and Emperor’s Edict

These three activities are based on understanding and utilising figurative language to both

rewrite and create a number of passages.

The first activity, Peasant’s Problem, allows students to reintroduce themselves to figurative

language. In this activity students will:

• match the example of a figurative language technique to one of the definitions

given.

• decide what type of figurative language technique was being used in each

passage and then rewrite the passage using the differing prescribed technique.

The second activity, Samurai’s Song, enables students to expand on their skills through creative

thinking and narrative writing. In this activity students will:

• examine the topic, figurative language device and desired meaning to be able to

write a short passage about the topic using the figurative language device to

create the desired meaning.

• use the narrative device provided to create a short passage that either

exaggerated or understated an aspect of Kame.

The third activity, Emperor’s Edict, requires students to use both critical and creative thinking to

best complete the activity. In this activity students will:

• read the excerpts, circle what figurative language technique would best improve

the excerpt, then rewrite the excerpt using that figurative language technique.

• circle any three figurative language techniques then rewrite the passage using

all three techniques.

Teaching Notes:

• At the beginning of the class, teachers should remind students of the seven

figurative language techniques outlined in the Teacher’s Guide. This is to ensure

students are entirely clear of the devices before they begin.

• Students should feel free to be as creative as they like with their figurative

language.

• It should be made clear to students the difference between figurative language

and literal language.

• It should also be made clear the advantages of using figurative language in

many writing tasks. If students do not know the advantages, the teacher should

explain, referring to the teacher guide.

• For Activity One, Samurai’s Song, students could be set homework or an

extension activity to find an article or piece of writing that makes good use of

figurative language. Applying a similar process to Question One, they could be

asked to determine which device is being used and to re-write the passage

using a different device of their choice.

In the Teaching Notes, try to be as specific as possible. If you

example, “Students may need to be briefed on the logical or

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Class Discussion Questions:

• Would you use these techniques in your day-to-day lives? If so where? Or for

what purpose would you use these techniques?

• Imagine a world where you only ever spoke in one or two figurative language

techniques; what would change in your day-to-day life?

• When does the use of figurative language become too much? Are there any

situations where you would not use figurative language?

• Apart of from the devices used in this lesson, can you name any other devices

that you are familiar with? Make a list.

• What is your favourite device to use? Why?

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Q2Identify which figurative language appears in each excerpt of Kaeru’s letter, then rewrite

each excerpt using the figurative language described below.

Q1 Match the definition to the example of Kaeru’s figurative language.

Figurative language is language that goes beyond the literal definition of words. Help Kaeru, a peasant from Edo Period Japan, compose a letter asking for help from his

Emperor.

17

Metaphor The people of my village are like the toothless wolf; hungry and incapable of feeding themselves.

Idiom It is in this hour of need that we are the humble seed, reliant on your will and care.

Simile We ask you because your honour is 100 times that of the normal man, if not 1000!

Alliteration Let the seeds you send us grow luminous smiles! Let the water you send us find happiness on our fields!

Hyperbole Your loyal, loving, land-growers ask little of your limitless lion heart, my lord.

Personification With a wheeze of our lungs and rumble of our stomachs do we awaken each day.

Onomatopoeia I must get down to brass tacks my lord; our lives rest on your decision. Without your help we may all end up kicking the bucket.

On the night of the full moon, we felt the ground rumble and boom. Ten bandits rode into our village on great stallions. With a crackle and whoosh they put the yearly harvest to the flame. Our stocks of rice sizzled and popped to a crisp and there was nothing we could do.

What figurative language did Kaeru use?

Rewrite this excerpt using alliteration.

Onomatopoeia

On the night of the murky moon, we felt the land languish loudly. Ten terrible bandits rode into

our tiny town on terrible horses. With a crackle and crash they put the carefully carted crops to

the flame. Our rice roasted. There was nothing we could do.

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18

In the year before, our lake would wave to us with gentle, blue fingers; greeting us each morning with a cool embrace. But before we knew it, the lake turned its back on us, disappearing without even saying goodbye.

Please, my lord, listen to our plight. You are like the stoic owl, wise and ever-watching. You are like the proud lion, dutiful and noble. You are like the rising sun on the waves of the ocean, glorious and incandescent. If it be your will, my lord, send aid.

What figurative language did Kaeru use?

Rewrite this excerpt using hyperbole.

What figurative language did Kaeru use?

Rewrite this excerpt using metaphor:

Personification

In the millions of years before, our gigantic, enormously wonderful lake would greet us with

crystal water. But to our shock and horror, the lake dried up in an instant! We had no idea what

happened!

Simile

Please, my lord, listen to our plight. You are the

stoic owl, wise and ever-watching. You are the

proud lion, dutiful and noble. You are the rising

sun on the waves of the ocean, glorious and

incandescent. If it be your will, my lord, send aid.SAMPLE

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Q1Listed below is a topic, figurative language device and a desired meaning. Write a short

passage about the topic using the figurative language device to create the desired

meaning.

Figurative language is a great way to create meaning in your writing. Help Usagi the samurai compose a song boasting of his adventures to his beloved

wife.

19

• Topic: Usagi met a band of Buddhist monks on his adventures.

• Figurative language: Metaphor.

• Desired meaning: The monks were the wisest men he had ever met.

• Topic: In the middle of the night, Usagi saw a tiger watching him from the shadows.

• Figurative language: Personification.

• Desired meaning: The tiger was an intelligent and fierce creature.

• Topic: Usagi journeyed on a fishing boat into the eye of a storm.

• Figurative language: Onomatopoeia.

• Desired meaning: The storm was more powerful than anything he had ever seen.

These monks are the rays of breaking dawn, illuminating me with

their wisdom. They are intellect itself.

The tiger looked at me and smiled. I could see him thinking about the many ways he could eat

me. Before he left, he spoke to me in his deep voice and said, “I could’ve eaten you at any time,

but I chose not to.”

The thunderous booms and cracks of lightning struck the water around the fishing boat. The tiny

vessel’s wood exterior cracked among the crashing waves. The sea spray hissed at me like

nothing I had seen before.

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Q2Usagi wants to include lyrics about his wife, Kame, in his song. Use the narrative device

written below to create a short passage that either exaggerates or understates an aspect

of Kame (depending on whether it is positive or negative).

20

• Aspect: Kame has a very large nose.

• Figurative language: Idiom.

• Aspect: Kame is exceptionally good at martial arts.

• Figurative language: Alliteration.

• Aspect: Kame placed third in her village’s singing contest.

• Figurative language: Simile.

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder my love. There is much room to count my blessings on your

beautiful nose.

You are a close-combat, karate clobberer! And you are surely a catch, my cute and cuddly

kickboxer.

You are like the young nightingale that is close to perfecting its tune. I’m sure that next time you

sing will be like victory itself.SAMPLE

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Q1Read the excerpts below, then circle which figurative language technique would best

improve them. Rewrite the excerpt using that figurative language technique.

Figurative language can be used to make literal writing more engaging by evoking

imaginative imagery. Help the Emperor Orizuru to better express himself for his

important edict.

21

I am the Emperor. The nation we live in is finally at peace. There have been many long wars. We are tired, but now we have time to rest and grow strong again.

Metaphor Simile Idiom

I am appointing a new Shogun, Sakana, to serve as the central military commander for our nation. He is a strong and intelligent man. I am certain that he will be a good leader and ensure peace.

Hyperbole Onomatopoeia Alliteration

From now on, we should aim to make peace wherever we can. It is important there is peace in our nation. But of course, we must keep a strong military force to combat any threat to our nation’s peace.

Personification Simile Hyperbole

I am the Emperor. Our nation is the pristine lake in the quiet of the morning — peaceful. Our

nation was once a series of broken swords and battle cries, but this is no more. We are the

mighty tree at the start of winter, ready to rest and grow strong again for the coming spring.

I am appointing a new Shogun, Sakana, to serve as the one-and-only, true military commander

for all people and creatures of this blessed nation. He is stronger than any bull, more intelligent

than all the owls in the land and I am certain that he will be the best leader we have ever had. He

will ensure complete peace.

We will be like the ocean that makes peace with the shore each day. The importance of this, like

the rice that feeds our nation’s bellies, cannot be understated. But of course, we will be like the

patient spider, poised and ready to defend our nation from any threat.

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Q2Circle any three figurative language techniques, and rewrite the passage below using all

three techniques.

22

The main focus of all samurai will be to bring art and culture back to our nation. Not only will samurai be expected to perfect the art of swordsmanship, but they will also be expected to be able to paint, play an instrument, conduct religious rituals, and study the world around us. Although they were once warriors in our army, and we thank them for their duty, it is important that since there is now peace, that these loyal men continue to serve our nation. It is honourable for these men to pursue art and culture.

Furthermore, we will endeavour to send more support to our farmers and fishermen. They are important to our nation and provide food for us all to eat. Without them, we would starve. Samurai will be posted to villages across the nation to prevent bandit attacks, new irrigation systems will be implemented to provide water to villages that have suffered from drought and seeds will be sent to every village to help restock their supplies for the coming season.

Metaphor Idiom Simile Onomatopoeia Alliteration Hyperbole Personification

The first focus of our fighting friends will be to bring art and culture back to our nice nation. They

will be like the first snowflakes on a winter’s eve ‒ art itself ‒ by painting, playing an instrument,

conducting ceremonies and studying. Once the most mighty warriors on the face of the earth,

they now have a more profound and fitting duty, to pursue art and culture to the very extremes of

their incredible abilities. Furthermore, we will be like the sturdy roots in a thunderstorm to our

farmers and fishermen. Their importance cannot be understated, for without them it would be

impossible not to starve. Surreptitiously, Samurai servants will be stationed swiftly at several

spots to prevent shifty bandit surprise attacks. Water will flow like lifeblood through our nation

with a new irrigation system. And finally,

villagers will have more seeds than they

can possibly imagine, so that our supplies

with be overflowing with food in the coming

season.

SAMPLE