samecniero jurnali xii

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti

semiotikis kvleviTi centri

semiotika

samecniero Jurnali

XII

SEMIOTICS SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL

Tbilisi

Tbilisi 2012

2

UDC 81′22

mTavari redaqtori

cira barbaqaZe

redaqtorebi

Tamar berekaSvili

Tamar lomiZe

gia joxaZe

Editor-in-Chief Tsira Barbakadze

Editors Tamar Berekashvili Tamar Lomidze Gia Jokhadze

© ilias saxelmwifo universiteti, semiotikis kvleviTi centri

2012 ISSN 1512-2409

dagvikavSirdiT: E-mail: [email protected]

3

Sinaarsi

gza enasa da kulturaSi, gzis semiotika

elizbar elizbaraSvili (Telavi, iakob gogebaSvilis

saxelmwifo universiteti)

istoriis gzis dasasruli Jan bodriaris filosofiis

postmodernul „Sav xvrelSi“ ............................................... 8

cira barbaqaZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo

universiteti)

koncepti ocneba _ gza da labirinTebi (semiotikuri

analizi) ...................................................................................... 15

n. TuSabramiSvili, n. baxtaZe, l. suxiSvili (Tbilisi,

ilias saxelmwifo universiteti)

zemo imereTi - gzebi, kldis Zeglebi da komunikaciis

sakiTxebi ..................................................................................... 27

rusudan mircxulava (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo

universiteti)

gza, rogorc saxviTi art-Treningis ZiriTadi

simbolo.. ..................................................................................... 38

inga milorava (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis

qarTuli literaturis instituti)

`gzis~ sivrculi modeli modernistul teqstSi .......... 48

maia jaliaSvili(Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis

qarTuli literaturis instituti)

`gzis~ mxatvruli modeli

(Tamaz bibiluris romani `Svidi xmisa da

torolasaTvis~) ........................................................................ 65

dali baxtaZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti)

gza taZrisaken (ena da religia) ........................................... 73

4

salome omiaZe (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis


`gza~, rogorc lingvosemiotikuri niSani ........................ 81

lali daTaSvili (Tbilisi, saqarTvelos pedagogTa

kvalifikaciis amaRlebis centraluri instituti)

gzis, svlisa da olamur sivrceSi gadaadgilebis

aspeqtebi Zvel qarTul literaturaSi ............................. 86

xaTuna maisaSvili (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo

universiteti)

galis drama, anu maradiuli mZevlebi................................. 97

naira bepievi, nino popiaSvili (Tbilisi, ivane

javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo universiteti)

gzis recefciebi kavkasiur miTologiaSi .......................... 105

laSa CxartiSvili (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo

universiteti, doqtoranti)

„liris“ geografia .................................................................... 115

zeinab kikviZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universiteti)

semantema”gza”da misi paradigmebi.......................................122

mariam goduaZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo


koncept ”gzis” enobrivi aRqmis sakiTxisaTvis............... 130

rusudan zeqalaSvili (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis


`gzis~ Semcveli Sesityvebebis semantika ........................... 149

5

sofiko kvantaliani (Tbilisi, saqarTvelos erovnuli

universiteti, (seu)

gza labirinTidn (x. l. borxesi `babilonis biblioTeka~,

u. eko `vardis saxeli~) ............................................................ 163

nato wuleiskiri (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universiteti)

koncept “gzis” ZiriTadi leqsikografiuli da

semantikuri aspeqtebi ............................................................. 173

ada nemsaZe (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti)

gzis sivrculi da warmosaxviTi ganzomilebani oTar

WilaZis romanebSi ..................................................................... 183

irine maniJaSvili (Tbilisi, davT aRmaSeneblis

universiteti(sdasu)

gzis semiotika qarTuli enis masalebis mixedviT ........... 189

semiotika da sxva

mirian ebanoiZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universiteti)

taZris semiotika ....................................................................... 202

gia joxaZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo

universiteti)

qarTvel berTa yoveldRiurobis ramdenime elementis

Taobaze (giorgi merCules ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis“

mixedviT) .................................................................................... 207

6

goCa kuWuxiZe (Tbilisi, Tsu, SoTa rusTavelis qarTuli

literaturis instituti)

monazonTa gza ”wmida ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi”. . . 230

maka vasaZe (Tbilisi, SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos


robert sturuas “saTeatro enis” zogierTi maxasiaTebeli

........................................................................................................ 240

Tamar lomiZe (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti)

klasikuri epistemis cneba da qarTuli anbanTqebebi. . . .249

maka laSxia (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo universiteti,

doqtoranti)

warmosaxvis cnobierebidan Tavisuflebis

cnobierebamde ........................................................................... 271

nino gogiaSvili (Telavi, iakob gogebaSvilis


Rimilakis konteqsti qarTul eleqtronul sivrceSi

feisbukis mixedviT .................................................................. 280

SoTa barbaqaZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universiteti, magistri)

„suerte de muerte - cxovrebis gza“ ............................. 286

7

Sorena barbaqaZe (quTaisi, akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo

universiteti)

gza siyvarulidan pasuxismgeblobamde (vergiliusis

poemis ,,eneida’’-s mixedviT) “ ............................................... 299

meri nebieriZe (Tbilisi, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelmwifo

universiteti, magistri)

gza, rogorc semiotikuri niSani d. kldiaSvilis

personaJTa metyvelეbaSi ....................................................... 313

malxaz mayaSvili (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo

universiteti)

komunikacia mdedrebsa da mamrebs Soris .......................... 320

Tamar berekaSvili (Tbilisi, ilias saxelmwifo

universiteti)

identobis problema Tanamedrove samyaroSi ................... 326

elizbar elizbaraSvili

istoriis gzis dasasruli

Jan bodriaris filosofiis

postmodernul `Sav

xvrelSi~

postmoderni rom istoriis fi-

losofiaSi „Savi xvrelia“, es yvelaze

reliefurad Jan bodriaris filo-

sofiaSi mJRavndeba. bodriaris filo-

sofia „STanTqavs“ Tavis winamorbed is-

toriis filosofiis yvela paradigma-

tul models: spiraluri brunvisas, is-

toriis dasasrulisas Tu usasrulo,

sworxazobrivi ganviTarebisas. frangi

avtori TiTqos sakuTar TavSi erT-

droulad aerTianebso arnold toinbis,

frensis fukuiamas da ganmanaTlebel

iohan herders, magram sanam maT „STan-

Tqavdes“ da gaaqrobdes, maT defor-

mirebas axdens da saxes ucvlis maT.

Jan bodriarTan istoriis gzis

spirali istoriis turbulentur bzri-

alad modificirdeba, istoriis gzis

dasasruli – istoriis sivrcis retro-

speqtul gamrudebad an hiperrealur

samyaroSi istoriis gaqrobad, xolo

istoriis gzis dausrulebeli ganvi-

Tareba istoriuli farsebis dausru-

lebel procesad gardaiqmneba.

„Tanamedroveobis, teqnikuri

ganviTarebis da yvela, aqamde arsebuli

linearuli struqturis gazrdili

istoriis gzis dasasruli Jan bodriaris filosofiis...

9

siCqare qmnis turbulenturobas da saganTa wriul dabrunebas,

romelic imas cxadyofs, rom dRes aRaraferia Seuqcevadi”, –

wers Jan bodriari eseSi “aTaswleulebis CrdilSi, anu 2000

wlis SeCereba”. rodesac istoria gadadis “turbulentur

bzrialSi”, igi ganvlili epoqebis “Sesrutvis”, “Sewovis” gziT

warsulidan periodulad abrunebs yvelafers. “yvelaferi, razec

Cven vfiqrobdiT, rom ukve didi xnis mkvdaria, dasrulebulia,

damarxulia universaluri progresis auwereli simZimis qveS,

brundeba. es gvagonebs Jurassic Park – is bolo scenas,

rodesac klonirebuli dinozavrebi uecrad gamoCndebian

muzeumSi, sadac maTi gaqvavebuli winaprebia gamoufeniaT. isini

anadgureben yvelafers, sanam TviTon maT gaanadgurebdnen. es

ramdenadme emsgavseba adamianis dRevandel situacias. Cvenc

CavebiT Cvens oreulebTan da Cvens gaqvavebul formebTan

brZolaSi” (gv. 4), – agrZelebs bodriari. igive azri aqvs

gamoxatuli frang avtors fragmentSi, sadac istoriis

“turbulenturi Zravis bzrialis” wva-afeTqebaze gvesaubreba:

,,axali perspeqtivebisaken moZraobis magier, istoria

dayovnebebiT feTqdeba, da es afeTqebebi sxva ara aris ra, Tu

ara movlenaTa aRdgena, romelzec Cven, rogorc odiTganve

momxdarze, ise vfiqrobdiT” ( gv. 3). es aris istoria, sadac

“eqstremaluri movlenebis daCqareba, recirkulaciis

(gadamuSavebis) dausrulebel samuSaosTan erTad, qmnis

ganmeorebad situaciebs, romelTa axsna istoriuli mizezebiT

(raison historique) ukve SeuZlebelia. ganmeorebadi situaciebi,

rogorebicaa omebi, eTnikuri konfliqtebi, nacionalisturi da

religiuri ajanyebebi, mudmivad Cndebian. Cven SegviZlia, maT

moCvenebiTi movlenebi vuwodoT (ghost-events). vfiqrobdiT, rom

SegveZlo warsul movlenebTan Sedarebisas gagvego isini, magram

isini ukve imaves aRar niSnaven” (gv. 6).

frangi avtori wignSi “borotebis gamWvirvaloba” 1990

wels werda: “amave dros, Tanamedrove fizikis mier

turbulenturobis, qaosis da katastrofis movlenebze

Catarebuli analizis Sedegad, CvenTvis cnobilia, rom nebismieri

nakadi, nebismieri linealuri procesi, rodesac mas aaCqareben,

Rebulobs ucnaurad – katastrofulad mruddeba”

(“Прозрачность зла” Москва. довросовет. 2000 gv. 149). istoriis dasasrulis paradigmaze ki Jan bodriari azrTa

mTel paradoqsul nazavs ,,gvasxurebs“: “paradoqsia, magram istoria


10

arasdros dasrulebula, radgan mis mier dasmuli problemebi

sabolood arasdros gadamwydara. ufro istoriis dasasruls

icileben Tavidan, roca arc erT problemas ar wyveten” (,,qalaqi

da siZulvili”, Jurn. arili. 2001. 20 seqtemberi).

diax, imis magivrad, rom hegelTan, marqsTan an

fukuiamasTan marTlac gadamwydariyo (rogorc isini

gvaimedebdnen) sakacobrio istoriis problemebi, hantingtonis

TqmiT, yvela problema darCa, boroteba agrZelebs arsebobas da

amitom _ istoriac grZeldeba. iq, sadac Tavdapirveli sikeTea

gabatonebuli, sadac Tavdapirveli socialuri harmoniaa,

istoria ar iwyeba. “istoriis dasasrulis” xedvaSi istoria

aris realur borotebasTan brZolis gaxangrZlivebuli procesi,

am borotebis saboloo damarcxeba-amoZirkvisaken mimarTuli. da

radganac borotebis saboloo damarcxeba sanatreli gagvixda,

sanatreli gvaqvs istoriis dasasrulic. Jan bodriari ambobs:

“Cven davkargeT istoriis dasasruli istoriasTan erTad, roca

am aTaswleulis bolos Seiqmna istoriuli sivrcis

retrospeqtuli gamrudeba”. Jan bodriari statiaSi

“aTaswleulebis CrdilSi, anu 2000 wlis SeCereba” wers:

“istoriuli sivrcis retrospeqtuli gamrudeba SesaZloa

aTaswleulis dasasrulis didi aRmoCena iyos. igi Seesabameba

mrud figuras, romelic yovel winamaval stadiaze gavliT isev

ukan brundeba (gv. 3). frangi postmodernisti ganagrZobs:

“sinamdvileSi Cvens energias vxarjavT samyaros usasrulo

ngrevaSi, istoriis ganadgurebaSi, romelsac aRar ZaluZs Tavisi

dasasrulis warmoqmna... kidev erTxel vityvi, rom aRar gagvaCnia

“istoriis dasasruli”, aramed mxolod uunaroba, daamTavro

istoria. Cven davkargeT istoria, mis dasasrulTan erTad.

miaRwio bolos – es yvelaze sasurvelia, rac ki SeiZleba

moxdes. dasasruls da mxolod dasasruls aqvs unari gviTxras,

Tu ra moxda sinamdvileSi” (gv. 5).

wignSi “borotebis gamWvirvaloba” Jan bodriari aRwers

istoriis “retrospeqtuli gamrudebis” arss, romelic

dasasrulis miuRwevlobasa da istoriis Tanmimdevrul “waSlaSi”

mdgomareobs: “unda dagvesva kiTxva im Semobrunebaze, romelsac

Tanamedrove movlenebSi axorcielebs ara marto sakuTari

dasasrulisaken moZravi _ misi linearuli fatalobis nawili

romaa _ aramed sakuTari arsis gadatrialebisa da sistematuri

waSlisaken mimavali istoria. axla mivdivarT iqiT, rom


11

waiSalos mTeli XX saukune, erTi meoris miyolebiT waiSalos

civi omis yvela simptomi, SesaZloa, yvelaferi, rac meore

msoflio oms da saukunis politikur da ideologiur

revuluciebs gvaxsenebs. germaniis gaerTianeba da bevri sxva

movlena gardauvalia ara istoriis winsvlis, aramed mTeli XX

saukunis gadaweris mniSvnelobiT, romliTac dakavdeba bolo misi

aTwleuli. am mimarTulebiT svlisas, SesaZlebelia, male saRvTo

romanul-germanul imperias davubrundeT. iqneb esaa am saukunis

dasasrulis gonebrivi ganaTeba, istoriis dasasrulis

winaaRmdegobrivi figuris namdvili azri!” (gv. 145). filosofosi

xazs usvams, rom “rogorc aRmosavleTis movlenebi metyvelebs

(aq sabWoTa blokis dangreva igulisxmeba, e.e.), es procesi

SeiZleba Zalze swrafi tempiT ganviTardes swored imitom, rom

saqme ara SeqmnasTan, aramed istoriis Zlier ngrevasTan gvaqvs,

romelic TiTqmis virusul, epidemiur formas Rebulobs.

sabolood, SesaZloa, 2000 weli saerTod ar dadges imitom, rom

istoriis gamrudeba sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT ise aSkaraa,

SeuZlebeli iqneba drois horizontis gadalaxva” (gv. 140).

ai, rogor dasruldeba sabolood istoriis gza

“istoriis dasasrulis” bodriariseul versiaSi – istoria

Tavisi saboloo daniSnulebisaken usasrulod ivlis, magram

verasodes miaRwevs mas. sabolood ki, misgan sawinaaRmdego

mimarTulebiT daSorebul asimptomatur traeqtoriad iqceva –

istoriis dausruleblobasa da ukusvlas SegviZlia istoriis

paradoqsuli dasasruli vuwodoT.

istoriis dasasrulis paradigmaze Jan bodriars ufro

radikaluri koncefciac aqvs. imave wignSi filosofosi gveubneba:

,,dRes Cven aRar varsebobT politikurad an istoriulad”

(gv.133). 1981 wels wignSi – “simulakrebi da simulaciebi”

frangi postmodernisti wers, rom Cveni drois umTavresi movlena

realobis agonia da simulaciis eris dasawyisia

(J.Boudrillard. Simulacres et Simulation. paris).

istoria “realuri” iyo, magram dRes ukve hiperrealuri gaxda.

es aris istoriidan gasvlis, misi dasasrulis simulaciuri

modeli, rodesac istoriis referenti daikarga da igi miTad

iqca. “aTaswleulebis CrdilSi, anu 2000 wlis SeCereba”- Si

vkiTxulobT: ,,Tanamedrove epoqa “postTanamedrovea” im azriT,

rom misi mdgomareoba movlenaTa simulaciisa da moCvenebiTobis

mdgomareobaa, romlisTvisac erTaderTi scena masobrivi


12

informaciis saSualebebia, istoriisa, romelsac aRar ZaluZs

ganaxleba – ararealuri istoriisa” (gv. 6). “istoria daikarga

informaciis grigalisebr xveulSi” (gv .7). “masobrivi

informaciis saSualebebis mier warmoebuli movlenebi ukve aRar

floben raime istoriul mniSvnelobas. maT aRara aqvT

politikuri axsnis forma…_ movlenebi xdebian virtualurni.

sayovelTao virtualoba anadgurebs imas, rasac Cven SegviZlia

vuwodoT – Tuki amas kidev aqvs raime mniSvneloba _ istoriis

realuri moZraoba. am wertilidan Cven vvardebiT

transpolitikur, anda transistoriul sferoSi. am sferoSi

movlenebi ukve aRar mimdinareoben realur sinamdvileSi

sakuTari warmomavlobisa da “realur droSi” gaSlis gamo.

isini SeiZleba iyvnen mxolod transpolitikurad Sepyrobilni.

isini, rogorc transpolitikuri movlenebi, Cakargulni arian

informaciis vakuumSi. informaciuli sfero _ es aris sivrce,

sadac movlenebi bolos da bolos Tavisufldebian sakuTari

arsebisagan, aRdgenilia xelovnuri seriozuloba da movlenebi

brundebian orbitaze, sadac isini realur droSi SemCnevadni

xdebian. an, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, istoriuli vitalobis

dakargvis Semdgom, movlenebi, SesaZloa, masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebis transpolitikur doneze iqnen retranslirebulni.

xdeba igive, rasac adgili aqvs kinofilmis Seqmnisas. Tu

istoria kinofilmia (radac igi namdvilad gadaiqceva Tavis

uSualo retro-proeqciisas), “simarTle” masobrivi informaciis

saSualebebSia – es sxva araferia, Tu ara - Semdgomi sinqroni,

dublaJi, subtitrebi” (gv. 6-7).

maS ase, dagvrCa kidev erTi sakiTxi – istoriis gzis

dausrulebeli progresis paradigmis modificireba-gadagvareba

istoriuli farsebis dausrulebel procesad, romelic

veRarasodes daubrundeba realur istorias: “cifruli,

kibernetikuli da virtualuri teqnologiebis CareviT, Cven ukve

realobis miRma varT, xolo sagnebi _ sakuTari dasrulebis

miRma. maT aRar SeuZliaT dasruleba da usasrulobis

(usasrulo istoriis, usasrulo politikis, usasrulo

ekonomikuri krizisis) ufskrulSi cvivian” (“aTaswleulebis

CrdilSi, anu 2000 wlis SeCereba”, gv. 5). aq frangi avtori k.

marqsis filosofias iSveliebs da gveubneba: “istoria iyenebs

ganmeorebis teqnikas imisaTvis, rom win wavides, maSin, rodesac

faqtobrivad, ukan brundeba. istoria gameorebiT farsad


13

gadaiqceva. da Cven SegveZlo dagvematebina: farsi ganmeorebiT

gadaiqceva istoriad” (gv. 6). bodriari askvnis: “Cveni naxtomi

virtualur samyaroSi arRvevs im yvelanair materialur

pirobas, romlebzec saubrobda marqsi, da SeuZlebels xdis

dRevandeli istoriuli situaciis raimenair dialeqtikur

axsnas” (gv.7). rogorc vTqviT, istoriis turbulenturi

bzriali ”Seiwovs”, mudam ukan abrunebs yovelgvar warsuls da

am kvlavdabrunebis procesiT iqmneba istoria, rogorc farsTa

dausrulebeli Tanmimdevroba.

axla aRvweroT mTliani procesi: istoriis filosofiis

“Savi xvreli” moicavs, deformirebas axdens,

urTierTgadanaskvavs da bolos STanTqavs misi winare epoqis

yvela paradigmatul models. ai, rogor xdeba es: istoriis

filosofiis samive paradigmatuli modeli _ istoriis

spiraluri brunvis, istoriis dasasrulis da istoriis

dausrulebeli progresisa _ vardeba Jan bodriaris

mravalSriani, paradoqsuli azrovnebis velSi da erTmaneTis

gverdigverd ganicdis modificirebas: spiraluri brunva _

istoriis turbulentur bzrialad, dausrulebeli progresi _

istoriis farsebis procesad, xolo istoriis dasasruli

istoriuli sivrcis retrospeqtul gamrudebad an hiperrealur

samyaroSi istoriis gaqrobad modificirdeba. TiToeuli es

modeli, sxva danarCenebTan erTad, frangi postmodernistis

azrovnebaSi qmnis difuziur kvanZs, sadac yvela erTmaneTTan

aris SeerTebul-Serwymuli. aq ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs da

ixlarTeba rTul postmodernul kvanZSi vedur-herakliteseul-

toinbiseuli, avestur-bibliur-hegeliseuli da anaqsagora-

herderiseuli istoriuli modelebi.

istoriis turbulenturi bzriali Sewovis talRis

meSveobiT mudmivad abrunebs warsulis movlenebs da qmnis

farsebis dausrulebel process, rogorc istorias. es

aranamdvili istoria ki ukavSirdeba hiperrealur sferoSi

istoriis gaqrobas. Tavis mxriv, istoriuli sivrcis

retrospeqtuli gamrudeba, romelic veRar miiwevs momavlisaken

da mudmivad warsulis “gadaweriT” aris dakavebuli, ukavSirdeba

turbulentur bzrials, romelSic istoria mudmivad

warsulidan acocxlebs gardasul formebs. hiperrealobis

sivrce ki, romelic Tanamedrove informaciuli, kibernetikuli

da virtualuri teqnologiebis udidesma ganviTarebam moitana,


14

Tavis mxriv SesaZlebels xdis informaciul media-sivrceSi

“cariel siCqareze” istoriis turbulentur bzrials.

Semdgom ra xdeba? Semdgom _ araferi _ simulaciis

ganzomileba STanTqavs yvelafers, rogorc es moxda platonisa

da nicSes SemTxvevaSi. bodriaric ar gamohyofs istoriis

wakiTxvis am romelime modelTagan privilegirebuls, ar Tvlis,

rom romelime maTgani sxvaze sicocxlisunariani, sxvaze ufro

WeSmariti unda iyos. yvelaferi iZireba da qreba simulaciis

ganzomilebaSi.* es aris “Savi xvreli” _ yvela modelis qroba

simulaciis sivrceSi. es istoriis gzis bodriariseuli

dasasrulia.

Jan bodriari xom postmodernizmSi simulaciis Teoriis

pirveli Teoretikosia! is, rac ver gamoTqva platonma, ver

Camoayaliba sruli saxiT nicSem, frangi avtoris SemoqmedebaSi

mas calke wigni aqvs daTmobili – “simulakrebi da

simulaciebi” (1981) _ da bunebrivia, bodriari yvelafers, maT

Soris - istoriasac, simulaciis prizmaSi aRiqvams.

*erTia, istoriulad, kacobriobis istoriis garkveul

etapze hiperrealuri xanis dadgoma da mTliani kulturis da

istoriis hiperrealurSi gaqroba anu simulaciur reJimSi

gadasvla, da meorea, roca istoria, rogorc aseTi,

simulaciurad ganixileba _ vedebidan daviwyebT, Tu platonidan,

Cven istorias vkiTxulobT, rogorc ararsebuls, romelic

iqmneba da arsebobs simulaciurad. es exeba istoriis gagebis

nebismier models. Jan bodriarTan simulaciis ganzomileba

STanTqavs da aqrobs mis filosofiaSi “Semosul” yvela

istoriul models, maT Soris (istoriis) “realobidan”

hiperrealurSi gadasvlis modelsac.

literatura

bodriari J., “qalaqi da siZulvili”, Jurn. ,,arili“, 2001. 20

seqtemberi

Бодрийяр Ж. “В Тени Тысячелетия, или Приостановка Года 2000” http://www.vusnet.ru/forum/

Бодрийяр Ж. “Прозрачность зла” Москва. довросовет. 2000 J.Boudrillard. Simulacres et Simulation. paris 1981

cira barbaqaZe

koncepti ocneba _ gzebi da

labirinTebi

semiotikuri analizi

ocneba - leqsikonebSi

cnobilia, rom konkretuli saxelis

warmoTqmisas adamianebs am sagnis

sruliad gansxvavebuli formebi

uCndebaT cnobierebaSi, abstraqtul

saxelebTan mimarTebiT ki suraTi

sruliad siurealisturia, miT ufro,

Tu es sityva, amave dros, koncepticaa.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, rTuldeba sityva-

konceptis erTi ZiriTadi mniSvnelobis

dadgena da mas imdeni mniSvneloba aqvs,

ramdeni adamianic warmoTqvams. konceptis

azris gasagebad saWiro xdeba am enaze

molaparakeTa koleqtiuri cnobierebis

analizi _ anu rogori da rogori

mniSvnelobiT iyeneben am sityvas,

rogori asociaciebia dakavSirebuli am

sityviT gamoxatul cnebasTan, rogori

iyo misi arqetipuli mniSvneloba,

rogor gamoixateba myar

sityvaTSexamebebsa da frazeologizmebSi,

agreTve _ literturasa da sasaubro

metyvelebaSi.

cira barbaqaZe

16

koncepti warmoadgens azris verbalur gamovlinebas, azri ki

iqmneba niSnebiT, Cven SegviZlia azrs CavwvdeT mxolod sityvebis

meSveobiT. koncepti miekuTvneba nacionalur enobriv cnobierebas,

igi enisa da azris erTianobaa, romelic asaxavs idealuri an

realuri samyaros sagans (movlenas) da inaxavs enis nacionalur

mexsierebaSi verbaluri aRmniSvnelis saxiT.

koncepti _ abstraqtulobis maRali xarisxis semantikuri

warmonaqmnia. Cven ganvixilvT swored erT aseT koncepts: ocneba.

am sityvis warmoTqmas yovelTvis gansxvavebuli warmodgenebi,

aRqmebi da asociaciebi axlavs erTi molaparakis SemTxvevaSic

ki, amitom am sityviT gamoxatuli mniSvnelobaTa niuansebi

yovelTvis mravalferovani da bundovania.

qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikonis mixedviT, sityva ”ocneba”

ganimarteba: 1. imis warmodgena, ris ganxorcielebac sasurvelia;

sasiamovno, sanatrel rameze fiqri. ”oh, ra kargi xar, ocnebav

tkbilo”(vaJa).... 2. gadat. TviT is, razedac an vizedac

ocneboben, ocnebis sagani. ”katoa Cemi ocneba...” (vaJa), ”is aris

Cemi tkbili sizmari da momxiblavi mZlavri ocneba” (akaki).

sainteresod ganmartavs sulxan-saba orbeliani ”ocnebas”: xolo

ocnebiTi ars Zali usityvelisa sulisa moqmedeba grZnobaTa

mier, romeli saxel-idebis grZnobad, rameTu romeli ara

WeSmarit da arsebiT iyos, cxad ars viTar sagoneblobiT da

ocnebiT iqmnebis, viTarmed ara ra sadme hpovo.

sulxan-sabas mixedviT, ocneba aris sulis moqmedeba grZnobaTa

mier, romelic sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs; es ubralod, sulis

mdgomareobaa, netari mdgomareoba, magram meocnebe adamianis

tragedia maSin iwyeba, rodesac am or samyaros urevs

erTamaneTSi da realobas ejaxeba. am ganmartebis mixedviT,

ocneba da realoba erTi mTelis nawilebia da iseTive

antonimebi, rogorebic: dRe da Rame, ca da miwa, sizmari da

cxadi... romlebic erTmaneTze zemoqmedeben, magram gansxvavebuli

koncepti ocneba _ gzebi da labirinTebi

17

mxareebia. galaktion tabiZe leqsSi ”ocneba da sinamdvile”

ocnebas uwodebs ”mware gaTiSvas fiqrTa da sinamdviles Soris”.

frzeologizmebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:

ocnebas kaci ar mouklavs _ ramdenic ginda iocnebe, mainc ar

axdebafuWi ocneba _ realur safuZvels moklebuli,

ganuxorcielebeli ocneba

ocnebas mieca _ ocneba daiwyo

ocnebidn gamoiyvana _ ocneba Seawyvetina

ocnebis koSkebs agebs _ gatacebiT ocnebobs Znelad

gansaxorcielebel rameze

ocnebis morevSi gadaeSva _ TavdaviwyebiT ocnebobs

ocnebis zRvaSi Secura _ Tavdaviwyebam waiRo

sintagmebi: amao ocneba, tkbili ocneba, mware ocneba, tkbil-

mware ocneba, asrulebuli ocneba, ausrulebeli ocneba, ocnebis

gza, ocnebis bilikebi...

”im ocnebas gaumarjos, romelic arasodes axdeba” _ qarTuli

sadregrZeloebidan.

enaSi arsebuli uzusuri mniSvnelobebi konceptis ZiriTadi

sayrdenia, magram imisaTvis, rom CavwvdeT ”qarTuli ocnebis”

azrs, unda ganvixiloT is konteqstebi da masTan dakavSirebuli

mniSvnelobebi, romelSic es sityva gvxdeba enis funqcionirebis

sxvadasxva sferoSi.

cira barbaqaZe

18

ocneba _ teqstebSi

qarTuli kulturis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani teqstia ”Raribi d

qila erbo”, romelic kargad gamoxatavs qarTvelis mimarTebs

ocnebasTan. am teqstis mixedviT qarTveli kaci aris iolad

gamdidrebisken midrekili meocnebe, romelic ise erToba

ocnebaSi, rom yvelaferi aviwydeba:

”_ Caval qalaqSi, erbos maneTad gavyidi, im fuliT Tormet varikas

viyidi, davzrdi, davasuqeb, mere Caviyvan qalaqs da TiTos aT-aT

Saurad gavyidi, naSovni fuliT goWebs viyidi, davasuqeb da or-or

maneTad gavyidi, Semdeg saxare xborebs viyidi, xarebad gavzrdi,

gavmarTav urems, guTans, movxnav, davTesav da avSendebi... am fiqrebSi

rom iyo, viTomc urems SeSa kidec daudo da qalaqs gasayidad miaqvs.

_ aq xom xari Znelad gaivlis, xma unda mivceo da SesZaxa: _ hamoo! -

Tan joxi mouqnia. erboiani qoTani Zirs davarda da gatyda, erboc

sul daiRvara. darCa meocnebe glexi iseTive Raribi, rogoric iyo”.

es teqsti ar Seiqmneboda, rom ara qarTvelis Tviseba:

Tavdaviwyebul ocnebas mieces da dakargos realobasTan kavSiri.

teqsti sarkea da rogorc ilia ityoda, masSi unda Caixedo da

dainaxo Seni avi da ara imitom, rom igive gaimeoro, aramed

imisaTvis, rom icode, ra gaqvs Sesacvleli.

ilia WavWavaZem ”bazaleTis tbiT” axali miTi da saocnebo misca

qarTvelebs:

”iqneb akvanSi is yrma wevs, visic ar iTqmis saxeli,

visac dRe da Ram hnatrulobs Cumis natvriTa qarTveli?”

iqneb amitom qarTvelebi gamudmebiT ”mxsnelis” molodinSi arian

da am ”gmirs” sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva saxels arqmeven....

”mxsneli” ki TiTqmis arasdros ar amarTlebs, radgan qarTvelis

meocnebe buneba ”Raribi da qila erbos” SinaarsiT ”ikvebeba”...

ilia WavWavaZe ki isev ityvis: ”awmyo Tu ara gwyalobs, momavli

Senia!” _ esec cru dapirebasaviTaa, Tavi rom gadairCinos erma,


19

Torem jer ar arsebula awmyoSemomwyralTaTvis bednieri

momavali.

kargia Tu cudia ocneba... unda viocneboT Tu unda davexsnaT

ocnebebs...? ocneba Cveni cnobierebis Tvisebaa da SeuZlebelia,

mas daexsna, iseve, rogorc SeuZlebelia, rom mxolod ocnebiT

icxovro. konceptisaTvis ambivalenturoba niSania, Sesabamisad,

ocneba sasargebloc SeiZleba iyos da sazianoc.

am azrs kargad gamoxatavs vaJa-fSavelas Semoqmedebidan ori

fragmenti. erT SemTxvevaSi, poeti ocnebas kvamls adarebs da

negatiurad ganixilavs, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ pozitiurd.

erT-erT eseiSi vaJa wers: ”me ki RmerTma damixsnas da zogis

TavSi es fiqri xandaxan kvamlad gadaiqceva; am kvamls ocnebas

veZaxiT, Tqvens mters, rac es kvamli imas, vis TavSic astydeba,

avardeba, saqmes dahmarTebs: Tvalebs ubrmavebs, yurebSi bambas

ucobs... fiqriani da moszrebiani kacic Zlier ufrTxis ocnebas,

- ufrTxis imitom, rom ocneba, jer erTi, tvins ulayebs kacsa

da meore _ saqmes acdens...”

vaJas am leqsSi ki vkiTxulobaT:

Cemis kacobis gvirgvino, Cemo samSoblo mxareo!

Sengan Sobili ocneba guls SanTad gaviyareo.

ar mimefaro TvalTagan, damicev, damifareo.

bevrs tanjvas gamovlili var, bevri dRe vnaxe mwareo.

ar daimalvis, rogorc mze, rac me cremlebi vRvareo.

is moigone, mainca, beCavo are-mareo!

Cems cremls ubeSi inaxav, vici, samSoblos mTvareo;

ar miRalato, ocnebav, mnaxodi male-maleo.

cira barbaqaZe

20

ki ar Semomwyre, mimuxTlo, iaro gare-gareo.

Tu amas izam, wina dRiT saflavi gamiTxareo.

movkvde, kacT xeli meridos, ocnebav, dagibareo:

Sen mnaxe, Sena, marto Sen, guls miwa momayareo.

sagulisxmoa, rom vaJa-fSavela erT SemTxvevaSi pragmatulad

msjelobs, poeziaSi ki ocnebis funqcia sul sxvaa, ocneba

metaforulad ganicdeba, gasulierebulia da mas ise mimarTavs

poeti, rogorc suliers, wmindans. ocneba aq sanukvari

samSobloa.

giorgi leoniZis ”natvris xis” personaJi, eliozi, ewireba

ocnebas:

”sawyali eliozi mainc ver gaeqca Semzarav sinamdviles da

ocnebis xes Seewira.”

saintereso damokidebulebas avlens akaki wereTeli leqsSi

”WaRara” ocnebasTan.

poeti ocnebas akavSirebs imedTan (cis niWTan), xolo eWvTan

asocirdeba ocnebis mokvla, uimedoba. am WidilSi finalSi akaki

ambobs: ”ara, ayvavdes imedi...”

”................................................

magram imedi, cis niWi, rom gamielvebs glax-gulsa,

Tavi tariel mgonia, ocnebiT garemoculsa.

magram vaime, rom eWvi mougzavnia jojoxeTs:

macdur sarkeSi maxedebs, ocnebas miklavs... guls mixeTqs!..

ambobs: “fridon da avTandil jer ver gadixdis omsao!...


21

da Senc tariels mohgavxar ise, viT kata lomsao”.

marTali aris, magram ra? risTvis davkargo imedi?

gmirs wina-uZRvis yovelTvis uZluri winamorbedi!..

ara! ayvavdes imedi!... guls ver gamitexs WaRara!..

gmirebs uZaxis... uyivis Cemi dafi da naRara!..”

ocneba galaktionTan

”rac ufro Sors xar, miT ufro vtkbebi,

me SenSi miyvars ocneba Cemi,

xeluxlebeli, rogorc mzis sxivi,

miuwvdomeli, rogorc edemi...”

es striqonebi galaktionis ocnebis erTgvari himnia: misTvis

miuwvdomeli da Soreulia mxolod saocnebo. ase qmnis igi

meris xatebasac. ocnebis morevSi gadaSvebuli poeti qaosebis

mxatvaria... da romc axdes misi ocneba, materializdeba qaosebSi.

rogoria galaktionis ocnebis anatomia?

ocneba mcenarea, amitomac mas SeuZlia ”Sriali”, romelic, Tavis

mxriv, edareba gafrenili arwivis frTebs:

”rad aSrialda Cemi ocneba, rogorc gafrenil arwivis frTebi?”

”atmis xe Slili ocnebas hgavda...”

ocneba cecxlia:

”sadRegrZelo iyos misi, vinc ocnebiT iwvoda”;

cira barbaqaZe

22

”maTi mxurvale ocnebebiT msurs viamayo”;

”rom ocnebebiT cecxli galeso, sulo, im cecxlze

umxurvaleso”.

ocneba xomaldia:

”sad odesme meocnebe afrebiT...”;

”is irRveva, is ocneba berdeba da xomaldi napralebTan

Cerdeba”.

”da gaSala ocnebaTa lurji ialqnebi”.

ocnebis atributebia: Zveli, axali, Sori, mxurvale,

gulgapobili, gayinuli, mokluli, sneuli, Wreli, tkbili,

mawre, giJi, Cumi...

”es ocneba aris Wreli fiqri bneli Ramisa...”;

”Zvel ocnebebze romeli ar swuxs?”;

”dgas gayinuli ocnebaT kreba”;

”gaqra giJi ocneba”;

”Rirda Tu ra sxva sicocxleze ocneba Cumi da fermixdili”;

”sadac moklul ocnebiT RimilisTvis Cavedi”;

”ocnebao, Cemo, Zvelo, var RameTa mTeveli”;

”erTi Sori ocneba maxsovs Zvel motividan...”

”da mesizmrebi Sen, visac qera samosi gmosavs sneul ocnebiT”;

”giyvrdes marad ocneba Cveni _ gulgapobili”;

ocneba ganmeorebadia:


23

”magram gulSi dards nu isev, ocneba Tu gSordeba,

yovelive igi isev ise ganmeordeba”.

aseTi ocnebebis Semdeg poeti uflebamosilia Tqvas: ”he, qaosSi

dakarguls, qari damedevneba”.

gaZevebuli ocnebebi

roca cnobiereba ivseba ausrulebeli ocnebebiT, maSin is

amsubuqebis nacvlad mZimdeba da aucileblad unda

”gadaitvirTos”. qarTuli cnobiereba enisa da literaturis

teqstebis mixedviT ausrulebeli ocnebebiTaa savse da modis

axali Taoba, romelic aprotestebs amao da fuW ocnebebs,

axdens mis ironizebas da amiT amyarebs erTgvar wonasworobas

cnobierebaSi. am mxriv gamorCeuli teqstebi aqvT: giorgi

kekeliZes, paata Samugias da zaza koSkaZes...

”Wirsac wauRia eg Tqveni sevda,

wamova wvima, iwvimebs da

Wirsac waiRebs...

me gavaZeve ocnebebi da survilebi,

avkide qarebs,

amZimebT qarebs...

...kvdomis rigSi

Cadgnen qarebi

da

simSvidea... var mCate... ”(giorgi kekeliZe)

cira barbaqaZe

24

...............................

”Cemi suli waqceuli qaris wisqvilia,

viRam mixedos obmodebul ocnebis tomrebs_

movlen Tagvebi da daxraven, usaTuod movlen,

dideba Tqvenda, Tagvno!

me gaswavliT Tqven yvela kunWuls,

sadac ki miZevs mivardnili rame ocneba _

sulyvela kuTxes, rom daimSeT ufro da ufro

da Cemi sulis daCrCiluli kedlebic daxraT _

Cemi suli xom waqceuli qris wisqvilia... ” (giorgi kekeliZe)

........................................................

paata Samugia ki ase emijneba sauTar Tavs _ fiqrs, cremls da

ocnebas:

”me Cemi megobari var

da vcxovrob Cemgan asiode fiqris moSorebiT

da vcxovrob Cemgan asiode cremlis moSorebiT

da vcxovrob Cemgan asiode ocnebis moSorebiT...”

zaza koSkZis ironizeba ki ase mZafrad gamoiyureba:

”ra saWiroa ocnebebi - Tu isini TvalebSi ar agiyroldeba.

ra saWiroa religia - Tu mas ar moaqvs fsiqozi da masobrivi

TviTmkvlelobebi...”


25

daskvnisTvis

koncepti ocneba adamianis Sinagan samyaros aRwers da axasiaTebs.

ocneba rTuli struqturisaa da is gansxvavebulad

reprezentirdeba sxvadasxva kulturaSi. konceptis aRwera-

dxasiaTebiT Cven warmovadgenT qarTuli cnobierebis enobriv

suraTs. miuxedavad imisa, rom gaanalizebuli masalebi aris

fragmentuli, zogad suraTs maiinc iZleva. qarTuli ocnebis

aRwerisas gamoikveta Semdegi kognitiuri modelebi:

a) ocneba _ sulieri, adamiani (satrfo, deda, smSoblo,

megobari...)

b) ocneba _ frinveli, cxoveli

g) ocneba _ mcenare (yvavili, xe...)

”mxolod mis xmaze ixsneba kari

da SeCveuli dumils da lodins,

frTxilad mococavs ocneba gareT,

viT Sin gazrdili mcenaris ylorti” (oTar WilaZe)

d) ocneba _ cecxli...

e) ocneba _ xomaldi

v) ocneba _ gazafxuli

”isev galobad dasxdnen frTosnebi, yayaCos Savi Svenis xalebi,

yvelas dudga Jami ocnebis, gnaxlebis da feriscvalebis”

(grigol abaSiZe)

ocneba ganixileba ori mTavari mimarTulebiT:

cira barbaqaZe

26

ocneba, rogorc sulis mdgomareoba, romelsac ara aqvs mizani

da mizezi da arsaiT ar miemarTeba; (ufro metad poeziaSi)

”oh, ra kargi xar, ocnebav tkbilo!” (vaJa)

ocneba _ survili, mizani..., rodesac sasurvelze fiqrobs

adamiani da romlis axdena momaval droSi aris SesaZlebeli

(sasaubro da prozaul metyvelebaSi).

ocneba ambivalenturi semantikisaa, masTan enaSi dakavSirebulia,

rogorc dadebiTi, aseve uaryofiTi semantika;

saleqsikono aRwerebis mixedviT, qarTul kulturaSi am

konceptTan ufro metad ganuxorcielebeli ocnebebia

dakavSirebuli, rac Seexeba poezias, es sruliad sxva

ganzomilebaa da poeziaSi ocneba warmodgenilia uformod,

qaosurad, rac gamoricxavs kidec mis axdenas. amitom iyofa

ocnebebi: Zvel, daberebul an axal ocnebebad... ausrulebel

ocnebebze dardi poetebis ”movaleobaa” (”auxdenel fiqrs vin ar

igonebs, Zvel ocnebebze romeli ar wuxs...?”), Tumca Tanamedrove

poeziaSi SeiniSneba amgvari kvnesa-godebis moyirWeba da amitom

gamodis axali Taoba ”ocnebebis gamZeveblad”... paradoqsulia,

magram ”ocnebebis axdena” iwyeba roca dgeba qmedebis dro, roca

sruldeba ocneba... es mdgomareoba cnobierebisaTvis aris

monacvleobiTi, rogoc ”Jami qvebis Segrovebis da qvebis

srolis”, aseve ocnebobis da ocnebebis materializebis...

literatura

Ролан Барт 1989: Семиотика, Поэтика (Избранные работы)

Sartre J.P. 1943: L'Être et le Néant, P. 1943

Арутюнова Н.Д.1990: Метафора и дискурс // Теория метафоры. М.,1990. Вежбицкая А. 1999: Семантические универсалии и описание языка. М.,1999.

n. TuSabramiSvili

n. baxtaZe, l. suxiSvili

zemo imereTi - gzebi, kldis

Zeglebi da komunikaciis

sakiTxebi

zemo imereTis regioni (zemo

imereTis plato) warmoadgens karstul

sistemas, romlis formireba zeda

carcul periodSi unda dasrulebuliyo.

plato WiaTuris municipalitetis

teritoriaze daserilia mdinareebiT (md.

yvirila da misi Senakadebi), romlebic

qmnian sakmaod Rrma (150 m-mde)

kanionebs. kanionebSi, flateebsa da

kldeebSi uxvad aris warmodgenili

rogorc bunebrivi, ise istoriul

epoqebSi nakveTi xelovnuri

gamoqvabulebi, mRvime-qvabebi.

regionisadmi interesi jer kidev

XVIII saukunis didma qarTvelma

istorikos-geografosma, vaxuSti

bagrationმა gamoxata, romelic Tavis

TxzulebaSi `aRwera samefosa

saqarTvelosa~, zemo imereTis

mimoxilvisas werda: `sveris wylis

SesarTavidam mRvime-saCxeremde, am

yvirilas iqiT da aqeT ars friad

maRali klde, da arian mas Sina quabni

mravalni, gamokveTili saxizrad da

Seuvali mtrisagan, da sakuirveli,

viTar uqmniaT. Dda dadga [e.i. Seiqmna.

n. TuSabramiSvili, n. baxtaZe, l.suxiSvili

28

Nn.b.] esenic Jamsa yrusasa~ (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973:760).

me-19 saukuneSive, mRvimevisa da mis maxloblad mdebare

kacxis monastrebi mounaxulebiaT m. broses (Brosset M.-F 1851:88-93), g. wereTels (Церетели Г. 1898), d. baqraZes

(Бакрадзе Д. 1853) da sxva cnobil mkvlevrebsac, magram am

kompleqsebSi qvis saeklesio nagebobebis da bunebrivi mRvimeebis

gverdiT arsebul kldeSi nakveT qvabovan sistemebze yuradReba

arc maT gaumaxvilebiaT. Aes mecnierebi arc xeobis mezobel,

kldovan monakveTebSi arsebuli xelovnuri gamoqvabulebis

daniSnulebiT dainteresebulan. isini, vaxuSti batoniSvilis

Sefasebis gavleniT, am gamoqvabul kompleqsebs ubralo

TavSesafar-saxizrebad miiCnevdnen da vinaidan upirvelesad

Zveli, brwyinvaled nagebi eklesia-monastrebis aRnusxviT iyvnen

dakavebulni, maTi aRnagobiT didad ar dainteresebulan; esec

ar iyos, aRniSnuli cnobis gadasamowmeblad, alpinisturi

teqnikis gamoyenebis gareSe am gamoqvabul sivrceebSi SeRweva

SeuZlebeli, an metad Zneli iqneboda.

XX s-is II naxevarSi, qarTvel sazogadoebriobaSi Cveni

qveynis istoriisa da kulturis Zeglebisadmi interesis zrdis

kvalobaze, adgilobrivma mosaxleobam Tu mogzaur-

damTvaliereblebma yvirilas auzis aRniSnulი gamoqvabulebisadmi meti cnobismoyvareobis gamoCena iwyes da

zogierT maTganSi siZveleTmoyvarulma mTamsvlelebma SeaRwies

kidec (aseT asvlebs im garemoebamac Seuwyo xeli, rom

WiaTuris raionis industriul gigantTan, marganecis mompovebel

organizaciasTan, profesiuli, samTo saqmianobis specifikidan

gamomdinare, imxanad mudam funqcioბდა mTamsvlelTa klubebi).

XX s-is 50-60-ian wlebSi swored adgilobrivma alpinistebma

da enTuziastma mxareTmcodneebma miakvlies am kldis ZeglSi

sakmaod saintereso artefaqtebs da umTavresad saskolo

muzeumebs gadasces isini; cnobilma siZveleTmoyvarulma

alpinistma goderZi samxaraZem (romelic dResac mxarSi gvidgas

am mimarTulebiT kvleva-Ziebisas) raionul gazeT `WiaTuris

maRaroelSi~ statiebic gamoaqveyna aRniSnuli Zeglebis Sesaxeb

da maTi funqciisa Tu Seqmnis epoqis Taobazec gamoTqva varaudi

(g.samxaraZe 1965). TiTqmis maSinve, am saqmeSi droebiT Caeba

teqnikuri mecnierebis imxanad cnobili warmomadgeneli,

profesori domenti mSvenieraZe, romelic qarTuli

xuroTmoZRvrebis istoriiTac iyo dainteresebuli. Mman

zemo imereTi – gzebi, kldis Zeglebi da komunikaciis sakiTxebi

29

adgilobriv mTaმsvlelTa mier miwodebuli sqemebis safuZvelze

WiaTuris midamoebis gamoqvabulTa ramdenime jgufi ganixila

sakuTar monografiaSi `gamoqvabuli nagebobani saqarTveloSi~

da es Zeglebi uklebliv safortifikacio daniSnulebis

sistemebad miiCnia (d. mSvenieraZeU1955). აღსანიშნავი ერთი რამაა: rom aRaraferi vTqvaT aRniSnuli Zeglebis moyvarulis

donezec ki sustad argumentirebul tipologiur Sefasebaze,

rogorc aRmoCnda, am wignSi gamoqveynebuli gegmarebiTi sqemebic

sruliad arazustia.

1968 wels arqiteqturis doqtorma g. gafrindaSvilma da

alpinistma a. nemsiwveriZemac moinaxules yvirilas xeobis

ramdenime aseTi qvabovani kompleqsi; am Ziebas mxolod erTi

sagazeTo publikacia mohyva, Tumca CvenTvis sayuradRebo isaa,

rom am statiaSi pirveladaa gamoTqmuli varaudi zogierTi am

gamoqvabulis SesaZlo kavSiris Sesaxeb samonastro moZraobasTan

(g. gafrindaSvili, al. nemsiwveriZe 1955:96)

mdinare yvirilas auzis xeobaTa kldeSi nakveTi Zeglebis

xelovnebaTmcodneobiTi da arqeologiuri kuTxiT seriozul,

gegmazomier mecnierul Seswavlas pirvelad ilias saxelmwifo

universitetis dedamiwis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa institutis

paleogaremos rekonstruqciis laboratoriam (xelm. prof. n. TuSabramiSvili) Cauyara safuZveli. am laboratoriis rion-

yvirilas auzis Semswavlelma multidisciplinurma eqspediciam

(xelm. prof. n. TuSabramiSvili) gaafarToa Tavisi kvlevebis

areali da 2011 wels, adamianis garemosTan adaptaciis proeqtis farglebSi, mRvimuri Zeglebis kvlevasTan erTad daiwyo

WiaTura-saCxeris regionebis xelovnuri da naxevrad-xelovnuri

gamoqvabulebis moZieba-Seswavla.

kvlevis procesSi, upirveles yovlisa, SevecadeT

dagvedgina, ramdenad marTebuli iyo istoriul wyaroebსა da

samecniero-popularul publikacaTa umetesobaSi damkvidrebuli

mosazreba, rom Sua saukuneebSi es gamoqvabulebi mxolod

safortifikacio daniSnulebiT gamoiyeneboda.

gamoqvabulTa ramdenime dajgufebis gegmarebis analizis

safuZvelze gamoirkva, rom md. Yყvirilas auzis

naxevarmRvimeebიsa Tu xelovnuri gamoqvabulebis didi nawili

marTlac TavdacviTi mizniT Seqmnisa da gamoyenebis niSnebs

atarebs. aseTi gamoqvabulebi, funqciebis mixedviT, ufro


30

konkretulad or jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: a) saxizrebi,

romelTa დანიშნულება iyo mtris Semosevebis dros

mosaxleobis maqsimaluri raodenobis Sefareba da saWiroebis

SemTxvevaSi TavdacviTi brZolis warmoeba; b) cixe-qvabebi (es

termini mravalgzisaa dadasturebuli leonti mrovelis

`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~), romlebic strategiulad moxerxebul

adgilebSi ikveTeboda mtris laSqris Sesakaveblad, xeobebSi

maTi winsvlis SesaCereblad da mowinaaRmdegis saTvalTvalod.

unda aRiniSnos, rom md. yvirilas auzis xeobaTa

kalTebSi saxizrad Tu mtris winsvlis SesaCereblad

gamokveTili xelovnuri Tu naxevrad bunebrivi gamoqvabulebis

safasado Riobebi, umeteswilad, damatebiTi qviTkiris kedlebis

sistemebiTaa amoSenebuli (istoriul wyaroebSi gvxvdeba termini

`gamokiruli~). es nagebobani an droTa ganmavlobaSi

Camongreuli Sesasvlelebis aRmdgeni wyobebia, an qvabulebis

tevadobis gasazrdeli da Tavdacviსunarianobis გასაძლიერებელი zRudeebi. gamoqvabulTa da qviT nagebi

simagreebis amgvari kombinacia Zvel qarTul istoriul

TxzulebebSi `qvabnaSenebadac~ moixsenieba da isini saqarTvelos

zogierT sxva regionSic gvxvdeba.

yvirilas xeobis safortifikacio sistemebSi SeiniSneba

Semdegi kanonzomierebac: Tuki saxizari mRvimeebi da

gamoqvabulebi mxolod miuvalobisa da sakmao tevadobis pirobas

akmayofilebs, cixe-qvabebi strategiulad ufro moxerxebul,

garemoze gabatonebul adgilebSia mowyobili: mag., maTi

mniSvnelovani nawili gamokveTilia md. yvirilas kanionTan misi

Senakadi mdinareebis xeobebis SerTvis adgilze Seqmnili

kldovani koncxebis sakmaod maRal vertikalur niSnulebze

imnairad, rom am sivrceebis Sesasvleli Riobebi, an samzeri

sarkmelebi mainc, am xeobebis orive napirs akontroleben.

garda amisa, gamoirkva, rom aseTi sabrZolo-saTvalTvalo

gamoqvabulebisaa da qvabnaSenebis absolutur umravlesobas

vizualuri komunikacia აქვს sxva, ufro xSirad, ramdenime met-naklebad daSorebul cixe qvabTan (rogorc xeobis amave

kalTebSi, ise gadaRma kldovan masivebSi nakveTebTan). magaliTad,

dReisTvis gamovlenilia gamoqvabulebis sami dajgufeba,


31

romelTa SigniT arsebul qvabebsa da safortifikacio nagebobebs

erTameTTan aqvT pirdapiri vizualuri kavSiri:

1. md. yvirilas md. SuqruTiswylis SesarTavTan orive napirze arsebuli gamoqvabulebi da

safortifikacio nageboba;

2. md. yvirilas orive napirze arsebuli

gamoqvabulebi (md. jruWulis marjvena

napirTan, saCxere-WiaTuris gzis daaxloebiT me-

6-7 km-ze)

3. md. yvirilas marjvena napirze, saCxere-WiaTuris

centralur gzaze, sof. sarekis teritoriaze

mdebare qvabebi da xeobis mopirdapire kalTaSi

gamokveTili gamoqvabulebi. (sur. 1)

TavdacviTi daniSnulebis sistemebis (nagebobebisa Tu

gamoqvabulebis) imgvar geografiul ganlagebas, rodesac

landSaftis reliefi maT erTaneTTan vizualur komunikacias

uwyobs xels, saqarTvelosa da sazRvargareTis qveynebis mraval

raionSi gaedevneba Tvali sxvadasxva istoriuli epoqebis

ganmavlobaSi. aseTi dislokacia xels uwyobda calkeul

obieqtTa Soris informaciis swraf gacvlas mowinaaRmdegis

gadaadgilebisa da sabrZolo moqmedebebis Sedegebis Sesaxeb.

xSirad am mizniT specialuri, saTanado mowyobilobebiT

aRWurvili, erTaneTisgan optimaluri manZiliT daSorebuli

saTvalTvalo an Sualeduri-sainformacio koSkebis da sxva

saTavsebis qselebic ewyoboda xolme landSaftze dominirebul

punqtebSi. informaciis gadacema xdeboda sxvadasxvagvari

xiluli signalebis gamoyenebiT: gansxvavebuli feris almebiT

manipulirebiT, cecxlis naTebisa Tu kvamlis saSualebiT da a.S.

(cxadia, Tuki manZili da Sesabamisi mowyobiloba amis

saSualebas iZleoda, vizualuris nacvlad aranaklebi

warmatebiT iyenebdnen xmovan Setyobinebasac).


32

amdenad, yvirilas xeobis aRniSnul monakveTebSi mdebare

saxizar gamoqvabulebsa da cixe-qvabebis zogierT jgufs Soris

aRniSnuli geografiuli urTierTmimarTebis dadastureba

sruliad kanonzomieri movlenaa. ufro metic: Tuki

gaviTvaliswinebT yvirilas xeobis gayolebiT mTeli Sua

saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gamavali strategiuli gzis

mniSvnelobas, romelic qveynis aRmosavleT, dasavleT da

Crdilo-dasavleT nawilebs ერთმანეთთან akavSirebda, Semdgomi kvlevisas yvirilis xeobis danarCen, tyis safarvelis gamo

amJamad xSirad uxilav uamrav gamoqvabulTa Sorisაც unda

veZioT iseTi saTvalTvalo qvabebi, romlebic zemoT aRniSnul,

vizualurad aSkarad urTierTkavSirSi myof jgufebs

erTმaneTTan aZlevda informaciis gacvlis saSualebas da

romelTa daxmarebiTac Setyobineba did manZilebze,

faqtობრივაd, gzis mTel gayolebaze gavrceldeboda.

md. yvirilas auzში მდებარე gamoqvabulebSi Cven mier

Catarebuli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegad kidev erTi umniSvnelovanesi

garemoeba dadasturda. gamoirkva, rom am xeobebis gamoqvabulTa

mniSvnelovani nawili sruliadac ar yofila gamoyenebuli

mxolod TavdacviTი daniSnulebiT: aq ramdenime, dRemde sruliad

ucnobi kldeSi nakveTi udabno-monasteric dadasturda, riTac

gaifanta qarTul mecnierebaSi bolo dromde damkvidrebuli

azri imis Taobaze, TiTqos adreul Sua saukuneebSi

mniSvnelovani gamoqvabuli monastrebi mxolod aRmosavleT da

samxreT saqarTveloSi iyo gavrcelebuli.

ramdenadme moulodneli garemoebaa isic, rom garegnuli

mimoxilviT, safortifikacio ieris mqone gamoqvabulebis და qvabnaSenebis mniSvnelovani nawili, gegmarebisa da arerTi

detაlიs mixedviT, sruliad calsaxad, organulad aRmoCnda

dakavSirebuli CvenSi qristianuli meudabnoeobis Casaxva-

ganviTarebis sawyis etapebTan.

magaliTad, XIII ს-ს mRvimevis aRmosavleTiT, 500 m-is

daSorebiT, kldovani kanionis kalTaSi gamokveTili aRmoCnda


33

savaraudod, VI-VII ss-is ornaviani eklesia, romlis irgvliv

qvab-senakebi da samonastro daniSnulebis sxva gamoqvabulebia

ganlagebuli (cxadia, ganviTarebuli Sua saukuneebis

sayovelTaod cnobili monasteri am udabnos bazaze აშენდა) (sur. 2-4). am uZvelesi qvabovani monastris TvalsawierSi, md,

yvirilas kanionis mopirdapire mxares, miuval simaRleze

gamokveTilia ramdenime qvabiani jgufi, romelic aseTi

miudgomlobiსა da metad xelsayreli strategiuli mdebareobiს გამო garegnulad ufro safortifikacio cixe-qvabis

STabeWdilebas tovebs. Tumca, gamoqvabulTa am jgufSi

alpinisturi teqnikiT SeRwevisa da interierebis gamokvlevis

Sedegad davrwmundiT, rom is gandegili berebis sadgomad

yofila gamoyenebuli. amaze migvaniSnebs Tundac kldeSi nakveTi

saZvale akldamebi (sur. 5), romelTa msgavsi saqarTvelosa Tu

qristianuli aRmosavleTis sxva regionebSi mxolod samonastro

struqturebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. is garemoeba, rom am

sadasayudeblo jgufs sakuTari eklesia ar gaaCnia, advili

asaxsnelia: saqarTvelos sxva qvabovan udabno-monastrebSic

gvxvdeba gandegilTa gafantuli sadgomebi, romelTa binadari

berebi wirvaze saerTo, centralur eklesiaSi dadiodnen, anu,

unda vifiqroT, rom mRvimevis Tavdapirveli qvabovani monasteri

lavris yaidaze iyo mowyobili: mis centralურ, zemoT aRniSnul

qvabovan eklesiaSi mxolod kvira dRes midiodnen misgan met-

naklebad daSorebuli “soxasterebis” binadari gandegili berebi

wirvaze dasaswrebad, ziarebisა da saerTo trapezisTვis. kviris danarCen dReebs ki isini “Wipiani kldisa” (sur.2), Tu sxva

mezobel kldovan masivebSi mdebare qvabovan sadasayudebuloebSi

atarebdnen.

mRvimevis ornaviani eklesia da “Wipiani kldis” qvabnaSeni

ise arian ganlagebulნi, rom maT erTaneTTan vizualuri kavSiri

aqvT. albaT, SeZlebisdagvarad, aseTive adgilebs irCevdnen

mRvimevis lavris CvenTvis cnobili zogierTi sxva

sadasayudebuloebis mosაwyobadac: mag., monastris dRevandeli


34

centris dasavleTiT, 200-ode m-is daSorebiT mdebare qvabovanი jgufic (agreTve akldamebiani) Zveli udabnos centridan,

eklesiidan kargad Cans. Aაmrigad, pirdapiri Tu diagonaluri

vizualuri kavSiri imereTis am mxareSi ara marto TavdacviTi

gamoqvabulebisTvis, aramed lavris tipis qvabovani monastrebis

Semadgeneli gancalkevebuli jgufebisTvis yofila

damaxasiaTebeli.

savaraudod, monastrebSi qvabebis aseTi ganlageba

emsaxureboda rogorc, zogadad, qveynis strategiul-TavdacviTi

mniSvnelobis komunikaciis sakiTxis mogvarebas, ise, kerZod,

informaciis gavrcelebas monastris liturgiul SinaganawesTan

dakavSirebul sakiTxebze, vTqvaT, riggareSe wirvis Tu sxva

Sekrebebis Sesaxeb.

amgvarad, am regionSi TiTqos ikveTeba socialურ-politikuri da safortifikacio arsis mqone Semdegi sqema: Sua

saukuneebis sxvadsxva stadiaze md. yvirilas da mis Senakad

xeobebSi gamokveTili gamoqvabulTa sistemebi, ganurCevlad imisa, wminda TavdacviTi mniSvnelobisaa isini, Tu samonastro

struqturebis Semadgeneli qvabovani sagandegiloebi, TiTqmis

yovelTvis imis gaTvaliswinebiT iqmneboda, rom maT

urTierTSoris vizualuri komunikaciა hqonodaT; yovelive es

imis saSualebas iZleoda, rom maT Soris moxdariyo

sasicocxlod aucilebeli sxvadasxva saxis informaciis gacvla

da amasTan, es saero Tu sasuliero daniSnulebis obieqtebi

aqtiurad yofiliyვნენ CarTulნi signalizaciis sistemaSi,

romelic qveynis Tavdacvisunarianobis gaZlierebis saqmes

emsaxureboda.

zogadad, funqciurad, saerTo principebis dacvis

miuxedavad, qvabovani monastrebi iqmneboda landSaftis

gaTvaliსwinebiT. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT daviT

garejisa da WiaTuris regionis samonastro kopmpleqsebi. Tu

pirveli maTgani naxevrad udabur landSaftTan aris

adaptirebuli, WiaTuris regionis qvabebis gamokveTa xdeboda


35

kldovan, daklaknil kanionebSi. mRvimeebsa da kldeebSi qvabebis

gamokveTisas gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kldovani koncxebis,

mRvimeebis urTierTmimarTeba maT Soris komunikaciis damyarebis

mizniT.

sur.1

sur. 2


36

sur.3

sur. 4

sur. 5


37

literatura

g. gafrindaSvili, al. nemsiwveriZe 1955: g. gafrindaSvili, al.

nemsiwveriZe WiaTuris miuval gamoqvabulebSi. gazeTi. Tb.:

`komunisti~, # 96. 1955

vaxuSti batoniSvili 1973: aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa.

qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV. Tb., 1973 d. mSvenieraZe 1955: d. mSvenieraZe., gamoqvabuli nagebobani

saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1955

g. samxaraZe 1965: `WiaTuris maRaroeli~; misive, xelnaweri

dRiurebi

Бакрадзе Д. 1873: Бакрадзе Д. , Кавказ в древних памятниках Христианства. акты археграфической комисии, т.V. Тифлис, 1873

Церетели Г. 1898: Археологическая прлогулка по квирильскому ущелью. Материалы по археологии Кавказа, в. VII, Москва, 1898. Brosset M.-F. 1851: Rapports sur un voyage archeologique dans la Georgie et dans l’Armenie, excute en 1847-1848, livr. 1-3, St. Petersbourg, 1851.

rusudan mircxulava

gza, rogorc saxviTi art-

Treningis ZiriTadi

simbolo

art - Treningis qeisi

art-Treningi (iseve, rogorc art-

Terapia) iyenebs saxelovnebo resurss,

ris gamoc simbolos fsiqikaze zemo-

qmedebis efeqtur agentad ganixilavs da

simboloebiT, mxatvruli niSnebiT mani-

pulirebas ukavSirdeba. fsiqoTerapiis

procesSi simbolos mravalferovani fun-

qciebi miewereba, maT Soris, ZiriTadad,

SemecnebiTi (kognitiur insaiTTan dakav-

Sirebuli), socialur -komunikaciuri da

eqspresiul-afeqturi. Cvens fsiqologi-

ur praqtikaSi gzis simbolos centra-

luri mniSvneloba eniWeba. aq sailus-

traciod warmovadgenT fsiqologiuri

muSaobis procesSi gzis simbolos gamo-

yenebis konkretul magaliTs (qeisi).

magaliTi (qeisi): art-sesiis forma:

saxviTi art-sesia.

samizne jgufi - afxazeTidan iZulebiT

gadaadgilebuli pirebi da ltolvilebi.

adgili: norvegiis ltolvilTa sabWo

(2002 weli). jgufi Sedgeba 21-dan 34

wlamde asakis 12 participantisagan (8

qali, 4 mamakaci). (pirobiTi saxelebi:

gza, rogorc saxviTi art-Treningis ZiriTadi simbolo

39

ana (21 w), dali (34 w), qeTo (32 w), zaira (30 w), manana (29

w), roza ( 34w), nani (28 w), liza (32 w), gio (23 w), vaso (

32w), ramazi (25 w), merabi (27 w).

samuSao masala: kedelze fiqsirebulididi formatis saxatavi

qaRaldebi, feradi flomasterebi da markerebi.

jgufis wevrebi sxedan naxevrad wriulad ganlagebul

skamebze, maT pirdapir, kedelze, samuSao qaRaldia gakruli.

muSaoba iwyeba e.w. „moTelvis savarjiSoebiT“ , romelTa

miznebia jgufis wevrebis gacnoba da maTi momzadeba mxatvruli

davalebis Sesasruleblad.

saxviTi art-sesiis Temaa „gzaze mavali adamiani“.

cxadia, rom ltolvilebisTvis gzis simbolos

gansakuTrebuli datvirTva da mniSvneloba aqvs ara mxolod

samSoblosTan dacilebis, aramed, aseve - momavali axali

cxovrebis perspeqtivis TvalsazrisiTac. Sesabamisad, aRniSnul

jgufSi fsiqologiuri muSaobisas gzis simbolo gansakuTrebiT

efeqtur „instrumentad“ iqceva.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom, fsiqologiuri muSaobis procesSi

gzis simbolo ganixileba ara mxolod mocemul jgufTan

(ltolvilTa jgufTan) misi arsebuli mimarTebebis safuZvelze

(jgufis piradi gamocdilebisa da gancdebis gaTvaliswinebiT),

aramed ufro zogadad, rogorc universaluri semionic.

fsiqologiuri muSaobis procesSi CaerTvis sxva simboloebic,

romelTa daniSnulebac ZiriTadi simbolos - gzis

interpretaciaa da masTan dakavSirebuli, misi insaiTi.

fsiqologiuri muSaobis procesSi iqmneba optimaluri

pirobebi imisaTvis, raTa jgufma srulad gamoxatos

damokidebuleba da, rac mTavaria, emociuri damokidebuleba

mxatvruli masalis (gzis) mimarT, moaxdinos grZnobebis

eqspresia, Camoayalibos Sexedulebebi momavlis perspeqtivasTan

dakavSirebiT da, aseve - ganimtkicos Sida-jgufuri

socialuri kavSirebi.

SemoTavazebul Temaze („gzaze mavali adamiani“) jgufis

Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi Treneri-fsiqologi kiTxvebiT mimarTavs

rusudan mircxulava

40

jgufs da diskusiis Semdeg miRebuli pasuxebis safuZvelze

xatavs gzas.

jgufs es kiTxvebi daesmis: „ra feris flomasteriT

davxato gza?“, „gza diagonaluri, horizontaluri Tu

vertikaluri xaziT (xazebiT) gamovsaxo? „ , „swori, klaknili

Tu wyvetili xazi gamoviyeno“? TiToeul kiTxvasTan

dakavSirebuli arCevani diskusiis procesSi Sesabamisi

argumentirebis safuZvelze miiReba.

Cvens konkretul jgufSi SeirCa ruxi flomasteriT

daxatuli klaknili gza, romelic siRrmeSi midis. Treneri-

fsiqologi xatavs gzas da skamze participantebs Soris ikavebs

adgils.

Treneri-fsiqologi: modi, Cvens gzaze adamiani movaTavsoT.

bavSvobaSi yvelas gvixatia kacunebi, ara? Zalian martivad

gamovsaxoT: Tavi - wre, cxvir-piri wertilebi, xel-fexi -

xazebi (oTaxSi sicilia). aba, vin iTavebs amas?

jgufidan msurveli dgeba (pirobiTad, ana).

ana: me mexerxeba xatva.

is saxatav qaRaldTan midis da Sav flomasters moimarjvebs .

es konturebisTvis, - azustebs Tavis arCevans.

- erTi wuTiT, - aCerebs mas Treneri-fsiqologi - sad

ganvaTavsoT figura? gzis TavSi, SuaSi Tu boloSi?

jgufSi diskusia iwyeba, pirvel or versias uCndeba

momxreebi. bolos jgufi irCevs pirvel versias da adamiani gzis

dasawyisSi Tavsdeba.

uecrad jgufidan meore volontiori dgeba (pirobiTad,

gio).

gio: jobia, adamianis figura gamovWraT da skoCiT an WikartiT

mivamagroT xolme iq, sadac gvinda! (jgufi da anac erTxmad

eTanxmebian gios) da adamianis figura (is Sarval-perangSi

gamowyobili, axalgazrda vaJia) gzis dasawyisSi Tavsdeba.


41

jgufSi isev sicilia. afaseben gios naxelavs: -kargi vinmea!

viRacas magonebs!. . .

pauzis Semdeg, Treneri-fsiqologi isev mimarTavs jgufs: -

ai, axla TiToeuli Tqvenganis aqtiuroba iqneba saWiro! gzaze

Tu gzis irgvliv daxateT yvelaferi, rac, Tqveni azriT, Cvens

gmirs (isev sicili jgufSi) SeiZleba daxvdes. aseve, fonic

SeuqmeniT naxats. ise, ra davarqvaT Cvens gmirs?

iwyeba diskusia. bolos jgufi Tanxmdeba, rom qaRaldze

ganTavsebul figuras ewodos, ubralod, adamiani.

jgufi aqtiurad erTveba muSaobaSi da daaxloebiT, 20 wuTis

ganmavlobaSi xatavs.

naxatis aRwera: jgufis koleqtiur naxatze gamosaxulia ruxi,

klaknili gza, romelic naxatis ukana planze daxatuli aseve

ruxi mTebisken midis. adamianis figura, Sav Sarvalsa da TeTr

perangSi gamowyobili, wina planze, gzis TavSia. gzaze

ganTavsebulia sxvadasxva obieqtebi da arsebebi: ori manqana

(mwvane da wiTeli), oTxi adamiani (oTxive mamakacia da naxatis

„mTavari gmiris“ msgavsad Semosili), xeebi, yvavilebi (aq

gamoyenebulia gansxvavebuli ferebi: wiTeli, lurji, yviTeli. .

.), qvebi (mcire zomis, ruxi feris). naxatis siRrmeSi patara

xidia (Savi feris). gzis miRma daxatulia eklesia, patara

saxlebi (wiTeli saxuravebiTa da TeTri kedlebiT), erT-erT

saxlTan Cans Wa da palma. naxatis marcxena mxares klaknili

lurji xazebiT zRvaa gamosaxuli, iqvea feradi kenWebi, zemoT

dafrinaven TeTri Toliebi.

naxati mzadaa, jgufis wevrebi sxdebian. isev iwyeba xmamaRali

saubari, Sorisdebulebi. jgufSi naxatis mimarT araerTgvarovani

emociuri reaqciaa. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva qeTos, dalis da

mananas reaqciebi; maT cremli moeriaT da erTmaneTs

eCurCulebian.

Treneri-fsiqologi (swored am sam qalbatons mimarTavs): Cven

yvelani aRelvebulebi varT. iqneb gagviziaroT Tqveni gancdebi?

qeTo (gaubedavad): iq Cemi saxli davxate (dasaxlebis saxels aq

ar mivuTiTebT), WiT da palmiT (cremlebi isev ereva).

rusudan mircxulava

42

dali ( qeTos damSvidebis ganzraxviT): yvelam davtoveT

saxlebi, marto Sen xom ara. . . (xels gadaxvevs qeTos)

ana: saerTod, Cveni adamiani zRvis sanapirodan, saxlidan (

sityvas „saxli“ SedarebiT, Cumad warmoTqvams) mTebisken

midis!

ana naxats uaxlovdeba, adamianis figuras skoCiT xsnis da gzis

dasawyisidan gzis Sua monakveTze gadaanacvlebs.

jgufSi isev iwyeba saubari. gio da merabi aqtiuroben.

gio: es TavisiT gamovida! me sulac ar mqonda amis daxatva

ganzraxuli (TiTqos Tavs imarTlebs) merab, Senc magas ar

ambobdi?

merabi: iseTi Temaa. . . gamovidoda ra, TavisiT. aucileblad

gamovidoda.

Treneri-fsiqologi (jgufis SedarebiT pasiur wevrebs

mimarTavs): Tqven xom ar gindaT raimes Tqma?

zaira: biWebs veTanxmebi. . .

nani: Cveni cxovrebac egaa! gza da isev gza!

merabi: Tan saiT midis, gaurkvevelia!. . .

ana: ( intonaciaSi agresia etyoba) da vin unda gagirkvios?

merabi: vinc daiwyo eg yvelaferi! omi vinc daiwyo!

ana dgeba da oTaxSi iwyebs siaruls. aSkarad ukmayofiloa

merabis pasuxiT, magram samagierod verafers eubneba.

Treneri-fsiqologi: gza xom, zogadad, nebismieri adamianis

cxovrebas SeiZleba niSnavdes, Tanac, moulodnelobiT, xifaTiT

savse gza?

dali: yvela mogzauria, ara? (iRimeba)

ana: da aravin icis, sabolood visi mogzauroba gamodgeba ufro

mZime. . .


43

ana naxatTan midis da naxatis siRrmeSi, mTis ferdobze, qeTos

saxlis (WiTa da palmiT) asls xatavs.

qeTos isev cremlebi ereva, anasTan midis da exveva.

qeTo: anam Cemi saxli damixata momavalSi!

Treneri-fsiqologi: (qeTos ukan dgeba da xelebs mxrebze adebs)

ukve CamovayalibeT, Tu ra datova ukan Cvenma adamianma.

nani: zRva da saxli. . .

Treneri-fsiqologi: naxatze isic Cans, Tu ras xvdeba adamiani

gzaze.

gio: iseTs arafers. . .

qeTo: ratom? ager xalxi, manqanebi. . . eklesiacaa.

ramazi: eg arafers niSnavs. . .

vaso: SeiZleba niSnavdes kidec.. . imas, rom es Cveni adamiani

mTlad marto araa.

gio: mTlad marto ras niSnavs? martoa da eg ari!

(isev iwyeba diskusia)

manana: eklesia? eklesiaze arafers ambobT?

qeTo: Cvens adamians mand daxvdeba (!) imedi . . .

gio: eklesia isedac daixateboda!

qeTo: da magas vambob me!

ana: hoda, es Cveni adamiani sulac ar yofila marto

vaso: RmerTis imedadaa

ana: da kidev momavlis. . .

Treneri-fsiqologi: miaqcieT yuradReba, rom anas garda aravis

araferi dauxatavs momavalSi. SexedeT, naxatze xidicaa!

rusudan mircxulava

44

(Treneri-fsiqologi adaminis figuras xidze amagrebs)

liza: xidi me davxate. iq mdinare gadis.

gio: (Trener-fsiqologs mimarTavs) adamianis figura xidze

axlis dawyebis niSnad dasviT, ara?

Treneri-fsiqologi: (icinis) hoc da arac!

gio: aSkarad magitom! (jgufi gios eTanxmeba)

Treneri-fsiqologi: hoda, modi, cota xniT ukan davtovoT

tkivili iseve, rogorc Cvens naxatze gzaze mavalma adamianma

moitova ukan. modi, davubrundeT xatvas da gzis siRrmeSi,

mTebis ferdobebze is davxatoT, rasac Cvens mogzaurs

momavalSi vusurvebdiT!

Treneri-fsiqologi pirveli midis koleqtiur naxatTan da

mTebis zemoT cisartyelas gamosaxavs.

jgufis wevrebi aqtiurad erTvebian xatvaSi, isinic ki,

romlebic diskusiis dros pasiurobdnen. mTebis ferdobebze

ixateba xelCakidebuli adamianebis jgufi, Senobebi, eklesia,

gaSlili sufra, yvavilebi, wigni, kompiuteri, saqarTvelos

erovnuli droSa. . .

sul bolos ana midis naxatTan da mas Tavze, rogorc

gvirgvins, mzes adgams.

jgufi msjelobs TiToeul simbolosTan dakavSirebiT; ra

mizniT iqna gamosaxuli, ras gamoxatavs, ra akavSirebs gzis

simbolosTan.

ana: cisartyela da mze es momavlis imedia, romelzedac

vlaparakobdiT. . .

roza: me momavalSic eklesia davxate - rwmena yvelgan saWiroa!

dali: yvavilebi davxate - bednierebas gamoxatavs.

gio: xelCakidebuli adamianebi davxate - magaT Soris Cveni

adamianicaa.


45

qeTo: anu is aRaraa marto! (icinis)

gio: egre gamodis (icinis). Tan erovnuli droSac davxate -

samSoblos siyvaruli da imedi erTad mindoda gamosaxuliyo.

qeTo giosTan midis da dedobrivi alersiT gadausvams Tavze

xels.

qeTo: me bevri saxli davxate! mTeli qalaqia! qalaqze didia!

zaira: me gaSlili sufra davxate! (jgufSi sicilia) ratom

iciniT?! (Tavadac ecineba)

merabi: me kompiuteri da wigni davxate! momavali da codna,

erTi sityviT. . .

amis Semdeg Treneri-fsiqologi jgufis wevrebs

naxatisTvis saxelis darqmevas sTxovs. Cndeba ramdenime versia:

„mogzauri“, „adamianis gza“, „ocneba“, „win sinaTlisaken“,

„gza mzisken“, „natvra“.

msjelobis Semdeg, jgufi irCevs versias - „adamianis gza“.

koleqtiuri naxatisTvis saxelis SerCevis Semdeg

naxatTan merabi midis da mTebis ferdobebze (momavalSi) wvimas

(nacrisferi vertikaluri, mokle xazebiT) gamosaxavs.

qeTo (sayveduriT): ratom gaafuWe naxati? ra unda wvimas mand?!

merabi: ese ufro namdvilia. . . Tanac, vis unaxavs cisartyela

wvimis gareSe?

jgufSi sicilia. merabs eTanxmebian.

ana: wvimam TiTqos gaaerTiana Cveni adamianis warsuli da

momavali, sinamdvile da ocneba.

gio: ho, ese ufro namdvili gamovida.

Treneri-fsiqologi: naxatis romeli detali migaCniaT yvelaze

sainteresod da mniSvnelovnad?

qeTo: Cemi saxli da ezo. . . gansakuTrebiT , anas daxatuli.

rusudan mircxulava

46

ana: xidi! kargad gamoxatavs Cvens mdgomareobas.

gio: xidi da gza! orive sainteresoa!

merabi: cisartyela da wvima. . . da gzac!

amis Semdeg jgufs eZleva mxatvruli davaleba saxlSi

Sesasruleblad; art-sesiaze miRebuli gamocdilebis safuZvelze

maT unda daweron mokle Txzuleba, saxelwodebiT - „adamiani

gzaze“.

meore dRes jgufi isev modis art-sesiaze muSaobis

gasagrZeleblad.

art-sesiis warmodgenil qeisTan dakavSirebiT da

analogiuri meTodiT Catarebuli sesiebis safuZvelze mokled

Semdegi unda iTqvas:

1) saxviT art-sesiaze gzis simbolos gamoyenebisas jgufis

wevrebi xatvis procesSive aracnobierad (an zogjer cnobierad)

axdenen masTan sakuTari cxovrebis da sazogadod, adamianis

cxovrebis dakavSirebas. verbaluri obieqtivirebis safexurze

gzis simbolos aRniSnuli semantikuri Sinaarsi sruli sisavsiT

vlindeba. aqve unda iTqvas, rom ltolvilTa jgufi

gansakuTrebiT sensitivuria gzis simbolos mimarT.

2) art-sesiis manZilze gzis simbolos eniWeba rogorc

diagnostikuri, ise -makoregirebeli mniSvnelobac; is xels

uwyobs Sekavebuli afeqtis gamovlenas (emociur kaTarziss),

arsebuli problemebisa da konfliqtebis asaxvas, adamianis mier

sakuTari, aqtualuri mdgomareobisa da misi „cxovrebis gzis“

obieqtivirebas, samomavlo perspeqtivis gaazrebas.

3) gzis simbolos gamoyeneba astimulirebs art-sesiaze

miRebuli gamocdilebis ganzogadebasa da viwro individualuri

donidan zogad-adamianur doneze gadanacvlebas.


47

literatura

mircxulava r. fsiqologiuri dramidan - fsiqodramamde, Tb.

mwignobari, 20122.Андерсон-Уорен М., Грейнджер Р.Драма-терапия, Санкт-Петербург, Питер, 2001

Копытин А. (ред) Арт-терапия в эпоху постмодерна, Санкт-Петербург, Речь, 2002

Келлерман П. Психодрама крупным планом, М., Класс, 1998

Лейтц Г. Психодрама- теория и практика, М., Когито-центр, 2007

Сульчёнок К. Методы эффективной психокоррекции, Минск, Харвест, 1999

inga milorava

gzis sivrculi modeli

modernistul teqstSi

`gzis~ models yovelTvis didi

mniSvneloba eniWeboda xelovnebaSi.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gza, Tavisi arsiT,

sinesTeziuri, gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT

ki – sinkretulia. horizontisken mima-

vali gza, nawarmoebis mizandasaxulobis

da ganwyobilebis mixedviT, Rameuli Tu

mziT gabrwyinebuli, ukacuri Tu nel-

nela sivrcesTan Sesarwymelad moZravi

figuriT an figurebiT, SesaZloa, nebis-

mieri sxva kompoziciiT, moqmedebis dau-

sruleblobis, miRmur samyarosTan kavSi-

ris da momavlis gamWvirvale metaforaa

da xSirad ikavebs kuTvnil adgils

ferwerul tiloebze, gansakuTrebiT ki

- kinofilmebis finalur scenebSi. gza

siuJeturi qargis gaSlis saSualebac

xdeba. `gzis~ modeli fabulis, RerZis,

Txrobis xerxemlis rolSi gamodis, ma-

gram uSualod gmiris saxis mimarT,

umniSvnelovanesia misi, rogorc dar-

Rveuli mTlianobis aRdgenis sakraluri

gzis funqcia.

antikurobidan moyolebuli `gza~

mxatvruli literaturis yuradRebis

centrSia moqceuli. `gzis~ simbolika

“gzis” sivrculi modeli modernistul teqstSi

49

rTulia da transformirdeba epoqaTa saazrovno tendenciebis

cvalebadobis kvalobaze. `gza~ xdeba nawarmoebis siuJeturi

RerZi (antikuri miTebi; òdisea~; èneada~; antikuri

saTavgadasavlo romani; bizantiuri romani; Sua saukuneebis

bedis ukuRmarTobis romani; nawilobriv, biografiuli romani;

Tanamedrove saTavgadasavlo da fantastikuri beletristika).

`gza~ gansazRvravs nawarmoebis kompozicias, struqturas da

gavlenas axdens mxatvruli saxis agebis principebze.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania `gzaze~ axali formiT gasvlisa da

samyaros Signidan, ucxo rakursiT xilvis SesaZlebloba

(apuleusi, òqros viri~). gvaqvs `gzis~ mistikuri gaSifvris

cdac. `gzis~ simbolika ukavSirdeba RmerTTan, kosmosTan

adamianis kavSiris problemas, yvela winaaRmdegobis aRmofxvra

da dasasrulisa da dasawyisis dakavSireba bunebrivad spobs

winaaRmdegobas Sinagansa da garegans, sakralursა da profanuls

Soris, aseTi bolomde ganvlili àmoxsnili~ da daZleuli

`gza~ ukavSirdeba absoluturi WeSmaritebis Secnobas da

Sinagani mTlianobis aRdgenas.

nawarmoebis `gzas~ aqvs horizontaluri (fizikuri) da

vertikaluri (sulieri) forma. mxolod miTologiur personaJs

an gamorCeuli Tvisebebis mqone kultis msaxurს ZaluZT

aRasrulon vertikaluri mogzauroba zeviT an qveviT, e.i.

gadaseron samყaro vertikalurad. xolo qveynierebis kidiT

kidemde svla horizontalurad, rogorc wesi, ukavSirdeba

`zekacs~, gmirebs, moRvaweTa klass an gansakuTrebul

mdgomareobas (magaliTad, ritualSi monawileobas an wminda

adgilebis mosanaxuleblad mogzaurobas). cxadia sxvaoba:

ubralo mokvdavs SeuZlia realurad gaudges honizontalur

gzas da gansakuTrebuli Zalisxmevis meSveobiT gaasrulos igi,

xolo vertikaluri gza SeiZleba gadailaxos mxolod

figuralurad _ suliT (toporovi 1983: 127). aseTi

vertikaluri struqturaa mocemuli dantes `RvTaebriv

komediaSi~, sadac sxvadasxva sibrtyeebi (jojoxeTi,

salxinebeli, samoTxe) vertikalur RerZzea ganlagebuli da

gmiric am `gzas~ sulis meSveobiT gadis.

inga milorava

50

`gzis~ mniSvneloba Tu ar izrdeba, yovel SemTxvevaSi, arc

iklebs Tanamedrove mxatvrul azrovnebaSi. rogorc `zekaცis~ saxesTan mimarTebით Cans, igi TvalsaCino rols asrulebs

modernistul qarTul moTxrobaSic. am TvalsazrisiT

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa niko lorTqifaniZis proza.

niko lorTqifaniZis `gzis~ sivrculi modeli ZiriTadad

horizontaluria da emsaxureba gmiris rogorc gamarjvebis, ise

damarcxebis Cvenebas. paradoqsulia, magram orive SemTxvevaSi

aRdgeba darRveuli mTlianoba da srulad ikveTeba gmiris

mimarTeba gare samyarosadmi, mxatvruli saxis mizandasaxuloba.

eli (`Selocva radioTi~) ver sZlevs mis `gzaze~ arsebul

yvela winaaRmdegobas. elis `gza~ ar Sedgeba Tvalsaჩinod gamijnuli monakveTebisagan, igi pirdapiria, horizontaluri da

dasaSvebze ufro grZeli, elis Tavidanve arabunebrivi tempi

aqvs, rogorc `naptkveni bumbuli~ mihqris `gzaze~, cal mxares

gaxsnilia, mihyavs adamiani samSoblodan Sors, ucxo samyaroSi,

magram ubrundeba sakuTar Tavs. Tavis samSobloSi eli

gaucxoebuli iyo sakuTar TavTan, ver grZnobda miwas, fesvebs,

magram `gzaze~, romelmac daaSora mSobliur miwas, man

gaacnobiera Tavisi ganuyreli kavSiri samSoblosTan. mTlianoba

aRdga, mxolod - sulier planSi. eli Seecada, rogorme

dakavSireboda samSoblos, radioTi gadmocemuli mSobliuri

sityvebi, xmis mTlianobis aRdgenis kidev erTi impulsi xdeba,

`gzis~ bolos, sikvdilSi uerTdeba cxovrebisagan damarcxebuli

eli sakuTar Tavs, mSobliur wiaRs da aseTi srulqmnili saxiT

warmodgeba. es gamTlianeba mxolod sulier planSi xdeba. rac

Seexeba `gzis~ fizikur plans, misi sruli aTviseba mxolod

zemZlavr gmirTa xvedria. niko lorTqifaniZis `zekaci~ an

`pirobiTi warsulis~ gmiri yovelTvis periferiidan centrisaken

moZraobs da axdens mis SemosazRvras. sapirispirod, awmyos

`patara adamiani~ fizikurad ver gadalaxavs `gzas~, magram

sulier planSi isic Semokrebs sakralur sibrtyes da ar rCeba

Sinaganad darRveuli, periferiaze gariyuli.

zemZlavri adamianis mier `gzis~ gadalaxvis yvelaze

TvalsaCino modelia mocemuli niko lorTqifanibis


51

`qeduxrelnSi~. zurab jiSkariani iRebs gadawyvetilebas Tavisi

nebiT Caekiros cixis kedelSi. `zekacis Seqmnas~ swored `gzam~

Seuwyo xeli. `gza~, romelzეc Tanamimdevrulad lagdeba

ZiriTadi movlenebi, jer fizikurad daiZleva gmiris mier,

Semdeg ki gadadis sulier planSi da simbolod gardaiqmneba.

`gzam~ gaaerTiana eri da gmiri da aRadgina darRveuli

mTlianoba. gmiri gamodis mSobliuri saxlidan (sawyisi

wertili) da miemarTeba cixis kedlisken (bolo wertili).

`gzaze~ xdeba zurabis saxis aTviseba da TandaTanobiT Sevseba,

yoveli axali monakveTis gavlis Semdeg igi adis ufro maRal

safexurze da Cveulebrivi mokvdavidan erovnuli Zlierebis

simbolomde maRldeba. zurab jiSkariani _ `zekaci~ miuyveba

miTopoeturi samyaros `gzas~, gadalaxavs mas fizikuradac da

sulieradac da Semokrebs sakralur vels, romelSic

aRmofxvrilia ZiriTadi winaaRmdegobani, centri SeuRwevadia da

daculia misi zneobrivi mTlianoba.

zecisken mimavali sulieri transformaciis `gzaa~

gamosaxuli basil meliqiSvilis moTxrobaSi `Turmani~.

nawarmoebis miTopoeturi qsovili garTulebulia lirizmiT,

reminiscenciebiT, Sinagani monologebiTa da uCveulo eqspresiiT,

rac TiTqmis nervuli aSlilobis, sigiJis zRvramde midis.

yovelive es odnav abundovanebs nawarmoebis mxatvrul samyaros,

arTulebs mis aRqmas, magram, imavdroulad, aRZravs idumalebis

mistiკur gancdas. moqmedeba aq mudmivad meryeobs cxadisa da

zmanebis mijnaze da zogjer Zneli saTqmelia, ras asaxavs da

gamosaxavs mwerali _ mZafri vnebebisagan SeZrulი gmiris

Sinagan samyaros Tu mis gareT ganfenil movlenebs. am

SemTxvevaSic erTmaneTs gadaewna `gzis~ modeli, `zekaci~ da

misi misia. am misiis aRsrulebis `gzaze~ xdeba Turmanis saxis

gamTlianeba, srulqmna da zecad amaRleba. mistikur-simboluri

plastebi met gamomsaxvelobas aniWebs gmiris xasiaTsac da mis

samoqmedo sivrcesac. RvarZli, dalija, romelic mosdebia

SuqarTs da adamianebis dasneulebasა და gadagvarebas iwvevs,

sruliad gamWvirvale simboloa da eris sulier degradaciaze

mianiSnebs. aseTive simboluria jaTi. maxinji, favnis an eSmakis

inga milorava

52

garegnobis mqone jaTi _ borotis, bnelis simbolo –

upirispirdeba Turmans – sikeTis matarebels. Turmanis mier

wminda Teslis Zebnac simboluri da mistiკuri mniSvnelobiTaa

datvirTuli da zemZlavri sulis - adamianis mier TanamoZmeTa

mimarT Tavisi movaleobis sruliad realur SegrZnebamde, maTi

fizikuri da sulieri gadarCenis saSualebaTa gamalebul

Ziebamde dadis.

Tavdapirvelad Turmani TiTqos Cveulebrivi adamiania,

sruliad garkvuli mizniT lasticixes amosuli cotaTi kuSti

ucnobi _ ùcxo~. Tu romelime saxes ukavSirdeba igi am etapze,

isev `zekacs~. Turmanis portretSi irekleba mTlianad

gaucxoebuli, martosuli, samyaros mimarT TiTqmis zizRiT

ganwyobili kaci. am TvalsazrisiT exmianeba igi nicSes `zekacs~;

portretSi arsad Cans misi Zala, miTumetes, zeZliereba.

`lelian da da daCalul tbasTan Camosjeqi da dainaxe Seni saxe:

viwro, gamxdari da mkacri. mxolod maSin dainaxe Seni Tvalebi

_ RvarZliTa da gesliT savseni; Seni Tvalebi, qveyanas dacinviT

rom umzeren~ (meliqiSvili 1987: 55). lasticixeSi amosuli

Turmani jer mxolod ùcxoa~, mxolod esaa garkveuli da

aqedan irTveba nawarmoebis Sinagani qronometri. am SemTxvevaSic

Tavi iCina imave ùcxos~ momentma, romelic aseT mniSvnelovan

rols asrulebda grigol robaqiZis moTxrobaSi èngadi~.

Turmani adgeba `gzas~, rogorc ùcxo~, TandaTan ivseba,

mTliandeba da `gzis~ dasasruls uerTdeba pirdapir zecas,

usasrulobas.

zecis da usasrulobis SegrZneba `gzis~ dasawyisSive,

pirvelive nabijidan Cans. daxatulia `gza~ sivrceSi, mTeli misi

perspeqtiva. upirvelesi, rasac am `gzaze~ Semdgari adamiani

grZnobs, SiSiა, SiSi idumalis, Seucnoblis, TviT cxovrebis,

sაkuTar TavTan pirispir marto darCenis. Turmanis SiSi TiTqos garemosac gadaedo, garindda da miibinda. TvalnaTliv ikveTeba

gmiris da garemomcveli peizaJis Sinagani erTianoba. metic,

mweralma peizaJi TviT Turmanis sulis moZraobis gamosaxatavad

gamoiyena. garemo fizikuridan nawilobriv mainc `gadaizida~

sulier planSi. garemodan aRZruli idumalebis SegrZneba


53

amzadebs gmirs raRac axlis, jer unaxavis Sesacnobad da,

imavdroulad, garemo Turmanis sulis SidapeizaJis funqciasac

asrulebs. siaxle sikvdilis saxiT Semodis moTxrobaSi:

Turmanis Tvalwin kvdeba qali. sikvdilis SecnobiT da

gaTavisebiT eyreba safuZveli `zekacs~, magram `zekacma~ (arc

nicSeseulma, arc pirobiTma) ar icis SiSi. TurmanSi ki იგი kvlavაც batonobs. man mxolod erTi nabiji gadadga Tavis

sakralur `gzaze~ da SiSs, kerZod, micvalebulisadmi SiSs, jer

ver morevia. mwerali nabij-nabij aRwers gmiris sulier

transformacias. pirvel rigSi, iTrguneba SiSi.

sikvdilis SecnobiTa da SiSis damorCilebiT iwyeba

Turmanis tanjviTa da tkiviliT savse aRmasvla. sagulisxmoa,

rom am SemTxvevaSic `gza~ baridan mTisken miemarTeba. `mTis~

simbolikam (dasabams iRebs bibliidan, moses aRmasvla mTaze)

Tavisi roli Seasrula XX s-is ^ qarTul prozaSi (gr.

robaqiZe, èngadi~; b. meliqiSvili, `Turmani~, `mokveTili TiTi~;

m. javaxiSvili, `TeTri sayelo~). `mTaSi~, lasticixeSi asuli

Turmani poulobs meziss, daRupuli xoreSanis asuls, romelsac

siyvaruli moaqvs misTvis. kvlav gadaejaWva erTmaneTs siyvaruli

da sikvdili. Turmani _ ùcxo~ Zlieri grZnobis meSveobiT

ukavSirdeba qals da TandaTan scildeba ùcxos~ damRa.

lasticixeSi ecnoba igi salTujs – idumalebiT mocul moxucs,

romelsac winaswarmetyvelisა da patriarqis funqciebi aqvs

SeTavsebuli. salTujTan urTierTobiT Cawvdeba Turmani

dalijas, wminda Teslis Tesvis da samsxverplod ganwiruli

mTesveli balRis WeSmarit mniSvnelobas. `...balRi RvTiuria da

wminda, magram, xalxma moiTxova xeluxlebeli~ (meliqiSvili

1988: 69).

Turmanis `gza~ bevrad ufro rTulia, vidre qarTul

moTxrobaSi asaxuli romelime `zekacis~ an sulieri adamianis

`gzebi~. es sirTule yvelaze martiv, grafikul donezec

TvalnaTliv Cans. sxva SemTxvevebSi `gza~ erTi mimarTulebiT

midis, `TurmanSi~ ki igi ramdenjerme Semobrundeba, ubrundeba

sawyis wertils – SuqarTs, Semdeg isev iwyebs aRmasvlas

mTisaken. `gzis~ aseTi konvulsiuri moZraoba nawarmoebis

inga milorava

54

mxatvrul sivrceში zustad asaxavs Turmanis mtanjvel Sinagan

winaaRmdegobebs, sulier tkivilebs, Widils skuTar TavTan,

Zlivs Sekowiwebuli mTlianobis xelaxal daSlas da yvelafris

Tavidan dawyebas, gausaZlis miusafrobas. apokalifsur xilvebSi

eZebs Turmani sakuTar Tavs. lasticixeSi eguleba Sveba, magram

guli kvlav damZimebuli aqvs. misTvis mTavari Tavisi `zekacuri~

misiis aRsruleba, eris, sulis gadarCenaa. verc mxolod qalis

– mezisis siyvaruli, verc Zmadnaficis _ solos megobroba,

verc brZenis – salTujis saubari Seavsebs Turmans, ver

gaamTlianebs mis suls, romelic eWvebma da sakuTari misiis

simZimem dafliTa. Turmani xedavs, rom balRis mokvdinebiT azri

ekargeba mis aRmasvlas SuqarTidan lasticixisken. Turmanma

icis, rom Tu balRi mokvdeba, msxverplad Seewireba, maSin

SuqarTsac daRupva elis, radgan ZaladobiT, mkvlelobiT

mopovebuls sicocxlის შენარჩუნების უნარი არა აქვს. Turmani afrTxilebs xalxs, ar gadalaxon mijna, ar

moklan xeluxlebeli balRi, anu ar Caklan sakuTar sulSi

siwminde, Torem yvelaferi daiRupeba: `-xorbali veRaras giSve-

liT, gagiqrebaT sicocxle da xalisi. gaimijneT da SesdeqiT!..~

(mეliqiSvili 1987: 55).

Turmani winaswarmetyvelis donemde maRldeba. misma `gzam~,

romelic TandaTan realuridan mistikur-simbolur planSi

gadavida, Seasrula Tavisi misia, garesamyarosTan, xalxTan

umWidroesi Sinagani kavSiriT aRdga Turmanis Sinagani `mes~

mTlianoba da roca igi gaemijna mxolod sakuTari Tavis

gadarCenis da sisxlis wyurviliT dabrmavebul xalxs, es

mTlianoba mainc Seuryvneli darCa. ase rom, mwerlisTvis gmiris

mier sakuTari arsis povna is TviTmizania, romlis aRsrulebas

ewireba yovelive da misi daSla, dangreva ukve aRarafers – arc

ganmartoebas, arc damarcxebas – aRar SeuZlia.

Turmanis gamTlianebuli saxe mTlianad mistiკur planSi

mkvidrdeba. mas hyavs megobari _ `keTili mwyemsi~ _ solo.

`keTili mwyemsi~ qristes erT-erTi cnobili epiTetia. Turmanis

msxverplTSewirvasTan dapirispireba, sxvebis codvebisaTvis

udanaSaulo balRis dasja, jaTi _ banjgvliani, eSmakisebri


55

arseba, `keTili mwyemsi~, _ solo, romelic, SesaZloa, Tavisive

cxvarma gadaTelos _ `ra icis solom, rom cxvari ar

mohklavs? ra icis, adamiano, rom cxvari ar gasTelavs keTil

mwyemsis cxedars?~ (meliqiSvili 1987: 69), _ bibliur

asociaciebs aRZravs. Turmans ar surda exila, rogor

Seiwiravda sisxlismieri warmarTuli civilizacia umanko balRs

(jvarcma), mas sjeroda salTujis (winaswarmetyveli, patriarqi,

msajuli) da misdevda `keTil mwyemss~ _ solos (qristes). mas

ar SeeZlo ecxovra samyaroSi, sadac gabatondeboda jaTi

(eSmaki) da amitom SesTxovda wminda balRs dacvas, jaTis

sauflodan თავდახსნას. igi Tavs grZnobs udabnoSi, aq ewveva xilva _ balRi tbaSi. balRisadmi aRvlenili locva Tavisi

mxatvruli saxeebiT, mimarTvis formiT, Sinagani dinamikiTa da

ritmiT religiur himns enaTesaveba da kidev ufro ganamtkicebs

balRis, rogorc zearsebis, pozicias: mas mimarTaven, xotbas

asxamen, Svelas SesTxoven, guls uSlian.

balRis movlinebam gamoaaSkarava da zedapirze amoativtiva

apokalifsuri samyaros maxinji saxeebi da faruli codvebi.

Turmanis xilvebSi faqtobrivad gadaiSala kacobriobis daRupvis

mTeli mistiკuri suraTi. apokalifsuri mxedrebis rols aq

umanko sisxliT pirmoTxvrili SuqarTelebi asruleben ninias

meTaurobiT. Turmanma bolomde SeigrZno miwieri, amqveyniuri

yofis absurduloba. SuqarTidan lasticixemde, baridan mTamde

mimavali `gzis~ ramdenjerme gadalaxviT man Seicno WeSmariteba,

moipova rwmena, Sinagani mTlianoba da misi zekacurad mZlavri

suli pirvelmowameTa msgavsad siyvaruliTa da sinanuliT aivso

da moemzada TavganwirvisaTvis. Turmani damarcxda,

damarcxebasTan erTad eWvbic ganqarda. man moipova ufro meti,

vidre miwier saqmeebSi gamarjvebaa. igi mTlianad gardaiqmna,

gamTlianda, Seivso, Seicno sakuTari suli. amis Semdeg Turmani

ukve aRar ekuTvnis codvil da borot miwas. mis sikvdils

mwerali mistiკur saburvelSi xvevs da zecaSi STanTqmad,

miRmურ samyaroSi gadasvlad gamosaxavs. `diax, Turmani STainTqa

da sivrceSi gailia, Turmani salTujisferi da balRi, cam Tu

CaZira?!~ (meliqiSvili 1987: 77).

inga milorava

56

rogorc gamoCnda, gmiris damarcxeba ar niSnavs imas, rom

igi ver Seivso, ver gamTlianda da arc darRveuli mTlianobis

aRdgenas moaqvs bedniereba. miznis miRweva ar niSnavs

WeSmaritebasTan ziarebas TavisTavad, TviT Ziebis procesi

ufro saintereso da esTetikuria. `gzis~ modeli aseT

meqanizmsac iTvaliswinebs. `gzaze~ gasvla, `gzaze~ dadgoma

Zalze mniSvnelovania gmiris saxis gaxsnisaTvis. moZraoba

TavisTavad gulisxmobs moqmedebas da samoqmedo garemos

aTvisebis aqtiur mcdelobas. niko lorTqifaniZis `cxovrebis

mefeSi~ nawarmoebis poetizebul sivrces Semofarglavs

mefeTmefis vaJis `gza~, romelzec `damagrebulia~ ZiriTadi

movlenebi. mefeTmefis vaJis fizikuri `gza~ oqromWedlis

sulieri `gzis~ pararelulad miedineba. oqromWedels aqvs ori

mizani, romlis miღwevisaTvisac ibrZvis: esaa siyvaruli da

xelovneba. mxolod maTTan SeerTebiT gamTliandeba oqromWedeli,

magram moutans ki es miswrafeba mas sulis simaRles, samyaros

agebulebis Secnobaს? siyvarulisa da xelovnebis gaTavisebis

mZafri survili TandaTan aqtiur qmedebaSi gadadis da

intensiuri mcdelobiT sinamdviled iqceva. swored am or

wertils Sua (survili da miRweuli mizani) gadis oqromWedlis

sulieri gardaqmnis `gza~. igi moicavs yvela sakvanZo moments _

survils, Semoqmedis tanjvas, uimedo siyvaruls, gazviadebul

grZnobas, mSvenierebis wvdomas, dapyrobas. mefeTmefis vaJis

`gza~ paralelurad mihyveba oqromWedlisas. igi xedavs, rogorc

SeierTa oqromWedelma xelovneba da siyvaruli. man daipyro,

rasac eswrafoda _ srulyo ostatoba da moipova mefis asulis

siyvaruli. aseve auxda yvela ocneba mefis asulsac.

oqromWedeli Sinaganad gamTlianad, `gza~ Caiketa da dro

SeCerda. mefeTmefis vaJi, axla ukve Tavad mefeTmefe, gaocebulia

aseTi gardaqmniT. igi xedavs Sewyvetil moZraobas, `gayinul~

samyaros, SeCerebul, uZrav dros. mas aocebs qandakebebiviT

gaxveuli, ocnebaaxdenili adamianebi. igi Sesabamisad afasebs

situacias: `ra mSvenierebi iyvnen, sanam miiswrafodnen! xelis

SeSlac ki menaneboda, Tumc aqeTken mqonda guli, _ fiqrobda

gzaze mefeTmefe. _ dakmayofilebulan da ras hgvanan? nuTu


57

natyorcni isaria mxolod lamazi da ara mizanSi moxvedrili?

mxolod talRaTa Soris mebrZol xomalds aqvs mimზidveloba,

navsayudelSi ki uRimRamo saxlia? gana kacic, sanam iსwrafvis, mაnamdis aqvs mas Sno, lazaTi da roca aisrulebs wadils, maSin

ekargeba suls Zala?~ (lorTqifaniZe 1953: 308). adamianma

ganvlo sulieri transformaciis `gza~, gamTlianda, Seivso,

magram dakarga umTavresi _ sulis sicocxle. ase, rom

darRveuli mTlianobis aRdgenas yovelTvis ara aqvs pozitiuri

mniSvneloba, Tumca misi ganxorcielebis `gza~ igivea.

raodenobrivi TvalsazrisiT aseTi gadawyveta iSviaTia, magram

aranaklebi esTetikuri Rirebuleba aqvs.

darRveuli mTlianobis aRdgenis `gza~ organuli

aRmoCndeba modernistuli mxatvruli azrovnebisaTvis,

romlisTvisac swored Sinagani ekleqturobaa damaxasiaTebeli.

qarTul modernistul moTxrobaSi aisaxa daqsaqsulobis,

fragmentulobis daZlevisaken gadadgmuli pirveli nabijebi, rac

modernistuli azrovnebisaTvis, erTi SexedviT, paradoqsul _

darRveuli mTlianobis aRdgenis `gzis~ modelSi gamoixata.

grigol robaqiZis `engads~ Tavisi gamorCeuli adgili

uWiravs XX saukunis I naxevris qarTuli moTxrobis galereaSi.

misTvis niSandoblivia: a) qvecnobieri donis, miTiuri

mexsierebis amoqmedeba; b) Sinagani monologi, Sesityveba sakuTar

TavTan; g) aqtiurad funqciobs `gzis~ modeli, romelic

realuridan sulier planSi gadadis da am dros ioldeba

nawarmoebis ZiriTadi saTqmelis warmoCena, filosofiur-

esTetikuri Sreebis TandaTanobiT gaxsna. giorgi valuevi midis

baridan mTisken da gzaze xdeba misi saxis transformacia.

moTxrobis mxatvrul qsovils sami ZiriTadi Sto aqvs: a)

mTasTan mimaval gnzaze sakuTari Tavisa da fesvebis Zieba; b)

`ucxos~ mier sakuTari Tavis povna, anu gaucxoebis momentis

moxsna pirvelqmnil samyarosTan SenivTebiT; g) mTelisa da

nawilis urTierTmimarTeba. isini mtkiced ეთანადებიან erTmaneTs da `gzis~ modelze arian damokidebulni. am

sakiTxebis garkvevas emsaxureba moTxrobaSi aqcentirebuli

inga milorava

58

sworfrobisa da mkvlelobis miTologiur-filosofiuri

aspeqtebis gaazreba.

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mTelis da nawilis

urTierTmimarTeba. am rTuli da sakraluri kavSiris pirveli

gamovlineba gzis dasawyisSive, landSaftis aRwerisas xdeba ès

gza erTi mTliani xelovnuri qmnilebaa, 200 kilometrze

harmoniulad gaSlili _ aqaa misi upiratesoba yoveli nakveTi

misi landSaftisa gulisxmieri elementia kompoziciurad

sastikad daculi mTelisa~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 189)

miuxedაvad sakmaod gavrcelebuli `mogzaurobis Canaweris~

formisa, moTxrobis pirveli striqonebidanve gasagebi da

naTelia, rom es ar aris ubralo eTnografiuli an samogzauro

dRiuri. Ziebis sfero scildeba materialur farglebs da

sulier planSi gadadis. es gadanacvleba emTxveva `gzis~

aRmasvlas baridan mTisken, calkeuli elementebidan mTelisaken.

Zalაdautaneblad Sეmodis dumilis esTetika. ìrgvliv mdumareba

sufevs. Cvenc vdumT~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 191). dumilSi unda

moxdes samyaroSi Cakargul, danawevrebul elementTa nebis

daZabva, TviTCaRrmaveba da momzadeba erTiani, harmoniuli mTelis

`SesaTxvzelad~. sagulisxmoa xazgasmuli sityvaZunwoba

xevsurTa, romlebic, mwerlis Tanaxmad, didi civilizaciis

naSTni arian da TavianT sulis siRrmeSi inaxaven farul codnas,

romelic dumilSi, meditaciiT miiRweva. aseve mniSvnelovania

SiSis aspeqti. àmreci biliki xdeba ufrodaufro

saSiSari~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 191), _ wers grigol robaqiZe, rac

ufro maRla miiwevs gza, matulobs SiSi, moZraobis mistiკuri gancda, aRZruli movlenaTa faruli arsidan. iშleba zRvari

zmanebasa da cxads Soris, rac damaxasiaTebelia modernistuli

azrovnebisaTvis. `SiSma imata. xolო myisve vigrZeniT ucxo ram: TiTqo klde xomaldi yofiliyos udidesi da mZlavri;

sizmareuli migvaqanebda igi usazRvroebaSi cis rZe TeTri

SoreTis mimarT. iyo erTi wuTi: megona Sevexe maradisobis

samosels~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 191). ikargeba realobis, drois

SegrZneba. rac Seexeba fers _ rZeTeTrs: gamomsaxvelobiTi

TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania mwerlis mier SemoTavazebuli


59

asaxvis rakursi, ganaTeba da feri. idumalebis gancdas aZlierebs

nislovani ferwera. nislma moicva Txemebi, nislSi micuravs

klde-gemi. rZeTeTri nislis miRma zmanebaTa da ocnebaTa, Ziebisa

da mixvedrisaTvis bunebrivi adgilia, raც ufro uaxlovdeba

gmiri am daniSnul adgils _ sakralur centrs, romliskenac

iswrafis, rakursic icvleba. nislovaneba da siTeTre adgils

uTmobs dasaxelebul Tu dausaxelebel fers (asociaciur

fers), romliTac ivseba ukve mkveTrad moxazul figuraTa

zedapiri. ,,xevi gaganierda. odnav amwvanda~(robaqiZe 1994: gv.

191).... tye _ simwvane, xavsisferi... mcenareebis da qvebis

feradovani laqebi. `muqgrema kav-ZarRvian Tirqvavnarze

livlivebdnen Tbili zavTiani zalebi~. `borcvTa dafenebani,

xalebiT aqa-iq amwvenebulni; SigadaSig _ aRvivebuli yviTeli

xorbalvelebi~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 191). da sagulisxmoa, rom

swored am feradovnebaSi gamoCndeba pirveli sofeli

xevsureTisa. nislidan, siTeTridan, erTgvarovnebidan da

bundovanebidan gamosuli adamiani raც უfro uaxlovdeba im

pirvelwyarosTan ახლომდებარე ადგილს, romlis anarekliცაa yovelive xiluli, miT ufro mSvenieri da feradi xdeba mis

irgvliv garemo, samyaro ferTa harmoniaSi warmodgeba, rogorc

calkeuli elementebis bunebrivi da Tanazomieri SexamebiT

miRebuli mTeli.

xevsureTamde giorgi valuevi danawevrebuli _ naxevrad

rusi, naxevrad qarTveli, qalaqis adamiani, civilizebuli kaci

da Tan raRac uTqmelis, pirvelyofilis Seucnoblad maZiebelia.

pirveli safexuri misi gamTlianebisa saxelis cvlilebaa.

saxels Tavisi mistiკuri datvirTva aqvs. valuეvma kargad icis qarTuli, nawilobriv grZnobs kidec Tavs qarTvelad, magram

saxeli borkavs _ `rasiuli elementi Cems pirovnebaSi ufro

qarTulia, vidre rusuli, xolo qaRaldebis mixedviT rusad

viTvlebi mainc~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 193), _ ambobs igi. xevsurma

mgelikam erთi xelis dakvriT moxsna es winaaRmdegoba, giorgi

valuevi monaTla `givargi valiაurad~, pirovnebis gamTlianeba

da gaucxoebis daZleva ase iwyeba da es rTuli, safexurebrivi

procesis pirveli etapia.

inga milorava

60

Semdegi safexuria Tarze amoWrili Sairebis gaazreba-

gaTaviseba. axla ukve givargi valiauri kiTxulobs amokveTil,

mosxepil striqonebs da misTvis poeziaSi, xalas poetur

xilvebSi irekleba adamianuri arsis erTianoba. àq cxovroben

naSierni homerisa~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 194), _ fiqrobs igi. am

erTianobis analitikos-inteleqtuali intuiciiT grZnobs da

axsnas ki istoriasa da saerTo miTosur arqetipebSi eZiebs. mis

gancdas aZlierebs garemomcvelis arqaulobis SegrZneba.

upirveles yovlisa, es exeba fSav-xevsurul kilos. ès kilo ar

aris provincializmi, igi ufro arqaizmia~(robaqiZe 1994: gv.

194). SairSi igi xedavs am samyaros sayrdens, safuZvels.

`sityvebi aq yofis fesvebia TviTon, maT jer kidev ar

daukargavT surneli pirvelqmnisa~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 194).

xevsurTa poeziaSi valiaurma SeigrZno nawilTa sakraluri

erTianoba, mTlianoba. `metaforebi ubralo Sedarebebi ki ar

arian aq, aramed TviT sinamdvile, gancalkevebul saganTa Tu

movlenaTa Sinagan gadabmulni~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 194).

poeturi enis Sinagan kavSirTa SecnobiT givargi valiauri

nawilgobriv mainc eziareba idumal sferoTa harmoanias da kidev

erT nabijs dgams darRveuli `mes~ gamTlianebis gzaze.

momdevno safexuria Zmadnaficoba. mgelika da givargi Zmaდ

Seficvis rituals aსრულებen. mgelikasTan sulieri

TanaziarobiT givargisaTvis unda gaixsnas is samyaro, romelSic

Sinagani harmonia da siwminde sufevs. mgelikas sufTa,

Seuryvnel bunebasTan SeerTebiT igi aRidgens Tavisi

pirvelsaxis siwmindes. `gankurnavs~ mis Wrilobebs, moiSorebs

im xorcmetTa nawils mainc, rac miwierobaze, yofaze

orientirebulma aswleუlebma daumates am Zireul, kristalur

pirvelxats. àm wesiT davZmobildiT Cven. amieridan Cveni bedi

erTi gziT warimarTa~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 199). amieridan mTis

Svilad cxebuli valiauric ivlis im gziT, rომლიTac dadian mgelika da misi TanamoZmeni.

mxolod Zmad aRiarebis da sulieri SeerTebis Semdeg

gadadis givargi Semdeg safexurze, romelic sworfrobaSi

gamoixata. SeiZleba paradoqsulad mogvეCvenos, magram pirovnebis


61

metamorfozis am suraTSi wina safexurebi _ peizaJis aTviseba-

gaazreba, saxelis gadarqmeva, poeturi saxeebis wvdoma Tu

ZmadSeficva bevrad ufro materialuri qmedebebia, vidre

sworfrobis misteria. qalis sxeulTan Sexeba aRvivebs gmiris

sulis uRrmes SreebSi miZinebul sulier Zalebs. es iseTive

madliani da ucodveli cecxlia, romelic daeca fiWvis xes.

`xes wamsve ucxo ali moedo. vigZen mTeli taniT raRac

uaRresad aRmtacebeli. mgelikas Tvalebi elvarebdnen. vxedavdiT

sicocxles. brmas, ucodos, pirvelsunTqvians,

Zlevamosils~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 205). swored aseTi

sicocxlis mZafri SegrZneba aRviZebs valiaurSi sworfrobis

tradiciis fesvebs da arsis Ziebis survils. masSi jer kidev

Zlieria racionaluri adamiani, analitikosi, romelsac sურს, Cawvdes movlenis Sinaarss da ara ubralod irwmunos da mihyves

mas. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali da misi gmiri mTlianad

identicifirebulia da valiauric zustad misdevs grigol

robaqiZisaTvis niSneul movlenaTa gaazrebis gzas _ moZebnos am

movlenis analogia istoriaSi, Semdeg ki misi miTosuri

arqetipi. man gonebis Tvaliთ ganCxrika da miagno herodotesTan

msgavs qmedebas, TiTqos axsna kidec `ucxosTan~ SeerTebiT da

misi gaTavisebis fenomeniT, magram Tavadve dainaxa gansxvaveba

xevsurul adaTsa da afroditesaTvis xorcieli siyvarulis

Sewirvis wess Soris. magram, imavdroulad, man SeigrZno, rom am

movlenaSi devs RmerTTan miaxloebis, sulieri Zalebis

gamoRviZebiT, sulieri intensivobiTa da sakuTari nebis daZabviT

ღვთიურ arsSi gamTlianebis SesaZlebloba. `velodi mzeqalas

da vgonebdi Tavs `ucxod~ _ saSiSaria da Tanve netaric amis

warmoTqma _ RvTiur arsad~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 207), _ ambobs

igi. magram Tavisi mosazrebebi mas damajeრeblad ar eCveneba da

bevri ram marTlac gaugebaria, vidre nawarmoebis mxatvrul

qsovilSi ar CaerTvis sikvdili. moSuRarma sasikvdilod dasWra

gogoTuri. `givi laCar ars~, - ambobs mgelika. givi laCaria,

radgan ver SeZlo sulis simtkice, nebis Zala daepirispirebina

sibraziT aRZruli kacTakvlis, ganadgurebis, mospobis

impulsისaTvis. am laCrobiT man daarRvia Sinagani harmonia,

inga milorava

62

romelic sufevs adamiaნeბSi aq, mTaSi, zecasTan axlos.

valiauris Tvalwin Tavbrudamxvevi siswrafiT gairbens

ukuprocesi: sisxlis aRebis wesis aCrdilqveS pirovnebis

gaucxoeba, Temidan mogleja, gaqceva, sazRauri. mTlianobis

rRvevis process mxolod sruli ganadgureba dausvams wertils.

sakuTar sisustეsთან vergamklaveba dasabamia dacemisa.

swored es ori SesaZlebloba devs sworfrobaSic: sulis

gamTlianeba, ùcxos~ sabolood gaqroba da harmoniul mTelSi

SenivTeba an ufro danawevreba da sruli daSla. is, vinc

gauZlebs xorciel cთunebas, miაRwevs RvTaebriv mTlianobas,

ìwvodე mxolod~ _ ese igi igzne RvTiur-waruvali cecxlur

zRvarzed. gadalaxav zRvars _ fuWad iqცeva gzneba~(robaqiZe

1994: gv. 219). amitomacaa sworfroba yvelaze ufro sulieri

safexuri, sadac umTavresi swored sulier ZalTa intensivoba,

nebis ukiduresi daZabviT xorcis daTrgunva, gadazidva xdeba.

mzeqalas saxis simboluri datvirva aSkarad vlindeba

maSin, roca gmiri wyvets analizs, msjelobas da mTlianad

misdevs, emorCileba sulis moZraobas, Sinagan gznebas: èrTi

wuTiT Sewyda fiqrTa dena. uecrad vscne: mzeqala Rvivoda CemSi,

Zalavsili da maTrobeli~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 219). aq Cans

siyvarulis areopagituli moZRvrebis anarekli. saRvTo

trfialebis gavrcelebuli gamovlinebaa alegoria _ mSvenieri

qali, romelSic RmerTi igulisxmeba. xSirad Zalze Znelicaa

gamiჯvna, sadaa saubari realur qalze da sad RmerTze. msgavsi

saxea mzeqala _ RvTiuri madli, ucodveloba, siwminde, sinaTle,

nebisyofis simtkiciT miRweuli sispetake adamianis sulisa

gadavida, SeenivTa gmiris kerZo arss da saRvTo mijnurobaSi

gamoikvirta sazogado mTeli. magram es erTianoba mxolod

gansakuTrebuლ adgilas – mTaSi miaCnia SesaZleblad mwerals.

mTaSi gansakuTrebiT Zlieria mTlianobis gancda. am movlenis

sailustraciod gamodgeba dResaswaulis aRwera, sadac mTlianis

moqmedebis meqanizmi aqvs Taviseburad axsnili mwerals. ùcxo

atmosfero iSleboda Cems irgvliv. yoveli xevsuri cocxlobda

aq sicocxliT mTelisa. pirovnuli Tauri, tomisagan

gamoyofili, ubrundeboda Tavis bnel saSos. calkeuloba


63

hqreboda... gvaruli Rvivoda. modgmis magari sisxldeniT

ayvanilni, monadimeni fizikuri wevrebi iyvnen mxolod erTi

uxilavi mTelisa. calkeulTa uTvalav qvefenebSi _ vgonebdi ase

– unda xatuliyo uTuod cocxali saxe mTelisa: tomis.

CavukvirdeT sityvas `xati~. ra aris es, Tu ara Sinagani yalibi

xeluxlebeli mTelisa? salocavs `xati~ hqvia, sadac erTi

xatic ki baris gagebiT ar moipoveba. maS `xati~ suraTi ki ar

yofila, aramed Sina-saxe~(robaqiZe 1994: gv. 203). `xati~

bolo wminda marcvalia, romlis daSla aRar SeiZleba. Sina-

saxes mTlianobis ormagi gamovlineba aqvs: realuri, xiluli _

tomi da ufro maRali _ is mTlianoba, rომელsac aRwevs

pirovneba iniciaciis gziT.

mTasTan daSorebis, Zirs daSvebis Semdeg givargi valiauri,

romelmac ganvlo ucxodan, sawolidan, kerZodan

ganzogadoebulamde, mTlianamde amaRlebis urTulesi gza,

ganicdis did tkivils, magram mas ukandasaxevi gza aRara aqvs.

mTam gamoawrTo misi suli, aziara WeSmaritebas da Tavisuflad

gauSva mdumare sivrceSi saqrolvelad. mgelikas sasowarkveTili

Zaxili gუls uflეთს givargis, magram mas Tavis gza aqvs. aq gaielvebs erTi sagulisxmo detali. igi ambobs:

`gavbrunebuliyav da erTxel kidev gameSva mzera

Zmadnaficisaken? magram es miwas mimakravda~(robaqiZe 1994: gv.

223). maSasadame, mTis skolis, wvrTnis, aRmasvlis Semdeg igi

aRar unda miekras miwas. igi Tvisobrivad gardaqmnilia da

amieridan sxva gzas mihyveba `mZime, Rvremamocul mdumarebaSi~.

SeiZleba gvevarauda, rom aq `zekacis~ motivTana gvaqvs saqme da

es Zalian bunebrivi iqneboda grigol robaqiZisTvis, magram

valuev-valiauris saxe, xasiaTis ganviTarebis dinamika,

moqmedebis motivacia da faruli arsi ar gvaZlevs saSualebas,

aSkarad davinaxoT masSi mkacrad formirebuli zeadamiani,

rogorc vasil barnovi werda, `kacRmerTi~. valiaurma ganvlo

nebismieri sulieri adamianisaTvis bunebrivi Ziebis, analizis,

mindobis, Secnobis, rwmenis mopovebis etapebi da aRidgina

adamianis arsis darRveuli mTlianoba, romelsac adamiani

inga milorava

64

horizontaluri gzis gavlis Semdeგ axali gzisken, miwidan cis

mimarTulebiT mihyavs.

Dliteratura

robaqiZe 1994: gr. robaqiZe, Txzulebani, seria ,,Serisxulni’’,

t. II, Tb., 1994

meliqiSvili 1987: b. meliqiSvili, mkerdSebolili mercxali,

Tb., `merani~, 1987.

lorTqifaniZe 1953: n. lorTqifaniZe, rCeuli Txzulebani, t. II,

Tb., 1953.

toporovi 1983: Топоров В. Н. Пространство и текст. в кн.: Текст, семантика и структура, 1983.

maia jaliaSvili

“gzis” mxatvruli modeli

(Tamaz bibiluris romani

“Svidi xmisa da

torolasaTvis”

adamiani maradiuli mgzavria _

wuTisoflidan zesTasoflisken mimaval

gzaze damdgari. gza imdenia, ramdeni

`mec~ aris yovel pirovnebaSi. es gzebi

warmarTaven mis xorciel-sulier

ganviTarebas. fizikuri ganviTareba

materialuri samyaros kanonebs

emorCileba da droSia SezRuduli,

sulieri ganviTareba ki Tavisufalia da

dro-sivrces arad dagidevT.

nebismieri mxatvruli nawarmoebi,

simbolurad, gzaa, romelic mkiTxvelis

gulisa da gonebisaken miemarTeba da

ramdenad miaRwevs sawadels, es ara

mxolod teqstis Rirebulebazea

damokidebuli, aramed mkiTxvelis

mzaobasa da droze, romelic nawarmoebs

garkveul konteqsts uqmnis.

Tamaz bibiluri Tavis romanSi

`Svidi xmisa da torolasaTvis~ gzis

Tavisebur mxatvrul models qmnis,

romelic, upirvelesad, adamianis sulier

ganviTarebas warmoaCens. mis mxatvrul

sistemaSi irekleba literaturul-

filosofiuri gamocdileba, romelic

miTosuri da bibliuri teqstebis

codnas emyareba. gzis sxvadasxva

maia jaliaSvili

66

mxatvruli modeli ki imisTvis iqmneba, rom mkiTxvelma

adamianis amqveynad arsebobis azris Cawvdoma SeZlos.

`samyaro marTlac isev savsea idumalebiT da

miuwvdomlobiT, momaval saukuneTa adamiani, Tu dedamiwam kidev

gasZlo, aucileblad udidesi mistikosi iqneba~, _ ase fiqrobs

`ambebis mTxzveli~ am romanSi. TviTon mwerali swored aseT

`mistikosad~ warmogvidgeba da qmnis, upirvelesad, mistikas

Calaurisas, sadac romanis personaJebi midian.

am romanSic mTavari mainc ori gzaa, romlebic erTmaneTs

gadakveTen da qmnian jvarsaxovnebas. revaz siraZem sagangebod

gamoikvlia jvarsaxovnebis mxatvruli fenomenis arsi, romlis

mixedviTac, `teqstis Cveulebriv mdinarebaSi misi amqveyniuri

Sinaarsia, xolo misave siRrmeSi aris sulieri Sinaarsi,

romelic jvris vertikals Seesabameba. amas swvdeba mkiTxvelis

zecnobiereba~ (siraZe 2008: 7). romanis gmirebi materialur

samyaroSi gadaadgildebian, mravalgvar xifaTs gadalaxaven da

mainc miaRweven Calauramde, Tan Sinaganad icvlebian, sakuTar

Tavsa da samyaros ufro Rrmad Seimecneben, sakuTari arsebobis

gamarTlebas pouloben.

romanis mTavari gmirebi Calaurisken miemarTebian. isini

Svidni arian, radgan swored ricxvi Svidi gamoxatavs

srulyofilebas _ RmerTma xom Svid dReSi Seqmna samyaro.

sxvadasxva kulturasa da religiaSi ricxvi Svidi sakraluri

cifria da amitomac literaturaSi xSirad gxvdeba simboluri

mravalmniSvnelovnebiT. Svidi xma, ra Tqma unda, upirvelesad,

unikalur, qarTul xalxur Svidxmian simRerebs gvaxsenebs.

Tumca romanis arc erTi personaJi uSualod musikasTan

dakavSirebuli ar aris, magram mTlianobaSi mkiTxvels aqvs

polifoniurobis gancda, romelsac qmnis Txrobis ritmi,

movlenaTa ganviTarebis dinamika. romani feradovnebiTac

gamoirCeva, mwerals saocari SegrZneba aqvs xazisa da ferisa,

amitomac es Svidi personaJi cisartyelas Svidi feriviTaa,

romlebic erTmaneTs avseben da ganapirobeben. `Calauri mogonili

ar aris. Calauri arsebobs da iarsebebs manamde, sanam arsebobs

kacTa modgma~ (bibiluri 1987: 716).

mainc ra aris es Calauri, romelsac mwerali warmoaCens,

rogorc maradiulobasTan wilnayars? is arsebobs, rogorc

ocneba da iluzia, warmosaxviTi sivrce, sadac Tavs iyrian

materialuri Tu sulieri gzebi. Tavs iyrian da mere erT gzad


67

erTiandebian, gzad, romelsac adamianis Tvali (gonebisa da

sulisa) veRar swvdeba. Calauramde ki cxovrebiseuli

gzajvaredinebia, wamodgoma da dacema, sasowarkveTileba da

imedi.

`Calauri yvelaferia: Cveni xsovna, Cveni mogoneba, Cveni

warsuli. vidre Calauri gaxsovs, arafrisa ar unda geSinodes.

yvelas Tavisi Calauri aqvs, yvelani Cveni Calauridan

movdivarT. movdivarT arxeinad galaRebulni da aris erTi dro,

siWabukis dro, roca aRarc ki gvaxsovs, rom Calauridan

wamovediT. es xanmokle droa... rac ufro vberdebiT da

wuTisofels vemSvidobebiT, Calauri Cveni xsna gvgonia. bolos

yvelani, fiqriT mainc, aucileblad, isev CalaurSi vbrundebiT~

(bibiluri 1987: 716).

romanis mixedviT, Calauri maRlaa, zecasTan axlos,

saidanac `RmerTTan misasvlelad didi gza aRar dagWirdeba~. ase

rom, Calaurisken mimavali gza, realur planSi TviTon

cxovrebaa. yvelani am gzas mivyvebiT, radgan TviTon sicocxlea

gza, gza siymawvilidan siWabukisken da siWabukidan siberisaken.

Tamaz bibiluri erT interviuSi aRniSnavda: àq yvelaze

ufro gzis simbolika mxiblavda. yvelani, Svidiveni da, albaT,

torolac, sadRac midian. es detali ukve TviT kacTa cxovrebis

modelis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas maZlevda~ (bibiluri 1987: 716).

italo kalvino werilSi `simsubuqe~ persevsis mier

meduza gorgonas mokvlis Sesaxeb miTs warmoaCens, rogorc

poetisa da samyaros urTierTobis alegorias. persevsi gaqvavebas

imiT gadaurCeba, rom gorgonas ki ara, brinjaos farze areklil

mis saxes umzers, Tanac, qarsa da Rrublebs eyrdnoba. meduzas

sisxlidan ki frTosani raSi, pegasi iSveba. e. i. erTi mxriv,

arsebobs sazarel arsebaTa realoba, rogorc tvirTi, da am

realobidan àreklili samyaro~, rogorc simsubuqe _

mxatvruli realoba.

kalvinos mTeli kacobrioba `simZimemisjilad~

warmoudgeba, romelic mudam cdilobs simsubuqis mopovebas

xelovnebis gziT. mwerlebi gamoarCeven erTgvar

ègzistencialur pozicias~, romelic saSualebas iZleva,

sulieri, sazogadod, `cxovrebiseuli drama melanqoliis garda,

ironiiTac SevamsubuqoT~ (kalvino 2010: 14).

amvari simsubuqis (`yofierebis autaneli simsubuqis~

milan kunderaseuli àutaneli simZimis~konteqstiT) gancdas

maia jaliaSvili

68

iwvevs Tamaz bibiluris zemoT naxsenebi romani, romelic

SeiZleba, persevsis fars SevadaroT, romliTac mwerali

igeriebs meduzas (realobis) Semoxedvas, da aramcTu gaqvavebas

icilebs Tavidan, aramed `klavs~am meduzas misi mxatvrul

realobad gardaqmnis gziT. am romanSi realoba ki ar STanTqavs

da sress Tavisi tvirTiT adamians (rac xSirad aris aRweris

sagani literaturisa), aramed ukan ixevs da qreba, ETumca ara

samudamod, aramed mxolod Zalis mokrebisa da xelaxali

gamoCenisaTvis.

romanis `Svidi xmisa da torolasaTvis~ Txrobis ritmi

imdenad mowesrigebulia, rom erTbaSadd ipyrobs mkiTxvels.

mwerali qmnis samyaros, kacobriobis mikromodels Svidi

personaJiT, romlebic sxvadasxva sofelSi cxovroben, sxvadasxva

asakisa da gansxvavebuli `realobis~ matarebelni arian, magram

isini yvelani erT wertilSi, gzis erT monakveTze ikribebian

gangebis ZaliT. es gza ki Calaurisken midis.

`literatura plastikuri velia, _ wers Jerar Jeneti

werilSi `literaturis utopia~, _ gamrudebuli sivrce, sadac

nebismier momentSi yvelaze moulodneli urTierTobebi da

yvelaze paradoqsuli Sexvedrebia SesaZlebeli~ (Jeneti 2010:

12).

amgvari `moulodneli urTierTobebisa~ da `paradoqsuli

Sexvedrebis~ adgilia Calauri _ Tamaz bibiluris

literaturul utopia. Calauri samoTxis paradigmacaa (guram

doCanaSviliseul `lamazqalaqsac~ rom mogvagonebs), xsnis

sivrcea. aqeTken moemarTebian abria maxauri, garsos deda, dideda

lela SviliSvil zazasTan erTad, kaWkaWa dedaberi, eliso da

gelac _ jer kidev ymawvilebi, magram ukve `saidanRac~

gamoqceulebi. yovel maTgans erTi ram aerTianebs _ swrafva

Calaurisaken, Tumca TiToeuls Tavisi mizezi aqvs. abria maxaurs

CalaurSi SviliSvili giorgi eguleba da amitomac midis iqiT,

rom sikvdils misi Semyure Sexvdes. uCveulo da saocari

motivia _ momakvdavi abria bolos Zalas ikrebs, fexze dgeba da

sikvdilis Sesaxvedrad midis, magram Tan sicocxlis dauZleveli

wyurviliT. SeiZleba SviliSvilis yurebaSi gardacvaleba mas

sicocxlis sxva formiT gagrZelebad esaxeboda. amis Sesaxeb

arafers gveubneba `SeTxzuli ambebis avtori~, romelic

TviTonac uxilavi, usaxelo personaJia, magram aranaklebi


69

simZafriTa da vnebiT miuyveba wvimian bilikebs gadakarguli

Calaurisaken.

garsos dedas siyvaruliT, SvilebiviT gazrdili xarebi

mihyavs, rom ar CamoarTvan. mis TavgadasavalSi irekleba XX

saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Catarebuli koleqtivizaciis procesi.

eliso, biWisgan motyuebuli, sircxvilsa da SiSs gamoeqca. mis

bedSi irekleba axalgazrda Taobis winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse

suliskveTeba, survilebisa da SesaZleblobebis konfliqtiT

gamowveuli tanjva da SfoTi. oc wels qalaqs Sexiznuli

lela, rogorc iqna, Tavs daaRwevs iZulebiT marwuxebs da

mSobliuri Calaurisken SviliSvilsac gamoiyolebs. romanSi

qalaqi ixateba, rogorc erTgvari Caketili sivrce, romelic

adamianis Tavisufal, sulier ganviTarebas abrkolebs. qalaqis,

rogorc apokalifsuri sivrcis, gancda, literaturisTvis

nacnobia. qalaqi, sazogadod, civilizaciasTan asocirdeba.

teqnikis ganviTarebam adamiani bunebasa da RmerTs daaSora, rac

nicSes xmamaRla gamocxadebuli `RvTis sikvdiliT~ dagvirgvinda.

nicSes `ese ityoda zaratustraSi~ vkiTxulobT: `he,

zaratustra, aq didi qalaqia: aq araferi gaqvs saZiebeli,

dakargviT ki yvelafers dakargav. rad mogisurvebia am wumpeSi

Cafloba? Seibrale Seni fexebi! ukeTesia SeafurTxe qalaqis

kars da gabrundi! aq jojoxeTia mwiris azrebisaTvis. aq did

azrebs cocxlad aduReben da xarSviT amcireben. aq lpeba yvela

didi grZnoba. aq mxolod mxmar mcire grZnobaT SeuZlia

xmauroba... gana am qalaqs dakluli sulis simyralis oxSivari

ar asdis?... gana ar gesmis, rom suli sityvaTa TamaSad iqca...

sad siyvaruli aRar SeiZleba, iq unda gverdze CaviaroT~ (nicSe

1993: 135). amgvar ganwyobas bibiluris romanis personaJis

sulieri mdgomareoba exmianeba. Calaurisken bejiTad miemarTeba

kaWkaWa dedaberi, sibereSi, pensiis dasaniSnad imis mowme rom

dasWirda, rom misi gardacvlili qmari mixa namdvilad misi

qmari iyo (amis damadasturebeli sabuTi ar arsebobda).

CalaurSi ki eguleboda qaliSvilobisdroindeli megobari, mis

jvrisweras rom daswreboda. es Tavi gamoirCeva cocxali

iumoriT. dedabris narativi gaJRenTilia imgvari surneliT,

romelic mxolod sofleli, mravalWirnaxuli, xandazmuli

qalis metyvelebas SeiZleba axldes. mwerali axerxebs

mkiTxveli daajeros personaJTa realurobaSi. Calauris gzas

adgas gelac, erTguli saxedris saZebnelad wamosuli. am TavSi

maia jaliaSvili

70

adamianisa da bunebis harmoniuli urTierToba warmoCndeba,

rogorc sicocxlis mTeli sisavsiT gancdis aucilebeli

piroba.

es Svidi personaJi ikribeba mdinaris napiras. am mdinaris

gadalaxva simbolurad ganwmendas, ganaxlebas edareba. yovel

SemTxvevaSi, misi gadalaxvis gareSe CalaurSi ver mixval.

`ganwmendisa~ Tu `sinanulis~ motivs amZafrebs wvimac, romelic

Calaurisken mimaval mgzavrebs ramdenime dRe Seaferxebs. es

`Seferxeba~ ki erTmaneTisTvis ucxo adamianebs siyvarulis,

ndobisa da Tanalmobis grZnobiT daakavSirebs.

es Svidi adamiani SeiZleba sxvadasxvad gamovlenil

erTadac gaviazroT, gamTlianebulad, maradiul ganzomilebaSi

SesvlisaTvis gamzadebulad.

erTad Sekrebili `Svidi xma~ harmoniulobisa da

srulyofilebis simboloa. am Svid xmaSi erTiandeba miwa da ca,

sulieri da usulo, materialuri da warmosaxuli. ase rom,

romanis saxelwodeba _ `Svidi xmisa da torolasaTvis~ _

SeiZleba gaviazroT, rogorc `himni~ sicocxlisadmi, aseve _

sikvdilisadmi da, aqedan gamomdinare, samyarosadmi. da, rac

mTavaria, `sicocxlis romantikisadmi~, romlis maradiulobisac

sjeroda mwerals da mkiTxvelis darwmunebasac cdilobda.

swored amitomac warumZRvara romans Son o keisis sityvebi:

`sanam amodis Tu Cadis mze, sanam miiqceva da ukuiqceva zRva,

sanam galoben frTosnebi da yvavilebi yvavian, sanam idgebian

mTani, sanam biWs klavs gogos survili, xolo gogos surs,

sasurveli iyos, manam ar Caqreba sicocxlis romantika~

(bibiluri 1987: 295).

mTeli romani swored mzis amosvla-Casvlaa, oRond yovel

dRes gansxvavebuli feriTa da surneliT. am `feradovnebas~

aRmqmneli sWirdeba, Tamaz bibilurisTana `mTxzveli ambebisa~.

romanSi Svidi Tavia Svidi damoukidebeli novelasaviT:

`sityvebi~, `Sopenis balada~, `SiSi~, `mowme~, `poetis

sikvdili~, `saxedari~, `epilogi CalaurSi~. Svidi sxvadasxva

ambavi, rogorc sxvadasxva `xma~ erTiani sicocxlis

simRerisaTvis~. Svid `adamianur~ xmas emateba torolas (cis)

xma da iqmneba RvTisgan Seqmnili daurRveveli, unaklo

erTianoba.

Calauri romanis personaJebisTvis is adgilia, sadac

samyarosTan Serwyma-gamTlianeba unda ganxorcieldes.


71

mwerlisTvis mTavaria arCevani _ gadawyvetilebis miReba _

CalaurSi wasvla. zogi axalgazrdobaSi iRebs am

gadawyvetilebas, zogi _ sibereSi, zogi SemTxveviT irCevs am

gzas, zogi _ gaazrebulad. zogi aRwevs Calauramde, zogi _

vera. zogs iRebs Calauri, zogs _ ara.

vin gamoigona Calauri? `ambebis mTxzvelma~ Tu man, vinc

`kacTa modgmis mTel cxovrebas Txzavs~; vinc igonebs sityvebs

da TviTon aris `sityva~; sityva, romelic moicavs dasawyissa da

dasasruls, sityva, romelic `pirveliTgan iyo da sityva igi

iyo RmrTisa Tana da RmerTi iyo sityva igi~ (ioane maxarebeli).

Tamaz bibiluris azriT, sityva yofila is, riTac kacis

cxovreba iwereba, Tundac, `TviTon sityva ar ismodes, arc

marTla iwerebodes~. sityvis magiur Zalasa da

mravalmniSvnelovnebaze msjelobs borxesi werilSi `wignis

kultis Sesaxeb~: `msoflio istoria _ es aris wminda werili,

romelsac Cven vSifravT da gumaniT vwerT, da romelSic aseve

gvweren Cven. Semdeg leon blua ityvis: `dedamiwaze ar arsebobs

arc erTi sulieri, rom SeeZlos Tqvas, vin aris igi. aravin

icis, risTvis movida amqveynad, ras Seesatyviseba misi qceva, misi

grZnobebi, azrebi da rogoria misi WeSmariti saxeli, misi

warudinebeli saxeli wuTisoflis matianeSi... istoria

uzarmazari liturgikuli teqstia, sadac iotebsa da wertilebs

aranaklebi daniSnuleba aqvT, vidre striqonebsa da Tundac,

Tavebs, magram mniSvneloba erTisa da meorisac CvenTvis

gaurkveveli da Rrmad dafarulia~. malarmes Tanaxmad, msoflio

wignisTvis arsebobs. leon blua ambobs, rom Cven magiuri wignis

striqonebi varT, an sityvebi, an asoebi, da wigni, romelic

maraddRe iwereba, erTaderTia, rac aris msoflioSi, ufro

swored, igi TviTon aris msoflio~ (borxesi 1996: 39).

ase rom, mweralic da mis mier gamogonili personaJebic

`sxvisi~ dawerilebi arian, amitomac ase xSirad Tavneboben

personaJebi, maT Soris, es `Svidni~, jiutad mimavalni

Calaurisaken. mwerals surs, mkiTxvels daamaxsovros isini

`mdinaris piras gakruli suraTiT~ _ Tanac, nawvimar WalaSi,

rodesac gadawmendili ferebi xasxaseben. isini yvelani poetebi

arian, oRond, rogorc giorgi leoniZe ityoda, ara `qaRaldze

riTmebiT molparakeni~, aramed poeturi guliT, poeturi TvaliT

da didi ocnebiT gasxivosnebulni. es `didi ocneba~ Calauria,

romlis devnaSi SeiZleba sicocxle gailios.

maia jaliaSvili

72

abria maxaurma CalaurSi ver aaRwia da ise mokvda,

SviliSvils ver Sexeda TvalebSi, magram àmbebis mTxzvelisgan~

is mainc `dasaCuqrda~ _ igi sikvdilis wamebSi torolas

Sehyurebda da mis galobas ismenda. caSi monavarde frinvelsa

da momakvdav adamians Soris uxilavi Zafebi ibmeba. torolac

eTxoveba sicocxles Tavisi simReriT. iqmneba mSvenieris,

amaRlebulis gancda. mweralsac, albaT, es surda, romanidan

mkiTxvelis sulsa, gulsa da gonebaSi gadadeniliyo `didi

ocneba~, amitomac mTavrdeba romani am sityvebiT: àbria maxaurs,

sikvdils rom xvdeboda, torolas galoba Caesmoda. im wamSi ki

mzis erT planeta dedamiwaze amaze mniSvnelovani araferi

momxdara~ (bibiluri 1987: 716).

literatura

bibiluri 1987: bibiluri T. Svidi xmisa da torolasaTvis, Tb.:

gamomc., `sabWoTa saqarTvelo~, 1987

borxesi 1996: borxesi x. enigmaTa sarke, gamomc. `lomisi~. Tb.:

1996

kalvino 2010: kalvino i. simsubuqe, Tb.: Jurn. àrili~, 24

maisi, 2010

nicSe 1993: nicSe f. ese ityoda zaratustra, gamomc.,

`filosofiuri biblioTeka~, Tb.: 1993

siraZe 2008: siraZe r. istoria `mkiTxvelis fenomenisa~ da

saxismetyvelebiTi periodizacia. wignSi: `kultura da

saxismetyveleba~. Tb.: gamomc., ìnteleqti~, 2008

Jeneti 2010: Jeneti J. literaturis utopia, Tb.: Jurn. àrili~,

12 Tebervali, 2010

dali baxtaZe

gza taZrisaken

(ena da religia)

1. Sesavali. enisa da religiis

urTierToba Semecnebisa da codnis

gansxvavebuli sferoa. am

urTierTobaSi asaxulia adamianis

goniTi kulturis umTavresi formebi

(ernst kasireris mixedviT, esenia: ena, miTosi, religia, istoria, xelovneba,

mecniereba). religiis samsaxurSi

Cayenebuli ena metad rTul da

mravalmxriv subsistemas qmnis (Cassirer 1996: 185). saeklesio religiuri ena

inaxavs da icavs zogadsakacobrio,

moralur da didaqtikur normebs. misi

specifika ar hgavs yoveldRiuri

socialuri Tu kulturuli cxovrebis

amsaxvel enობრივ niSan-Tvisebebs; mis

TaviseburebebSi gamokveTilad

vlindeba eTnikuri xasiaTi. saeklesio-

religiuri ena arc Tanamedrove

sasaubro enis tolfardia, Tumca

Tanamedrove msmenelzea gaTvlili.

misi leqsika da enobrivi saSualebebi

gasul saukuneTa iseTi gamoZaxilia,

romlis Sinaarsobrivi Zala

gamoikveTa enis mier religiur da

zeazrobriv mniSvnelobaTa gamoxatvis

unarით.

2. religiuri ena Tanamedrove

lingvisturi TvalTaxedviT. taZari

mrevlis koleqtiuri SemakavSirebeli

adgilia (dawesebulebaa). aq ena

mraval saSualebaTagan azris

simbolur da ritualur-ceremoniul

dali baxtaZe

74

elementebs/ gamoxatulebebs iyenebs. mis yoveldRiur

racionalurad gamWvirvale sasaubro formebSi Semonaxulia

imaginaruli, aradiskursuli arsis mqone formebi, isini

gamoirCevian komunikaciuri SinaarsiTa da daniSnulebiT,

aseve performaciul doneze simboloTa siWarbiT, anu

sakomunikacio azri simbolizეbulia kognitიur da

performaciul doneebze (Habermas 2001: 61, 63). lingvisturi, azrobrivi, filosofiuri da

kulturuli gagebiT religiuri enis qmediToba ganviTarebis

sami safexuriT ganisazRvreba: miTologiuri, metaforuli da

pragmatuli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom enis emociur da

propoziciul movlenebs Soris arsebuli mkveTri sxvaobis

miuxedavad, anu sulis moZraobasa da obieqtur viTarebas

Soris arsebuli sxvaobisas konvencionalizms gverdით

daudga konotaciebisa da eqspresiulobis, iმავე grZnobebisa da emociebis faqtori, rogorc sakomunikacio ganzraxvis

saSualeba, gaTvlili msmenelis rwmenis gaRrmavebasa da

Sesabamis zemoqmedebaze (kasireri 1983: 4, 178, 187).

religiaSi erTiandeba azrobrivi da racionaluri

cnebebi. am ori elementis urTierToba sinamdvilis

Semecnebas emsaxureba. religia racionalurze metia, igi

adamianis sulis/sulierebis struqturaa, `suliereba,

rogorc adamianisa da samyaros asaxva~ (`die Seele als eine Spiegelung von Welt und Mensch~ (Jung, C.G. 2001: 95). Tanamedrove lingvistikis TvalTaxedviT, saeklesio-

religiuri ena moicavs fsiqologiur, sociologiur

faqtorebs. bolo dros aqtualuri gaxda identurobis,

komunikaciisa da enobrivi mexsierebis faqtori (koleqtiuri

identobis suraTi/xateba da komunikaciuri gacvlis

daniSnuleba (Schiewe u.a. 2011: 25). 3. religiuri ena da transcedencia. enisa da religiis

urTierTobaSi aisaxa is zegavlena, rომელsac ena Tavisi

arsebobis manZilze axdenda sulierebaze. lingvisturi

Teoriebis mixedviT, religiis ena, rogorc fenomeni, da TviT

religia, sociologiurad ganisazRvreba. religiis

sociologias enaTmecnierebaSi moeZebna sociolingvisturi

safuZvlebi da misi socialur-maintegrirebeli Zala

sakraluri sawyisebidan dawyebuli, miTosisa da magiis,

religiisa da kultis gavliT, komunikaciur gardasaxvaმდე aiyvana (Habermas 2001: 64). iurgen habermasis azriT, `sulisa

da sxeulis/xorcis~, `subieqtisa da obieqtis~

winaaRmdegobrioba jer kidev hegelma `mesame kategoriis

SemotaniT~ _ sulis Sinagani da garegani mxaris axsniT

gza taZrisaken

75

gansazRvra. `enis niSnobrivი subsტრatით gamoxatulia

aramaterialuri mniSvnelobebi, sxeulis eqspresiul JestebSi

asaxulia fsiqikis moZraoba, muSaki sxeuli pirovnebaTSoris

urTierTobaSi gamoxatavs inteleqtualur ganzraxvas

(Habermas 2001: 70). adamianis suliereბis filosofiur siRrmeebze Cven aq

ar SevCerdebiT; vityviT mxolod, rom lingvisturi

TvalsazrisiT sayuradRebo aRmoCnda me-20 saukunis

germaneli sociologebisa da filosofosebis Aarnold

gelenis (Arnold Gehlen), helmut plesnerisა (Helmut Plessner) da ernst kasireris (Ernst Cassirer) Sromebi. isini ikvlevdnen

moRvawe subieqtis SemecnebiT damokidebulebas gare

samyarosTan: kasirerma Seiswavla samyaros aRqma/aRiarebis

simboluri formebi. azrTan dakavSirebuli yoveli simbolo

warmoaCens yovel enobriv `niSanSi~, yovel miTiur Tu

xelovnur `suraTSi~ sulier SigTavss/Semcvelobas, romelic

zeazrobrivze miuTiTebs. es Sinaarsobriვi SigTavsi

gardaisaxeba mniSvnelobis funqciaდ (Cassirer 1988: Bd.1: 42).

Pპlesneრma Seიswavla sxeulTan dakavSirebuli eqspresiuli

qmedebebi. xolo gelenma _ samyarosTan arsebuli

instrumentuli da ritualuri kavSiri/ urTierToba.

lingvistikaSi simbolo, tradiciulad, gaigeba

rogorc azriT datvirTuli, azrobrivi daniSnulebis mqone

raRac erTeuli. bevri enaTmecnieri simbolos xatebაsa da

niSanTan erT rigSi ayenebs (Арутюнова 1988). sinamdvileSi

simbolos xatebაsa da niSans Soris Sualeduri adgili

uWiravs. (Вестник МГУ 2001/4:86). religiuri enis specifika iსაა, rom erT mxares dgas gamoxatvis enobrivi, propoziciuli da

racionaluri qmedebisa da gamoxatvis formebi Tavisi

Sinaarsobrivi manifestaciiT. meore mxares ki _

aradiskursuli, gareenobrivi, ritualizebuli, gamoxatvis

xatovani azrisa da stilis mqone formebi, romlis

Sinaarsobrivi, performaciuli mxare uaRresad did

zegavlenas axdens msmenelze. kasirerma es orive aspeqti

simbolizebis procesSi moaqcia (Hebermas 1997: 9-40). misi azriT, simboloTa gamoyenebiT xdeba samyarosTan

arapirdapiri urTierToba. gamoxatvis simboluri formebi

warmoadgens uwyvet jaWvs, kontinuums xatovan gamoTqmasa da

cnebas Soris da sulierebis yovel gamoxatulebas Tavis

racionalurobas ganumtkicebs (iqve: 76).

ხდე ბ ა4. gza adamianidan taZramde sul ufro metad

semiotikis interesebis saganი. igi SemecnebiTi Teoriebis

semiotikuri transformaciebiT aris aRsavse. sakomunikacio

dali baxtaZe

76

azri simbolizebulia rogorc kognitიur, aseve

perფormaciul doneze. gancdaTa, gamocdilebaTa, azrobriv

STabeWdilebaTa gardasaxva transcendentulia, zeazrobrivia.

es rTuli gza oTx ZiriTad simbolizebul aqtze gadis:

1. religiur saubarze (locva, vedreba, qadageba)

2. ritualze (sawesCveulebo aRsrulebis normebi)

3. galobaze (musika, mgalobelTa gundi, sasuliero

pirisa da mrevlis galoba)

4. jvarze/xatze/suraTze (qandakebaze).

maSasadame, religiuri ena aerTianebs oTx

urTierTdamokidebul process, romelic Tavisi kompleqsuri

formiTa da SinaarsiT udides Zalas warmoadgens da

STambeWdav zemoqmedebas axdens. religiuri enis es oTxi

urTierTSemavsebeli procesi adamianidan taZramde mimavali

ZiriTadi gzaa. am gzaze TiToeul monakveTs Soris uwyvet

wreze gadebulia imagologiuri xidi, TiToeuli movlenis

zeazrobrivi Sinaarsis erTi miznis qveS _ religiuri

mrwamsis/aRmsareblobis/RmerTisadmi ltolvis _

gamaerTianebeli xidi.

naxazi 1.

masSi TvalsaCinoa adamianis arapirdapiri mimarTeba

religiur samyarosTan. adamiani azrovnebs, moqmedebs

religiur simboloTa, ritualTa samyaroSi. misi gamoxatva

xdeba enis propoziciulი, raconalurი formebით. es aris

semiotikis, eTnologiisa da kulturuli anTropologiis

imagologiuri

xidi

religiuri

ena

saubari/metyveleba (locva, vedreba,

qadageba tonalur-

prosodiuli

saSualebebiT)

rituali (Tanmxlebi wes-

Cveulebebis

SesrulebiT)

jvari,

xati/suraTi

(simbolo)

(qandakeba)

galoba (mgalobelTa gundiT;

sasuliero pirisa da

mrevlis

monawileobiT) (musika)

gza taZrisaken

77

sinTezi. ena არსობრივად metaforulia. gamoxatvis simboluri

formebi erTiandeba gamoxatvis xatovan saSualebebTan,

cnebebTan, rac abstraqtuli ideebis gadmocemas emsaxureba.

adamianTa aRqmisa da moqmedebis SemaerTebeli imagologiuri

xidi Tavis gzaze gviCvenebs im dinamikas, romelSic

Semonaxulia eris kulturuli mexsiereba (Becker 2000: 5,

Konnersmann 1996: 351). 5. religiuri saubris aqti gansxvavdeba saero saubris

aqtisagan, Tumca imave lingvisturi kategoriebiT

sargeblobs, rომელიც saubris aqtis enaTmecnierulma

Teoriam შექმნა. subaqti lokucia religiisaTvis imave

subdisciplinaTa (fonetika/fonologia, morfologia,

sityvawarmoeba, leqsikologia, sintaqsi) gansxvavebuli

erTianobaa. komunikaciis meore aqtSi- ilokuciaSi Cadebulia

saubris intencia, e.w. semantikuri intencia. enobriv

komunikaciur doneze gvaqvs komunikaciuri aqtisa da

intenciis erTianoba, intenciisa da konvenciis sinTezi.

religiur enaSi, saerosagan gansxvavebiT, saxezea sul sxva,

oTxi urTierTSemavsebeli aqti imagologiuri xidiT

Sekruli (ix. zemoT naxazi). perlokucia msmenelis fsiqikaze

zemoqmedebis aqtia. igi zegavlenas axdens msmenelis

grZnobebze, azrebze, fiqrebze, qmedebebze. Tu saero saubris

aqtis perlokuciaSi winaswar ver ganWvret mosaubris

motivaciis siRrmeebsa da msmenelze zemoqmedebis masStabebs,

religiuri saubris aqti zustad gaTvlil perlokucias

iZleva, Tumca am Teorias, rogorc saeros, iseve religiurs, esaWiroeba Rrma fsiqologiuri analizi, kulturaTa

doneebisa da moTxovnebis Sesabamisi filosofiuri gaazreba.

perlokucia am kuTxiT naklebadaa Seswavlili (Adamžik 2004: 223-226).

ilokucia eqspresiul faqtorsac iTvaliswinebs, anu

zednadebia mniSvnelobis konotaciuri aspeqti. religiur

enaSi eqspresiuloba da konotaciebi imdenadaa komunikaciuri

ganzraxvis saSualeba, ramdenadac igi msmenelis rwmenis

gaRrmavebasa da Sesabamis zemoqmedebazea gaTvlili. saubris

aqti arapirdapiria. igi sruldeba ara ori an meti xiluli

personaJis TandaswrebiTa da monawileobiT, aramed erTi

personaJis locviT, TxovniT, vedrebiT zeazrobrivad

arsebuli RmerTisadmi. am locva-vedrebaSi nagulisxmebi,

Cafiqrebuli unda gacxaddes eqsplიcituradac da

implicituradac. am sakiTxze ufro dawvrilebiT SeiZleba

visaubroT religiuri teqstis/ diskursis analizis dros

(mag., `mamao Cveno“).

dali baxtaZe

78

saerosagan gansxvavebiT, religiuri enis lokucia-

ilokucia metwilad enis istoriuli leqsikur-gramatikul-

fonetikuri masalidan SerCeuli struqturebiTa da

konstruqciebiT sargeblobs, gansakuTrebuli frazeologiiT,

romelic ZiriTadad gasagebia mrevlisaTvis. aseTi ena xels

uwyobs socializaciis process. socializaciis am procesSi,

rogorc wesi, ar xdeba saero enisagan gamijvna, radgan es,

garkveulwilad, komunikaciis Seferxebebs gamoiwvevda.

marTalia, religiur garemoSi Tanamedrove sasaubro ena

CrdilSi eqceva, TiTqos mniSvnelobas kargavso, magram igi

religiuri sakomunikacio bazisia. upiratesoba eniWeba

religiur-saeklesio enas, misiT aResruleba wakiTxva,

saubari, mosmena, ritualuri qmedeba _ Tanamonawileoba.

saeklesio-religiuri ena mravalmxriv Sevsebulia

paralingvisturi da kinesikuri (pirjvris gadawera, muxlis

moyra, Tavdaxra, xelebis aRmarTva...) saSualebebiT, sivrciTi

komunikaciiT (sruldeba e.w. Körper – Raum Kommunikation) religiuri ena da misi buneba verbalur Tu

araverbalur teqstSi, upirveles yovlisa, aisaxeba

interdisciplinური analiziT, enaTmecnierebasa da

filologiaSi mopovebul kompetenciaTa SejerebiT, kerZod:

5. kulturis gramatika. simboluri formebis

semiotikuri Teoria tradiciuli da normirebuli gramatikis

safuZvlebi udavod saWiroa. arc

religiuri

didaqtika

teqstis

refleqsia

religiuri

ena (Se)locva)

imagologia (suraTi,

simbolika)

ritorika

ritorikuli

komunikacia

homiletika

komunikaciis aqtis

Teoria/ saubris

aqtis Teoria

hermenevti

a

gza taZrisaken

79

Langue/parole=Kompetenz/Performenz-is dayofa iwvevs eWvs, magram

gramatikuli formebis sistema, rogorc komunikaciuri

saSualeba, sinqronuli da diaqronuli enaTmecniereba iseT

fenomenTa krebuls moicavs, romlebic droTa ganmavlobaSi

icvlebian, viTardebian. amitom verc erTi ena veRar eteva

struqturirebis tradiciul CarCoebSi, metyvelebis

nawilebad dayofil `prokrustes sarecelSi~. enam ar unda

Seasrulos mxolod universaluri logikis moTxovnebi da

amocanebi, man sazogadoebis amocanebic unda gaiTvaliswinos,

rac am sazogadoebis socialur urTierTobebzea damokide-

buli. dRis wesrigSi dadga gramatikis konceptis axleburi

gaazrebisa da gansazRvris sakiTxi, rasac bevri enaTmecnieri

ar iziarebs.

calkeul enaTa mravalferovnebam da enaTa tipebis

heterogenulobam, Tanamedrove socialurma principebma da

moTxovnebma, simbolurma logikam da kulturis filosofiam

Sors gaswies gramatikis sazRvrebi da enobrivi fenomenis

siRrmeebSi wvdomis SesaZleblobebi. enas, rogorc niSanTa da

simboloTa krebuls, aRar akmayofilebs arsebuli

vokabulari, gramatikuli wesebi, iTxovs abstraqtuli

wesebis axal gramatikul sistemas (Cassirer 1996: 200-207). jer

kidev humboldti aRniSnavda, rom `mTvare~ erTsa da imave

sagans warmoadgens berZnebisTvisac da laTinebisTvisac.

berZnuli ena mas `men~-s uwodebs, laTinuri ena ki _ `luna~-s. am ori enis artikulaciaSi mocemulia sxvadasxva intencia

da sxvadasxva cneba. berZnuli men mTvare `drois

aRmricxvels~ aRniSnavs, laTinuri luna _ sinaTles, mTvaris

naTebas. enebSi arsebuli amgvari klasifikaciebi arc

SemTxveviTia da arc uneburi. isini eyrdnobian adamianTa

aRqmis gonebis, gamocdilebis mudmivad ganmeorebad

elementebs. aRqmisa da am ganmeorebadobis gareSe enobriv

konceptebs safuZveli gamoecleboda. rogorc kasireri

ambobს, adamianis suliereba cocxlobs sityvasa da miTiur

xatebaSi, Tumca verc sityva da verc xateba enaze ver

mZlavrobs. kasirerma Seqmna simboluri formebis filosofia

da semiotikuri Teoria, es enis axal perspeqtivebs qmnis (ix. Cassirer 1988: Philosophie der Symbolischen Formen. In 3 Bdn. B.1. Frankfurt (M).

dali baxtaZe

80

literatura

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2. Арутюнова, Н.Д. 1988: От образа к знаку//Мышление. Когнитивные науки.. Искуственный интеллект.М.

3. Becker, Udo 1999: Lexikon der Symbol. 3. Aufl. Cordon Art B.V. Baarn-Holland.

4. Habermas, Jürgen 1997: Die befreiende Kraft der symbolischen Formgebung. In: Habermas, J.: Vom sinnlichen Eindruck zum symbolischen Ausdruck. Frankfurt a.M.

5. Habermas, Jürgen 2001: Zeit der Übergänge. Kleine politische Schriften IX. Suhrkamp Verlag. Frankfurt a.M.

6. Jung, Carl Gustav 2001: Seelenprobleme der Gegenwart. Deutscher Taschenbuchverlag. München.

7. kasireri, ernst 1983: ra aris adamiani? cda adamianuri

kulturis filosofiis agebisa (germanulidan Targmna

lamara ramiSvilma) gamomc. `ganaTleba~. Tbilisi. 8. Cassirer, Ernst 1988: Philosophie der symbolischen Formen. In 3 Bdn.

Frankfurt/M. 9. Cassirer, Ernst 1996: Versuch über den Menschen. Einführung in eine

Philosophie der Kultur. Felix Meiner Verlag. Hamburg. 10. Konersmann, Rolf 1996: Kultur als Metapher//Kulturphilosophie. Hrsg.

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salome omiaZe

gza, rogorc

lingvosemiotikuri niSani

samyaros Semecnebisas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba

niSnebs. swored niSanTa gansxvavebuli

gageba da interpretacia qmnis samyaros

erovnul suraTebs, romlebic

lingvokulturologiisa da

lingvosemiotikis kvlevis sagania.

rogorc cnobilia, semiotikaSi

erTmaneTs upirispireben ikonur,

indeqsur da simbolur niSnebs (pirsi

2000: 185). ikonuri niSnis forma

garkveul msgavsebas avlens aRsaniSn

obieqtTan, amdenad, amgvari niSnis

Sinaarsi advilad ikiTxeba. indeqsuri

niSnis formisa da Sinaarsis kavSiri

pirobiTia, amitom saWiroa imis codna,

rom garkveuli obieqti raRacis niSans

warmoadgens. simboluri niSnis

SemTxvevaSi ki misi forma badebs

asociaciebs, rac simbolos

interpretirebisaken gvibiZgebs da rasac

sabolood, garkveul obieqtamde

mivyavarT.

gza is lingvokulturuli

konceptia, romelic sxvadasxva

konteqstSi sxvadasxva tipis niSnad

kvalificirdeba. igi SeiZleba

signaladac ganvixiloT da indeqsadac.

signali aris avtomaturi bunebrivi

salome omiaZe

82

kavSiri niSansa da obieqts Soris, igi metonimiuria, indeqsi ki

miTiTebiTi TviTnebur-Tavisufali kavSiria da, amdenad,

metaforulobiT xasiaTdeba.

Cveni yoveldRiuroba datvirTulia emblemebiT. emblema,

zogadad, is niSania, romelsac aqvs zusti axsna. lotmanis

ganmartebiT, emblema gulisxmobs erTi enidan, magaliTad,

sityvieri enidan sxva enaze, magaliTad, grafikul enaze

gadatanas (lotmani 1997: 418). amis TvalsaCino nimuSia sagzao

niSnebi, romelTa umravlesoba swored gzis ikonuri niSania.

sayovelTao SexedulebiT, emblema sxvadasxva kodiT samyaros

semiotikuri dublirebis Sedegia. Tumca, igi erTi sistemis

farglebSic funqciobs; magaliTad, romelime mxatvrul teqstSi

saxeldebiTi winadadeba `gza~ SeiZleba emblematuri funqciisac

iyos, radgan winadadebaSi sxva wevrebis ararseboba am

erTaderTi wevris vizualizacias ganapirobebs. es, Tavis mxriv,

mas ikonur niSnad aqcevs, romlis funqcia aris

identificireba, sainformacio dublireba an Sinaarsis

gamartiveba.

iseTi lingvokulturuli konceptebi, romelTac

sagnobrivi denotatebi aqvT, magaliTad, gvirgvini, skiptra,

vazis jvari da misT. emblematurobis meti potenciiT

xasiaTdebian, magram gavrcelebuli Sexedulebis gamo, romlis

Tanaxmadac, emblema gansxvavebul kodTa sistemebs gulisxmobs,

igi lingvosemiotikurad saTanadod gamokvleuli ar gaxlavT.

swored amitom emblematuroba, ZiriTadad, yofiTi da sareklamo

diskursebis maxasiaTebladaa miCneuli, arada mxatvrul

diskursSi koncept-emblemaTa xmareba iSviaTi ar aris.

urTierTobis specifikur modusebad emblemasTan erTad

alegoriasa da simbolos ganixilaven. zogjer dasaxelebuli

erTeulebis gamijvna Wirs, Tumca maTi kvalifikaciisaTvis

konkretuli instruqcia arsebobs: emblema icnoba, mas,

simbolosagan gansxvavebiT, amoxsna ar sWirdeba, emblema

reducirebuli saxea, romlis miRmac ara idea, aramed miTiTebaa

im situaciaze, romelSic idea aqtualizdeba. emblema

metonimiuria, xolo alegoria garkveuli ideis qaragmuli

aRniSvnaa, romelsac, emblemisagan gansxvavebiT, cnoba ki ara,

amocnoba sWirdeba, magram, simbolosagan gansxvavebiT, alegoria

mxolod erT wakiTxvas gulisxmobs, interpretaciis mxolod

erT variants varaudobs.

“gza”, rogorc lingvosemiotikuri niSani

83

lingvokulturuli koncepti `gza~, alegoriulobis

TvalsazrisiT, didi potenciis matarebelia. mas, rogorc

leqsikur erTeuls, araerTi gadataniTi mniSvneloba aqvs,

mniSvnelobis gadatana ki alegoriis Semqmneli ZiriTadi

meqanizmia. es potencia gansakuTrebiT vlindeba alegoriis im

saxesxvaobaSi, romelsac yofiTi, niadagsaxmari qaragmuloba

SeiZleba vuwodoT da romlis wyaroc qarTuli paremiologiuri

fondia.

`gzis~ monawileobiT Seqmnil idiomebsa da e. w. sityvis

masalaSi xSiria imgvari nimuSebi, romelTac pirdapir

mniSvnelobasTan erTad gadataniTi mniSvnelobac aqvT.

aRniSnulic imis gamoZaxilia, rom `gza~, ganyenebulad mdgomic

ki, TavisTavad alegoriulia. moviyvanT ramdenime nimuSs: gzas

dakargavs; gzas ipovis; gzas daadgeba; gza gaexsneba; gzas

dauTmobs; gzas warumarTavs; gzas Seukravs; gzas eweva da sxv.

yvela dasaxelebuli erTeulis gadataniTi mniSvneloba iseve

advili gasagebia, rogorc pirdapiri, imitom, rom alegoriuli

niSani advilad amosacnobia da erTaderT interpretacias

gulisxmobs.

andazuri Tqmebi is Janria, romelSic yofiTi

qaragmuloba didaqtikas emsaxureba. andazaSi gamoTqmuli azri

umetesad xatovnadaa motivirebuli, Tumca yvela andaza

yovelTvis alegoriul gagebas ar moiTxovs, magaliTad: `kacs

saqme gamoscdis da cxens gzao~; `nu dakargav Zvelsa gzasa,

nurca Zvelsa megobarsa~ da sxv. gvxvdeba iseTi andazuri Tqmebi,

romlebic sakomunikacio situaciis Sesabamisad an pirdapiri

mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT, an gamonaTqvamis alegoriuloba unda

amovxsnaT, magaliTad: `Sori gza moiare da Sin mSvidobiT

midio~; `gza vinc icis, fexs ar wahkravso~; `gaqceuls erTi gza

aqvs, mdevars aTasio~; `uremi rom gadabrundeba, gza maSin

gamoCndebao~ da sxv.

mxatvrulsa da religiur diskursebSi alegoriuloba

gamoxatulia arakebiTa da igavebiT, romlebSic `gzis~

gadataniTi mniSvnelobebiT araerTi saxe da konteqstia Seqmnili.

maTi erTi nawili Seswavlilia, danarCeni ki sagangebo kvlevas

moiTxovs, rac Zalzed mniSvnelovania `gzis~, rogorc

universaluri lingvokulturuli konceptis, srulyofili

aRwerisaTvis.

salome omiaZe

84

`gza~, rogorc simbolo, gansakuTrebuli sakiTxia

qristianuli mrwamsis lingvokulturebSi. ieso ambobs: `me var

gzai da WeSmaritebai da cxorebai~ (ioane 14:6). iesosa da gzis

gaigiveba qristianobisa da `gzis~ gaigivebas niSnavs. ase Cndeba

qristianul kulturaSi erT-erTi yvelaze didi

da amaRlebuli simbolo `gza~, romelic xan msazRvrelebTan

erTad (WeSmaritebis gza, gza xsnisa, ukanaskneli gza Tu sxv.),

xan maT gareSe, xanac derivatebis sayrdenad qceuli (gziri,

gzamkvlevi, megzuri, gziani, ugzo ...), dResac mravalpasuxian

amocanad rCeba.

simbolo principulad mravalmniSvnelovania, rac ara

mxolod simbolos mravalgvar interpretirebas gulisxmobs,

aramed interpretaciis mravaljerad SesaZleblobasac, ukeT rom

vTqvaT, interpretirebis usasrulo process. simbolom kerZo

SemTxvevidan samyaros zogad xatTan unda migviyvanos, gza unda

gviCvenos.

`qristianobis erT-erTi uZvelesi saxeli martivad

`gzaa~, _ vkiTxulobT episkopos kaliste uearis naSromSi

`marTlmadideblobis gza~. saxels am citataSi Tavisuflad

SeiZleba Caenacvlos simbolo, rasac imave naSromis prologidan

amonaridi Semdegi konteqstic gvidasturebs, prologidan,

romlis saTauric nana baRaTurias mier `sagzao niSnulebad~

aris Targmnili: `qristianoba ufro metia, vidre Teoria, metia,

vidre qaRaldze gadmotanili swavleba, es aris gza, romelzec

mivdivarT da, yvelaze Rrma da farTo gagebiT, es aris

cxovrebis gza~ (ueari 2007: 9-18) episkopos kalistes TqmiT,

`iyo qristiani, niSnavs iyo mogzauri~. mogzauri, romelic

mihyveba gzas JamTasvlidan maradiulobaSi.

amdenad, zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, sagangebo

statistikuri kvlevebis gareSec SegviZlia davaskvnaT _ `gza~

is diskursuli erTeulia, romlis denotaciur mniSvnelobaze

metad gaaqtiurebulia misi konotaciebi, misi emblemuri,

alegoriuli da simboluri mniSvnelobebi, rac, Tavis mxriv, am

movlenis ufro Rrma lingvosemiotikuri Seswavlis

aucileblobaze migvaniSnebs.

“gza”, rogorc lingvosemiotikuri niSani

85

Lliteratura

lotmani 1997: Лотман Ю.М. Между эмблемой и символом // Лотмановский сборник. Т.2. М.: Изд-во РГГУ, 1997.

pirsi 2000: Пирс Ч.С. Избранные философские произведения. М.: Логос, 2000.

ueari 2007: episkoposi kaliste ueari,

marTlmadideblobis gza, Targm. n. baRaTuriasi, Jurnali

`arCevani~, # 2, Tb., 2007.

lali daTaSvili

gzis, svlis da olamur

sivrceSi gadaadgilebis

aspeqtebi Zvel qarTul

literaturSi

qristianuli cxovrebis wesi olamur

erTobas efuZneba: yvelaferi uflisgan

modis da masve ubrundeba; samyarosa da

kacobriobis gza-savali Tu myofobis

formac “misgan ars”; yovelive uflis,

samyarosa da kacis

urTierTdamokidebulebiT ganisazRvreba.

ufalia cxonebis gza. ieso amitomac

gvmoZRvravs: “me var gzai da me var

WeSmaritebai da cxorebai; aravin movides

mamisa, garna Cem mier” (ioane 14, 6).

Sua saukuneebis qristianul

kulturaSi droiT-sivrciTi, anu

qronotopuli (baxtini 1975: 43) cnebebi

Tu Rirebulebani eTikuri kategoriebia

da ara _ geografiuli. WeSmariti

sarwmunoebis gavrcelebisa da wmindanTa

Tu siwmideTa simravlis Sesabamisad,

simbolurad moiazreba mxareebi,

mimarTulebebi, ganirCeva sauflo,

Cveulebrivi da codvili teritoriebi;

aisaxeba vertikaluri da

horizontaluri sivrcis

proporciuloba, soflisa da

zesTasoflis urTierTmimarTeba;

gza da svla qristianisTvis drois

amsaxveli kategoriacaa da sivrcisac.

gzis, svlis da olamur sivrceSi gadaadgilebis...

87

radgan gzis gavla sicocxlea, gzis dasasruli ki, anu “srbis

aRsruleba” _ gardacvaleba. gza realur, amqveyniur cxovrebasa

da adamianis wuTisofelSi arseboba-mimoqcevas gulisxmobs. amave

mniSvnelobiT aris moxmobili es sityvebi pavle mociqulis

epistoleSic: “srbai aRmisrulebies” (2 tim. 4, 7).

kacobriobis istoriac gzaa, adamidan axal adamamde, gza,

romelsac safuZvlad udevs Ze Secdomilis sevda, samoTxidan

gamoZeveba da maradiuli msvleloba ukan, mamis saxlSi,

dasabruneblad, “Zeobis pativis” aRsadgenad.

luka maxarebliseuli “Ze Secdomilis igavi” macxovrisa

da mTeli kacobriobis, uflisa da yoveli adamianis

urTierTdamokidebulebis paradigmaa, pirvelqmnili codvidan

moyolebuli adamiani _ uZRebi Svili, mamisagan ganmdgari da

dakarguli, Tavisi sulis, saxlisa Tu samoTxis gzas eZiebs

(amitomacaa, rom am igavs wmida mamebi yvela droisa da xalxis

udides monaTxrobs uwodeben.).

Cvens winapars istoria warmodgenili hqonda, rogorc or

movlenas Soris moqceuli “gza”: Sesaqmidan esqatologiur

aRsasrulamde. Sesabamisad, rogorc kacobriobis msvleloba win

_ warsulisa (am sityvis warmomavlobasac davukvirdeT) da

uflisken, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisken, radgan aRmosavleTi

uflis mxarea, dasavleTi _ esqatologiuri aRsasrulis.

yoveli adamiani _ erTi droiT-sivrciTi wertili, sadRac

uerTdeba am rigs da winaparTa nakvalevs mihyveba. ilia marTlis

Tqmisa ar iyos: “wina kaci xidia ukanasi” _ es aris, swored,

olamuri erToba.

meore mxriv (rac umTavresia), gza sivrcis kategoriaa, Tanac

orgvari sivrcis: fizikur-materialuri da sulieri. amitom

“gza” simboluri Sinaarsisaa: adamianis mTel cxovrebas

gamoxatavs da mis zneobriv saxesac gviCvenebs imis mixedviT, Tu

saiT midioda: zecisa Tu miwisken da rogori samudamo

gansasvenebeli moipova.

umniSvnelovanesi swavlebaa, rom cxonebis mosurne adamianma

sulieri gzac: dacemisa da amaRlebis, dabrkolebaTa gadalaxvis

grZeli jaWvi _ sifrTxiliTa da dakvirvebiT unda ganvlos,

raTa ar “gardaidrikos gzisagan simarTlisa” (iovane sabanisZe),

moTminebiT iaros zeciuri mamulisken da “srbis aRsrulebis”

lali daTaSvili

88

Semdeg Seurcxvenlad wardges macxovris winaSe. sabanisZiseuli

“mamulisa Cveulebisaebr svla” mamuls orive mniSvnelobiT

gulisxmobs: miwiersa da zeciursac. hagiografs isic mSvenivrad

moexseneba, rom am svlis sisworis SenarCunebas safuZvlad udevs

morwmuneTa mier WirTa moTmineba da sulieri goniereba.

gaufrTxilebloba da uyuradReboba gzidan gadacdenas iwvevs,

radan samoTxisken sacalfexo, mixveul-moxveuli biliki midis,

“masze gamvlels unda hqondes marjve Tvali, mtkice guli” (a.

wereTeli, “gamzrdeli”). jojoxeTisken ki farTo Sara

migviZRvis.

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba admianis mier

msvlelobis mimarTulebis arCevas: cxvrisa Tu mglisken, miwisa

Tu zecisaken, codvisa Tu madlisaken. amazea damokidebuli, vin

ver “scnobs gzas madlTa fonisken”(d. guramiSvili) da vin

gaikvlevs mas, vin miagnebs samoTxis karibWes “iwro da

saWirveli” bilikis gavlis Semdeg. amitom mogviwodebs ufali:

“SevediT iwroisagan bWisa, rameTu vrcel ars bWe da farTo

ars gzai, romelsa mihyavs warsawymedelad, da mravalni vlenan

mas zeda. viTar-igi iwro ars bWe da saWirvel gzai, romeli

miiyvanebs cxonebasa, da mciredni arian, romelni hpoeben mas”

(maTe 7, 12-13).

ufali xSirad TviTon urCevs da aswavlis gzas adamians,

Tumca am ukanasknelzea damokidebuli, ramdenad ganwmendili

TvaliTa da guliT mihyveba macxovars. Tu, erTi mxriv, abraami

gagvaxsendeba, RvTis mowodebas rwmeniTa da imediT savse rom

mihyveboda, Sesabamisad, ganvlilma gzam aRTqmul qveyanaSi

miiyvana, meore mxriv, udabnoSi 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi

itanjebodnen xan mosesa da xan ufalze Semomwyrali ebraelebi,

sikeTis gzas ki sakuTari codvebi da urwmunoeba, uflisadmi

jerovani ndobis uqonloba uborkavdaT. amitomac maTma mcire

nawilma miaRwia sanukvar miznamde.

yovladwmida mariam RvTismSobelia adamianis meoxi da

cxonebis gzis saukeTeso maCvenebeli. mravlad arsebobs

odigitria, anu gzis maCvenebeli deda RvTismSoblis xatebi.

yovladwmida dedas cali xeliT yrma ieso uWiravs, meoriT ki

qristianebs migvaniSnebs masze, rogorc cxonebis gzaze.

yovladwmida deda konkretul adamiansac exmareba sworad


89

cxovrebaSi: wm. nino maciqulTaswors saqarTveloSi agzavnis

samoRvaweod; daweril qaRalds gadaaylapebs ioane oqropirs da

mWevrmetyvelad gadaaqcevs; qarTulad gamarTulad metyvelebas

ubrZanebs wm. eqvTime mTawmindels... revaz siraZe amasTan

dakavSirebiT SeniSnavs: “aq kidev erTi analogiaa: warmodgenilia

Suasaukuneobrivi odigitriis (gzis maCvenebeli RvTismSoblis)

gansaxovnebis msgavsi suraTi: RvTismSobelma “upyra xelsa”

eqvTimes da gzaze daayena” (siraZe 1992: 73).

ioane naTlismcemelic sauflo gzis maswavlebeli da

ganmamzadebelia. misi qadagebaa: “ganhmzadeniT gzani uflisani da

wrfel yveniT alagni misni” (maTe 3, 3). Tumca, adamianis sulSi

es sityvebi ar unda darCes “xmad mRaRadeblisa udabnosa zeda”,

aramed unda gadaiqcnen SemZlebelad “warmarTebad ferxTa CuenTa

gzasa mSvidobisasa” (luka 1, 79).

amqveyniuri yofis, rogorc gzis, da adamianis, rogorc am

gzaze mavalis, simboluri gaazrebisas gansakuTrebiT

sainteresod migvaCnia wmindanis moxsenieba malemsrbolis

epiTetiT. wm. makrinas, wm. petre sebastielisa da maTi msgavsi

moRvaweebis dasaxasiaTeblad wm. grigol noseli “wm. makrinas

cxovrebaSi” ambobs:

“Tvissa cxorebasa samaradisod hxdebodes, viTarca

malemsrbolni axovanni” (noseli 2010: 23).

wmindani mTeli Tavisi arsebiT iswrafis uflisaken da

wadiereba, mondomeba Tu yuradReba mimarTuli aqvs “sasurvelisa

Tvisisa mimarT”. wm. grigolis azriT, cdilobs, “srbisas ara

raisa mimarT midrkes Tuali misi soflisa amis

sasurvelTaganisa” (noseli 2010: 15), anu uSecdomod, swrafad

da daubrkoleblad ganvlos amqveyniuri gza-savali. Cveni azriT,

am siCqarisa da erTi miznisken koncentraciis gamo uwodebs igi

gamorCeul moRvaweebs malemsrbolebs.

Tu wmindanni TvalmuSorebliv mihyvebian uflis gzas, sxvani

_ “cxovarni gzaSecdomilni” eSmas zegavleniT “ikargebian” da

macxovris Sewevnas saWiroeben swor gzaze dasabruneblad.

urjuloTa mier datyvevebuli daviT guramiSvilis locva

swored lukas saxarebis gamoZaxilia. igi, rogorc dakarguli

cxvari, “mgelT warsatacad farexTa gare“, uzenaess moZiebasa da

amqveynad _ samSobloSi, im qveynad ki sasufevelSi damkvidrebas

lali daTaSvili

90

evedreba; poeti SehRaRadebs macxovars, eSmasagan, anu uxilavi

mxecisagan daicvas, “TikanTa” _ jojoxeTisTvis ganwirulTa

rigebSi ar Caayenos da samoTxis mkvidrT _ “kravebs” SeuerTos:

“Sen, ieso, mwyemso Cveno, CvenTvis sisxlis damanTxeo!

viT cxovari var wymendili, nu damkargav, momnaxeo...

ieso, mwyemso keTilo, Cemebr warwymendilT mpovelo,

Cavvardi codvis xnarcvSia, vscade da ver amovelo,

viTxov, Semindev codvani, ros mkvdari ganmacxovelo.”

wmindanis misiac ase esmodaT, rom mas ara mxolod TviTon

unda gaekvala gza cxonebisa, aramed Cveulebrivi adamianis _

“sawuTros kacis” (iakob xucesi), gzas acdenili cxvrisTvis

xeli unda gaewodebina Tu SeeSvelebina da zecisken mimaval

gzaze daeyenebina. sulier gzamkvlevebs _ “zecisa kacebs da

queyanisa angelozebs” (giorgi merCule) ase SehRaRadebs giorgi

mcire: “xnarcvsa Sina vnebaTasa mdgomare varT, viTarca ixila

didman paxumi, da veZiebT msgavsTa TqvenTa xelis-micemad,

raiTamca mier aRmovediT da mRvimisagan glaxakobisa da Tixisagan

uyisa kldesa zeda saTnoebaTasa ferxni Cvenni davamtkiceniT da

gzaTa maT, zecad mimyvanebelTa, daubrkoleblad svlad

warvemarTeniT” (Zeglebi 1978: 208).

am rols asruleben, bibliis mixedviT, “malemsrbolebic”.

“neStTa wigni” mogviTxrobs, isini rogor cdiloben xalxis

dabrunebas mowyale RmerTTan, uqadageben ra, rom am gziT

ufalic daubrundeba moqceul toms, xolo ganmdgarT xels

aaRebs (ix. 2 neStTa, 30, 6-10).

morwmuneni, wmindanTa winamZRolobiT, mudam agneben swor

gzas. vaJa-fSavelas TvalTaxedviT, 1659 wels saswaulebrivi

gamarjveba kaxeTis ajanyebaSi jaris wminda mxedrisTvis mindobam

gamoiwvia. laSqarma zecaSi wminda giorgi SeniSna da misi cxenis

nafexurebs gahyva, TiTqos zeciur mxedrobad gadaiqca da cis

kabadonze gainavarda. yvelasTvis cxadi gaxda, rom brZolaSi

aucileblad gaimarjvebdnen. “zecaSi mimavlebma” erTaneTs amayad

gadaxedes:

“netav, ra mteri iqneba,_

exla gagviZlos, biWebo,

Cveni kvali xar dRes Sena


91

lurjais danabijebo!” (“baxtrioni”).

hagiografiaSi wmindanis mier gzis daZleva mis sulier

amaRlebasa da moRvaweobisaTvis momzadeba-gaZlierebas

gulisxmobs:

nino mociqulTaswori kabadokiidan qarTlSi modis,

mcxeTaSic “mimoiqceva”, vidre gaZlierdeba da ganemzadeba

moRvaweobisaTvis;

wm. abo arabeTidan modis qarTlSi da gaqristianebis survili

uCndeba. arabTa SiSs xazareTSi gadasvla daaZlevinebs, iq ukve

moinaTleba, xolo afxazeTSi gadasuli “mgzavr marxvisa da

locvis” Semdeg ukve “ara xolo tanjvad, sikudiladac” mzad

aris qristes siyvarulisTvis;

wm. grigol xanZTels TviT ufali waruZRva opizamde, raTa

moRvaweobis sirTules ver SeeSinebina es didi mama, xanZTaSi

asuls moRvaweobis formac auwya xuedios dayudebulis mier. is

saqmeni ki, romelnic utoldebian “daulevnelTa keTilTa

safases”, mama grigolma konstantinopolis molocvis Semdeg

aRasrula;

orjer gaiparebian Teodore da qristefore xanZTidan,

moivlian qarTlisa da afxazeTis sanaxebs da mxolod Semdeg

miiCnevs maT wm. grigoli samoRvaweod gamzadebulebad;

giorgi mTawmindelic tao-klarjeTis, ierusalimisa da sinas

gavliT, mTeli aqauri madliT gaZlierebuli midis aTonze.…

SevniSnavT, rom, Tu wmindanebs sikeTeSi aZlierebs

gadalaxuli manZili, eSmakeulT borotis qmnis survili

eZalebaT. qtezifonidan mobrunebuli, anu satanursa da

jojoxeTurs naziarebi, varsqeni borotebiT savse eSmakeuli,

“mgeli”, “cofi” da “mZvinvare mxecia”.

d. lixaCovi miuTiTebs, rom gzis siZneles, manZilis

gadalaxvis sirTules hagiografi ar asaxavs, aramed gadmogvcems

mxolod oriode sityviT: “wamovida da moiwia” (lixaCovi 1970:

65), amitom uyuradRebod rCeba msvleloba-mogzaurobis sawyis

da saboloo wertilebs Soris moqceuli dro-sivrce. wm.

grigol noseli SeniSnavs, “uSoresi gzisai warguevlo”, Tumca

arafers ambobs am didi da Sori gzis gadalaxvis siiolesa Tu

sirTuleze.

asea qarTul hagiografiaSic. mag. varsqeni “ijmna sparsTaisa…

da moiwia sazRvarTa qarTlisaTa” (iakob xucesi).

lali daTaSvili

92

mkiTxveli mxolod TviTon Tu gaiazrebs, rom manZili

advilad gadasalaxavi ar aris. mag. nino mociqulTaswori umZimes

gzas gamoivlida Cvenamde CamosaRwevad, es patara gogona

daiTmenda SimSils, SiSs, sicivesa da wyurvils, an serapion

zarzmeli samonastro teritoriis misagnebad Tu SemdgomSi im

sivrcis gars Semosavlelad, romelic zarzmisa unda yofiliyo,

Zalian gawvaldeboda da daiqanceboda, wm. grigolsa da sabas

gauWirdebodaT “kacTagan uval” adgilamde miRweva, sadac iSxani

unda aSenebuliyo, Tumca “cxovrebaTa” avtorebi amaze sagangebo

yuradRebas ar amaxvileben.

hagiografi wmindanis mogzaurobidan mxolod iseT raimes

gviambobs, rasac sulieri Tu istoriuli Rirebuleba aqvs., mag.

wm. ninos is aZlierebda, rom qarTlSi macxovris kvarTi

eguleboda, afxazeTisken mimavali abo “mgzavr marxulobda da

loculobda”, Teodoresa da qristefores Zebnisas wm. grigolma

daimowafa efremi, serapion zarzmelma, uflis SewevniT, mzis

Casvla ramdenime wuTiT Seayovna da a.S.

gadaadgileba horizontalur sivrceSi, miwier-zeciuri

erTobidan gamomdinare, vertikalze amaRlebas, ufalTan

daaxloebas an masTan daSorebas, dacemas, jojoxeTisken svlas

niSnavs.

wmindanis mier ralurad ganvlili, anu daZleuli, sivrcis

yoveli axali wertili simbolurad Seesabameba mis axal sulier

simaRles.

wm. dionise areopagelis azriT, ufalTan siaxlovis mixedviT,

adamianebi, pirobiTad, jgufebad nawildebian da “kibis

safexurebze” ganlagdebian, adamiani, TandaTan rom waremateba

saTnoebaSi, TiTqos maRldeba, uflisken mimaval kibeze adis.

wm. SuSanikis gadaadgileba sasaxlidan eklesiaSi, simboluri

qveteqstiT, dedoflis (marTali qristianis) wmindanad

gadaqcevaa, xolo misi eklesiidan cixeSi gadayvana wmindanis

mowamed gardaqmnas gulisxmobs. amgvarad, iakob xucesi SuSanikis

gadaadgilebiT mis amaRlebasa da ufalTan daaxloebas asaxavs.

sqemiT es amgvarad warmogvidgeba:

sasaxle (dedofali) _ eklesia (wmindani) _ cixe (mowame).

vfiqrobT, wmindanis sivrceSi gadaadgilebis asaxva

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania “abos wamebaSi”. es Txzuleba

sanimuSod migvaCnia hagiografiaSi sivrculi gadaadgilebis

amsaxveli epizodebis rolisa da Rirebulebis TvalsazrisiT.


93

iovane sabanisZe abos horizontalur sivrceSi amogzaurebs

da gavlili gzis TiToeul monakveTs “sulieri kibis” safexurs

Seusabamebs: baRdadSi, roca vecnobiT, abo muslimia; TbilisSi

Camosvlis Semdeg moisurvebs naTlobas, kaTakmeveli xdeba;

nersesTan erTad xazareTSi misuli gaqristiandeba; afxazeTisken

marxviT, locviTa da mdumarebiT mimavali xdeba marTali;

afxazeTSi Casuls ukve wmindanad Tvlian; TbilisSi dabrunebuls

awameben da martvilad wardgeba macxovris winaSe (umaRles

“safexurze” amaRldeba). e. i. yovel gadaadgilebas miwier

sivrceSi mosdevs abos amaRleba vertikalze, arabi Wabuki nabij-

nabij, TandaTanobiT uaxlovdeba ufals. am svla-amaRlebas

sqematurad ase gamovsaxavT:

baRdadi (muslimi) _ Tbilisi (kaTakmeveli) _ xazareTi

(qristiani) _ gza afxazeTisken (marTali) _ afxazeTi (wmindani)

_ Tbilisi (mowame).

wm. grigol xanZTelis svlac simboluri mniSvnelobisaa. Cveni

azriT, SesaZloa wmindanis gadaadgilebisas yovel orientirs

simboluri mniSvneloba mieniWos:

giorgi merCule Tavis personaJs qarTlSi gvacnobs. es

teritoria wmindanis Sobasa da aRzrdas ukavSirdeba;

opizaSi misvlis Semdeg grigoli emzadeba moRvaweobisaTvis.

ori wlis ganmavlobaSi “ficxeli, monazvnuri SromiT”

waremateba saTnoebaSi;

xanZTaSi misul grigols euwyeba uflis brZaneba, rogorc

rCeuls;

konstantinopoli da ZelicxovelTan locva uflis madls

aziarebs wmindans da sulierad aamaRlebs, gaaZlierebs;

xanZTaSi dabrunebuli grigoli ukve didi moRvawea, qmnis

wes-gangebas, wers “saweliwdo iadgars”;

afxazeTSi Casuli mama grigoli warmoCndeba, rogorc

“mwyemsi keTili” da “moZRvari rCeuli”;

SatberdSi wm. grigolis moRvaweoba dagvirgvindeba da didi

mama amaRldeba zeciur meufesTan;

miwieri sicocxlis dasasruls didi mamis kvlav xanZTaSi

dabruneba saqmeTa srulqmnis, zeciur pirvelsawyisTan

dabrunebis, samoTxeSi damkvidrebis mimaniSnebelia.

sqematurad yovelive amas amgvarad gamovsaxavT:

qarTli (Soba da aRzrda) _ opiza (mzadeba moRvaweobisaTvis)

_ xanZTa (uflis rCeulobis gamocxadeba) _ konstantinopoli

lali daTaSvili

94

(uflis madlTan ziareba) _ xanZTa (didi moRvawe) _ afxazeTi

(“mwyemsi keTili”) _ Satberdi (moRvaweobis dagvirgvineba) _

xanZTa (samudamo savanis moZieba da ufalTan damkvidreba).

wm. grigol xanZTelis mogzauroba-gadaadgilebis qveteqstur-

simboluri mniSvnelobis gaazrebisas vsargeblobdiT

TvalsazrisiT, rom moZRvreba-swavleba, viTarca sauflo saqmis

ganmeoreba, qriste-rabis, moZRvris mibaZva, sxvaTaTvis swavleba

moRvaweobis ufro mniSvnelovani saxea, vidre pirovnuli,

kerZoobiTi Sroma. pavle mociquli xucess ormagi pativis

Rirsad miiCnevs, radgan igi iRvwis sityviTac da moZRvrebiTac

(ix. I tim. 5, 17-18).

amgvarad, “moZraoba geografiul sivrceSi aris gadaadgileba

religiuri faseulobebis vertikalur skalaze” (leqsikoni 1974:

211).

sivrceSi gadaadgilebisas qristianisTvis yvelaze sasurveli,

pativdebuli da mniSvnelovani wminda adgilebSi mosalocad svla

iyo. ierusalimis molocva “zeciuri ierusalimis”, anu

sasufevlis moxilvas gulisxmobda. radgan qristian moRvaweTa

rwmeniT, “miwieri gzebi erwymis zeciurs” (gureviCi 1972: 84),

gadaadgileba, mimosvla, “sivltolva” siwmindisaken igivea, rac

ufalTan daaxloebis mcdeloba. “moxilva, gavrcelebuli da

SedarebiT pativdebuli forma mogzaurobisa, moiazreboda ara

mxolod rogorc svla wmida adgilebisken, aramed rogorc gza

RmerTisken” (gureviCi 1972: 86).

ierusalimi iyo “wyaro madlisa”, “taZari RvTisa”, qalaqi,

„romlis xuroTmoZRuar da Semoqmed RmerTi ars”. aq adamiani

sulier da xorciel kurnebas elodeboda da eswrafoda, uflis

miwier saxlSi misuli Tavs zeciur sasaxleSi warmoidgenda.

ierusalims mimaval morwmuneTa nakadi arasodes Sewyvetila.

aq eSurebodnen keTrovanni Tu sapyarni gankurnebis imediT,

morwmune adamianebi, saeroni Tu sasulieroni, sulieri madlis

miRebis imediT. wm. SuSanikma iq avadmyofi qali gagzavna, wm.

grigolma iqauri wes-gangebis “dawera da warmocema” sTxova

salocavad mimaval megobars, “warvide da wyalobiT moxedva-yos

RmerTman Cem-zeda da saxierebisa da sitkboebisa misisaTvis

daadinos Cem zeda wveTi madlisa da sitkboebisai” _ fiqrobs

daviT garejeli (Zeglebi 1978: 237), samudamo samyofelad

ierusalims irCevs mosalocad wasuli ilarion qarTveli...


95

qarTuli andaza “yvela gza ierusalimSi midis”, Cveni

azriT, qristianul-olamuri Sexedulebis erT-erTi

gamoxatulebaa da gulisxmobs, rom yvela kaci mokvdavia, rom

yvelani uflisagan movdivarT da isev ufals vubrundebiT,

radgan ierusalimi uflis saxlia. amiT kidev erTxel

warmoCndeba, qarTveli kacisTvis ramdenad axlobelia

qristianuli moZRvreba da ramdenad ganapirobebs mis mrwamssa Tu

amqveyniurobasTan damokidebulebas.

sapirispirod, egviptisken msvleloba, simbolurad,

jojoxeTis gzis gavlas, saSinelebasTan ziarebas niSnavda,

radgan egviptes jojoxeTis miwier gamoxatulebad miiCnevdnen:

“farao uxorcoisa mis faraoisi, viTarca egvipte _

jojoxeTisai, urTierTas maxlobelni saxiTa”_ vkiTxulobT

“ninos cxovrebaSi”, xolo egviptidan gamosvla jojoxeTis

klanWebidan Tavdaxsnasa da Tavisuflebas moaswavebda.…amitomaa,

rom paseqi egviptelTa monobidan Tavdaxsnis dResaswaulia,

xolo aRdgoma gulisxmobs jojoxeTis warmotyvevnas, anu

jojoxeTis Zalis daZlevasa da misi monobidan gamoxsnas.

davukvirdeT, rom ufali gaizrdeba egvipteSi da moRvaweobas

iwyebs am qveynidan gamosvlis Semdeg. amiT aRsruldeba sauflo

winaswarmetyveleba: “egviptiT uwodo Zesa Cemsa”.

wm. grigol noseli amgvari Tvalsazrisis winaaRmdegi iyo.

misi mosazrebiT, “umTavresia sulidan imogzauro uflisken,

vidre kabadokiidan _ palestinaSi” (noseli 2010: 125). es didi

kabadokieli mama locvas miiCnevda uflisaken “mogzaurobis”

saukeTeso formad, sulieri amaRlebis gzad, radgan

“aRmomyvanebeli ars jojoxeTisagan da ganmRebeli karisa mis

sasufevelisa” (noseli X: 30).

amgvarad, “gza”, “srba”, “svla” qristianul-olamur sivrceSi

cxovreba-gadaadgilebis amsaxveli metaforebia.

lali daTaSvili

96

literatura

baxtini 1975: baxtini m.n., literaturisa da esTetikis

sakiTxebi, m. 1975, rusul enaze;

gureviCi 1972: gureviCi a. i., Suasaukuneobrivi kulturis

kategoriebi, m. 1972, rusul enaze;

leqsikoni 1974: bibliuri RvTismetyvelebis leqsikoni,

briuseli, 1974, rusul enaze;

lixaCovi 1970: lixaCovi d. s., adamiani Zveli ruseTis

istoriaSi, moskovi, 1970, rusul enaze;

noseli 2010: grigol noseli, sityvai locvisai, S 1387, X

saukune, gv. 30-31;

noseli X: grigol noseli, “wmida makrinas cxovreba”, Tb. 2010;

siraZe 1992: siraZe revaz, qristianuli kultura da qarTuli

mwerloba, Tb. 1992.

Zeglebi 1978: Zveli qarTuli literaturis Zeglebi, Tb. 1978.

xaTuna maisaSvili

galis drama, anu maradiuli

mZevlebi

Sesavali

radganac jer kidev arseboben omebi,

konfliqtebi, krizisebi, arsebobs omis,

konfliqtis, krizisisa da riskebis

Jurnalistikac. omis an SeiaraRebuli

konfliqtis cxeli fazis mediacia

bevrad ufro advilad emorCileba

kanonzomierebebs, vidre gangrZobadi,

paTologiuri konfliqturi situaciis

mediacia. cxeli faza xasiaTdeba

SedarebiT mokle droiTi periodiT,

dapirispirebuli mxareebis gamokveTili

urTierTqmedebebiT, xilo konfliqtis

gangrZobadobis pirobebSi Tavad

dapirispireba icvlis mimdinareobis

bunebas, “grildeba”, ikargeba

konfliqtisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

Tavdapirveli niSan-Tvisebebi,

dominanturi politikuri diskursis

gavleniT mniSvnelobas icvlian is

Rirebulebebi, romlebmac Tavis droze

konfliqti gamoiwvies. ifanteba

konfliqtis gadmocemis adgili, da

saomari Teatri adgils uTmobs

sxvadasxva centrebs. ver xerxdeba

mxareTa poziciebis Tanazomierad

warmoCena, radgan mxareTa sakomunikacio

xaTuna maisaSvili

98

veli imdenad scildeba erTmaneTs, rom isini gadaukveTav

sibrtyeebad iqcevian.

qarTul-afxazuri konfliqti amgvar gangrZobad, paTologiur

konfliqtTa tips miekuTvneba. specifikuri droiTi periodis -

2002-2010 wlebi – Seswavlam gviCvena is “TeTri laqebi” da

“xafangebi”, romlebsac gangrZobadi konfliqti uqmnis

Jurnalistebs da isic, Tu rogor icvlian bunebasa da funqcias

sxvadasxva ganzomilebebis mqone sakomunikacio efeqtebi.

kerZod:

sivrce – Tu omis an konfliqtis cxeli fazis mediaciisas

mediuri Setyobinebis mimRebisTvis mniSvnelovania, Seexeba Tu

ara mas es konfliqti piradad da uSualod, an ramdenad axlos

an Sors aris misgan omi da misiT gamowveuli yvela safrTxe,

sicocxlis xelyofis CaTvliT, “gril” periodSi es sivrciTi

ganzomileba mniSvnelobas kargavs da mimRebi sjerdeba mxolod

“codnis”, anu informaciis miRebas konfliqtis adgilidan.

Zalaufleba – omis an cxeli konfliqtis periodSi miRebuli

nebismieri Setyobineba mimRebis mier aRiqmeba misi, rogorc

rogorc garkveuli Zalauflebis mqone individuumis, garkveuli

qcevis wamqezebeli mowodeba.

konfliqtis “gril” periodSi es efeqtic grildeba da mimRebic

ara bihevioristuli, aramed kognitiuri efeqtebis velSi eqceva.

dro – omisa da “cxeli” konfliqtis mediacia mimRebSi

amZafrebs sakuTari warsulisa da momavlis aRqmas, radganac es

omi, konfliqti, msxverpli swored warsul-momavlis mijnaa,

gangrZobadi konfliqti ki, awmyos adinamiurobisa da momavlis

bundovanebis gamo mimRebs mxolod warsuls “utovebs”

gadasaazreblad.

identoba – konfliqtis cxeli fazisgan gansxvavebiT, “gril”

fazaSi SesaZlebelia, moxdes mimRebis identobiTi disociacia

konfliqtis identobiTi safuZvlebisgan. amis yvelaze ufro

cxadi magaliTia cvlilebebi, romlebic gangrZobadi

konfliqtisas paradigmaSi “Cven”- “isini” iCenen Tavs.

mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, “Cven” ufro metad inarCunebs

galis drama, anu maradiuli mZevlebi

99

erTmniSvnelovnebas, vidre “isini”. “Cven” yovelTvis qarTuli

mxarea, qarTveli xalxi da saqarTvelos xelisufleba, “isini”

ki konfliqtis fazebis cvlilebis kvalad icvlian konotaciur

mniSvnelobebs. “isini” mudam “CvenTan” arian dapirispirebulebi,

oRond sxvadasxva bunebiT da sxvadasxva motivaciiT, “isini” xan

“Cvenis” separirebuli nawilia (“ucxoTa”, magaliTad, rusebis

gavleniTa da waqezebiT), xan Tavad arian “ucxo” da “mteri”,

xan - “Cvengan gansxvavebulni” da gansxvavebuli miznebis mqoneni.

Tumca, arsebobs erTi gamonaklisi CarCo, romelzec naklebad

vrceldeba es cvlilebebi. es aris galis mediaciis CarCoebi.

meTodi

meTodi: kritikuli diskursuli analizi;

sakvlevi populacia: yoveldRiuri gazeTi “rezonansi” da

yovelkvireuli gazeTi “kviris palitra”. am gazeTebis arCeva

ganpirobebulia maTi wvdomis erovnuli masStabiT,

sazogadoebis maTdami ndobiT da maTSi gadmocemuli mediuri

masalis diskursuli mravalferovnebiT, isini warmoadgenen

rogorc mimdinare bazas “afxazuri” sakiTxis yoveldRiuri

qronikis, misi Tematuri aqcentebis gasaanalizeblad; aseve im

mediur wyaroebs, romlebisTvisac “afxazuri sakiTxi”

saredaqcio politikis erT-erTi mTavari fokusia.

droiTi monakveTi: 2002-2010 wlebi

ganxilva

mediasistemis kuTvnilebaSi myofi “gali” politikurad

damuxtuli dramis adgilia. Sida mediuri dakveTa galis

reprezentaciaze aseTia: “qarTuli drama” unda SenarCundes,

muxti ar unda daikargos. mTeli ganxiluli periodis

ganmavlobaSi galidan erTi da imave Tematuri kuTxis, erTi

tonalobis, erTsa da imave efeqtze gaTvlili informaciebi

gadmoicema, da efeqtis dagegmili buneba ukve publikaciis

hedlainebidan (saTauri, qvesaTauri, foto) ganmeorebadi

lingvisturi stimulebiT mJRavndeba. “afxazebma da rusebma

galidan 30 mZevali aiyvanes” (rezonansi, 2002 weli, 16

ianvari), “samurzayanoSi qarTvelebze nadiroba grZeldeba”

xaTuna maisaSvili

100

(rezonansi, 2002 weli, 24 oqtomberi); “afxazebma omis

damTavrebis Semdeg galSi 17 000 mSvidobiani mosaxle

daxvrites” (“rezonansi”, 1 noemberi, 2002 weli); “qarTvelebi

afxazebs xarkis saxiT 50 kilo Txils uxdian” (“rezonansi”, 26

noemberi, 2002 weli); “238 mkvleloba or welSi da

“klasikuri aparteidi”; “Tbilisi galSi saerTaSoriso policiis

amoqmedebas moiTxovs” (“rezonansi”, 27 maisi, 2005 weli);

“afxazeTis orgzis gmiri aafeTqes” (“rezonansi, 28 noemberi,

2005 weli); “ratom iRupebian eTnowmendaSi monawile afxazeTis

gmirebi gaurkvevel viTarebaSi?” (“rezonansi, 29 noemberi, 2005

weli); “galSi qarTvelebs isev arbeven” (“kviris palitra”, 12

dekemberi, 2005); “afxazi policielebi naRmze afeTqdnen”

(“kviris palitra”, 28 noemberi, 2005); “qarTvelebs galSi

aRar uSveben” (“kviris palitra”, 14 noemberi, 2005); “ar

ilaparako qarTulad, Torem” (“kviris palitra”, 11 dekemberi,

2006 weli); “galSi iZulebiTi pasportizacia gaaprotestes”

(“kviris palitra”, 30 ianvari, 2006 weli); “afxazeTSi faSizmi

mZvinvarebs” (“kviris palitra”, 17 seqtemberi, 2007 weli); “35

galeli axalgazrda afxazebis tyveobaSi rCeba” (“rezonansi”, 9

ianvari, 2008 weli): “galelebs raionis datovebas aiZuleben”

(“kviris palitra”, 29 seqtemberi, 2009 weli); “separatistebma

50 ojaxi dasajes” (“kviris palitra”, 2 marti, 2009 weli);

“galis raionis pedagogebs ultimatumis vada amoewuraT” (16

Tebervali, 2009 weli); “rusebi aRaravis indoben” ( 2

Tebervali, 2009 weli); “soxumis xelisuflebas dagegmili aqvs,

galis raions avtonomia mianiWos” (rezonansi”, 14 maisi, 2005

weli) an ganmeorebadi sezonuri teroris (Txilis, mandarinis

mosavlis gamo) amsaxveli mravali informacia [xazgasma yvelgan

Cemia – x. m.].

procesis amsaxveli yvela sxva mediuri nimuSisagan gasxvavebiT,

TiToeuli Setyobineba galidan an galSi mimdinare movlenebis

Sesaxeb agebulia modelze “Setyobineba SetyobinebaSi” (roca

Setyobinebis mTeli Sinaarsi ganpirobebulia erTi sakvanZo

sityviT. magaliTad, igive: “samurzayanoSi qarTvelebze nadiroba

grZeldeba”. aq gali, misi qarTulobis dasadastureblad

moxseniebulia istoriuli saxelwodebiT “samurzayano”;

galelebis mimarT ganxorcielebul afxazTa qmedebas sisxliani

saxeli “nadiroba” ewodeba, xolo sityva “grZeldeba” Zaladobis


101

uwyvet bunebaze mianiSnebs; an sityva “xarki” TavisTavad xdis

naTels, ris safasurad inarCuneben galeli qarTvelebi TavianT

saxlebSi cxovrebis uflebas). konotaciurad es aris

diskriminaciisa da moZalade-msxverplis urTierTobis,

ucxoobis, “afxazTaTvis saSiSobis” aRmniSvnelebis uwyveti

jaWvi. am aRmniSvnelebis ganmeorebadoba da gamoyenebis sixSire

zrdis dramis efeqts da amyarebs ramdenime damkvidrebul

Sexedulebas: a) Sexedulebas galze, rogorc “Zalian zust

Secdomaze”, romelic qarTvelebma da afxazebma erTad dauSves:

a) “saqarTvelosTvis gali saqarTveloa, magram ratomRac

afxazeTis SemadgenlobaSi; afxazebisTvisac gali saqarTveloa,

magram ratomRac afxazeTis SemadgenlobaSi”; b) amyarebs

mosazrebas, rom afxazeTis xelisuflebas galSi samoqmedod

mxolod erTi alternativa aqvs: an “Seeguos” galis

“qarTulobas”, an ZaliT moerios mas. miuxedavad imisa, rom

galis “qarTulobasTan” Seguebis politika mediur

reprezentaciaSi bevrad ufro farTo da mravalwaxnagian cnebad

aris warmoCenili, vidre eTnikur niadagze Cadenili kriminalis

an mizanmimarTuli eTnikuri niSniT diskriminaciis lokaluri

alagmvaa, igi, rogorc rogorc politikuri arCevani, Zalian

SezRudul opcionebs moicavs. “Segueba” iZulebiTi nabijia -

afxazeTis de faqto xelisufleba garkveuli politikuri

sargeblis (saerTaSoriso Tanamegobrobis TvalSi humanurad da

kanonmorCilad warmoCena da galelebis perspeqtiuli

“gaafxazeba”, anu eTnikuri afxazebis raodenobrivad gazrda)

gamo Tanxmdeba devnilebis dabrunebaze galSi, Tumca icis, rom

50 aTasi eTnikuri qarTveli mas sakmaod did problemebs

Seuqmnis; iZulebas “Seguebaze” is Zaladobrivi, zedmetad

administraciuli xerxebiT, xandaxan Zalis gamoyenebiTac ki

pasuxobs. Zaladoba ki sapasuxo Zaladobas warmoSobs (magaliTad

igive publikaciebi moviyvanoT: “afxazeTis orgzis gmiri

aafeTqes” (“rezonansi, 28 noemberi, 2005 weli); “ratom

iRupebian eTnowmendaSi monawile afxazeTis gmirebi gaurkvevel

viTarebaSi?” (“rezonansi, 29 noemberi, 2005 weli); “afxazi

policielebi naRmze afeTqdnen” (“kviris palitra”, 28

noemberi, 2005). devnilebis faqtobriv dabrunebas win

molaparakebebis xangrZlivi da mravalpirobiani da

mravalkomponentiani procesi uZRvis. mediis mier gamokveTili

erT-erTi aqcenti aris dabrunebis adgilad mxolod galis da

xaTuna maisaSvili

102

dasabrunebelTa Soris mxolod galeli devnilebis aRiarebis

politikuri mizanSewonileba. “karg” da “cud” devnilebad

dayofa afxazuri politikuri diskursis mier seriozuli

ganxeTqilebis sagnad SeiZleba iqces Tavad devnilTa TemSi da

galelebis, rogorc “afxazebisTvis misaRebi qarTvelebis”

marginalizeba gamoiwvios. meore problemuri aqcenti, romelsac

media akeTebs, Seexeba gadaulaxav gaucxoebas, romelic

dabrunebul galelebsa da afxazebs Soris arsebobs. ras

emsaxureba es dabruneba? mxolod imis Cvenebas, rom am

gaucxoebuli adamianebis erTad cxovreba SeuZlebelia? Tu

mxolod maSin gaxdeba SesaZlebeli am gaucxoebis gadalaxva (anu

“Segueba”), Tuki afxazebi galelebs ara _ qarTvelebad, aramed

megrelebad, xolo gals _ “megrul anklavad” moixsenieben?

“Seguebis” politikas media didwilad galis administraciis

xelmZRvanel ruslan qiSmarias ukavSirebs. qiSmarias komentarebi

galSi momxdar Zaladobis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT, romelsac

qarTuli media gadmoscems, emsaxureba kriminalis eTnikuri

safuZvlebis Serbilebas, SeniRbvas da wina planze socialuri

da kriminaluri faqtorebis wamowevas, gansakuTrebiT galis

samxreT, samegrelos regionTan uSualod mosazRvre (!) nawilSi

(magaliTad, “galSi afxazebsac itaceben” (“rezonansi”, 11

ianvari, 2006 weli).

Tavisi qarTuli Tu ormag-identobiTi bunebis gamo gali is

adgilia, romelzec gaaTmagebuli ZaliT proecirdeba qarTul-

afxazur konfliqtTan asocirebul yvela centrSi momxdari Tu

Cafiqrebuli nebismieri politikuri cvlileba (Tbilisi, soxumi,

kodoris xeoba, realuri Tu xelovnurad provocirebuli xmebi

afxazebis pretenziebze samegrelos teritoriis mimarT da sxva).

gali mowyvladi adgilia yvela politikuri avantiurasa Tu

provokaciisTvis. gali qarTveli da afxazi politikosebisTvis

is avanscenaa, romelzec nebismieri scenari SeiZleba moisinjos.

galelebi orive mxaris xelisuflebisTvis saarCevno resursia.

baRafSis pirvel arCevas de-faqto prezidentad galSi xanmokle

simSvide mohyva (“galSi qarTvelebs aRar awiokeben”,

“rezonansi”, 19 marti, 2005 weli), galis sul ufro met

adgils ikavebda axali prezidentis ritorikaSi. qarTuli media

baRafSs miawerda sityvebs: “Tu gali Cvenia, maSin rogorc


103

saWiroa, ise mivxedoT, xolo Tu es ar SegviZlia, maSin es

TqviT, da gali saqarTvelos mivceTo” (“rezonansi”, 3 ivnisi,

2005). 2008 wlis ainvarSi galelebs apatimreben saqarTveloSi

saprezidento arCevnebSi monawileobis sababiT samegrelos

regionis teritoriaze (“rezonansi”, 9 ianvari, 2008 weli).

2008 wlis agvistos omamde gali saqarTvelos xelisuflebis

diskursSi ganixileboda, rogorc berketi, sababi,

mizanSewonilobis safuZveli garkveuli tipis qmedebebisTvis.

magaliTad, Jurnalistis SekiTxvaze: “xom SeiZleba, Seiqmnas

iseTi viTareba, rom iZulebuli gavxdeT, davarRvioT samSvidobo

kursi?”, reintegraciis saxelmwifo ministri Temur iakobaSvili

aseT eqstremalur viTarebad gals asaxelebs: “ra Tqma unda,

SeiZleba. Tu galSi aTas kacs yels gamoWrian, ver davelodebiT

aTas meerTe qarTvelis sikvdils” (“axali 7 dRis” yovelTviuri

gamocema “sityva”, 2008, 5).

semiologiuri aspeqtis garda, galis reprezentaciis meore

mniSvnelovani aspeqtia uSualod reportirebasTan dakavSirebuli

sakiTxebi (magaliTad, adgilis specifika da adamianebis

istoriebi am adgilze). informaciis galidan gadmocemis faqti

ukve qmnis garkveul molodins am informaciebSi reportirebuli

faqtebisa da movlenebis bunebis Sesaxeb (rogorc, magaliTad,

winaswar aris cnobili im faqtebis buneba, romlebic

sasamarTlos, policiis, parlamentis an saavadmyofos Senobidan

gadmoicema. am istoriebSi yovelTvis miTiTebulia wyaro, isini

yovelTvis uSualod TviTmxilvelebis naambobs eyrdnobian,

yovelTvis miTiTebulia monawile adamianebis vinaoba, dro da

iseTi detalebi, romlebic adasturebs, rom informacia

mizanmimarTulad, “sainformacio badis” gamoyenebiT iqna

mopovebuli.

media iyenebs mis xelT arsebul upiratesobas – specifikuri

viTarebis gamo galisa da galelebis saxes mxolod media qmnis

(socialuri garemo da personaluri gavlenebi ver cvlis da

verc veranair gavlenas axdens mediis mier Seqmnil

damokidebulebebze) da monopoliurad ayalibebs “galis

warmoCenis dRis wesrigs”:

galis moqceva “Sida” qarTul sivrceSi;

xaTuna maisaSvili

104

yvela faqtis politikuri ganpirobebuloba; faqtebis

xdomilebis motivacia, rogorc winaswarganzraxulis;

faqtebis daxasiaTeba, rogorc tragediis;

emociuri sakvanZo sityvis Semotana neitralur informaciul

tonalobaSi;

galis, rogorc mediasistemis Temis, SenarCunebis aucilebloba.

literatura

Goffman, E. (1974) Frame Analysis: an Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: harper and Row.

Lippmann, W. (1922) Public Opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace.

Ms Quail, D. (2005) McQual’s Mass Communication Theory. London: Sage

Tuchman, G. (1978) Making News: a Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free

naira bepievi

nino popiaSvili

gzis recefciebi kavkasiur

miTologiaSi

gzas kavkasiur folklorSi

Tavisi sakraluri daniSnuleba aqvs. is

aris damakavSirebeli samyaros

mravalganzomilebiani sistemisa. erTi

mxriv, mkveTrad aris gamijnuli

erTmaneTisagan saaqao da saiqio. Tumca

kavkasiur miTologiaSi samyaro zogjer

samganzomilebian sistemaSicaa

moazrebuli: Cveni samyaro Sualeduri

rgolia, amasTan erTad, arsebobs aseve

zeda samyaro (zeskneli) da qveda

samyaro (qveskneli). raWvelebis,

kaxelebisa da sxvaTa azriT, Sualeduri

aris samyaro, sadac Cven vcxovrobT;

zeda samyaro – suleTis samyaroa -

baraqiani, qveda – unayofoa (asevea

gaazrebuli samyaro afxazur

folklorSi). es miToreligiuri sistema

yvelgan erTnairi ar aris. inguSebis

rwmeniT, arsebobs mxolod saaqao da

arsebobs aseve saiqio, romelic

miwisqveSeTSia, qvesknelSia da mas

Tavisi RmerTi hyavs (eStri).

naira bepievi, nino popiaSvili

106

erTi ganzomilebidan meoreSi gadasvla _ gardacvaleba

swored gzis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. rogorc cnobilia,

kavkasielebi saiqioSi mimavalT tansacmelTan erTad sagzalsac

atandnen (sagzali xom leqsikuradac imis maniSnebelia, rac

mgzavrma gzaSi unda miirTvas). “ojaxis diasaxlisi gamoacxobda

sam an xuT kotors ... Semdeg kotrebs daWridnen da erT yanw

sasmels da TiTo naWer kotors iq myofebs Camourigebdnen. amiT

micvalebulis suls “suleTis sagZali” gaumzades” (cocaniZe

1990:114). esec mianiSnebs, rom maTi Rrma rwmeniT, saiqioSi

mosaxvedrad micvalebuls garkveuli gzis monakveTi aucileblad

unda gaevlo. erT-erT micvalebuls ase dastirisa Wirisufali:

“meac ro moidev emag alagSiav,

gza gamaswavlide” (cocaniZe 1990:118).

arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom zogierTi xalxis folklorSi

saiqio ugzo-ukvlo adgilad moixsenieba. daRestnelTa

natirlebSi aseTi frazac gvaqvs: “im sofelSi midixar, gza rom

ara aqvs” (Tumca aq sxva msoflmxedvelobazea saubari).

qarTulSi arsebobs idiomა “Tavisi gziT wavida”

(gardaicvala). analogiuri gamoTqma gvaqvs osurSic. es idioma

myarad migvaniSnebs, rom imqveynad savali gza sazogadoc,

saerToc aris (yvelam unda gaiaros) da pirovnulic, kerZoc

(Tavisi gza; yvelas Tavisi gza aqvs); am gzas mihyavs bolos

adamiani Tavis kuTvnil adgilamde, romelsac isev saiqios

gamgebeli ganusazRvravs im codva-madlis mixedviT, romelic mas

amqveynad Caudenia.

suleTis gza gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania imiTაc, rom kanonzomierebas, romelsac es gza emorCileba, veravin Secvlis,

misi aranairi cvlileba ar SeuZlia arc erT mokvdavs – is

aris, upirvelesad,@”yvelasTvis, yoveldRiuri”. erT qarTul

xalxur leqsSi vkiTxulobT:

gzis recefciebi kavkasiur miTologiaSi

107

“erTxel momelis sikvdili, sicocxle me maqvs

dRiuri,

erT wuTSi dagisruldeba yovelwasuli xniuri,

es mimdinare gza ari, yvelasTvis yoveldRiuri,

mas Seamoklebs veravin, verc wuTi, verca wliuri,

Tu ginda iyos kaxeli, Tu ginda iyos mTiuli”

(qarTuli xalxuri poezia 1979: 67).

gza, romelic yvela ganzomilebas cal-calke aqvs,

gzajvaredinTan iyreba. zogjer TviTon individi irCevs, Tu

romel gzas gahyves. osur miTologiaSi mas zogjer mrCevelic

exmareba:

“gzajvaredinTan misuls gaxsovdes:

marjvniv nu waxval –

mosisxarTa gza aris is gza;

nurc marcxniv waxval –

borotebis savali gzaa,

Sua gzas gahyev...”

asevea qarTul folklorSi: “ivli, ivli da miadgebi

gzajvaredins.” aq ki ukve unda aucileblad Seni savali gza

airCio. is, vinc Tavis saval gzas sworad irCevs, advilad

imarjvebs, visac aq gza SeeSleba, anu, araswor arCevans

gaakeTebs, uamravi dabrkolebis gadalaxva uxdeba. erT qarTul


108

natirlebSi micvalebuls ase moZRvraven: “sworad ivlideo, gza

arsaiT SageSalosao.”

gzajvaredini folklorSi erTgvari Seyovnebis adgilia

gmirisTvis. aq keTdeba misTvis umniSvnelovanesi arCevani. gmiri

unda Sedges aq da dafiqrdes: ra gza airCios, saiT ganagrZos

siaruli, igi unda gaerkves sakuTar ZalaSi, unda awon-dawonos,

ra SeuZlia, imitom, rom mcdarma, arasworma arCevanma SeiZleba

samudamod daRupos, SeiZleba piriqiT moxdes – arCeulma gzam

miiyvanos gamarjvebamde. amitom gzajvaredini, aris misi

samomavlo gzis arCevanisTvis gankuTvnili adgili:

“gzajvaredini misi SesaZleblobebisa da arCevanis simboluri

gamoxatulebaa” (kiknaZe, 2007: 80).

suleTs mimavali gza aucileblad midis saiqios karTan. es

gza zogjer bewvis xidze gadis:

“Sua gzas gahyev,

erTi bewvis xidTan migiyvans,

magram ar Sedrke, ar SesSinde,

cxens maTraxi gadauWire

ise Zlierad, rom xelisgulze tyavi agaskdes, cxens ki

barZayze _ xorci

da miadgebi mkvdarTa sauflos” (osuri zepirsityviereba

2005:47).

xidis Semdeg ki karia TviT suleTisa. erTi xevsuruli

leqsis mixedviT, suleTSi Sen TviTon unda Sexsna suleTis

kari: “suleT Savida wiqai, xeliT SaaRa karia”.


109

osuri miTologiiT, aq sagangebo ritualia Sesasrulebeli

- locvis rituali, raTa kari gagiRon. kars ki Tavisi mcveli

hyavs, romelic am gzaze Sedgomis uflebas iZleva. mcdaria

mosazreba, TiTqos “qristianul religiaSi calke, damoukidebel

saxes saiqios ganmgeblisas ver vxvdebiT, magram misi funqciebi

gadatanilia RmerTisa da eSmakis saxeze” (d. giorgaZe). osebis

rwmeniT, iq, karTan arsebobs mcveli, romelic iq misuls

gauRebs an ar gauRebs karebs. aq sagangebod unda SeCerde, aminons - osuri miTologiiT - saiqios mcvels unda sTxovo

nebarTva. saiqios moxvedrili ki ukve barasTiris (saiqios

gamgeblis) nebas emorCileba.

rogorc aRvniSneT, osuri miTologiiT, saiqios kars

mcveli hyavs aucileblad, romelic Tavad wyvets sakiTxs -

SeuSvas Tu ara suleTis kars momdgari SigniT (iqidan

gamosvlasac, rac Zalze iSviaTad xdeba, isev aminoni

akontrolebs). es wesi mkacrad gansazRvruli iyo, magram

xdeboda isec, rom Tu ar uSvebdnen SigniT, ZaliT Sediodnen:

narTi soziriyo mkvdarTa sauflosaken gaemarTa. mivida mkvdarTa

qveynis zRurblTan, magram “kuSt aminonma “is SeaCera da

uTxra: - narTo, ukan dabrundi, aq mosvlis rigi ara gaqvs

jera!” soziriyo ar daemorCila da

”gawyra, Selewa kari,

sadac ar Tqmula stumris Seyvana,

SeiWra qarze uswrafes cxeniT

da moiara mkvdarTa qveyana” (narTebi 1947:386).

rogorc aRvniSneT, suleTis gzaze Semdgars winaaRmdegoba

Tu mainc xvdeba, is iZulebis wesiT Sedis iq. ase xvdeba

“cxenSewirvis” gmiri saiqioSi:

“miadgebi mkvdarTa sauflos


110

karebs aravin ar gamogiRebs,

“mze Cavidao,” _ ase getyvian,

locva warmoTqvi:

“RmerTo maRalo,

iyav mowyale, mTis wverebze

mzis naTeli gamoabrwyine!”

mTebze mzis sxivi gamokrTeba,

qusli hkar karebs

da gaiReba” (osuri zepirsityviereba 2005:47).

saiqios saval gzaze mimavals uamravi vinme xvdeba da

ilustrirebulia maTi dasjis formebic. zogisTvis rTulia da

mtanjveli iq yofna (boroti, Zunwi, qurdi, gulRrZo da sxva

saxis codvebis Camdenni sxvadasxvagvari formiT isjebian), xolo

msubuqi da aradamRlelia maTTvis, vinc sikeTes emsaxura. erT-

erTi osuri Tqmulebis (“soziryo mkvdarTa qveyanaSi”) mixedviT,

micvalebulTa saufloSi mimavali

“soziriyo xedavs, erT adgils srulad titveli

col-qmari iwva did xaris tyavze,

xaris tyavisve exuraT, magram

ver eteodnen da, braziT savse,

xeliT erTmaneTs glejdnen im tyavsa

da wyevla-krulvas ayridnen Tavze” (narTebi 1947:386).

am gzaze ixila soziriyom sruliad sapirispiro suraTi:

imaT gverdiT ki – kurdRelis tyavze iwva sxva wyvili – coli


111

da qmari, mis naxevarze iwvnen mSvidad da dasaxuradac hqondaT

sakmari” (narTebi 1947:386-387). gaocebuli soziriyo ekiTxeba

Tavis winaprebs, ras niSnavs yovelive ეს, პასუხად კი იღებს: “es imitom rom maT cxovrebaSi ar hyvarebiaT erTimeore!” (pirveli

SemTxveva); “isini iyvnen Seyvarebulni, mTels sicocxleSi ase

Svrebodnen: ar Ralatobdnen erTimeores, erTimeores ar

Sordebodnen” (meore SemTxveva).

am gzaze Semdgarი sxva Tqmulebis personaJი (“cxenSewirva”) aseTive suraTს შეესწრება. jer is col-qmari

xvdeba, romelTac didi adgilic (xaris tyavic) ar hyofniT,

iqac ver etevian, Semdeg ki is col-qmari, romlebsac kurdRlis

tyavzec ki rCebaT adgili. axsna aqac analogiuria: pirvel

SemTxvevaSi maT erTmaneTi ar hyvarebiaT; meore SemTxvevaSi _

“maT erTmaneTi Zlier uyvardaT, roca iq iyvnen, asea aqac”.

osuri rwmena-warmodgenebiT, suleTs savali gza sakmaod

grZelia da amitomaa, rom am gzaze bevri, TiTqos ucnauri ram

xvdeba gmirs:

“kidev ivli da erT qals Sexvdebi,

mas yelze gvelis tyavi hkidia,

Tavze bayayis tyavi hxuravs.

“es ase ratom aris,

es ras niSnavs-Tqo?”

eg mxolod sxvaTa dasanaxad icavda marxvas,

CumCumad ki igi miirTmevda Turme yvelafers,

saiqios ai, ase isjeba axla” (osuri zepirsityviereba

2005:48).


112

iq, imqveynad, aseve mkacradaa dasjili wisqvilSi mindis

mparavi, qmris orguli, mkacrad isjebian mosamarTleni,

romelnic aq samarTals amrudebdnen da a. S.

gza, romelsac suli gadis saiqioSi, yvelafer ამას xedavs, ganicdis da erT SemTxvevaSi (“soziryo mkvdarTa qveyanaSi”)

didi gaWirvebiT, magram mainc ukan brundeba (esaa iSviaTi

SemTxveva, ganpirobebuli im azriT, rom amqveynad yvelas

acnobos _ ra xdeba iq, imqveynad). meore SemTxvevaSi

(“cxenSewirva”), sadac suli imave gzas gaivlis, iq mkvidrdeba

samudamod:

“gagiWirdeba samoTxeSi Sesvla Zalian,

magram im bavSvTa xaTriT mainc kars gagiReben –

iq, samoTxeSi barasTiris

marjvniv iqnebi.”

sulis gza kavkasieli xalxis folklorSi zogjer

gansxvavebulad aris aRwerili. am gzaze mimavals bevri

personaJi xvdeba, zogi sicruis, borotebis, orgulobis,

siZunwis gamo dasjili, bevric sikeTis gamo aRzevebuli.

kavkasiis xalxTa miTologiaSi suleTis gzaze Semxvedr

personaJebs Soris msgavsebac didia da gansxvavebac, umTavresi

ki isaa, rom isini am gzas aucileblad gaivlian, anu maTi

SemakavSirebelia gza, romelsac sxvadasxvagvarad, magram mainc

yvela odesRac daadgebა.

narTebis rwmena-warmodgenebiTac suleTs myofi adamianebi

aq, amqveynad, gavlili cxovrebis wesis სანაცვლოდ iReben iq,

saiqioSi, sazRaurs: keTili sikeTiT jildovdeba, samoTxeSi

xvdeba; borots ki codvebis Sesabamisad exdeba samagiero. anu

saaqaos ganvlil gzas Seesabameba saiqios saazRauri. am gzis

gavlas, mis ilustrirebas erTi umTavresi daniSnuleba aqvs, esaa


113

adamianis sulieri srulyofis, ganwmendis, kaTarzisis saSualeba.

miTosuri azrovnebis mixedviT, suleTis gza adamianis erTgvari

transformirebis saSualebaა. am gzaze Sedgomamde adamiani aqve unda ganiwmidos codvebisagan, raTa saukunod mimaval gzaze am

tanjvisagan ixsnas suli.

amgvarad, kavkasiur miTologiaSi gzas aqvs sakraluri

daniSnuleba. gzis fenomeni wriulia da mTliani. is iwyeba aq, am

samyaroSi, da mTavrdeba iq, saiqioSi. is aris SemakavSirebeli

wre mTliani samyarosi (Sua, zeda da qveda). gzis meSveobiT

formirdeba samyaro erT mTlianobaდ. TiToeuli adamiani am gzas

aq, saaqaoSi iwyebs (xorcielTa samyofeli) da, roca

gardaicvleba da saiqioSi sulTa sameufoSi (suleTSi, maradiul

samyofelSi) Seabijebs, wre iq ikvreba. saaqaodan mimavali gza

aucileblad unda gaiaros yvelam, raTa es wre Seikras. iqidan

aqeT, samzeoze gamosasvleli gza aRar arsebobs (Zalze iSviaTi

gamonaklisebis garda). kavkasiuri miTologiis mixedviT, rogori

moklec unda iyos sicocxle (ra mokle gza ჰqoniao, - ityvian xolme udrood gardacvlilze), es gza mainc sayovelTaoa. mas

aucileblad gaivlis yvela mokvdavi da misi Secnoba yvelasTvis

aucilebelia. amitomac aris, rom es gza datvirTulia

kavkasiuri miTologiuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

ilustrirebuli detalebiT.


114

literatura

giorgaZe 1981: giorgaZe d. (warmodgenebi saiqioze xevsureTSi),

masalebi saq. eTnografiisaTvis. XXI

Tb.: mecniereba, 1981.

kiknaZe 2007: kiknaZe z. qarTuli folklori, Tb.: Tbilisis

sax. un-tis gamomc., 2007.

narTebi 1947: narTebi, staliniri, samxreT oseTis sax. gamomc.,

1947.

osuri zepirsityviereba 2005: Tb.: gamomc., “kavkasiuri saxli”,

2005.

qarTuli xalxuri poezia 1979: qarTuli xalxuri poezia, t.

VII Tb.: mecniereba, 1979.

cocaniZe 1990: cocaniZe g. giorgobidan giorgobamde, Tb.:

mecniereba, 1990.

laSa CxartiSvili

liris “geografia”

„mefe liris“ scenuri

interpretaciis ruka me-20 saukunis

meore naxevris evropul TeatrSi

meoce saukunis evropuli

Teatris Seswavlisas SeuZlebelia

gverdi auaro sam yvelaze cnobil,

popularul da gavlenian Teatralur

„samonastro kompleqss“: stredfordis

samefo Teatrs, milanis pikolo Teatrs

da rusTavelis Teatrs. am samma

Teatralurma keram umniSvnelovanesi da

gardamtexi wvlili Seitana msoflio

Teatralur azrovnebaSi, SemoqmedebiTi

procesebis winamZRolebad ki am

Teatrebis maSindeli samxatvro

xelmZRvanelebi - piter bruki, jorjo

streleri da robert sturua

gvevlinebian. maTi Ziebebis mwvervalebs

ki Seqspiris „mefe liri“ warmoadgens,

romlebmac gardamtexi roli Seasrules

TiToeulis SemoqmedebaSi. ucnauria, is

rom am sam speqtakls erTmaneTTan aTi

weli aSorebs da maTi dadgmebis

periodulobis diagramis agebisas srul

harmoniulobas da mkacrad dacul

periodulobas miviRebT (ixileT suraTi

laSa CxartiSvili

116

1).

dadgenili faqtia, rom piter brukis speqtaklis

premiera stredfordis samefo TeatrSi 1962 wels gaimarTa,

jorjo strelerma „mefe liri“ Tavis pikolo TeatrSi 1972

wels dadga, xolo robert sturuam „mefe liris“ pirvel

variantze muSaoba 1982 wels daasrula da rusTavelis Teatris

remontis gamo speqtaklis oficialuri premiera 1987 wels

gaimarTa. cnobilia, rom sturuas „mefe liri“ gacilebiT adre

hqonda dadgmuli, vidre misi oficialuri premiera Sedgeboda.

speqtaklis dadgmis dros rusTavelis Teatri „profkavSirebis

saxlSi“ muSaobda. Teatrmcodne da sturuas Semoqmedebis

mkvlevari nodar gurabaniZe Tavis wignebSi „reJisori robert

sturua“, „fantastikuri ramaz CxikvaZe“, „klasikuri

dramaturgia rusTavelis Teatris scenaze“ dawvrilebiT aRwers

im speqtakls, romelic man „profkavSirebis saxlSi“ 1982 wels

naxa. gamodis, rom speqtakli am droisTvis ukve dadgmuli iyo,

Tumca misi oficialuri premiera ar gamarTula. asec rom ar

iyos, brukis, streleris da sturuas speqtaklebis dadgmebis

aTwliani intervalis Skala mainc ar irRveva, radgan sturuas

speqtaklis TariRi ar gadadis momdevno aTeulSi. Sesabamisad,

SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom evropaSi aRiarebuli sami


117

mniSvnelovani speqtakli, romlebmac gansakuTrebuli wvlili

Seitanes Seqspiris piesebis scenur interpretaciaSi, zustad

aTi wlis periodulobiT idgmeba. TiToeuli dadgmis

aucilebloba ki ganpirobebulia reJisorTa qveynebSi gamowveuli

politikur-socialuri mdgomareobiT.

zemoT aRniSnuli speqtaklebi gamoirCeva Seqspiris

teqstis originaluri interpretaciiT, piesis tradiciuli

gaazrebis ignorirebiT, axleburi da Tamami gadawyvetiT.

qronologiurad Seqspiris „mefe liris“ pirveli originaluri

da Tamami gadawyveta britanel reJisors piter bruks ekuTvnis,

meore italiel jorjo strelers, xolo mesame qarTvel

robert sturuas. maT TavianTi moRvaweobiT Seqmnes erTgvari

Teatraluri samonastro kompleqsebi, laboratoriebi, sadac

urTulesi SemoqmedebiTi problemebi gadaiWreboda. maTi Ziebebis

da eqsperimentebis masStabebi imdenad globaluri iyo, rom

scildeboda konkretul geografiul sazRvrebs.

Cveni kvlevis mizania Seqspiris „mefe liris“ evropaSi

sami gamorCeuli scenuri interpretaciis magaliTze

SeviswavloT „liris“ dadgmebis geografia meoce saukunis meore

naxevarSi, im Teatraluri kera-monastrebis magaliTze, romelTa

Teatraluri kvlevebi da aRmoCenebi gadamdebi iyo sxva

evropuli TeatrebisaTvis. Tu kvlevisas gamoviyenebT tipur

geografiul samecniero kvlevis meTodebs, aRmovaCenT, rom am

speqtaklebs Soris aris xiluli harmoniuloba da logikuri

kavSirebi.

pirvelyovlisa, TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom sami

arCeuli speqtaklidan pirveli ganxorcielda ukidures

Crdilo-dasavleT evropaSi (didi britaneTi, stredfordi

eivonze), meore Suagul evropaSi (italia, milani) da mesame

ukidures samxreT-aRmosavleT evropaSi (saqarTvelo, Tbilisi).

rukaze „liris“ scenuri interpretaciis evoluciis procesi

dasavleTidan-aRmosavleTisaken ase gamoiyureba: (ixileT suraTi

2)

laSa CxartiSvili

118

stredfordi eivonze erT-erTi uZvelesi samefo qalaqia

britaneTSi, romelic londonidan 81 km-iT aris daSorebuli,

Sesabamisad is londonis regionSi moiazreba da ganTavsebulia

imave grZedsa da ganedze, romlebzec _ britaneTis dedaqalaqi

londoni.

stredfordi eivonze mdebareobs:

grZedi: 51° (51°30′26″N 0°7′39″W)

ganedi: -1 ,

jorjo strelerma „mefe liri“ italiis qalaq milanSi,

dedaqalaqidan 477 km-iT daSorebiT dadga. qalaqi milani

mdebareobs:

grZedi: 45° (45°27′51″N 09°11′25″E)

ganedi: 9

rac Seexeba Tbiliss, igi ganTavsebulia:

grZedi: 41 ° ( 41°43′0″N 44°47′0″E)

ganedi: 44


119

Tu am monacemebs (51-45-41) erTmaneTs SevadarebT, maT

Soris garkveul, maTematikur kanonzomierebas SevniSnavT

intervalebSi. am sam monacems Soris intervali aris xuTi

erTeuli, xolo pirvelsa da bolos Soris 10. grafikulad es

monacemebi ase gamoiyureba: (ixileT suraTi 3)

rac Seexeba kilometraJs: stredfords milanamde

aSorebs 1020 km, milans Tbilisamde 2876, xolo pirveli da

bolo geografiuli wertili erTmaneTTan daSorebulia 3553 km-

iT. Tu ki kilometraJis diagramas avagebT, maT Soris intervali

yovel meaTase kilometrSi Tavisuflad Tavsdeba.

laSa CxartiSvili

120

am diagramidan kargad Cans,

rom speqtaklis „mefe liri“ Seqmnis adgilebi erTmaneTisgan

daSorebulia ara mxolod aTwliani, aramed aTaskilometriani

intervaliT. Tu ki stredfords da milans erTmaneTTan aSorebs

1020 km, milans TbilisTan aSorebs 2876 km, TiTqmis ori

imdeni, ramdenic stredfordsa da milans, Tuki kilometraJis

daTvlisas aviRebT 4 000-ian intervals, miviRebT erT e.w.

„amovardnil“ mniSvnelobas. Tu am logikiT mivudgebiT sakiTxs,

aRmoCndeba, rom robert sturuas speqtakli yvelaze metad

daSorebulia brukisa da streleris speqtakls, vidre Tavad

brukisa da streleris speqtaklebi.

realurad, TeatrmcodneobiTi TvalsazrisiTac, robert

sturuas „mefe liris“ interpretacia yvelaze metadaa

daSorebuli brukisa da streleris speqtakls ara mxolod

reJisoruli koncefciis TvalsazrisiT, aramed scenografiul-

mxatvruli gadawyvetiTac, aseve musikaluri gaformebiT da

speqtaklis qoreografiuli monaxaziT.

„liris“ gamorCeuli da gansakuTrebuli dadgmebis

geografiuli rukis Sedgenisas mniSvnelovania isic, rom

progresuli ideebi da konceptualuri evolucia SeiniSneba

dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken. aRmosavleT evropis Teatri,

kerZod, robert sturuas „mefe liri“ marTlac ajamebs me-20

saukunis meore naxevris Ziebebs Seqspiris samyaroSi.


121

kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa, rom brukis, streleris da

sturuas Sedevrebs Soris „liri“ gansakuTrebuli movlenaa,

xolo am radikalurad gansxvavebul dadgmebs Soris SeiniSneba

bevri saerTo niSani. „liris“ scenurma interpretaciam me-20

saukunis meore naxevarSi gaiara winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gza.

TiToeul dadgmas mSobliur qveyanaSi uswrebda araerTi

warumatebeli dadgma imave piesisa, xolo brukis, strelerisa

da sturuas dadgmebma mSobliur qvyenebSi, axleburma

interpretaciebma gza gauxsnes sxva reJisorebis im kvlevebsa da

Ziebebs Seqspiris dramaturgiaSi, romelnic am sami reJisoris

konkretul speqtaklebSi ganxorcielda. procesi, romelic

dasavleT evropaSi daiwyo, aTwliani intervalis Semdeg

gagrZelda Suagul evropaSi, romelmac kidev ufro win waswia

Seqspiris axleburi interpretaciis cdebi, xolo saukunis

dasasruls, kvlav aTwliani intervalis Semdeg, ukidures

aRmosavleT evropaSi _ kerZod, qarTul TeatrSi dasrulda

mniSvnelovani Ziebebis procesi da Sejamda postmodernuli

Teatris miRwevebi.

zeinab kikviZe

semantema “gza” da misi

paradigmebi

im ramdenime sityvas Soris, romelTa

saxesxvaobani qarTuli enis leqsikur

fonds ufro Rrmasa da tevads qmnis,

leqsema ,,gza” erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

da konotaciurad mravalferovania,

radgan misi arsis interpretacia bevr

paradigmul saxes avlens.

sulxan-saba orbelianis ganmartebiT

gza aris ,,yovel savali, gza ewodebis

zomiers savalsa, xolo Sara_vrcelsa

da biliki_viwro gzasa, da

qaSani_TovlTa gatkecilTa, gina SambTa

ugzoTa adgilTa, da wavarna_kldeTa

viwroTa gatkepnilsa, kldeTa Sina

mxecTa oden gasavalsa, kvalad gzad

iTqmis folorcni da Sukanica

(orbeliani 1991:158). am ganmartebaSi

gzis, rogorc sivrcis aRmniSvneli

terminis sxvadasxvagvari variaciebia

mocemuli, xolo misi idiomaturi done

sabas ara aqvs fiqsirebuli.

enaSi arsebul sityvaTa semantikuri

veli mudmivad cvalebadi aRmniSvnelis

mravalferovnebiT gaiazreba. leqsema

,,gza” SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc

fuZe sityva mravali paradigmuli

konotaciisa, romlebic qarTuli enis

semantema “gza” da misi paradigmebi

123

leqsikaSi fiqsirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos ori

done: pirveli gviCvenebs konotaciaTa kavSirs adamianis fizikur

qmedebasTan (gzis gayvana, gzaze wasvla, mgzavroba, mogzauroba

da a.S.); meore _ azrobriv, goniT aqtivobasTan (,,ra gzas

davadge?”, ,,kargi hqeni, gzas dadevi, gaiare, win dagxvdeba”, ,,gza

dasaxa” da a.S.).

,,gzis” semantemasTan dakavSirebuli konotaciebis doneebad

dayofa da maTi prioritetuloba ramdenadme pirobiTia. pirvel

doned gamovyofT im leqsemebs, romlebic fizikur aqtivobas

ukavSirdeba. QqarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi fuZe ,,gza”

sakmaod bevri sityvis sayrdenad gvxvdeba: mgzavroba,

mogzauroba, mgzavri, sagzali, gzaareuli, gzajvardini,

gzagamtari, gzadagza, gzavna, gzatkecili, gzawvrili,

gzakvalareuli, babusagzala, gziri, ugzo da a.S.(qegl

1986:149). maTSi aisaxeba rogorc gzis ragvaroba, aseve masTan

dakavSirebuli saqmianoba. meore doneSi vgulisxmobT enaSi

arsebul frazeologizmebs, romelTa gaCena swored im

fsiqologiur, goniT aqtivobas emyareba, romelic ukavSirdeba

dinamikas, moZraobas an kidev gadawyvetilebis miReba-armiRebas.

Tedo saxokias mier Sedgenil qarTul xatovan sityva-TqmaTa

leqsikonSi ,,gza” semantemadan aRmocenebuli frazeologizmebi

sxvadasxsva rakursiT avlenen adamianis ganwyobas moqmedebisa da

umoqmedobis mimarT. frazeologizmTa Sinaarsobrivad

mowesrigebis Sedegad SesaZloa gamoiyos ori jgufi: erT

maTganSi aisaxeba dadebiTi ganwyoba, humanisturi damokidebuleba

adamianebisadmi, keTilSobili miswrafebani, rac sociumis

wevrebis erTmaneTisadmi zrunvisa da kacTmoyvareobis markerad

SegviZlia moviazroT. aseTi frazeologizmebia: gzad da xidad

dgoma (meTauroba, winamZRvroba), gzis Cveneba, gzaze dayeneba

(xelis Sewyoba, Svela, daxmareba), gzis gagneba (orientacia,

gamarjveba, saqmis mogvareba), gzis maCvenebeli (Wkuis

maswavlebeli, damrigebeli), gzaze dadgoma (saqmis dawyeba),

gzis qona (xsna, gamarjveba), gza xsnilia (dabrkolebis acileba,

gamarjveba).

meore jgufSi erTiandeba adamianTa Soris uaryofiTi

ganwyobis, winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebulebis mafiqsirebeli

xatovani Tqmani, esenia: gzas gadacdena (motyueba, Secdoma,

zeinab kikviZe

124

daRupva), gzis gadaRobva (dabrkoleba, xelis SeSla,

winaaRmdegoba), gzis dagdebineba (xelis SeSla, xelis aReba

raimeze), gzis Sekvra (xelis SeSla, dauxmarebloba) gzaabneuli

(visac xeli aqvs mocaruli saqmeSi), gzadakarguli (daRupuli,

gaWirvebuli), gzamrudo (ukeTuri, upatiosno), gzaasaqcevi

mosaridebeli, mosaSorebeli, dasaviwyebeli), gzagasayarze

dgoma (roca kacma ar icis, ra gadawyvitos).

frazeologizmTa aseTi farTo speqtri mowmobs, rom am

sityvis semantikuri horizonti sakmaod didia da tevadi. masSi

kacobriobis emansipaciisa da sociokulturuli nabijebis

Wvretacaa SesaZlebeli.

mocemuli ori donis mkveTrad gamijvna, faqtobrivad,

SeuZlebelia, radgan azrovnebis procesSi orive maTgani

dakavSirebulia garkveul moqmedebasTan. erT SemTxvevaSi goniTi

aqtivoba amzadebs adamians, miiRos gadawyvetileba da fizikurad

gadaadgildes sivrceSi, meore SemTxvevaSi ki isev goniTi

aqtivobiT pirovneba iRebs gadawyvetilebas, rogor moiqces, ra

gziT, anu ra saSualebiT gaarTvas Tavi arsebul situaciasa Tu

dabrkolebas.

savaraudoa, rom ,,gzis” aseT semantikur vels ganapirobebs

adamianis msoflmxedvelobrivi mdgomareoba, rac uZveles

droSive unda Camoyalibebuliyo. am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

davimowmoT biblia.

adamis gamoZeveba samoTxidan mis azrovnebaSi ,,gzis” semantemis

orive dones erTdroulad gaaCenda. adamians unda efiqra,

gadaewyvita da emoqmeda, ra gzas dadgomoda, anu saiT

wasuliyo da rogor earseba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ,,gzis”

semantemaSi kodirebuli samive aqtivoba avlens qronotopul

mdgomareobas. dro unda Serwymoda sivrces. samoTxe iyo

erTgvari simboluri adgili, sadac statikuri myofoba

gulisxmobda ugzobas, anu usivrcobas. masTan organulad unda

yofiliyo dakavSirebuli udrooba, ufro sworad, aradrooba.

samoTxis qronotopi gamoricxavda damoukidebel aqtivobas;

Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, rom adami ar iyo Tavisufali; mas

unda ecxovra edemis baRSi, eRvawa, magram ar uwevda, eRvara

ofli da tanjviT moepovebina arsobis puri. RvTis mier


125

boZebul samyaroSi yvelafriT uzrunvelyofili adami ar

fiqrobs, maSasadame, mas ara aqvs damoukideblobis SegrZneba,

radgan is mxolod da mxolod dasazRvrul sivrceSi myofobs.

aseTi arsebobis ganmapirobebeli isic iyo, rom man ar icoda

sikvdili. kacobriobis mtris _ gvelis CagonebiT adamianma

daarRvia RvTis sityva da akrZaluli xis nayofis gemos xilviT

Seicno keTili da boroti. amiT is fizikuradac Seicvala.

,,ukvdavis Seqmnili adami da eva Tavadac ukvdavni unda

yofiliyvnen, magram maT im nayofis gemosxilviT TavianT bunebaSi

mokles is, rac ukvdavebis matarebeli iyo. amieridan, Tuki isini

Seqmnidnen rasme an Sobdnen, maTi gaCenili mxolod mokvdavi

SeiZleboda yofiliyo”(kiknaZe 1989:19).

maradiuli sicocxle gamoricxavda aqtiur qmedebas,

samoTxidan gamodevna ki gamoixata imiT, rom adamma, anu

kacobriobis kerZo saxem, SeiZina sikvdili. es TavisTavad

niSnavda statikuridan aqtiur poziciaze gadasvlas. adams

daudga dro, (drois garkveuli gagebiT) efiqra, ra moemoqmeda.

misi qronotopuli mdgomareoba Tvisebrivad axal kondicias

moicavs. droca da sivrcec iZens kacobriobis nebelobisa da

damoukideblad arsebobis aRmniSvnelis funqcias. adamis gza-

qronotopi erTgvari adeptia, romelic bibliaSive mravalgzis

meordeba da bevr dauviwyar ambavs ukavSirdeba. maT Soris erT-

erTi STambeWdavi epizodi moses mier ebraeli eris egviptidan

gamoyvanaa.

faraonis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad israelma unda moipovos

sakuTari samSoblo. is gzas unda daadges. udabno ki unda iqces

am gzis sakralur adgilad, sadac eri unda dafiqrdes, gaavlos

zRvari warsulsa da momavals Soris; SeZlos, uari uTxras

sakuTar mexsierebaSi CarCenil statikur egviptes; sakuTar

arsSive ipovos sasicocxlo energia da daimkvidros iordanes

miRma arsebuli miwa. israelis gzaze svlaSi yalibdeba

arsebobis axali wesi, romelic ori sityviT SeiZleba

gamoixatos: sad? da rogor? maTi mniSvneloba exmianeba ,,gzis”

semantemis meore dones.

aseTi mdgomareoba SemdgomSi kacobriobis arsebobis wesis

ganmsazRvrel faqtorad iqceva. uZveles teqstebSi gmiris mier

dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad mogzauroba erTgvari Sablonia.

zeinab kikviZe

126

amaze metyvelebs Tundac ,,gilgameSiani” an ,,amiranis eposi”.

gilgameSi uaxloesi megobris, enqidus sikvdilis Semdeg

gadawyvets moipovos Sobis balaxi. es aris misTvis is impulsi,

romelmac gzis, rogorc maradiuli arsebobis mosapovebeli

saSualebis aRmniSvneli unda warmoSvas. uruqis mefe ver

grZnobs drois dinebas, misTvis sicocxle maradiuli myofobaa,

rasac wertils usvams sikvdilze fiqris gaCena. aqac statikuri

yofa dinamikurSi gadadis da mas logikurad erwymis gzis Zieba.

gilgameSis SemTxvevaSi semantema ,,gza” orive dones iTavsebs. is

eZebs sicocxlis gasaxangrZlivebel saSualebas da amave dros

eZebs gzas (pirveli donis gagebiT), riTac SeeZleba ocneba

aixdinos.

qarTuli folkloruli Semoqmedebac xom mTlianad gzaze

gasvlis, gzis dasaxvis motivs efuZneba. miTologiuri

Tqmulebebisa Tu zRaprebis gmirebi iniciaciis gasavlelad da

xeldasxmis mosapoveblad gzas adganan. gzaSive ikveTeba

winaaRmdegoba da misi daZlevis saSualebani, romlebic aseve

adamianis aqtiur goniT Tu fizikur qmedebas ukavSirdeba. gza

ambivalentur Tvisebebs avlens: erTi mxriv, is SeiZleba

sasikeTo da keTildReobis momtani iyos gmirisaTvis, meore

mxriv _ masze SeiZleba aTasgvari xifaTi SeemTxves mgzavrs.

orive SemTxvevaSi mogzauris neba mis pirovnul TavisTavadobas

ayalibebs. es faqtori gansazRvravs kidec iniciaciis mizans.

,,amiranis eposSi” gmiris habitusSi Tavidanve Cadebulia misi

misia. is aucileblad bneli Zalis konkretuli saxeebis _

gveleSapebisa da devebis gamanadgurebel figurad unda iqces.

sakuTari funqcia rom Seasrulos, amiranma unda ipovos gza

Tundac camcumis koSkisaken; gzaze unda Seeyaron igi da misi

Zmebi gveleSapebs da daamarcxon isini. qarTuli zRaprebis

dasawyisSi gzaze dadgoma an gzas gadgoma erT-erTi aucilebeli

winapirobaa imisa, rom kolizia warmoiqmnes. moqmedi piri

aucileblad unda gavides dasazRvruli sivrcidan. maSasadame,

ipovos gza miznis misaRwevad da isev mobrundes imave sivrceSi,

oRond axla ukve saxecvlili, gamobrZmedili da aTasgvar

xifaTgamovlili, imisaTvis rom pirvandeli sivrce Tvisebrivad

axali gaxdes misTvis.


127

qarTuli zepirsityvierebis teqstebSi gza moiazreba rogorc

horizontalze, ise _ vertikalze. horizontalis gamomxatvelia

sworxazovani gza, romelsac personaJi gahyavs funqciurad

mniSvnelovan sivrceSi, es SesaZloa iyos triali mindori,

mdinaris napiri an tba, gamoqvabuli, an kidev tye. maTi

daniSnuleba iTavsebs gmiris iniciaciisaTvis aucilebel

atributikas. am adgilebSi unda moxdes raRac iseTi, rac

zRapris Cveulebriv personaJs gmiris statusamde aamaRlebs.

vertikalis gamomxatvelia moqmedi piris miRma samyaroSi

gadasvla, rac erTmaneTis sapirispiro ganfenisaa da moicavs

zemo da qvemo yovladobis elementebs. ufro zustad rom

vTqvaT, moqmedi piri mogzaurobs qarTuli miTologiuri

azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sknelebSi. zRaprebSi zeskneli

SesaZloa gamoixatos koSkiT, romelic caSia dakidebuli da

xmeleTs ar exeba, an RrublebiT, sadac gmiri jadosnuri raSiT

unda afrindes. qveskneli, ufro sworad qvemo yovladoba,

SesaZloa, warmosaxuli iyos gziT, romelze avlilic bevri

unaxavT, magram Camovlili aravin, da ormoTi, romelSic TokiT

eSvebian, da gmiri sxva samyaroSi gadadis. saxifaTo davalebis

Sesrulebis Semdeg ki samzeoze, anu SuasknelSi brundeba

faskunjis an oqrosrqiani erkemlis daxmarebiT.

gzis vertikali, ramdenadme, gzis simbolos sakralizacias

uwyobs xels, radgan moqmedi piri gadadis sxva ganzomilebaSi.

am qmedebasTan erTad unda gaCeniliyo idiomi: ,,cam Caylapa, Tu

miwam uyo piri”, romlis literaturuli variacia

,,vefxistyaosanSi” ase JRers: ,,hgvanda qvesknels CaZromilsa anu

zecad anafrensa”.

horizontalze gmiris mogzauroba dakavSirebulia gzis

paradigmul semantemebTan, rogorebicaa ,,gzajvaredini” da

,,labirinTi”. orive arsebobis gadarCenisaTvis gaCenili

alternativis simboluri gamoxatulebaa. gzajvaredinica da

labirinTic unda yofiliyo is adgili, romelic uaRresad

aqtiur rols Seasrulebda iseTi frazeologizmis gaCenaSi,

rogoricaa ,,ra gzas davadge.” SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misi

sivrcobrivi gamoxatuleba erTdroulad iTavsebs semantema

,,gzis” orive dones.

zeinab kikviZe

128

semantema ,,gzis” bibliuri da folkloruli mniSvneloba

iqceva erTgvar kliSed, romelic mkvidrdeba mxatvrul

azrovnebaSi. literaturuli personaJebi irCeven gzas _

arsebobis wesis dasadgenad da amisaTvis konkretuli qmedebis

gansaxorcieleblad. mwerlobis ganviTarebis yvela etapze

moqmedi pirebis aqtivoba dinamikas ukavSirdeba. is sivrce,

romelSic isini myofoben, garkveuli miznebisaTvis irRveva,

farTovdeba da axal sivrceebs iTavsebs, amisaTvis ki

gansakuTrebuli funqcia gzas (orive donis gagebiT) eniWeba.

ase xdeba qristianul teqstebSi, roca gmirebi

RmeTSemosilobisa da martvilis statusis mosapoveblad gzas

adganan. asea renesansul teqstebSi, sadac esTetikuri ideali

raindobiTa da mijnurobiT miiRweva, amisTvis ki ,,gaWra” da

,,saqmeTa sagmironis” Cvenebaa saWiro, rac aseve, gzis Ziebasa da

gzaze dadgomas ukavSirdeba. mogvianebiT gzis semantema Janris

definiciis sazRvrebs afarToebs da mimosvla-mogzaurobanis

CamoyalibebaSi iRebs monawileobas. romantikul mimdinareobaSi

aqtiurdeba ,,gzis” meore donis gageba, radgan arsebobasTan

dakavSirebul filosofiur TavsatexTa asaxsnel saSualebad

swored gzis Zieba da mobiloba iqceva. aseTi funqcia ufro

Rrmavdeba da memkvidreobiT faqtorad formdeba realizmSi.

modernizmsa da postmodernizmSi semantema ,,gza” fsiqologiur

aRmniSvnelebs aaqtiurebs. moqmedi pirebis nebeloba sakuTar me-

Si mogzaurobiT gamoixateba.

,,gzis” semantemasTan dakavSirebuli aRmniSvneli

modificirdeba da iRebs mravalsaxovani interpretantas formas.

paradigmuli konotaciebi ki vlindeba kacobriobis miTosuri,

eTosuri, fsiqologiuri da sociokulturuli aspeqtebiT.


129

literatura

kiknaZe 1989: kiknaZe z. saubrebi bibliaze, Tb.: gam-ba

,,mecniereba”.1989.

orbeliani 1991: orbeliani s-s. leqsikoni qarTuli, t.I, Tb.:

gam-ba ,,merani”, 1991

saxokia 1979: saxokia T. qarTuli xatovani sityva-Tqmani, Tb.:

gam-ba ,,merani”, 1979.

qegl 1986: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli,

sma, enaTmecnierebis institutis gam-ba, 1986.

mariam goduaZe

koncept “gzis” enobrivi

aRqmis sakiTxisaTvis

Ggzis cneba msoflio

kulturul universaliebs

miekuTvneba da igi miTopoeturi

sivrcis umTavres elementadac

moiazreba. cxoveli interesi

konceptisadmi, romlis simravleTa

kveTa qmnis literaturuli

qronotopis kategorias [toporovi, 1983, 228], mkvlevarTa Soris dRemde

SenarCunebulia. winamdebare

naSromi warmoadgens mcdelobas,

gamoikveTos “gzis” reprezentaciis Taviseburebani qarTuli da

indoevropuli leqsikur-

frazeologiuri sistemebis, aseve

folkloruli, Teologiuri Tu

fsiqologiuri konteqstebis

gaTvaliswinebiT.

Tanamedrove evropul enebsa

da rusulSi sityva gzas Semdegi ekvivalentebi eZebneba:

berZnulSi (ZvelSic,

axalSic): �δ�σ , τρόπο, aseve δρόμος;

frangulSi: voie (<laTin. via), chemin, aseve route;

inglisurSi: way , path, aseve road;

koncept “gzis” enobrivi aRqmis sakiTxisaTvis

131

rusulSi: путь, дорога, тропа.

aRniSnuli formebi sinonimebadaa miCneuli specialur

saenaTmecniero da leqsikografiul gamocemebSi [CeSko

1969, 127]. laionsis Tanaxmad, sinonimebad miiCneva ori

(an meti) sityva, Tu maTi CanacvlebiT miRebul

winadadebebs mniSvneloba ar Seecvleba [laionsi 1968,

428]. maT msgavseba-gansxvavebebs ki axsna daeZebneba am

sityvaTa istoriis gaTvaliswinebiT [foCxua 1978, 36].

gasaTvaliswinebelia mosazrebani e.w. “absoluturi

sinonimebis” funqcionirebis Sesaxebac [afridoniZe 2009,

6]. aseve sainteresoa, Tu ratomaa qarTul enaSi gezi,

sarbieli, ganzraxva..., erTi mxriT, da mimosvlიs zoli

[qegli 2010, 1052-3], Sara..., meore mxriT, gamoxatuli

erTi konceptiT _ “gza”.

al. neimanis qarTul sinonimTa leqsikonSi gzis

Semdegi sinonimuri variantebi gveZleva: kvali, gza da

kvali, asaval-dasavali (misi asaval-dasavali, gza da

kvali aravin icis), avala, mimarTuleba (did Rirsebad

vuTvli rusTavels, rom... aseTi ganieri gza da avala

misca. ilia) [neimani 1978, 112-3]. baraTaSvilis “ugzo-

ukvlod” gafrenil “meransac” gaixsenebda kaci (...gza

uvali, Sengan Telili, merano, Cemo, mainc darCeba... rom

Cems Semgdomad moZmesa Cemsa siZnele gzisa

gauadvildes...) an sityvagzian vaJas aluda qeTelaurs,

romlis mwerluri ganaCeni swored gza aris (“vis

moswyenia sicocxle, gzas is vin gaudgebisa...”)...

sityvam moitana da, haidegerTan swored hodosi (�δ�σ-s, anu gza) iwodeba garRvevad, kvlad. “kvali isaa, risi

wyalobiTac Cndeba “gza” via rupta (germ. via _ gza, gadat. xerxi, saSualeba, ruptor _ damangreveli, mZleveli)

sivrcis gaxsnis meTodi” [derida 1993].

al. neimanTan gzis sinonimebic umTavresad

metaforulia. masTan mxolod me-6 nomrad gvxvdeba gzis

is gageba, romelTac indoevropul enebSi δρόμος, route, strada, road da дорога... Seesatyviseba (ise ki es koncepti esinonimeba: manZils; mimarTulebas; xels; xerxs;

yamirgzas; Saras; Saragzas; gzatkecils; TemSaras;

orRobes, rkinigzas, miwisqveSa gzas, Telil gzas;

mariam goduaZe

132

gasavlels...). igive avtori saanalizo cnebasTan

dakavSirebiT araerT derivantsa Tu

sityvaTkombinatorikas gvTavazobs sruli semantikuri,

gramatikuli Tu leqsikuri SeTavsebadobiT.

gza-sTan dakavSirebuli myari gamoTqmebi da

idiomaturi sityvaTSenaerTebi arc indoevropuli

enebisTvisaa ucxo. rusul-qarTul leqsikonSi sakvlev

koncepts Semdegi definicia eZleva: 1. дорога, rasac

windebulebi da sxvadasxva determinantebi ukavSirdeba

anac frazur sityvaTnaerTebSi motivirebuli

mniSvnelobebiT aris warmodgenili1 da 2. путь (gza,

gezi).2

1 прямая дорога swori gza; железная дорога rknigza; по дороге gzaze; при дороге gzis pirad; сбиться с дороги gzis dakargva, gzis acdena; дать дорогу gzis daTmoba; свернуть с дороги gzidan gadaxveva; перебить дорогу gzis gadaWra; пробить дорогу gzis gakafva; он отправился в дорогу gzas gaudga; двухдневная дорога ori dRis gza; он стоит на хорошей дороге gadat. karg gzas adgas; труд _ дорога к успеху gadat. Sroma

warmatebis gzaa; отдохнуть с дороги namgzavrebs dasveneba; с частливой дороги! gza mSvidobisa! Нам свами не по дороге me da Tqven erTi gza

ar gvaqvs; Скатертью дорога! gza mSvidobisa! isemc wasuliyav, ukan

aRar mogexedos! Туда ему и дорога! jandabamde gza hqonia! Стать на дороге, поперек дороги gzis gadaRobva [rql 1959, 336].

2 дыхательные пути sasunTqi gzebi; во время пути gzaSi, gzad; сбиться с пути gzas acdena, gzis areva; окольными путями movlili,

arapirdapiri gziT; они пустились в путь gzas gaudgnen; проложить путь gzis gayvana; жизненный путь gadat. cxovrebis gza; путь развития ganviTarebis gza; он стоит на верном пути swor gzas adgas, swor gzazea; он стал ему поперек пути, он стал на его пути gza gadauRoba; всеми путями yvelanairi gziT, saSualebiT; счастливый путь! счастливого пути! gza mSvidobisa, bednieri mgzavroba!; _ Куда держите путь? saiT miemgzavrebiT? В трех днях пути sami ddRis savalze; на обратном пути dabrunebisas, aqeTobisas; в нем пути не будет saub.

misgan xeiriani araferi gamova; 2. rkinigzis xazi, liandagi; запасной путь saTadarigo liandagi; служба пути liandagis samsaxuri;

Рельсовый путь rkinigzis xazi, liandagi; Без пути saub. cudubralod,

umiznod; Без пути врет umiznod tyuis; Нам свами по пути erTi gza

gvaqvs; Это мне по пути gza iqiTa maqvs; Млечный путь astრ. irmis


133

rusulenovan masalaze dagvirveba gviCvenebs, rom

pirveladi cnebisa da metaforis kveTaze absoluturi

sinonimiac ki SeiniSneba. erTi mxriT, gvaqvs: сбиться с дороги // сбиться с пути; Нам свами не по дороге // Нам свами по пути; Стать на дороге // Он стал на его пути; он стал ему поперек дороги // он стал ему поперек пути… magram aramc da aramc: дыхательные дороги, воздушные дороги, дороги сообщения, железная путь (Tumca gvaqvs Рельсовый путь). igive SeiZleba iTqvas gzis cnebasTan

dakavSirebul derivantze Путевка sagzuri.34

etimologistebi путь-s, preslavur *p�tь-s Zvelinduri pánthās-sgan momdinared miiCneven da igi erTad samive

sinonimur wevrs (тропа, дорога, путь) aRniSnavs. avestaSi раntā� (раntаn-, ра�-), Zvel sparsulSi ра�i- «дорога»-a, osurSi ki fandag, fændæg aris «путь», Zv. prusiulSi pintis aris orive _ «путь, дорога», laTinurSi pons aRniSnavs xids, biliks, fasmeri Tavis leqsikonSi saanalizo Zirs

berZnul πόντος-s (море, путь по морю), aseve πάτος («тропа»

naxtomi; Путь-дорога gza; Сухим путем xmeleTiT; морским путем zRviT;

По пути gzad; Проводить в последний путь gasveneba [rql 1959, 821].

3 sxvaTa Soris, nikოlai da maria aSukinebis wignSi “frTiani

sityvebi” [akuSinebi 1955, 462] gvxvdeba gamoTqma _ «Путевка в

жизнь», romelic n. ekma da a. stolpnerma kinoscenaris

saxelwodebad aiRes (1931). filmSi naCvenebia damnaSaveTa gza

moralur sazogadoebamde. gamoTqma “cxovrebis sagzuri”

(Путевка в жизнь) gamoiyeneba mniSvnelobiT, rom igia yvelaferi,

rac gvaZlevs uflebas sazogadoebisTvis sasargeblo

arsebobisa Tu moRvaweobisTvis. igive avtorebi gerceniseul

imave mniSvnelobis Sesityvebas Targmnian, rogorc

«подорожная в жизнь». meti sizustisaTvis frazas rusulad

vimowmebT: Юноша, получивший диплом, принимает его за

освобождения от школы, за подорожную в жизнь...»

4 diletantizmi mecnierebaSi, Tavi III; aseve: “vin aris damnaSave?”, 1,6.

mariam goduaZe

134

(*p�tos)-s, goTur finþan-s (rac povnas, gagebas niSnavs) ukavSirebs [fasmeri 1986, 224].

sinonimTa ukeT gaazrebisTvis mniSvnelovnad gvesaxeba

berZnulenovani masalis Cvenebac. “berZnul-qarTuli

dokumentirebuli leqsikonis” VI tomSi [yauxCiSvili

2007, 170] “gzisTvis” Semdegi ekvivalentebia mocemuli:

�δ�σ, �δοιπορ�α, π�ροδος, δ�οδος, ε�σοδος, �ζδια, �π�νοδις, τρ�βος, �γυι�, στ�διον, ν�σσα, �τραν�ς. aseve gvxvdeba Semdegi

leqsikuri kombinatorika: gzavna περ�οδος, πρ�οδος; gzavna arsebiTi, πρ�οδος; gzavna warmoSobisa πρ�οδος; gzavniT

Tanmoqcevi πρ�οδος; gzavniTi moqcevi περ�οδος, πρ�οδος; gzavniTi ukunqcevi περ�οδος; gzasa moyvaneba (gzasa

moviyvaneb) ε�οδουν (ε�οδ�ω); gzasa∑slva (gzasa val) �δε�ν (�δε�ω); gza-ucnauri δ�σοδος; gza qalaqisa στ�διον; gza-

yofa �δοιποιησ�ς; gzeba (vagzeb) κα�ειν (κα�ω); gzeba

(cecxlisa) κα�σις; gziTa �νεκα; gzisa slva οδοιπορ�α, τροπι�, τρ�πις; gzisa cema �δοποιε�ν (�δοποι�ω); gzis sagroba οδοιπορ�α. TinaTin giorgobianis “ZvelberZnul-qarTul

leqsikonSi“ [giorgobiani 2012, 295] �δ�σ ganmartebulia,

rogorc 1. gza, misasvleli, 2. quCa, mimarTuleba, 3.

gadasasvleli, mgzavroba, samoZrao adgili, gezi.

gadat. gza, saSualeba, meTodi: �δοι πορ�ω 1. vmogzaurob, vxetialob; 2. vaRwev, im adgilamde mivdivar,. 3. gavivli.

4. gars vuvli, Semovuvli; �δοι πορ�a mgzavroba, gza. οδός η ακολουθε� τη σοστ� / λανθασμ�νη ...ο mihyveba swor /

arswor gzas; κ�θομαι στιν ... � Σταδ�ου stadius quCaze

vcxovrob; µ�ση οδ� Sua quCaSi, µ�ση οδός oqros Suaguli ... της αρετ�ς /του Κ�ρου zneobrivi gza, cxovrebis wesi; της απ�λειας uzneo cxovrebis wesi; anat. αναπνευστικ� ... sasunTqi gzebi [Samanidi, 2009, 707] (Sdr. дыхательные пути).

“ZvelqarTul-ZvelberZnuli filosofiur-Teologiuri

terminologiis dokumentirebuli leqsikonSi“ gzisgan

warmomdgari qarTuli, aseve berZnuli leqsemebi Semdeg

suraTs iZleva: gza-Á (saRmrToÁ) �ναγωγ� � _ aramed TÂT

maTi TÂsiTa midrekilebiTa marTlad myvanebelisa

saRmrToÁsa gzisagan ganvrdomilebaÁ sabralobel ars


135

(areop. zec., efr., 9,3); gza-Á (uflisaÁ) �δ�σ κυρ�ον � _ ukueTnu cocxal iyvnen kacni uRmrToni da

gardaaqcevnden gzaTa uflisaTa wrfelTa (areop., ep.,

efr., 8,6) : _ π�ροδος η _ iyo ... odes-igi reca

RmrTismetyuelebasa arca Tu gzaÁ aqunda Sesvlad

ezoTa uflisaTa (naz., hom., 21,12, efT.) // Sdr.

Tanawarsavali (naz., hom., 21,12, Eefr.)) gzavna-Á _

neoplat. arsis struqturis warmomqmneli meqanizmi,

«emanacia», arsis rigebis (seriebis «siraTa») warmoeba

ππρ�δος η udaresobisagan [ars] yoveli gzavnaÁ sakuTarTagan arsebiTTa mizezTaÁsa (pr., kavS., petr., 64;. 42,10-11); _ gzavnaÁ (arsebiTi) πρ�δος yoveli gzavnaÁ arsebiTi msgavsebisa mier srul iqmnebis SemdgomTaÁ pirvelTadve mimarT (pr., kavS., petr., 29, 253); πρ�δον - iyos yovelive gzavnaÁ arsebiTi romelnime ufroÁsTa

mizezTa mier da romelnime umcroÁsTasa (pr., kavS.,

petr., 58; 39.16-19); gzavnaÁ (aRsvliTi qmnisagan) περι�δους �ν�δον _ perioduli aRmasvla qmnadobidan; gzavnaÁ STasvliTi qmnisadmi _ περι�δους καθ�δον _ perioduli

dablasvla qmnაdobamde _ TiToeuli [nawilebiTi suli]

hyofdes gzavnasa arsvliTsa qmnisagan da kulad

[gzavnasa] STasvliTsa qmnisadmi da ese iyos

dauwyuedel samaradisoobisaTÂs Jamisa (pr., kavS., petr., 206; 124. 4-6); gzavnaÁ (namrgulivi) _ περι�δους _ wrebrunva _ yoveli suli aRmkulis-Sorisi namrgulivTa gzavnaTa

(περι�δοις) iÃmarebs TÂsisa cxovelobisaTa da sadaÁT

iwyo, munve [qmnis] kualad-ukunqcevaTa (pr., kavS., petr.,

198; 118.30-31); gzavnaÁ (saRmrToTa moqcevTaÁ) της θε�ας πρ�δος - RmrTaebrivi emanaciis gamomavloba, gzavna _ Tu

jer ars, raÁca ganukueTel iyos gzavnaÁ saRmrToTa

moqcevTaÁ da TiToeulsa wessa (τ�ζιν) Soris TiToeuli

TanSekrul TÂsTa saSualTa mimarT, saWirvo ars, raÁTa

umwuervalesni SemdgomTani Tan-aRekvrodin misasrulsa

pirvelTasa (pr., kavS., petr., 148; 89.28-30 D. §147); gzavniTi moqcevn-i πρ�οδον perioduli cikluri brunva,

TviTkmarTa gamomavlobis, warmoobis cikli _ esenica

[niadag Tanameqoneni] Tan aRekrvian TanauqonoTa

keTilwesierTa vinaTa mier gzavniTTa moqcevTa (pr.,

kavS., petr., 63; 41.16-18). amave leqsikonSi ar moipoveba

mariam goduaZe

136

lemebi: mgzavri, «Tanamgzavri», Tanawarsavali. Tumca

gvxvdeba lema _ «Tan(a)-msrboli» Tanmxvedri,

sinqronulad, erTdroulad moqmedi, συντρ�χω angelosTa zeda [iTqumis TÂTÃelmwifebaÁ] viTarca

TanamsrbolobiTa (συντρ�χων) anagebisaÁTa pirvel

Ãelyofisa da drosa Jamisasa yovlad armiTualviTa

(mqsm. piros. gel., 36,39) // xolo angelosTaTÂs viTarca

Tanamsrbolad nebisa Tana saqmisa mis da ara saÃmar ars sigrZÀ JamisaÁ, wamisyofiTa miT saRmrToÁTa (mqsm.

piros. efT. 11,24) [meliqiSvili, 2010, 94-5].

bernulSi, iseve rogorc rusulSi, gzis konceptis

sxva sinonimebic iZebneba. 1. gza soflamde aris δρόμο µέχρι το χωριό. δρόμος-s ki, Tavis mxriv, sivrcis

aRqmasTan dakavSirebuli sxva mniSvnelobebi gvxvdeba.

mag.: quCa σε ποιο δρόµος ο µένεις romel quCaze cxovrob?

(Sdr. κ�θομαι στιν οδος� Σταδ�ου stadius quCaze vcxovrob;) manZili, gza, distancia:ειναι µακρ�ς ο δρόµος µέχρι Ιω�ννινα; didi manZilia ioaninamde? gadat. gza σε όλο το δρόµος ο έλεγαν αστεια mTeli gza xumrobdnen; sport. distancia,

cxovrebis gza, wesi παπαιρνο τον κακό δρόµοςο cxovrebis araswor gzas vadgavar. ο δρόµος του θεο� RmrTis gza;

gasasvleli; gamosavali; mimarTuleba; marSruti ανοιγο (νέους) δρόµους (οριζοντες) axal gzas, horizonts gavxsni. gv

318. δρόμος, ου, - srba, srbola; sarbieli; moqceva. και δρόμον da srbad (flav. 210. 44); τόν δρόμον τόν ιερόν τελέσαντες sarbieli wmindai srul hyavo (ios. himn.);

sarbieli (kac. Ses.); moqceva [yauxCiSvili 2003, 407]; homerosis leqsikonSic [krauze, 1880, 146] δρόμος (δραµε�ν) cursus ganmartebulia, rogorc yofna Σ 281. υ 12; asparezi, sarbieli, moedani. 2. asparezoba, rbola, doRi

Ψ 321. da 2. τρόπος, rogorc gza, saSualeba, manera (τόν τρόπο am gziT), qcevis wesi, moqceva; niWi, SesaZlebloba,

saSualeba; kargi finansuri mdgomareoba; musikaluri

wyoba, kilo [Samanidi 2009, 1053]; aseve mimarTva, gezi,

saxe, Tviseba, buneba, xasiaTi...[brl 1969, 569]; Cveuleba,

niri, xerxi... [giorgobiani, 2004, 126].


137

“did qarTul inglisur leqsikonSi” [reifildi 2006]

gzis aRmniSvnel inglisur ekvivalentebs Soris

dasaxelebulia: 1. path: gzas mouWris will cut sb (‘s path) off; 2. (air) corridor; 3. way: gza momeci! Make way! gzad / gzaze /gzaSi on its/the way; gzidan Camoiclis will get sb/sth out of one’s way; jandabamdisac gza hqonia! sb can go to hell; 4. route; journey; gzas gauyenebs will send sb off; gzaze dgas is about to depart; gzasSeudgeba will set off; gza mSvidobisa! Have a good journey! gzis mamali travelling cockerel (at head of caravan to keep time); visime gzas ucqeris/uyurebs watches out/waits for sb; 5. way out, solution: meti ra gza hqonda What else could he do? gzasa zeda on a journey; gzisa mavali traveler; gzisa qmna sojourning; 6.causativity. inglisurad naTargmn

saxarebiseul teqstebSi ki qarTuli gzis (gza/alagis)

wil, ZiriTadad, way, ufro iSviaTad ki, path iZebneba (Sdr.: (4.) da vidre igi me mival, uwyiT da gzaÁca igi iciT. (5) hrqua mas Toma: ufalo, ara viciT, vidre xual,

da viTar SemZlebel varT gzisa mis cnobad? (6) hrqua

mas ieso: me var gzaÁ da me var WeSmaritebaÁ da me var cxovrebaÁ da aravin movides mamisa, garna Cem mer / (4)

“And you know the way where I am going”. (5) Thomas said to Him, “Lord, we do not know where You are going, how do we know the way?” (6) Jesus said to him, I am the way, and the truth, an the life; no one comes to the Father but through Me (ioane 14: 4-6); ganhmzadeniT

gzani uflisani da wrfel hyveniT alagni misni / Make ready the way of the Lord, make His path straight! (ioane 1, 23.) da sxv... inglisurenoveni bibliis teqstebze dakvirvebisas

SeniSnaven, rom gza, way umTavresad metaforuli

mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneba RmerTis, qristianobis,

iudaizmis... gamosaxatad [teni 1967].5

5 There are about 25 Heb. and Gr. words rendered « way »in the Bible. It is often used metaphorically to describe the conduct or manner of life, whether of God or of man ( Exod. 32 :8) ; Deut. 5 :33 ; Job 16 :22). in the NT, God’s plan of salvation is called « the way of the Lord » (Matt. 3 :3, etc.). The term is also used to mean Christianity or Judaism (Acts 9 :2 ; 19 : 9 : 22 :4) [teni 1967].

mariam goduaZe

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bibliis leqsikonis masalebze dakvirvebiT aSkaraa

qarTuli gzis metaforuloba da polisemantizmi. aq, umTavresad, gza “ganzraxvis“ funqciiT gamoiyeneba da,

Sesabamisad, gzani, rogorc ganzraxvani RmrTisani aris:

1. miuwvdomeli igav. 21, 30 ; es. 4, 27, 40, 13-14 ; dan. 4. 35;

7; rom. 11, 34 ;1 kor. 2, 16. 2. gardauvali. iob. 23, 13 ; fs.

32. 11 ; igav. 19. 21 ; es. 14, 24 ; 46, 10 ; ier. 4. 28 ; rom.

9,11 ; ebr. 6,17; 3. saukuno fs. 32,11 ; efes. 3.11 ;2 tim. 1,9. 4.

WeSmariti. es. 25, 1. 5. didi. ier. 32,19. gzani (ganzraxvani) RmrTisani sruldeba gardauvlad. Iob 23, 14 ; es. 14, 24; 46, 10-11; ier. 23. 20 ; 51. 29; saqme. 4. 28; efes. 1, 11. აravis SeuZlia RvTis ganzraxvis gzis winaaRmdegoba. iob.

23,13 ; 42.4; igav. 21,30; es. 14,27; saqme. 5;39. Mmoamzades da Seasrules: gamosyidva codvaTagan ganwmendiT. rom. 3,

24-25 ; 1 pet. 1, 18-20; gamocx. 13,8. xsna adamianisa. Lluk. 2,

30-32; efes. 1, 9-13 ; I Tes. 5,9 ; 2tim. 1,9. qristes vnebani.

luk. 24, 44-46 ; saqme. 2,23; 4,28; 13,27-29; arCeva

gadasarCenad. rom. 8,28-29; 9,11 ; efes. 1,11, 2 tim. 1, 9. morwmuneni mowodebul da xsnili arian RmrTis gzaTa

mier. rom. 8, 28-30 ; efes. 1,9-11 ; 2 tim. 1, 9; xelmZRvaneli

arian RmrTis gzaTa mier. fs. 15,7; 72,24; emsaxurebian gzaTa (ganzraxvaTa) RmrTisaTa. saqme. 13,36. unda

swavlobdnen RmrTis gzas. 2 sj.. 29,29; ier. 49,20;

50,45.Uusjuloni ver cnoben gzaTa (ganzraxvaTa)

RmrTisaTa. miq. 4,12; ejavrebaT gzani (ganzraxvani)

RmrTisani. fs. 106,11; igav. 1,30; es. 5, 19; uaryofen gzaTa

(ganzraxvaTa) RmrTisaTa. fs. 106,11; igav. 1,25; “maT

zraxvaÁ RmrTisaÁ Seuracxyves Tavsa TÂssa“ luk. 7,30

[sarjvelaZe, 2009, 85].

ivane imnaiSvilis “qarTuli oTxTavis simfonia-

leqsikonSi“ [imnaiSvili 1948, 104] daZebnil

SemTxvevaTagan umetesad metaforasTan gvaqvs saqme6:


139

nargiza goguaZis, mzeqala SaniZis da zurab

sarjvelaZis mier gamocemul “Zveli qarTuli

agiografiuli Zeglebis simfonia-leqsikonSi“ [goguaZis,

SaniZe, sarjvelaZe 2005, 176-8] warmodgenili masala amyarebs qarTuli sakvlevi terminis polisemanturobis

Tvalsazriss. aq warmodგenil masalaSi gzis metafora

da gza, rogorc mimosvlis zoli, TiTqmis Tanabari

raodenobiT gvxvdeba.

yuradღebas ipyrobs gzeba, gzneba derivantebi,

romlebic iv. imnaiSvilis mier ganmartebulia, rogorc

anTeba. Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, maTi pirveladi

mniSvneloba Tanamegzeobas, adevnebas ukavSirdeba

(urigo, albaT, rusTavelis gaxsenebac ar iqneboda _

“mijnurobiTa damwvarvar, cecxli uSreti mgzebia...“

aqedan naTlad sCans, rom siyvarulis cecxli

avTandilis megzuri, Tanamdevi gamxdara): kualsa missa

egzebin cecxli I 133,15. viTarca ali egzeboda I 155,10.

ali igi ... cecxlebr egzo III 111,27. mivida adgils,

romelsa egzna cecxli IV 401,21. Sdr. iv.

imnaiSviliseuli magaliTebi: dges mun msaxurni igi da

monani da egzna, rameTu yinel iyo i. 18, 18 C. [imnaiSvili 1948, 106] aRgzeba, aRgzneba [nTeba] aRagznes

cecxli Soris ezosa, l. 22, 55; nakuer cxali aRegzna...

da tfebodes, i. 18, 18. e: cecxlisa moved mifenad

6 ganmzadeT gzaÁ uflisaÁ, m. 3,3 C; mr. 1, 3. C ; l. 3,4 C; gzaÁ zRÂsaÁ wiaR iordanesa, m. 4,15. farTo ars gzaÁ; vrcel ars

gzaÁ, m. 7, 13 C ; iwro ars bWÀ da saWirvel gzaÁ, m. 7,14 ;

ganmzados gzaÁ Seni winaSe pirsa Sensa, m. 11, 10 C ; mr. 1,2 C ; viTar mivles dRisa erTis gzaÁ., l. 2,44 C ; wrfel yavT gzaÁ uflisaÁ, i. 1, 23. C ; me var gzaÁ, i. 14,6 ; viTr-me gzaÁ igi uwyodiT, i. 14,5 C; gzaÁca igi iciT, i. 14, 4 ; raJams warvaln

kaci gzas, m. 25.14 ; war Tu utevne igini uzmis saxid TÂsa, Sehgusnes maT gzaÁ, m. 8,3 C;

mariam goduaZe

140

queyanasa zeda da raÁ mnebavs, raTa awve aRegznas, l.

12,49 CD; aRegznes iqve, E; SesTxinen igini saÃumilsa mas

cecxlisasa aRgzebulisasa, m. 13, 42 C [imnaiSvili 1948,

45]. mgzebel [danTebuli cecxli] (petre) ikusvoda

mgzebelsa mas, mr. 14, 54 [imnaiSvili 1948, 316]. 4. gzis-cema 0-2 igi gza-gcems I 219,37 B. gza-sces mdinare III

134,9. wyalman gza-sca I 220,7. Ãmelad gza-sces.

«qarTlis cxovrebis simfonia leqsikonis» ortomeulis

Tanaxmad (I. leonti mrovelis «cxovreba qarTvelTa

mefeTa» da «arCilis wameba; II. juanSeris «cxovreba

vaxtang gorgaslisa») mixedviT [ZiZiguri 1986] ikveTeba,

rom saistorio ZeglebSi gzis pirveladi mniSvneloba

dominirebs, gansxvavebiT religiuri teqstebisagan,

sadac umTavresad sakvlevi cnebis sityvis metafora

ikiTxeba (Tuki aRmosavlur religiebsac gavixsenebT,

CinurSi dao sityvasityviT gzas, biliks aRniSnavs)7.

vnaxoT, rogor aris gamosaxuli gzis gancdis

sinamdvile xalxis Semoqmedebis qmnilebebSi. miCneulia,

rom metaforebis mniSvnelovan fermentebs adamianTa

fsiqikis Sesaxeb codna da sibrZne Seadgens

[frangiSvili 1987, 35]. qarTuli enis fsiqologiuri

leqsikonic enobrivi gonis mier adamianis fsiqikuri

moqmedebebis realur faqtebze agebul, sitemaSi

moyvanilsa da Camoyalibebuli fsiqikuri moqmedebebis

suraTs gamoxatavs. am fonze interessmoklebuli ar

unda iyos, erTi mxriv, qarTuli enis dialeqtur

korpusSi daZebnili masala8 da, meore mxriv, qarTuli

7 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=16&t=817

8 gzaalagi (qarTuli/qarTluri) gzis piri [nozaZe, 1981]

(arCilas karq adgilas udgia saxli, zed gzaalagzeda;

gzaalagze cxovrofs, rogorc Cvena vcxovrofT gzis pirze)8; gzabrundi (qarTuli/qarTluri) ityvian saaqaoze (Cvenca,

cocxlebi, gzabrunds mivdivarT, isi gzamarTals aris)8.

gzaTuxvedri (qarTuli/qarTluri) rasac gza ar udgeba,

miuvali, miudgomeli (gzaTuxvedri is ari, ro arc aqeTa


141

andazebi: brma Robes miadga, Sens iqiT gza ara maqvso;

gza ram moRala da berikacmao; gza siarulma dalia,

sipi qva _ wyalTa denama, lamazi gogo da biWi

erTmaneTisa cqerama; deda naxe, mama naxe, Svili ise

gamonaxe, Tu gazrdiT ar Seicvala, win aqvs mSobel

gza da maxe [metreveli 1926, 25-33]; mdidris uremi mTas

gadaivlis da Raribisa _ swore gzasac SeSliso [iqve,

1926, 65]; cdomas aTasi gza aqvs, WeSmaritebas ki _ erTi

[iqve, 1926, 103]; gza gausinje saqmesa, Tu ginda, rom ar

waxdesa; gza nagzurze, wyali _ narwyulzeo

[jorjaneli 2003, 53]; gza yivis warmavalisa,

damwolelisa _ logini; gzaSi Semoyril kacs

gamarjoba uTxari da gascildi; gzaSi Seyrils mters

guliT nu eSurebi [sonRulaSvili 1991, 16]; uZmo qalsa

ise ar sdevs pativi, rogorc saqaravno gzasao [iqve,

1991, 66]; wyevlam Tqva: swore gzaze damayene, Torem

ukanve dagibrundebio; xSirad samgzavros mavali _

gvelsa an gvelis Zvalsao; gza-kvals, Tavgzas aubnevs

[iqve, 1991, 83-5]).

gzis araerTgvarovani aRqmiTa da emociuri gancdiT

mdidaria galaktionis enac. aq koncepts, rogorc

metforas, miemarTeba: vnebis, statikurobis, tanjvis,

SiSis, xifaTis, zizRis, simSvidis, sindisis, sixalisis,

silaRis, sifaqizis, Sexebis... SegrZnebebi da emociebi:

”gza ekliani cremliT gavkvalo”; ”gza aris cxeli”;

”silamaze iyo gza pirdapiri”; ‘’ara daთmobis gza

sazizRari”; ”gza Tqveniv dedis... sisxlis Crdilia”;

gzai, arc iqiTa; gzaTuxvedr alagze aravis unda saxli

aSenebai (browl.). gzakafi gakafuli gza, saurme, samanqano

(ro gakafam tyesa gzaTa, gzakafi is aris. gzakafze uremma

unda gaiaros, biliki sacalfexoa; biliki sxva ari, manqanac

gaivlis, sxva rameca (CumaT.)). gzamarTl [cocaniZe, 2002]

swori gziT, gzidan gadauxvevlad (Tarasi mogviWri, sul

gzamarTl viareT/arsad mogviWria, sul swori gziT viareT);

gza ugzoda ugzod, mokleebze moWriT (gza-ugzod

gavavlevieb, vaJis buneba xelia)

mariam goduaZe

142

‘’gza TovliTaa gadaზvinuli”; miatove gakvaluli gza

da nacadi”; “gza axal-axal gadamTovrebis gaixsnis

Rilebs”; “laRi gza“; “isev mogonebad eSveba kivilis

gza”; “Cveni mze rion-hesia, Cveni gza _ rkina-betoni“;

“sisxliani gza CaiSala”; “sixaruliT aRivseba gza _

simRerad mrxevi”; “Zirs dampyrobelTa gza sazizRari”;

“aris gza, aris neli TamaSi”; “gza sul ar aris”; “gza

rom imRerebs”; “gza mewamuli”; “gza Cveni ieriSis

nawilebze gadvida”; “man ganirida gza saxifaTo”; “gza

mimoecraT”; “cis aTviseba gza iyo mxatvris

ramdenimesi”; “dabla yvav-yoranT gza Wrili, dReebi

savse tanjvebiT;” “visic gza mSvidze mSvidia”; “aRar

arsebobs gza brundi”; gza qveyniuri gzneba sixalisea”...

[danelia 1990, 798-812].

galaktionis poeziaSi gza sivrcisa da drois

gamaerTianebeli saSualebaa. cnobilia, rom Zvelad gza-

savali droiT izomeboda [Turqia 2012]. amaze

metyvelebs gamoTqmebi: erTisa dRisa gzaÁ; ori kviris savalze iyo... droisa da gzis kavSiri Cven mier

mopovebul araqarTulenovan masalaSic gamoCnda. mag.:

rusuli Путина, Весенняя Путина da berZnuli περι�δους �ν�δον da περι�δους καθ�δον. gansivrcebuli dro Tu

droSi sasruli (anac usasrulo) gza-sivrce ikiTxeba

galaktionis Semdeg striqonebSi: “xangadasuli gza

aRar ganmeordeba”; “es weli CemTvis aris kandeli,

ufro elvari, vidre gza SarSandeli“; “misi gza

saukunea”; “gza mSvidobisa, warsulo”; “sad gza misken

miiCqaris”; “bevri waSlila gza naurmali”; “ra gza

Cqari, mrisxane da boboqari”; “ra gza gahqra, ra

mdidari!;” “efineba rogorc gza da droeba“... aqve

SeiZleba gavixsenoT marina cvetaevas ‘’marSრuti’’: Длинный, длинный, длинный, длинный Путь — три года на ногах; sxvaTa Soris, sivrcis aRqma axlavs ამ drois

zmnisarTul frazebs: xuTi wlis win (qarT.); Πριν από πέντε χρόνια (berZn.); Five years ago (ingl.); пять лет назад (rus.). rogorc vxedavT, qarTul da berZnulenovani

SemTxvevebi erTmaneTs mihyveba (CvenTvis warsuli mudam

win aris), inglisur da rusulenovani ki _ ara. erT-

erTma kviproselma poetma, pampos (karalambos)


143

kozalisma es dro-sivrculi qronotopi sulac

kiრCxibis metaforiT warmogvidgina. kirCxibi win

moZraobs, Tumca TvalebiT warsulis gzas gascqeris.9

yovelive zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT, SeiZleba

davaსkvnaT:

1. gza zogadkulturuli mniSvnelobis da Rirebulebis

enobrivi cnebaa; 2. qarTul saistorio ZeglebSi

dominirebs gzis pirveladi mniSvneloba, gansxvavebiT

religiur-filosofiuri teqstebisagan, sadac, ZiriTadad, sakvlevi terminis metafora ikiTxeba,

CinurSi ki sulac gzas niSnavs dao.

3. qarTulSic, iseve, rogorc sxva indoevropul enebSi, aSkaraa gzis drosTan kavSiri (qarT. dRisa erTis gzaÁ; erTi kviris savalze... rus. Путина/Весенняя Путина; Путевка в жизнь; «Длинный, длинный, длинный, длинный Путь — три года на ногах» Цветаева) da berZn.: περι�δους �ν�δον; περι�δους καθ�δον…);

4. qarTuli da indoevropuli enebis magaliTze

konceptis araerTgvarovnad aRqmis fsiqologiur

safuZvlad SeiZleba CaiTvalos aRqma sinonimTa

cneburi diqotomiis pirveli donisaTvis (δρόμος; route; road; дорога... Sdr. qarT.: gadaiares gza algeTisa...),

xolo SegrZneba/azrovneba _ meorიsaTvis όδος; voie; via; way; Sdr. qarT.: “gza ar wava Tavsa wina” SoTa; “axla

civia gza Sinagani” galaktioni an rus.: в нем пути не

9 Ελάτε κάβουρες, κεντήστε με να θυμηθώ. Επέτειοι των αιτίων σε λίγο θα χτυπήσουν το παράθυρο, για λίγο θα τρυπήσουν το στήθος, βιαστικά περνώντας, να μνημονέψουν ονόματα, να καθαρίσει ο πόνος, να μπορεί να μεταλάβει. Ελάτε κάβουρες, θυμίστε με να κεντήσω τον αντίχειρα. Κάθε που παίρνει αντίδωρο, να γεμίζει με άμμο το παγκάρι της λήθης, να 'χει πού να καρφώσει τα φλογισμένα ονόματα. leqsi eZRvneba kviprosis

okupaciis mogonebas.

mariam goduaZe

144

будет).10 amave movlenas unda ukavSirdebodes gzisagan

warmomdgari gzeba sityvis [Tanaslvis, Tanasrbolis]

moZraobis semantikuri budidan grZnobis semantikur

budeSi gadanacvleba. axal qarTul enaSi gzneba did

grZnobad, aRtacebad, vnebad ganimarteba [qgl 2010, 1547].

5. mis araqarTul ekvivalentebs aqvs midrekileba

absoluturi sinonimizaciisaken (сбиться с дороги // сбиться с пути rusulSi da σε ποιο δρόµος ο µένεις // κ�θομαι στιν οδος� Σταδ�ου; �δ�σ κυρ�ον � // ο δρόµος του θεο� berZnulSi), rac sabolood, polisemiisken ikvalavs

gzas.

6. qarTul enaSi gzis polisemiis safuZvlad SeiZleba

miviCnioT enobrivi ekonomiis principi.

kulturuli da anTropolingvisturi kvlevis kveTaze

enobrivi universaliebisa da gansxvavebebis gamovlenis

TvalsazrisiT gzis konceptis kvleva SemdgomSic

araerT saintereso Sedegs mogvcems.

literatura

10 Dix. d. uznaZe, zogadi fsiqologia, t. III-IV, Tb, 1978, gv. 112,

sadac vigebT, rom pirveli uZiriTadesi Tviseba aRqmisa isaa,

rom masSi Cem gareT arsebuli sagnis gancda meZleva.

amitomaa, rom am fsiqikur gancdas yvela enaze aRqma (garedan

miReba) ewodeba. grZnobadi aRqmis sagani uTuod sivrceSia

sadme moTavsebuli da vrceuli Tvisebebis mTel rigs

atarebs. mas garkveuli adgili uWiravs sivrceSi, igi uTuod

ganfenilia, e.i. uTuod garkveuli sidide an garkveuli

forma aqvs. klasikuri fsiqologiis warmomadgenelni ki

aRqmis samyaros amgeb namdvil masalad SegrZnebas

YmiiCnevdnen...


145

afridoniZe 1988: S. afridoniZe, absoluturi

sinonimebisaTvis qarTulSi: kr. qarTuli sityvis

kulturis sakiTxebi, VIII, Tb., mecniereba.

afridoniZe 2009: S. afridoniZe, samSoblo da mamuli

(sinonimebis lingvisturi analizi), kadmosi, #1. Tb.

baxtini 1965: Бахтин М., Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура Средневековья и Ренессанса, М.

derida 1993: Жак Деррида в москве. Деконструкция и путешествия. ИК «Культура», М.

Turqia 2012: TinaTin Turqia, adgilkuTvnilebis

aRmniSvneli leqsikis socialuri mgrZnobiarobis

sakiTxi qarTulSi, spekali (Tsu bilingvuri

referirebadi Jurnali), VI, Tb.

laionsi, 1968: John Lyons, Introduction to Theoretical Linguistics. Cambridge University Press.

metreveli 1926: qarTuli andazebi winaTqmiT, lev

metreveli, tf.

sonRulaSvili 1991: qarTuli andazebi da gamocanebi,

juanSer sonRulaSvili, gamomc. „mecniereba“, Tb.

toporovi 1983: Топоров В.Н. Пространство и текст // Текст: семантика и структура, М.

uznaZe 1978: d. uznaZe, zogadi fsiqologia, t. III-IV, Tb.

frangiSvili 1987: a. frangiSvili, fsiqologiuri

narkvevebi, gamomc. „mecniereba“, Tb.

foCxua 1974: b. foCxua, qarTuli enis leqsikologia,

Tsu gam-ba, Tb. jorjaneli 2003: rCeuli qarTuli

andazebi. karlo jorjaneli, gamomcemloba „merani“, Tb.

mariam goduaZe

146

leqsikografiuli wyaroebi:

aSუკinebi 1955: Н. С. Ашукин, М. Г. Ашукина. Крылатые слова (Литературные слова, образные выражения), М.

brl 1969: Греческо-русский словарь, том II, Москва.

giorgobiani 2004: TinaTin giorgobiani, qsenofontis

leqsikoni, „logosi“, Tb.

giorgobiani 2010: TinaTin giorgobianis ZvelberZnul-

qarTul leqsikoni, „logosi“, Tb.

goguaZe, SaniZe, sarjvelaZe 2005: Zveli qarTuli

agiografiuli Zeglebis simfonia-leqsikoni, t. I,

gamomcemloba artanuji, nargiza goguaZis, mzeqala

SaniZis da zurab sarjvelaZis redaqciiT, Tb. (naSromi

moicavs 1963-1971 wlebSi gamocemuli Zveli qarTuli

agiografiuli literaturis oTxtomeulis masalas).

Teieri da smiti 1999: Thayer and Smith. "Greek Lexicon entry for Hodos". "The NAS New Testament Greek Lexicon".

imnaiSvili 1948: i. imnaiSvili, qarTuli oTxTavis

simfonia leqsikoni, a. SaniZis redaqciiT, nakveTi I,

saqarTvelos ssr mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba,

Tb.

krauze 1880: Вл. Краузе, Гомеровский словарь, С.-Петербург.

meliqiSvili 2010: ZvelqarTul-ZvelberZnuli

filosofiur-Teologiuri terminologiis

dokumentirebuli leqsikoni, damana meliqiSvilis

saerTo redaqciiT, bakur sulakauris gamomcemloba, t.

I-II, Tb.


147

mesxiSvili, nozaZe, berozaSvili 1981: qarTuli

dialeqtis leqsikoni, meri mesxiSvili, lamara nozaZe,

Tamar berozaSvili. Tb.

neimani 1978: al. neimani qarTuli sinonimTa leqsikoni,

gamomcemloba “ganaTleba”, Tb.

reifildi 2006: A Comprehensive Georgian-English Dictionary (didi inglisur-qarTuli leqsikoni). Editor-in-Chief D. Rayfield, 1-2 vol., London, Garnett Press

rql 1959: rusul-qarTuli leqsikoni, t. III, saq. ssr

mecnierebaTa akademiis gamomcemloba, Tb.

sanikiZeebi da tabiZe 1990: T. sanikiZe, c. sanikiZe, n.

tabiZe, galaktion tabiZis enis leqsikoni, wigni I, k.

danelias redaqciiT, universitetis gamomcemloba, Tb.

sarjvelaZe 2009: bibliis leqsikoni, t. I.-II zurab

sarjvelaZis saerTo redaqciiT, gamomcemloba

„mTawminda“, Tb.

teni 1967: ZONDERVAN Pictorial Bible Dictionary, General Editor Merril C Tenney. Zondervan.

fasmeri 1986: Макс Фасмер Этимологический словарь русского языка / Russisches etymologisches Worterbuch / перевод с немецкого и дополнения О. Н. Трубачева. М.: Прогресс, Т. 1- 4.

qegl 2010: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, t. II

(axali gamocema) a. arabulis saerTo redaqciiT, Tb.

yauxCiSvili 2003: berZnul-qarTuli dokumentirebuli

leqsikoni, tomi II-VI, simon yauxCiSvilis saerTo

redaqciiT; Tbilisi.

Samanidi 2009: axalberZnul-qarTuli leqsikoni, sofio

Samanidis redaqciiT, Tbilisi.

CeSko 1984: Словарь синонимов русского языка. Под редакцией Л. А. Чешко. Издательство «Советская Энциклопедия, Москва, 1847; Лексическая основа русского языка. Под редакцией В. В. Морковкина. Издательство «Москва».

mariam goduaZe

148

cocaniZe 2002: g. cocaniZe, TuSuri leqsikoni, „qarTuli

ena“, Tb.

ZiZiguri 1986: qarTlis cxovrebis simfonia-leqsikoni,

(leonti mrovelis cxovreba qarTvelTa mefeTa,

arCilis wameba) Semdgenlebi: manana kvaWaZe, nini

natraZe, zurab sarjvelaZe, maia Cxenkeli, Tamar

xaJomia. S. ZiZiguris saerTo redaqciiT, gamomcemloba

mecniereba, t. I, Tb.

ZiZiguri 1986: qarTlis cxovrebis simfonia-leqsikoni,

(juanSeri, cxovreba vaxtang gorgaslisa) Semdgenlebi:

aleqsandre sarjvelaZe, zurab sarjvelaze, Tamar

xaJomia. S. ZiZiguris saerTo redaqciiT, gamomcemloba

mecniereba, t. II, Tb.

gamoyenebuli internet-resursebi

http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gwdict/index.php?a=term&d=16&t=817http://www.mygeorgia.ge/gdc/Dictionaries/List.aspx?id=19

rusudan zeqalaSvili

“gzis” Semcveli

Sesityvebebis semantika

`gza mizania. roca mizani Sorsaa, gzac

grZelia~.

(konfuci)

`cxovreba mogzaurobaa, romelic jobia,

rom martom gaiaro~

(J. adani)

adamiani aRiqvams samyaros da

enobriv garsSi axvevs sakuTar aRqma-

warmodgenebs, damokidebulebebs.

sxvadasxva enis warmomadgenelTa

msoflaRqma sakmaod gansxvavdeba

erTmaneTisagan, magram SeiniSneba

msgavsebebic. ana veJbicka semantikur

universaliebze msjelobisas aRniSnavs,

rom sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da

leqsikas Soris arsebobs mWidro

kavSiri: ,,Zalian mniSvnelovania, rom is,

rac materialur kulturas, sazogadoebriv ritualebsa da wesebs

exeba, ukavSirdeba xalxis Rirebulebebs,

idealebsa da ganwyobebsac da aseve

imasac, Tu rogor fiqrobs is samyaroze

rusudan zeqalaSvili

150

da Tavis cxovrebaze am samyaroSi~ (veJbicka 1999:264).

bevri semantema iTvleba universalurad. maT Soris unda

davasaxeloT erT-erTi _ `gza~, romelsac gansakuTrebuli

adgili ukavia sxvadasxva enaSi. qarTulSi uamravi idiomaturi

gamoTqmaa dakavSirebuli gzasTan, radgan gza aris qveynebis,

adamianebis, amqveyniuri samyarosa da RmerTis damakavSirebeli.

adamiani mudam sadRac midis, raRac gzas irCevs: dedamiwaze,

zesknelsa Tu qvesknelSi, realur Tu miTologiur samyaroSi,

xanac gzis gasayarTan arCevanis gasakeTeblad yoymaniT Cerdeba.

marTalia, konkretul gzas aqvs sawyisi da sasruli, magram,

zogadad, gza usasrulo da ukideganoa, radgan adamiani arasodes

ar dgas. samyaroc maradiulad moZraobs, viTardeba. gzis am

Tvisebis TvalnaTeli dadasturebaa qarTulSi gzis gamocana:

`vkece, vkece, ver davkece~.

zogadad Tu vimsjelebT, samyaros enobriv xatSi adamiani

SeiZleba aRviqvaT gzaze mdgar pirovnebad, mgzavrad, romlis

svlac dabadebidan iwyeba, aTasgvari gzis gavla uwevs

cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, mravali arCevanis winaSe dgeba: romel

gzas daadges, rogor gaiaros, rom mivides amqveyniuri gzis

bolos. sworadaa SeniSnuli, rom `gzis modelis gaazreba

sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvarad xdeboda. Zveli aRTqmis

adamianisTvis droSi ganfenili gzis saTaveSi winaprebi arian,

xolo maT misdeven STamomavlebi, anu Semdegi Taobebi, romlebic

winamorbedTa cxovrebis wesiTa da kanonebis dacviT cxovroben,

maTTvis Rirebuli warsulia, romelic arqetipebSia dapresili~

(yuraSvili 2007).

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebul `gzasTan~ uamravi

msazRvreli gvxvdeba, romelTa umetesobis gaazreba

SesaZlebelia metaforuladac. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi

leqsikonis axal gamocemaSi gzasTan dasaxelebulia Svidi

mniSvneloba: 1. miwis zedapirze gayvanili (gasworebuli,

gatkepnili...) zoli, gankuTvnili mimosvlisaTvis; 2. adgili,

“gzis” Semcveli Sesityvebebis semantika

151

xazi sivrceSi, sadac xdeba mimosvla, gadaadgileba, – trasa; 3.

gadat. mimarTuleba, gezi, marSruti; 4. mgzavroba, mogzauroba;

5. gadat. gamosavali (raime mdgomareobidan); saSualeba,

SesaZlebloba, xerxi; 6. gadat. vinmes moRvaweobis mimarTuleba;

raimes ganviTarebis gezi; 7. Zv. spec. zmnis kategoria, romelic

gamoxatavs, uSualod subieqtis mier sruldeba moqmedeba Tu

SualobiT (sxvis meSveobiT), – kontaqti (qegl 2010). `gza~,

rogorc semantema, ufro srulyofilad warmoCndeba masTan

gamoyenebul Tavisufal Tu myar SesityvebebSi1.

zmnur SesityvebaTa didi nawili frazeologizmebia:

1. gzis gavlasTan (gadataniT karierul svlasTan)

dakavSirebuli Sesityvebebi: gzas gaudgeba (daadgeba,

eweva, adgas, baraqas daayris, gaagnebs,◊auqcevs, auxvevs,

gautevs, gauyenebs), Sua gzaze gaCerdeba, .gza (gza-

kvali) aebneva (aereva)...

2. vinmesTvis dabrkolebis Seqmnis gamomxatveli: gzas

gadauRobavs (gadauWris, mouWris, Seukravs), gzidan

Camoicilebs (Camoiclis)...

3. dabrkolebis gadalaxvasTan dakavSirebuli: gza

gaexsneba, gzas gaignebs (gaikvalavs, gaikvlevs,

gaikafavs, gaiwaldavs)...

4. sxvisTvis daxmarebis gamomxatveli: gzas gaukafavs

(gauxsnis, aZlevs, miscems, dauTmobs, dauclis,

warumarTavs, gaunaTebs)...

5. zneobriv-moraluri Rirebulebebis arCevanTan

dakavSirebuli: gzas ascdeba (aacdens, gadaacdens),

swor (mrude...) gzaze dadgeba (daayenebs), gzas (gza-

kvals) ipovis (dakargavs)...

saxelads SesityvebebSi gza daxasiaTebulia

msazRvrelebiT ramdenime parametris mixedviT da gamoiyeneba

rogorc pirdapiri, ise gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT. aq gamovyofT

1 Sesabamisi Sesityvebebis mosaZebnad, garda leqsikonebisa,

gamoviyeneT qarTuli korpusi (ix. korp.).

rusudan zeqalaSvili

152

sam ZiriTad jgufs: I. gzis ragvaroba; II. gzis kuTvnilebis an

mimarTebis Cveneba; III. mimarTulebis (miznis, sulieri gzis)

gamoxatva:

I. ragvarobis mixedviT:

a) fizikuri maxasiaTeblebi:

1. manZili: mokle (Sori, grZeli, uaxloesi, umoklesi)

gza;

2. sigane da forma: viwro (farTo, daklaknili, lariviT

swori, mrude, gamrudebuli, xveuli, mixveul-moxveuli,

uswormasworo, oRroCoRro, okrobokro, sacalfexo) gza;

3. feri: Savi (TeTri, naTeli, ganaTebuli, bneli,

dabnelebuli, cisferi, vardisferi, mewamuli) gza;

4. raodenoba: erTi (ori, aTi, bevri) gza... (mag.: `aTi gza

maqvs, aTive Sensken modis!~ gr. orbeliani, `muxambazi~);

5. garemo da dabrkolebebi: qviani (RorRiani, mTagoriani,

ormoebiani, usafrTxo, urisko, uxifaTo, saSiSi, saxifaTo,

cicabo, abalaxebuli, ekliani, nar-ekliani, Tovliani, wvimiani,

molipuli, moyinuli) gza;

6. sisufTave da mdgomareoba: sufTa (WuWyiani, mtvriani,

talaxiani, atalaxebuli, alufxuli, lafiani, mokirwyluli)

gza;

7. gadaadgilebis saSualebebis mixedviT: saxmeleTo

(samanqano, sarkinigzo, samdinaro, sazRvao, sabagiro, sanaxire,


153

saqaravne, saokeano, sahaero, wyalqveSa, sacxenosno, saurme,

sacalfexo, sarbeni...) gza2.

8. siZnele: Zneli (mZime, martivi, ioli, rTuli) gza;

9. manZilis gavlis siCqaris mixedviT: xanmokle

(xangrZlivi, gaWianurebuli) gza;

10. arCevani adamianis zneobrivi Tvisebebis mixedviT:

marTali (WeSmariti, wminda, araswori, mcdari) gza;

11. gzis zemoqmedeba mgzavrze: damRleli (momqancveli,

momabezrebeli) gza;

12. gzaze Tavad adamianis zegavlenis maCvenebeli:

gakvaluli (gaukvalavi, gauvali, gaTelili,

gauTeleli, datkepnili, dautkepneli) gza;

II. gzis kuTvnilebis an mimarTebis maCvenebeli:

1. kuTvnileba adgildebareobis mixedviT: qalaqis, soflis,

mTis, baris...;

2. gzis mimarTebis maCvenebeli:

a) (cxovrebiseuli) gza, rogorc vinmesTvis mibaZvis

saSualeba: RvTis (uflis, sauflo, RvTisSvilis, macxovris,

qristes, abelis, eSmakis, satanis, barabas, akakis, amiranis,

gabrielis, danielis, iakobis, platonis, mama-papis, mamaTa,

winaprebis, winamorbedTa, marTalTa, urwmunoTa, alqimikosTa,

raindTa, uRmrToTa, filistimelTa) gza;

b) qristianuli (golgoTis, eklesiis, saxarebiseuli,

samoTxis, samSvinvelis, kaTarzisis, jojoxeTis) gza;

2 am tipis Sesityvebebi mxolod pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT

gamoiyeneba.

rusudan zeqalaSvili

154

3. gza, rogorc drois monakveTi anu moralur-eTikuri

arCevani cxovrebis ama Tu im etapze: cxovrebis (sicocxlis,

sikeTis, siyvarulis, zneobis, humanurobis, amaRlebis,

simarTlis, wuTisoflis, xsnis, imedis, aRmavlobis, ayvavebis,

warmatebis, morCilebis, sicruis, siZulvilis, borotebis,

sikvdilis, daRupvis, dacemis, tkivilis, wamebis, tanjvis,

sevdis, Ziebis, misticizmis) gza;

III. mimarTulebis (miznis, sulieri gzis) maCvenebeli: gza

Sinisken (taZrisken, uflisken, xelovnebisken, didebisken,

sulisken, jandabamde, mousavleTisken, sxva adamianisken; Sdr.

laSa TabukaSvilis piesa `Senken savali gzebi~);

rogorc vxedavT, pirveli jgufi yvelaze mravalferovania

da moicavs bevr parametrs. Sesityvebebi gamoyenebulia qarTul

andazebSi: Sori gza (`Sori gza moiare da Sin mSvidobiT

midio~), grZeli (`grZel gzasac bolo eqnebao~), mokle (`koWli

kacis gza mokleao~), Zveli (`nu dakargav Zvelsa gzasa, nurca

Zvelsa megobarsa~) da sxv.

gzis feri pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT naklebadaa aqtualuri,

magram ukve sainteresoa, roca simbolur gagebas iZens.

magaliTad, Savi, TeTri, vardisferi, cisferi, laJvardovani gza.

siTeTre zamTarTan da TovlTan asocirdeba (`ca _ TeTri ca,

gza, gza, gza _ TeTri gza~, n. diasamiZe), magram vardisferi gza

g. tabiZesTan xazs usvams netarebasa da simsubuqes:

„sikvdilis gza ar-ra aris vardisfer gzis garda;

rom am gzaze zRaparia mgosanT siTamame~ (g. tabiZe,

`mTawmindis mTvare~).

adamianis cxovrebis warmavlobasa da moCvenebiTobas usvams

xazs laJvardovani gza: „Cemi cxovrebis gza sizmaria da

Soreuli cis silaJvarde“ (g. tabiZe, `silaJvarde anu vardi

silaSi~).


155

gzis feradovneba cxovrebis mravalferovnebas, sasiamovno

emociebs ganasaxierebs:

ùbralod minda gimRero

ubralo simRera,

notebiT minda gagarTo,

gagiferado gza~ (n. diasamiZe, ùbralod~).

gza xSirad gaigivebulia drois monakveTTan (cxovrebis

gza, warmatebis gza...) da masTan ganuyofel erTobas qmnis.

rogorc cnobilia, dro da sivrce mWidrodaa erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli da droSi mimdinare cxovreba adamianma SeiZleba

warmoidginos, rogorc sivrcis monakveTi, Tavisi sawyisiT

(dabadeba) da dasasruliT (sikvdili). marTebuladaa SeniSnuli,

rom `qarTul cnobierebaSi amqveyniuri, miwieri cxovreba droisa

da sivrcis koordinatTa gadakveTaa _ drois gza sivrceze

gadis. amitom dro sivrces zomavs da TviTon sivrciTve

izomeba~ (omiaZe, 2009:101).

m. baxtini rusuli enis magaliTze wers: àq dro TiTqos

erwymis sivrces da miedineba masSi (Tan warmoqmnis gzebs).

swored amitom xdeba gzis ase mdidruli metaforizacia:

`cxovrebis gza~, àxal gzaze dadgoma~, ìstoriuli gza~ da

misT. gzis metaforizacia mravalferovani da mravalplaniania,

magram misi mTavari sayrdenia drois mimdinareoba~ (baxtini 1975:392). unda iTqvas, rom es sityvebi esadageba Cvens enobriv

sinamdvilesac.

qarTul poetur metyvelebaSi gza xSirad gaigivebulia

cxovrebis sirTuleebTan, bediswerasTan, romelic saxifaTo

moulodnelobebiTaa aRsavse.

n. aruTinova erTmaneTisagan mijnavs adamianis

cxovrebiseul gzasa da bedisweras: `cxovrebis, rogorc

bedisweris, gagebas, romlis gzebi idumali da Seucnobelia,

upirispirdeba cxovrebis, rogorc gzis, koncepti, romelsac

mivyavarT daniSnulebis punqtamde. bedis msgavsad, gza

rusudan zeqalaSvili

156

cxovrebas warmoaCens erT mTlian warmonaqmnad, romelic

etapebadaa dayofili, magram, bedisagan gansxvavebiT, adamiani

Tavisi cxovrebis gzas iwyebs ara dabadebis momentSi, aramed

gzis pirveli gasayaridan da pirveli arCevanis gakeTebiT.

bediswera adamians xsnis pasuxismgeblobas ganvlili cxovrebis

gamo, gza ki piriqiT, akisrebs mas am pasuxismgeblobas. xSirad

amboben bedis samduravs, abraleben mas sakuTar warumateblobasa

da uiRblobas, magram cxovrebiseul gzas, rogorc wesi, aravin

ar uCivis~ (aruTinova 1994:141). am mosazrebas exmianeba

erTgvarad vaJaseuli striqonebi:

`gamSordi, suliT sidablev,

gzao, maSineb veRara, _

im Tavad, Cemo savalo,

Senze ekali eyara~ (vaJa-fSavela `gulo, ar gastyde~).

cxovrebiseuli gza xSirad nar-ekliania, tanjviTa da

codvebiT aRsavse, iSviaTad ki _ fiandaziTa da ia-vardiT

mofenili. am gzaze yvela Tavis jvars atarebs da adis sakuTar

golgoTaze, radgan esaa adamianis vali:

`nar-ekliT savse gzao cxovrebis,

aRarc ki maxsovs SegigrZen rodis

da arasodes meucxoveba,

cremli da ofli, sisxli da SfoTi.

cxovrebis gzao, codvebiT savse~ (o. gelaSvili,

`cxovrebis gzao~).

gzis erT-erTi mniSvneloba gulisxmobs adamianis arCevans,

romelsac cxovrebis xarisxis mixedviT afaseben: adamiani

daadgeba an uflis gzas _ zeciurs, wmindas, marTals,

ucodvels, an eSmakisas _ codvis, uwmindurebis, sicruis,

Ralatis, Suris gzas, romelTac d. guramiSvili uwodebda `or

wrfel gzas~. RmerTi arCevanis uflebas utovebs Tavad adamians,

romelic erT-erTs daadgeba da amis mixedviT misi suli

sabolood gadarCeba an daiRupeba:


157

òrsav gzas wrfels win udebdi: xorciels da sulierso.

amis sanufqod Sen maTa sikvdilsa SegamTxvieso!~ (d.

guramiSvili, `daviTiani~: `moTqma xmiTa Tav-bolo erTi~)

siyvaruli saSualebaa cxovrebiseuli dabrkolebebis

gadasalaxavad. rusTaveli gvaswavlis, rom moyvasisadmi

damokidebulebas `gzad da xidad~ siyvaruli unda daedos:

`xams moyvare moyvrisaTvis Tavi Wirsa ar damridad,

gulis misces gulisaTvis, siyvaruli gzad da xidad~

(rusTaveli).

gza aRiqmeba, rogorc adamianis samoqmedo asparezi, svla

sulieri Rirebulebebis realizaciisa da pirovnuli

srulyofisaken. Sesityvebebi uvali da gaTelili gza qarTul

cnobierebaSi gamoxatavs adamianis Tavdadebas TanamoZmisTvis,

sxvis samsaxursa da keTildReobisTvis zrunvas:

`cudad xom mainc ar Caivlis es ganwirulis sulis

kveTeba,

da gza uvali, Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc darCeba~

(n. baraTaSvili, `merani~).

qarTveli poeti filosofiur gansjas saiqios gzis Sesaxeb

ukavSirebs ufals, rogorc absolutur WeSmaritebas da

upasuxebs kiTxvaze: ra aris maradiuli gza?

èrTi gza gvidevs sicocxliT,

saiqiosken savali,

yvela im gzaze mivdivarT,

maTxovaric da mTavaric,

suyvelas zurgze hkidia

Tavis Tavgadasavali,

maradiuli amqveynad

marto ufalis gza aris~ (g. Coxeli, ùflis gza~).

rusudan zeqalaSvili

158

cxovrebis uamravi gzis gavlis Semdeg adamians rCeba

ukanaskneli gza, romelsac ukve Tavisi fexiT veRar gaivlis da

sxvebi miacileben. xalxSi amboben, `gzamarTals gauyvao~, radgan

saiqiosken mimavali gza, marTali da wminda, RmerTs ukavSirdeba.

SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom adamiani aRiqmeba, rogorc

martosuli maradiuli mgzavri, romelic mudam sadRac midis:

`netav, vin aris es Savosani

pirquSi qali,

joxis amara

rom dasdgomia ukacur biliks,

kabis kalTiT rom auTrevia

misive ConCxis magvari ZeZvi

da midis, midis, arc icis, saiT~ (o. WilaZe, `daviwyebuli

motivi~).

qarTul poetur azrovnebaSi gzasTan dakavSirebuli

msazRvrelebi amravalferovnebs am semantemis eqspresiul Zalas

da cal-calke ganxilvas saWiroebs. magaliTad, gza SeiZleba

iyos Zlieri, Zvirfasi, mSvenieri, farTo, feradi, iribi,

saocnebo da uamravi sxva. gza Zlieria, magram cxovrebis

grigalebTan SebrZolebis dros erT-erTi qarTveli poeti marto

Serkinebas amjobinebs:

`daviRupebi. qari ityvis: ucnaurobda!

ar damifaro grigalebSi, gzao Zliero...~ (n. samadaSvili,

`alionamde~).

yvelas sakuTari gza aqvs, romelic misTvis Zvirfasi,

mSvenieri da ganumeorebelia. mSobliuri gza megobaricaa, magram

is sasrulia, zRvardadebulia, rac guls stkens adamians:

`eh, Zvirfaso gzebo, gzebo alviano,


159

minda Tqveni lurji sivrce gaviaro...

gzebo, gzebo, rad Rirs zogjer xetiali,

roca megobari qveynad meti ari.

roca siyvaruli qveynad meti ari,

mSveniero gzebo, rad Rirs xetiali!

me rom bilikebiT gavel farTo gzaze,

miTxres: _ es gza ase gagrZeldeba as wels.

da metkina guli, rom daudes zRvari

gzas, romelic Cemi gasavleli ari~ (f. xalvaSi, `o, Zvirfaso

gzebo~).

soflis gza mSobliuri kuTxis simboloa da Tu is

migvatovebs, CvenTvis mZime tragediad iqceva:

`rogor miyvardi, ra iqeni, saiT mihfardi,

rad migatove? xom vicodi, rogor miyvardi?!

zvrebo, baRebo, mobibine puris yanebo,

orRobeebo, soflis gzebo, saTayvanebo~ (s. narimaniZe, `kaxeTs~).

samSoblos gzebi usasrulo, saocnebo da xvavrieli, magram

amouwuravi da Seucnobelia:

`vkece, vkece, ver davkece

saqarTvelos

saocnebo gzebi,

grZeli, rogorc

Cveni mravalJamieri,

xvavrieli,

rogorc puris Znebi~ (m. kaxiZe, `Cemi miwis sadRegrZelo~).

adamianis cxovrebiseuli gza, Tavis mxriv, sxvadasxva

etapze patar-patara monakveTebad iyofa da Tavisi

ganumeorebloba, xibli axlavs. aseTia bavSvobis an studentobis

gzebi:

`uSenod veRar gavZeli,

Cemi balRobis gzav...~;

rusudan zeqalaSvili

160

da Semdeg:

`da elandeba damwveli

kvlav studentobis gza _

meliqiSvilis gamziri,

ia, vardi da bza~ (m. lebaniZe, „meliqiSvilis gamziri“).

sakuTari gza, Tundac is sacalfexo biliki iyos,

yvelasgan gamorCeuli, Zvirfasi da erTaderTia. adamiani misi

erTguli unda darCes, misTvis unda icocxlos, radgan es gza

aris misi rwmena, xati, mRelvareba da imedi:

`ar miZebnia gzebi feradi,

gza mixveuli, gzebi iribi,

baridan mTaSi, mTidan velamdi,

maqvs miCneuli Cemi biliki.

me am gziT vxvdebi binds da alions,

Cems mzes da nislebs, dards da molodins.

Tundac damqancos, Tundac gamlios,

misi erTguli vrCebi bolomdis.

is aris Cemi xatic da RmerTic,

imedi, Relva ram uCveulo,

vicocxleb SenTvis, movkvdebi SenTvis,

gzao, sxva gzebSi gamorCeulo~ (q. mJavia, `gza~).

zogjer gzas maradiul svlas, win swrafvas, mTeli

cxovrebis dinebas da mSobliuri kuTxis siyvaruls ukavSireben.

amis dasturia S. niSnianiZis leqsi `Cqari matarebeli~ _

erTgvari oda gzisadmi, romelic cxovrebas ganasaxierebs:

`gzebi midis okrobokro,

gogo midis, agdi-gogdi...

ezo-ezo, karikar,

Robe-Robe, sari-sar...

gzebi - Zoweulebi,

gzebi - gana Sukebi,

gzebi, broweulebis

gznebiT ganaSuqebi...

da misdeven zvrebi zvrebs,

Suka - Sukas,

gzebi - gzebs,


161

kideebi,

kordebi,

xidebi da

bondebi~ (S. niSnianiZe, `Cqari matarebeli~).

rogorc vxedavT, qarTul enaSi `gza~, rogorc leqsema,

Sesityvebebis saSualebiT avlens semantikuri niuansebis

simdidres, eqspresiuli da metaforuli gaazrebis potencials.

es enobrivi erTeulebi asaxavs Cveni xalxis msoflaRqmas da

did msgavsebasac amJRavnebs sxva enebTanac, rac kidev erTxel

adasturebs `gzis~ konceptis universalurobas.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gzasTan dakavSirebuli Sesityvebebis

ganxilva qarTul enaSi adasturebs, rom adamianis cxovreba

gaigivebulia aTasgvari dabrkolebiTa da sacduriT aRsavse

gzasTan, romelic gamocdas uwyobs adamianis zneobas,

erTgulebas, megobrobas, avlens mis niWs, SesaZleblobebs da mis

winaSe Slis samoRvaweo asparezs; am gamocdis Rirseulad

Cabareba adamians SeuZlia mxolod brZoliTa da winaaRmdegobebis

daZleviT; TiToeuli pirovnebis mier arCeuli gza uflis

dadgenilia da xSirad iqceva bediswerad; wmindad ganvlili gza

SeiZleba sxvisTvis misabaZi iyos, momdevno TaobisTvis gezis

mimcemi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia universaluri simbolo:

adamiani, rogorc maradiuli mgzavri, romelic mudam win

miiwevs _ winaswar dasaxuli an gaurkveveli miznisaken.

literatura

aruTinova 1994: Арутюнова Н.Д., Понятие судьбы в контексте

разных культур (отв. ред. Арутюнова Н.Д.), М.: Наука, 1994.

baxtini 1975: Бахтин, М.М., Формы времени и хронотопа в романе.

rusudan zeqalaSvili

162

Очерки по исторической поэтике: Бахтин, М.М., Вопросы литературы и эстетики. Исследования разных лет, М.: Худож. лит., 1975, 234‐407: eleqtronuli resursi URL:

http://philologos.narod.ru/bakhtin/hronotop/hronotop10.html

veJbicka 1999: Вежбицка А., Понимание культур через посредство ключевых слов: Вежбицка А., Семантические универсалии и описание языков (пер. с англ. А. Д. Шмелева под ред. Т. В. Булыгиной), М.: Языки русской культуры, 1999, 263-305: eleqtronuli resursi URL: http://www.twirpx.com/file/58792/ omiaZe 2009: omiaZe s., qarTuli diskursis kulturologiuri

paradigma (red. g. kvaracxelia), Tb., 2009.

qegl 2010: qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, axali

redaqcia, t. 2 (mT. redaqtori a. arabuli), 2010.

yuraSvili 2007: yuraSvili T., semantema ,,gzis~ konceptualuri

veli qarTulSi, semiotika, 2007, №2, 267-275: eleqtronuli

resursi URL: http://arili2.blogspot.com/2010/01/blog-post_9880.html korp.: http://iness.uib.no/gekko/concordance

sofiko kvantaliani

gza labirinTidan

(x. l. borxesi `babilonis biblioTeka~,

u. eko `vardis saxeli~)

sityva `gza~ qarTvelurad,

qarTul-Wanuris doneze, aRdgeba

rogorc arsebiTi saxeli, Tumca

qarTuli enis idiomatikasa da

frazeologiaze dayrdnobiT vlindeba

misi aqtiuri zmnuri nawilic, romlis

ZiriTadi mniSvneloba ara konkretul

obieqts, aramed qmedebas, gzaze dgomas

aRniSnavs, daos (samyaros udiadesi gza

da adamianis zneobrivi cxovrebis gza)

niSnebis Semcvelia. am polisemiuri

sityvisa da universaluri simbolos

nairsaxeobaa labirinTi. igi

mniSvnelovani arqetipi da metaforaa,

romliTac ganisazRvreba kulturuli,

filosofiur-literaturuli da sxv.

procesebi. (Tu m. paviCs davujerebT,

adamianis suli da sxeulic labirinTis

bunebisaa. `SuSis lokokinaSi~ (1998) igi wers: `suli da sxeuli _ labirinTia,

radgan labirinTs aqvs sulica da

sxeulic. sxeuli _ es labirinTis

kedlebia, suli ki gzebi, romlebsac

centrisken mivyavarT. Sesvla _

dabadebas niSnavs, gamosvla _ sikvdils.

roca kedlebi irRveva, mxolod gzebi

rCebian, mimavalni an ar mimavalni

sofiko kvantaliani

164

centrisken~)(paviCi 2003:68). Tu Tvals gavadevnebT labirinTis

istoriul dinamikas, dedamiwis yvela materikze, yvela

kulturaSi, neoliTis xanidan postmodernizmamde, vnaxavT,

rogor icvleba misi forma da Sinaarsi. miTologiuri da

religiuri cnobierebis labirinTs mkveTrad gamoxatuli

konkretizebuli centri (Tezevsi/qriste) da masTan misasvleli

gza aqvs, rac Sua saukuneebSi struqturulad ar icvleba,

Tumca xdeba misi kardinaluri semantikuri metamorfoza.

aRorZinebis periodidan dawyebuli procesi dRes rizomatul

labirinTs gvTavazobs, romlis cilovani centric

mouxelTebelia an moCvenebiTi, an srulebiT ar arsebobs, rac

Tanamedroveobis, faqtobrivad, zogadkulturul-filosofiuri

da literaturis markeria (klasikuri romanis sworxazovneba

berZnuli labirinTis princips daukavSirda, iseve rogorc

aralinealuri teqstis _ hiperromanis, labirinT-rizomas,

saidanac postmodernistuli epoqis emblemad gaformda).

amgvarad, sinqronuli ganxilviT, labirinTi yvela materiksa da

kulturaSi TiTqmis erTdroulad Cndeba, diaqronul sibrtyeSi

ki igi mTeli kulturis istorias gasdevs.

Tavdapirvel, neoliTis xanis, misteriul labirinTebs

erTgvari kavSiris funqcia hqondaT miwisqveSa samyarosTan da

damkrZalav Tu iniciaciis ritualebSi gamoiyeneboda. am tipis

labirinTis centri qveviT mimarTul veqtors warmoadgenda.

labirinTis `sxeuls~, rogorc wesi, erTi Sesasvleli hqonda,

romelic gamosasvlelic iyo (aseTebia CrdiloeTi arqipelagebis

qvis labirinTebi, romlebic gamosaxulia kretul monetebze,

avstralieli aborigenebis saflavebze, qristianuli eklesiebis

iatakebsa da kedlebze gamosaxuli labirinTebi). swored eseni

SeiZleba miviCnioT miTologiuri minotavris labirinTis

prototipad. am tipis labirinTis zedapiruli Sexedvisas

advili dasanaxia, rom misteriuli labirinTebis semantika ar

Seicavs mgzavris gzidan acdenis intencias. warmodgena

labirinTze, rogorc sivrcul aporiaze an gzis amcden manqanaze

Semdgomi, mogviano semantikuri metamorfozis Sedegia. am

metamorfozis Sedegad, labirinTi TandaTan kargavs misteriul

Sinaarss. Sua saukuneebidan dawyebuli, labirinTi gaiazreba

rogorc adamianis rTuli cxovrebiseuli gzis metafora

samyaroSi. xelovnurad dagrZelebuli gza labirinTSi

gardauvali pirobaa centrSi (anu dakargul samoTxeSi)

gza labirinTidan

165

SesaRwevad. aq veqtori vertikalia _ RmerTiskenaa mimarTuli.

Sesabamisad, Tezevss cvlis qriste, romelmac gaiara miwieri

labirinTi, daamarcxa satana (minotavri). is aris gzis

mimTiTebeli maradiuli sasufevlisaken. igi TviTon aris gza.

(ioanes saxarebaSi qristes erT-erTi epiTeti aris gza: `me var

gza da WeSmariteba da cxovreba. ara vin movides mamisa, garna

Cem mier~ (ioane, T.14:6). qristianuli eklesia misteriuli

labirinTis sivrcis mxolod parametrebs cvlis, kosmologiur

spiralSi Semodis jvris simbolo, romelic kveTs labirinTis

mistikur centrs, saidanac gamoidevneba yovelgvari `arawminda~,

minotavris msgavsi arseba. qristianobis ideologebs izidavT

gzis dagrZelebis idea, es erTgvari metafizikuri Seneleba, rac

aucilebeli pirobaa wminda eklesiaSi Sesasvlelad. ase rom,

SuasaukuneebSi labirinTi struqturulad TiTqmis ar icvleba,

aqvs mkveTrad gamoxatuli centri da masTan mimavali erTi gza,

Tumca xdeba kardinaluri semantikuri cvlileba: funqciuri

ritualebidan labirinTi RmerTTan misasvleli rTuli gzis

metaforad iqceva. am gzaze dakargva SeuZlebelia, magram mizani

aq mxolod ariadnes ZafiT _ rwmeniT miiRweva.

aRorZinebis periodSi humanistebi samyaro-labirinTis

centrad adamians aRiareben. aq erT sibrtyeze ganlagdeba

RmerTisa da adamianis poziciebi da swored aq isaxeba Cixisebri

labirinTis tipi. labirinTi rCeba samyaros saxe-xatad, magram

Tu adre igi kosmosis simbolo iyo, axla igi ufro qaoss an

raRac Sualedurs _ qaosmoss (joisis neologizmi) aRniSnavs.

romantizmis epoqaSi, me-17 saukunis barokos baRebSi, igi

Tavisebur semantikur gaformebas iZens _ sando TavSesafaria

romantikuli SexvedrebisTvis. am kulturaSi dawyebuli

labirinTis demisterializaciis procesi Seuqcevadia. labirinTi

TandaTan kargavs Tavis sxeulebriobas. es procesi sul ufro

Cqardeba da sabolood, igi gonebis erTgvar savarjiSod aqcevs

labirinTs (virtualuri labirinTi), sadac kargavs fizikuri

Zalisxmevis (Tezevsis kompleqsi) CarTvis saWiroebas da

gardaiqmneba mowyenilobisa da drois gasayvan lokusad. aseTia

mokled labirinTis, rogorc kulturis erT-erTi universaluri

simbolos, semantika, romelic yovel kulturul sivrceSi

gansazRvrul `kulturul kods~ Seicavs. u. ekos

`vardis saxelisa~ (1980) da x. l. borxesis „babilonis

sofiko kvantaliani

166

biblioTekis“ (1941) labirinTebis SedarebTi analizis

safuZvelze SevecdebiT labirinTis (da labirinTSi gz(eb)is),

rogorc Tanamedrove samyaros landSaftis, rekonstruqcia

movaxdinoT, aRniSnuli teqstebis da Tanamedrove epoqis,

rogorc labirinTi-rizomas manifestaciiT, romlis simbolur

diagramas, aRniSnul teqstebSi, biblioTeka warmoadgens. `vardis

saxelis~ teqst-labirinTSi aRmoCenili simkvriveebis

dekodirebiT fantasmagoriul `babilonis biblioTekaSi~

movxvdebiT. WeSmariti gzis ZiebaSi ki vxvdebiT, rom borxesTan

es gza efemerulia, usasrulo satyuaraa da rogorc ekosTan, am

labirinTis mTavari funqcia mgzavris gzas acdenaa. gzas

acdenaa mwerlis meTodologiac, razedac wers i. lotmani u.

ekos `SeniSvnebi vardis saxelis Sesaxeb~ (1983) rusuli

gamocemisTvis daweril werilSi, saTauriT `gamosasvleli

labirinTidan~ (1998:650-669), rac romanSi sxvadasxva plastebis

aRrevaSi mdgomareobs. u. eko mkiTxvels mudmivad sTavazobs

gzebs (aseTi cru gzebia magaliTad romanis deteqtiuri,

istoriuli da a.S. plastebi), romlebic moulodnelad teqsti-

labirinTis naxvretebSi uCinardebian. mwerali mkiTxvels

atyuebs, igi erTdroulad or kars uxsnis mas _ erTSi Sua

saukuneebis deteqtivs sTavazobs, meoreSi istoriul romans,

magram maleve CixSi amwyvdevs. ase rom, mkiTxveli uecrad

saxtad rCeba ori moxuruli karis winaSe. swored mkiTxvelis

mier gzis Ziebas mivyavarT labirinTis lakunisebr metaforasTan,

rac `vardis saxelis~ emblemadac iqca. am meTodologiuri

labirinTis modeli borxesis, ukve kargad gamokveTili, samyaro-

biblioTeka-labirinTia, romelic ekos labirinTi-rizomas

jojoxeTur prototipad iqca. es, arsebiTad, gzebis kveTaa,

romlebic CixiT bolovdeba. gzas gvacdens romanis mTavari

personaJi me-14 saukunis ingliseli beri uiliam baskervilelic,

romelic TiTqos, erTi SexedviT, istoriuli personaJia

(moqmedeba 1327 wels italiis Crdilo-dasavleTiT mdebare

benediqtelTa monasterSi xdeba. franciskeli beri uiliam

baskervileli da misi ymawvili Tanamgzavri adso monasterSi

momxdari sazareli mkvlelobebis gamoZiebas cdiloben.

mkvlelobebi monastris biblioTekaSi Senaxul saidumlo wigns

ukavSirdeba, romlis xelSi Cagdebis msurvelebic ucnaur

viTarebaSi iRupebian). magram irkveva, rom is mxolod avtoris

fantaziis nayofia da monasterSi Zveli teqstebis dekodirebiT

gza labirinTidan

167

aris dakavebuli _ e.i. rogorc lotmani wers, igi

Suasaukuneebis semiotikosia (adsos sizmris axsna pirdapiri

miniSnebaa semiozisze). aq ki saqme anaqronizmTan gvaqvs _

semiotika xom XX saukunis mecnierebaa (lotmani amtkicebs, rom

uiliams kargad esmis baxtinis karnavalurobis Teoriac

(lotmani 1998:650-669) _ es ki niSania imis, rom ekos

labirinTis CixSi xarT moqceuli! `vardis saxelis~ am

sabediswero labirinTis Sida sivrcec rTuli sistemaa xuT da

Svidwaxnaga oTaxebisgan Semdgari, romlebic sarkis anareklebis

meSveobiT usasrulobamde iSleba. ekos biblioTeka, romlis

struqtura dedamiwis kontinentebis analogiiTaa Seqmnili,

erTdroulad labirinTicaa, romelSi moxvedrili

cnobismoyvareni mis sivrceSi samudamod ikargebian. uiliam

baskervileli ekiTxeba xorxes:

` _ biblioTeka labirinTia?

_ Hunc mundum tipice laberinthus denotat ille, (is udidesi labirinTia, samyaros xati (laT.) _ STagonebiT warmoTqva

moxucma. Intranti largus, redeunti sed nimis artus. (SemsvlelTaTvis

ganieria, gamomsvlelTaTvis viwro (laT.). biblioTeka

uzarmazari labirinTia, samyaros labirinTis niSani. Sexval da

ar ici, gamoaRwev Tu ara. ar unda gadalaxo herkulesis

svetebi...~ (eko 2012:267).

ekoseuli biblioTeka-samyaro erTgvari paradoqsuli

antipodia bibliuri Sesaqmisa (savaraudod, amis simbolur

miniSnebad romanis siuJetis Svid dRed dayofa SegviZlia

miviCnioT), rac, sabolood, misi ganadgurebiT sruldeba.

labirinTebis moyvaruli borxesis prozac labirinTis

principzea agebuli, saidanac gamosasvleli gza ar arsebobs.

mwerlis teqsti-labirinTi srulad Seesabameba mis mier Seqmnil

nivTier labirinTs: `qveyniereba (romelsac sxva biblioTekas

daarqmevda) Sedgeba eqvskuTxa galereebis ganusazRvreli an

sulac usasrulo ricxvisgan, romlebsac SuagulSi datanebuli

aqvs dabali moajiriT garSemortymuli farTo saventilacio

Webi. yoveli eqvswaxnagidan moCans zeda da qveda sarTulebis

dausrulebeli rigi... galereebSi sagnebis ganawileba ucvlelia.

ocdaxuTi farTo Taro _ xuT-xuTi TiToeul kedelze _ yvela

sofiko kvantaliani

168

kedels faravs erTis gamoklebiT... Tavisufali kedeli viwro

derefanSi gadis, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, sxva galereaSi

mivyavarT, romelic pirvelisa da yvela danarCenis identuria...

yoveli eqvskuTxedis yovel kedels xuTi Taro Seesabameba;

yovel Taroze ganlagebulia erTi da imave formatis

ocdaTormeti wigni: yovel wignSi oTxas aTi gverdia; yovel

gverdze _ ormoci pwkari, ormoci Savi feris asoniSnisagan

Semdgari... sinamdvileSi biblioTeka mxolod absolutur

uazrobas ki ar Seicavs, aramed yvela verbalur struqturas,

yvela im kombinacias, romelic ocdaxuTi orTografiuli

simbolos saSualebiT miiReba.~ (`babilonis biblioTeka~,

borxesi 2005:23). es borxesis labirinTia. Tezevsisgan

gansxvavebiT, ariadnes Zafisadmi gadaulaxavi SiSiT atanili,

borxesi ar eZebs gasasvlels. misi mizania, Seityuos mkiTxveli

labirinTSi da naxevargzaze miatovos. TviTon ki Soriaxlo

gzidan uTvalTvalebs mas. borxesis labirinTidan ar aris

gamosavali, is usasrulo gzaa centrisken. uamravi gzisa da

bilikis wanazardSi dakarguli mwerali faqtebisa da citatebis

gadaqselvis meTodiT gzas urevs komentatorebsac. igi

kompilatorTa da plagiatorTa sapirispirod moqmedebs (Tu es

ukanasknelni sxvis azrebs sakuTar Tavs aweren, mwerali

piriqiT, klasikosebs awers sakuTar azrebs). mis teqst-

labirinTSi Semodis gameorebis, TamaSis elementi, rac

labirinTis gzebze usasrulo xetialiT gamoixateba da

sabolood formdeba, rogorc mudmivi dabruneba, mudmivi svla,

gameoreba erTisa da igivesi (amis erTgvar aluziad SegviZlia

CavTvaloT is, rom borxesi ucnaur zRapars poulobs `aTas erT

RameSi~, rodesac Sahrazada mefes maTsave istorias uyveba (don

kixotic imaves ar akeTebs _ Tavisive cxovrebis meore wignSi

pirvels rom kiTxulobs?!). es wriuli kompoziciis diagrama,

romelic borxesis labirinTSia Catanebuli, erTdroulad SiSs

hgvris da izidavs, ahipnozebs avtorsac da mkiTxvelsac. swored

amaSi, am usasrulo gameorebaSi, am gigantur labirinTul

teqstSia gacxadebuli Tanamedrove samyaros paradigma _ mudmivi

gameoreba, `igives maradiuli dabruneba~ (haidegeris

terminologiiT), an nicSes maradiuli dabrunebis idea (die ewige Wiederkehr).

gza labirinTidan

169

borxesTan mocemulia niSani postmodernizmisaTvis _ es

labirinTis modelia, rac Semdgom ekom daamuSava, rogorc

universumis saxecvlili xati. `afrikis kideSi~ momxdari

konceptualuri xanZriT ki mas surda Seecvala, an sruliad

gaenadgurebina borxesis paradigma (amis gamWvirvale miniSnebad

SeiZleba CaiTvalos saabatos biblioTekis siRrmeSi mcxovrebi

usinaTlo xorxe burgoseli, romelic mkiTxvelSi uneblie

inversias iwvevs cnobil argentinelTan).

`babilonis biblioTeka~ Zalian hgavs `vardis

saxelis~ saabatos biblioTekas. rogorc borxesi ambobs, igi

Cafiqrebuli iyo, rogorc buenos airesis municipaluri

biblioTekis koSmaruli varianti. es samyaro-biblioTeka

struqturirebulia da perioduli (aq yvela wigni imave

uwesrigobiT meordeba). rogorc borxesis biblioTekis

parametrebis gaSifvriT aRmoCnda, biblioTekis am hipersferos

moculoba bevrad aRemateba Cveni samyarosas.

`vardis saxelis~ labirinTs SegviZlia mivusadagoT

eqvswaxnaga oTaxebis usasrulo wyeba da babilonis biblioTeka-

labirinTi an abenhakanis (x. l. borxesi `sakuTar labirinTSi

daRupuli abenhakan el bohari~(1951) labirinTi.

idealistebi amtkiceben, rom eqvswaxnaga sagani idealuri

formaa. mistikosebs ki eqstazSi ecxadebaT burTisebri oTaxi,

mrgvali wigniT, romelic RmerTia. rogorc borxesi ambobs,

biblioTeka yovlismomcvelia, rac imas niSnavs, rom is Seicavs

yvelafers, TviT sakuTari sikvdilis ambavsac. adamianTa modgma

rom gaqres, biblioTeka mainc SenarCundeba: auTvisebeli,

usargeblo, saidumlo, usasrulo... absurduli daSvebaa, rom

eqvswaxnagebi sadRac dasruldeba, ambobs borxesi, absurdulia

isic, rom SesaZlo wignebis raodenobac usasruloa. `biblioTeka

ufro metad usasruloa da perioduli da Tuki maradiuli

mgzavri gzas Seudgeba, nebismieri mimarTulebiT, darwmundeba,

rom igive wignebi imave uwesrigobiT meordeba. es ki imeds

gvisaxavs~ (borxesi 2005:22). ikveTeba, rom borxesiseuli

labirinTi, Tavisi uamravi gziTa da bilikiT daxlarTuli,

realurad ar Seicavs Cixs. `babilonis biblioTekaSi~

moxvedrili mgzavri, principSi, SeuZlebelia daikargos, is

sofiko kvantaliani

170

mxolod maradiuli xetialisTvisaa ganwiruli. gzis dakargva,

gzis ararseboba `vardis saxelSia.~

`vardis saxelSi~ koSkis mesame sarTulze ganlagebuli

biblioTeka adsos aocebs Tavisi zomebiT, didebulebiT da

simbolisturi arqiteqturiT, romelic Zalian hgavs `babilonis

biblioTekas~. igi uamravi eqvswaxnaga galereisagan Sedgeba.

`vardis saxelis boloTqmaSi~ eko ase gviRwers maneristuli

labirinTis tips: `Tu davakvirdebiT, is fesvebian, datotvil

xes hgavs, romelic uamrav Cixs qmnis. gamosasvleli erTia,

magram SeiZleba Secde. ariadnes Zafi gWirdeba, rom ar daikargo.

es labirinTi trial-and-error process-is (ingl. cdisa da Secdomis

meTodi) modelia~ (eko 2012:280).

rogorc eko Tavis komentarebSi azustebs _ misi

maneristuli labirinTi datotvili derefnebisgan Sedgeba,

romlebic, ZiriTadad, CixiT bolovdebian. mwerlis Tanaxmad,

namdvili sqema samyaro-labirinTisa _ rizomaa. potenciurad

aseTi struqturac usasruloa, Tumca borxesisgan gansxvavebiT,

im principuli sxvaobiT, rom aq yoveli gzis wanazardi CixiT

bolovdeba. `Cemi biblioTekis labirinTi jer kidev maneristuli

labirinTia, magram samyaro, romelSic uiliami cxovrobs

(mixvdeba, rom cxovrobs) ukve rizomas yaidazea mowyobili,

ufro sworad, mowyobadi, Tumca bolomde Camouyalibebelia.

erTma 17 wlis biWma miTxra, Teologiuri diskusiebisa veraferi

gavige, magram ise aRviqvamdi maT, rogorc sivrculi labirinTis

gagrZelebebso (rogorc musika hiCkokis filmSi...)~ (eko

2012:280). aseTi tipis labirinTSi mogzauroba, mudmivi

arCevanis mdgomareobaa, radgan amgvari samyaros xati bolomde

Camoyalibebuli, dasrulebuli ar aris, is mudmivad ganicdis

saxecvlas.

gzis Teologia orive mweralTan darRveulia. borxesTn

igi gzebsa da mis uwvriles bilikebze usasrulo xetialiT

gamoixateba, rac imTaviTve gamoricxavs centrTan,

WeSmaritebasTan misvlas. es gza ar midis RmerTisken. es gza

arsad ar midis, igi erTgvari komikuri gzaa, radgan uxvad

Seicavs TamaSis anu mudmivi gameorebis elements, rasac

absurdis ideasTan mivyavarT. erTaderTi meTodologia

semiozisia, romlis meSveobiTac uiliam baskervileli (`vardis

gza labirinTidan

171

saxeli~) labirinTis efemerul sazrisSi _ àfrikis kideSi~

Sedis, rac imas niSnavs, rom saidumlo TiTqos amoxsnilia,

Tumca esec moCvenebiTia da gza labirinTSi isev regenerirdeba,

da ase _ usasrulod.

ekosa da borxesis Tanaxmad, samyaros labirinTis

namdvili sqema rizomaa, sadac arc centria, arc periferia da

arc gamosasvleli, rac imas niSnavs, rom labirinTidan

gamosasvleli gza ar arsebobs!

postmodernizmis mixedviT xom samyaro teqstia,

yvelaferi teqstia, ufro zustad ki, yvelaferi teqstiviT

struqturirebulia. es teqsti xasiaTdeba mniSvnelobaTa

gansakuTrebuli simravliT, sityvebisa da frazebis

dezorganizebiT, decentralizebiT; damaxasiaTebelia

agramatikuloba (rifateris terminologiiT),

interteqstualoba, òrmagi kodireba~, `metaTxroba~,

àvtoritetTa krizisi~, fsevdokarnavaluri narativi da sxv.

amgvarad, samyarosa da adamianis Sinagani entropia miemarTeba

mxatvrul teqsts da mis sruliad saxecvlil models

gvTavazobs.

klasikur wigni-fesvis metaforas enacvleba wigni-rizoma.

fesvis simbolo mTavaria. rogorc g. baSlari ambobs, SesaZloa,

fesvis simbolos gaxsniT (g)aixsnas kacobriobis suli (swored

am fesvs unda gulisxmobdes gr. robaqiZe `Taur fesvSi~,

romelSic J. deliozi da f. gvatari samyaros saxes xedaven da

romelsac wignis metaforis magaliTze ganixilaven. wignis

pirveli saxe, maT Tanaxmad, aris wigni-fesvi, klasikurad

organizebuli struqtura, meore saxe ki aris wigni, funjisebri

fesviT, romelsac mTavari fesvi ganuviTarebeli aqvs, an

srulebiT ar gaaCnia. ase rom, axali, Secvlili epistemes

metaforad ufesvo, sarevela _ rizoma iqca, romlis fesvi da

yvavili erTmaneTisgan ar gansxvavdeba. rizomaSi darRveulia

samyaros pirvelqmnili, Cinebulad organizebuli saxe. rizoma _

bolqvebia, xlarTebi, xveulebi, gorgali. igi aerTianebs yvelaze

kargs da yvelaze cuds: kartofilsa da sarevelas, cxovelursa

da mcenareuls. misi centri mouxelTebelia. mis stuqturaSi ar

arsebobs azrobrivi centri, arc zRvruli konturi ikveTeba,

arc periferia, arc Sesasvleli, arc gamosasvleli, rac imas

sofiko kvantaliani

172

niSnavs, rom arc gamoxatuli mizani arsebobs, arc marSruti,

arc universaluri moZraobis grafiki). rizomatul labirinTSi,

gzis moulodneli wanazardebis gaCeniT, mgzavri mudmivad gzas

scdeba. gza mudmivad icvlis Tvisebas da formas da amitomac

mgzavrs pirvelad mdgomareobaSi dabruneba aRar SeuZlia, rac

imas niSnavs, rom gza amgvari labirinTidan TavdasaRwevad ar

arsebobs!

postmodernizmSi RmerTis mier dawerili `bunebis

wignis~ wil saubaria `avtoris sikvdilze~. amitom aseT teqsts

araTu ar hyavs avtori, aramed arc pirvelwyaro hyavs, aq

yoveli wyaro mudmivad gadagvamisamarTebs sxva wyarosTan,

mudmivad xelidan gvisxlteba gza, romelsac davadeqiT.

swored am diskursidan ganvixileT axali episteme,

romlis simboloc gaxda es mcocavi sarevela (c r a b - g r a s s ) . m aT di a gra m ad k i , borxes is ` b a b ilonis

b i blioTe k is a ~ da e kos ` v ardis s a x elis ~

lab iri nTe b i da v i s ax eT , romleb ic zustad

ire klav e n s a m y aros a da te qstSi m i mdi n are

proces e b s .

Lliteratura

borxesi 2005: Борхес Хорхе Луис Собрание сочинений: Т.2: Произведения 1942-1969 годов. - 2005 eko 2012: eko umberto. vardis saxeli [me-2 Sesw. gamoc.]

diogene, 2012.

lotmani 1998: Ю. Лотман, Выход из Лабиринта. Эко У. Имя розы. - М., 1998

paviCi 2003: Павич Милорад Ловцы снов: Собрание рассказов .: Азбука-классика, 2003

nato wuleiskiri

koncept “gzis” ZiriTadi

leqsikografiuli da

semantikuri aspeqtebi

koncepti, rogorc kulturuli

arsi, SeuZlebelia arsebobdes

Taviseburi “interteqstis” gareSe

xalxTa istoriul da genetikur

mexsierebaSi. rig SemTxvevebSi koncepti

individualuri warmodgenacaa da

erTobac. Tanamedrove

lingvokulturologiaSi dRemde ar aris

am terminis zusti gansazRvreba. Tumca,

es kanonzomiericaa.

\\ saukunis bolos lingvistur

tradiciebSi Cndeba mimarTuleba,

romelSic koncepti ganixileba misi

gaazrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtis mixedviT:

rogorc materialuri obieqti, romelic

asaxavs samyaros erovnul suraTs, an

rogorc sinamdvilis gaazrebis

abstraqtuli done (segali 1994:95-

100). v. zusmani konceptis bunebaze

msjelobisas ganmsazRvrel rols aniWebs

azrs da ara _ mniSvnelobas. (zusmani

2003:72)

koncepti “gza”(rus. путь, дорога) erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani da

nato wuleiskiri

174

uZvelesi msoflio, zogadsakacobrio konceptia. amas mowmobs

misi mravalricxovani gamovlineba msoflios xalxTa yofa-

cxovrebaSi. konkretuli konceptis Sinaarsis gaazrebaSi

mniSvnelovania misi enobrivi prezentantebis nakrebi; es aris

gzac, bilikic, nakvalevic, Sosec da a. S.

sulxan-sabasTan sityva “gza” Semdegnairad ganimarteba:

“gza ars zomier kacTa savali, xolo Sara-vrceli da

biliki-viwro, xolo qaSani-SambnarTa anu TovlTa zeda

gatkecili savali da wavarna-kldeTa zed(a) viwro rame nadirTa

warsavali. gza ewodebis zomiersa sivrciTa gatkepnilsa, xolo

Sara-uvrcelessa, da biliki-wvlilsa gzasa da qaSani-SambTa Sina

TovlTa zeda gaqeqilsa naTrevsa rasame msgavsad gzisa, xolo

wavarna-kldeTa Sina mxecTa oden gasavalsa. kvalad gzad iTqmis

folorcni da Sukanica” (sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991:158).

qarTuli enis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi koncepti “gza”

Semdegnairadaa ganmartebuli:

1. miwis zedapirze gayvanili zoli, romelic gankuTvnilia

mimosvlisaTvis (saatomobilo, moasfaltebuli, sacalfexo). 2.

adgili, xazi sivrceSi, sadac xdeba mimosvla, gadaadgileba,-

trasa, sazRvao, sahaero. 3. mimarTuleba, gezi, gza miaswavla. 4.

mgzavroba, mogzauroba, gza dauloca,-daapira gzis gagrZeleba. 5.

gadat. gamosavali(raime mdgomareobidan), saSualeba,

SesaZlebloba, xerxi, meti gza aRar iyo, sxva gza ar hqonda. 6.

gadat. visime moRvaweobis, risame ganviTarebis mimarTuleba,

moqmedebis xasiaTi, ganvlili gza, gamarjvebis gza,-swor xazze

daayenebs, gzad-gavliT, mgzavrobisas, gzad Cvenken Semova, gzaze,

gzaSi-siarulis, svlis, mgzavrobis dros. visime iqiT gza ar

aqvs-visime daxmarebis gareSe ver SeZlebs rasme. gzas

aZlevs(miscems, dauTmobs)-gavlis saSualebas aZlevs(miscems).-

gaatarebs. (swor) gzas aacdens (gzidan gadaacdens)-cud gzaze

daayenebs, daRupavs. gzas gadauRobavs(gzas Seukravs)-1) win

gadaudgeba, ar gauSvebs(mimavals). 2) gadat. moqmedebis,

winsvlis saSualebas ar miscems. gza gaexsneba-moqmedebis,

winsvlis saSualeba, gasaqani miecema. visime gzebi gaiyreba-

koncept “gzis” ZiriTadi leqsikografiuli da semantikuri aspeqtebi

175

samudamod daSordebian erTmaneTs. gzas gakafavs-1) gzas

gakvalavs, risame mimarTulebas gaarkvevs, 2) dasawyiss miscems,

magaliTs uCvenebs. gzas gauyenebs-gagzavnis, gaamgzavrebs,

gaistumrebs. gzas gauxsnis-1)gzaze gavlis saSualebas

aZlevs(miscems). 2) gadat. ganviTarebis, winsvlis saSualebas

aZlevs(miscems), xels Seuwyobs rameSi, gasaqans aZlevs(miscems).

visime gzas gahyurebs(gascqeris)-visme moelis mouTmenlad.

rogorime gzaze daayenebs-rogorime mimarTulebas

miscems(cxovrebaSi), maswavlebelma mowafeebi swor gzaze

daayena. gzas dakargavs-gzas ascdeba, gza aereva, gzas ver

gaignebs. gzas dauclis(gzidan Camoecleba)-gzas miscems, gzas

dauTmobs, gavlis saSualebas miscems. gza mSvidobisa!-dalocva

gzad mimavalisa. gza Semokldeba_1) mokle, uaxloesi gziT

gavla moxerxdeba, 2) saubarSi gza SeumCnevlad gaileva. gza

xsnilia vinmesTvis-raime miznis misaRwevad gasaqani aqvs visme,

SesaZlebloba aris vinmesTvis.(qegl 1990:323).

rusuli enis konceptebi “путь” da “дорога” aris im

konceptualuri rigis dominantebi, romelTac aqvT Tavisi

Sinagani formis etimologiuri siRrme. sityva “путь” etimologiurad ukavSirdeba rusuli leqsikis indoevropul

plasts. leqsema “дорога” iTvleba ramdenime fuZidan

warmoebulad. m. fasmeri aRniSnavs am fuZis siaxloes

indoevropul ZirTan-“dorgh-“ (fasmeri 1986:211). saintereso

masalas vnaxulobT a. preobraJenskis “rusuli enis

etimologiur leqsikonSi”. mkvlevari aRniSnavs am leqsemis

kidev erT etimons-sanskrituli “dhrajati”-s (preobraJenski

1914:254). Tanamedrove sityvaTwarmoebiT leqsikonebSi sityva

“дорога” savsebiT logikurad ganixileba rogorc

arawarmoebuli, xolo mis sityvaTwarmoebiT budes aqvs 40

erTeuli (tixonovi 1985:120).

sityvebi “путь” da “дорога” polisemiuria. v dali

miakuTvnebs leqsemas “дорога”- rva semas . mag., дорога- ж. ездовая полоса; накатанное или нарочно подготовленное различным образом протяженье, для езды, для проезда или прохода; путь, стезя; направленье и расстоянье от места до места. Дорога, также путь в переносн. знач. средство, способ

nato wuleiskiri

176

для достиженья чего; род жизни, образ мыслей, дела и поступки человека и пр. Зайти куда по дороге, по пути, кстати, по близости. Туда ему и дорога! нечего жалеть его, лучшего не стоит. Быть на хорошей дороге, повышаться службою, почестями, или стремиться к добру. Туда тебе нет дороги, не дорога, не след ходить. Ему к нам запала дорога, нельзя более ходить, бывать в доме. Всякому своя дорога, свой путь, поприще. Отрезать кому дорогу, не давать ходу, бегу. Счастливой дороги! пожеланье отъезжающему. Мир по дороге! привет встречному. Дороги, дорожки, полосы, полоски в ткани, в узоре; продольная нарезка, желобки, xolo leqsemas “путь”-aT semas. mag., путь- м. (в вор. путь ж.) дорога, ездовая, накатанная полоса, ходовая тропа. Проложить путь. Мощеные пути. Пути непроезжие, распутица. Зимний, летний путь. Путь дорожка! общее пожелание встречному. | Самая езда, ходьба, плаванье, и | время, срок, нужный для проезда, прохода, проведенный в дороге. Три дня пешего пути. Идти, отправиться в путь. | *Способ или средство, образ достижения чего, направление. Пути жизни. Пути Божьи, пути Провидения неисповедимы. Пути праведников, грешников. Ходи всегда путем правды. Он достиг этого путем ходатайства, поклонов, подкупа. | Польза, прок, толк, успех, выгода. В этом деле пути не видится, не будет. Без пути ходить, попусту; напрасно. Из этого человека выйдет путь. Говори путем, разумно, толком. Не путем делаешь, непутно или неладно. | Пути мн. млечный путь, дороги, птичий путь, улица. Путем-дорогой, на пути; сев. привет встречным. Гужевой путь, санный или колесный. Путь стал, первый путь, санная дорога, путь установился. Водяной путь, реками, морем. Сухой путь, гужевой; дорога, путина. -шественый, путевой, дорожный. -ник, -ница, путешествователь, странствователь; кто находится на пути, перепутье, в езде, в ходьбе, или кто много ездил по чужим местам. | Руководитель, наставник, советник, наставитель, учитель. (dali 1978:473, 543)

konceptis da leqsemis “путь” simboluri semantika Tavisi

sabazo SemadgenliT siRrmiseulad dakavSirebulia qristianul

tradiciebTan, romelic ukavSirdeba berZnul-bizantiur da

iudaistur siZveles. leqsemis “путь” semantikuri moculoba

gasakuTrebiT mkafiodaa gamosaxuli TargmanebSi, semantikuri

akumulaciis ganxorcielebisaTvis unda arsebobdes sawyisi


177

cnebiT-semantikuri baza. sityvis “путь” religiur-mwignobruli

ganzogadeba da simboluroba umniSvnelo danakargebiT da

transformaciebiT SenarCunda dRemde frazeologiaSi. Sdr:

неисповедимы пути Господни, путь на Голгофу, жизненный, исторический путь da a. S. frazeologizaciis procesi, albaT,

iyo sityvis “путь” brunebis Taviseburebis SenarCunebis

ZiriTadi mizezi. bolo xans moxda leqsemebis “путь” da

“дорога” mkveTri konceptualuri da semantikuri daaxloeba,

romelic aisaxa leqsemis “путь” semantikis gadasvlaSi leqsemis

“дорога” semantikur sivrceSi. am konceptebis Seswavlis sakmaod

mniSvnelovan aspeqts warmoadgens maTi tipologia, am mentaluri

warmonaqmnebis arsebobis aRwera sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis

ZiriTad sferoebSi funqcionirebisas (samecniero, yofiTi,

religiuri da sxv.). tipologiuri gajerebulobis TvalsazrisiT

koncepti “путь/дорога” Sedarebulia wyalbads, rogorc samyaros

sabaziso qimiur elements (vorkaCovi 2002:10-11).

“gzis” konceptis interpretaciuli fena, amave dros,

asaxavs gzis gadataniT, metaforul, emociურ da sxva aspeqtebs.

adamianis cnobierebis mier gzis saxis gamoyenebis sixSire

sxvadasxva kognitiuri aspeqtebis asaxvisaTvis, romlebic

dakavSirebulia pirovnebis ganviTarebis mimarTulebasTan, misი moRvaweobis sferosTan, aisaxeba Sesabamis enobriv

reprezentantebSi, romelTa SemadgenlobaSi Sedis

konceptualuri sivrce-“pirovnebis moRvaweobis sfero”.

Идти прямой дорогой. “Жить честно, действовать без уловок и обмана для достижения чего-либо”. Антоним. Идти окольной дорогой.

Идти своей дорогой. “Действовать самостоятельно, не поддаваясь чужому влиянию”.

Вступать на путь чего-либо. “Начинать какую-либо деятельность или начинать вести какой-либо образ жизни”.

Kkonceptualuri sivrce-“”urTierTdaxmarebis maRali

faseuloba” asaxavs erovnuli Segnebis pativiscemas adamianuri

nato wuleiskiri

178

urTierTobis msgavsi aspeqtebis mimarT, rac fokusirebulia ამ frazeologizmebSi:

Выводить на дорогу [путь]. “1. Помогать найти свое место в жизни, стать самостоятельным. 2. Помогать найти правильную линию поведения, стать на правильную точку зрения”.

Брать на буксир. “Передавая свой опыт, умения, знания и т.п., помогать подтянуться кому-либо в работе, учебе”.

gzis saxe gamoiyeneba rusulenovan gonebaSi adamianebis

miswrafebebis sxვadasxva saxis da xSirad sxvadasxva polaruli

gamoxatvisaTvis, rac aisaxeba konceptualur sivrceSi

“pirovnebis moRvaweobis mimarTuleba”.

Стать поперек дороги. “Мешать, препятствовать кому-либо в чем-либо, обычно в достижении какой-либо цели”.

Уступать [давать] дорогу. “Предоставлять возможность добиться чего-либо, продвинуться в чем-либо прежде себя”. Антоним: Заступать дорогу.

Пробивать [прокладывать] себе дорогу. “Добиваться определенного положения, успеха в жизни, на каком-либо поприще”.

Забыть дорогу к кому, куда. “Переставать бывать где-либо, посещать кого-либо”.

Заказать дорогу [путь]. “Делать недоступным что-либо; закрыть доступ куда-либо”.

Находить дорогу к сердцу. “Добиться, вызвать чье-либо расположение, любовь, симпатию и т.д.”

Дороги [пути] расходятся. “Прекращается связь, общение между кем-либо из-за несходства взглядов, интересов и т.п.”


179

gzis saxe gvxvdeba sxvadasxva saxis msjelobაSi, romlebsac SeiZleba hqondeT rogorc identuri, agreTve

sapirispiro mniSvnelobebi. ეს aisaxeba konceptualur sivrceSi

“adamianis moRvaweobis zogierTi Taviseburebebi”. SevadaroT

andazebi:

Тише едешь - дальше будешь.

Поедешь скорее - будет спорее.

В объезд, так к обеду; а прямо, так к ночи (т.е. укорачивая путь, часто плутают).

Прямо только волки ходят.

gzis saxe xSirad gamoiyeneba adamianTa survilebisa da

Sefasebebis emociuri SeferilobisaTvis, rac asaxvas poulobs

konceptualur sivrceSi “msjelobebis emociuri Seferiloba”:

Скатертью дорога. “Пожелание избавиться от кого-либо”.

Туда и дорога. “Того и заслуживает кто-либо, нечего жалеть. Так тому и быть”.

Добрый путь, да к нам больше не будь.

Большому кораблю большое плавание.

Пойди туда, не знаю куда, принеси то, не знаю что.

gzis siZneleebis asaxva am konceptis tradiciuli

kuTvnilebaa, rac fokusirdeba Semdegi amonaridiT:

“- Дураки Россию губят, а дороги спасают... Ибо только грязь родная непролазная за тебя в годину лихую заступится”

SevadaroT agreTve andazebi:

В дорогу идти, пятеры лапти сплести.

nato wuleiskiri

180

Едешь на день, а хлеба бери на неделю.

Хорошо море с берегу.

Не хвались отъездом, хвались приездом.

По колени ноги оттопал.

По морю яко посуху (часто в шутку о дорожной грязи).

Мелок брод - по самый рот (в шутку).

За морем телушка - полушка, да рубь перевоз.

mniSvnelovania konceptualuri sivrce “gzis

romantiკuloba”:

“Счастлив, кому знакомо,

Щемящее чувство дороги...”

mniSvnelovania gzis saxe xalxur Tqmulebebsa da

alegoriebSi, rac SeiZleba klasificirdes, rogorc

“konceptualuri sivrce “gzis miTologizacia”:

“Говорят не повезет,

Если черный кот дорогу перейдет...”

Если больной бредит дорогой, то умрет.

Пути Провидения (Господни) неисповедимы.

Благими намерениями вымощена дорога в ад.

Все дороги ведут в Рим.

qvemoT moyvanili frazeologizmebi erTdroulad

gamoxataven SesaZlebeli gadaadgilebis kognitiუr niSansac da


181

dabrkolebis warmoqmnis niSansac, rasac SeiZleba ewodos

“konceptualuri sivrce”-gzis ganusazRvreloba:

Ни взад <и> ни вперед. “Ни в одном из возможных направлений (не иметь сил, не мочь и т.п. двигаться)”.

Ни зги ни видно. “Совсем ничего не видно”.

amrigad, “gzis” konceptis interpretaciuli fena

araerTgvarovania, rac ganapirobebs mis mimarT kvleviTi

interesis gaZlierebas. SemTxveviTi ar არის is faqtic, rom

konceptebi “gza/путь/дорога” leqsikografiul da semantikur

doneebze aseT mrafalfeრovnebas avlenen, rac maTi siZvelisa da

tipologiuri mrafalferovnebis dasturia.

literatura

dali 1978: Даль В.И. Словарь живого великорусского языка / В.И. Даль. – т. 1., т. 3 –М., 1978.

vorkaCovi 2002: Воркачёв С.Г. Методологические основания лингвоконцептологии / С.Г. Воркачёв // Теоретическая и прикладная лингвистика. Вып. 3: Аспекты метакоммуникативной деятельности. – Воронеж, 2002. [Электронный ресурс]. URL:

http://tpl1999.narod.ru/WEBTPL2002/VORKACHEVTPL2002.HTM

zusmani 2003: Зусман В.Г. Концепт в системе гуманитарного знания / В.Г. Зусман // Вопросы литературы. – 2003, № 2. –

[Электронный ресурс]. URL:

http://magazines.russ.ru/voplit/2003/2/zys.html

nato wuleiskiri

182

preobraJenski 1914: Преображенский А. Г. Этимологический словарь русского языка / т. 1. – М., 1914.

segali 1994: Сегал Н.А. Образ дороги в виртуальном политическом дискурсе / Н.А.Сегал. // Культура народов Причерноморья. – № 94. – Таврический национальный университет им. В.И. Вернадского, Симферополь, 1994.

sulxan-saba orbeliani 1991: sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni

qarTuli, t. 6, Tb,: merani, 1991.

tixonovi 1985: Тихонов А.Н. Словообразовательный словарь русского языка / А.Н. Тихонов. – т. 1. – М., 1985.

fasmeri 1986: Фасмер М. Этимологический словарь русского языка. – т. 1. – М.: «Прогресс», 1986.

9. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni 1990: qarTuli enis

ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, erTtomeuli, Tb,: 1990.

ada nemsaZe

gzis sivrculi da

warmosaxviTi

ganzomilebani oTar

WilaZis romanebSi

sxva bevr daniSnulebas Soris

literaturis erT-erTi mTavari funqcia

sazogadoebisaTvis swori gzis

Cvenebacaa. metadre maSin, roca Wirs

garkveva rTul sociopolitikur

garemoSi, roca faseulobebs gadafaseba

da rRveva emuqreba, roca mTavari ukana

planze iwevs, win ki

fsevdoRirebulebebi inacvlebs da a. S.

aseT viTarebaSi literatura Tavad aris

gza. Tumc, meore mxriv, gza

literaturisTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani

konceptia. Tuki aramxatvrul teqstebSi

sityva inarCunebs Tavis pirvelad,

denotaciur mniSvnelobas, mxatvruli

diskursis Tavisebureba sword isaa, rom

denotatis qveS konotatTa mTeli

simravle moiazreba. sityva gzis

semantika Cveulebriv metyvelebaSi arc

ise farToa, magram rogorc ki igi xdeba

mxatvruli saxe, mkiTxvelis warmosaxva

aaqtiurebs mis bevr sxvadasxva

simbolur mniSvnelobas.

gza uaRresad saintereso

sivrculi modelia. am interess ufro

zrdis misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi _

dausabamoba da usasruloba, ar viciT,

ada nemsaZe

184

sad iwyeba da sad mTavrdeba igi. es gansakuTrebiT SesamnCnevia

wriuli struqturis mqone mxatvrul teqstebSi, sadac dro

mudmivia da gza _ dausrulebeli. amgvari kvlevisaTvis

nayofieri masalaa oTar WilaZis mxatvruli teqstebi Tavisi

enobrivi novaciiT, mxatvruli enis mravalferovnebiTa da

gamomsaxvelobiT. masTan gzas mdidari semiotikuri veli aqvs.

oTar WilaZis mxatvruli saxeebi qmnian rTul polisemantur

simbolur formebs, romelTa amoxsna da analizi mkvlevrisgan

moiTxovs rogorc, zogadad, simbolologiur gamocdilebas, ise

mwerlis enobriv samyaroSi wvdomis unars, radgan misi

msoflmxedvelobis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe Znelia am mxriv

miznis miRweva.

mwerlis mxatvrul diskursSi erT-erTi sayrdeni funqcia

aqvs gzis koncepts, romlis gamomsaxvelobis Zala da

mniSvnelobaTa simravle sakmaod tevad enobriv rezervuars qmnis.

gamorCeuli da Taviseburia misi dro-sivrculi modeli. igi

erTiani, mwyobrad agebuli sistemaa. am sistemaSi ki gza sivrcis

mTlianobaSi arsebuli Sidasivrcea, romelic xan vertikalurad

aris mimarTuli, xan _ horizontalurad, xan realuria da xan

_ warmosaxviTi. gzis koncepts mWidrod ukavSirdeba erT-erTi

umTavresi motivi _ identobis Zieba. kerZod, gza Ziebis

procesSi aucilebeli faqtoria. gzis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi

personaJs naklebi Zalisxmeva sWirdeba, raTa mizans miaRwios,

magram umeteswilad TviT es gzaa rTulad sapovneli. es

xangrZlivi da mtkivneuli procesi xan warmatebulad sruldeba,

xanac _ uSedegod. WilaZiseuli gzebic mTel sivrceSia

ganfenili. masTan TviT cxovreba, an sulac samyaro, erTi didi

da rTuli, dausrulebeli, maradmoZravi gzaa, romelic uamrav

gansacdels faravs da umzadebs adamians. am gansacdelTan

brZolaSi ki yalibdeba personaJis saxe, ikveTeba misi

cxovrebiseuli misia.

horizontalur sivrceSi ganfenil gzebad SesaZloa

ganvixiloT is gzebi, romelTac gadian personaJebi: farnaozi _

vani-kreta-vani (`gzaze erTi kaci midioda~), qaixosro makabeli

_ Tbilisi-rusis jarTan erTad gavlili gza-uruqi, aleqsandre

_ uruqi-cimbiri-uruqi (`yovelman Cemman mpovnelman~),

Tbiliseli msaxiobi _ mSobliuri sofeli-Tbilisi-baTumi

(`rkinis Teatri~) da a. S. dasaxelebuli magaliTebidan Cans,

rom nawilSi mxolod qveynis Sida gzebi ikveTeba, nawilSi ki

gzis sivrculi d warmosaxviTi gnzomilebani oTar WilaZis romanebSi

185

samSoblos sazRvars gadadis gmiri. Tumca amas gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba ar eniWeba: mTavari aq gzis dasasrulia, ramdenad

sworad amTavrebs personaJi Ziebis process. amavdroulad, gzebi,

romelTac es personaJebi gadian, sakuTari Tavis povniskenaa

mimarTuli. fizikuri gza mocemul teqstebSi sruliadac ar

moiazrebs mxolod realur manZils, sivrces da dros, es aris

Sidapirovnul samyaroSi mimdinare Ziebis procesic, romelic

iqve unda dasruldes, sadac daiwyo, anu samSobloSi. am

SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelovanesia komunikaciuri strategiis sworad

gansazRvra: mimarTeba me_samSoblo Tu me_ucxoeTi. roca

individi sworad gansazRvravs am strategias da Ziebis process

asrulebs samSobloSi (an iq, sadac misi adgilia), igi

yovelTvis poulobs sakuTar Tavs, adgilsa da daniSnulebas

sivrceSi, xolo Tuki ver axerxebs amas, mizani miuRweveli

rCeba da cxovrebac tragikulad sruldeba. farnaozis

gamgzavreba kretaze, qaixosro makabelis Camosvla da dasaxleba

uruqSi, aleqsandres wasvla cimbirSi, Tbiliseli msaxiobis

mier sakuTari soflis datoveba _ aris gasavleli gzis

pirveli nawili, romlis arasworad arCeva jer kidev ar aris

danaSauli, an, ufro swori viqnebiT, Tu vityviT, Secdoma,

radgan gamosworebis saSualeba jer kidev arsebobs, sanam gzis

boloSi ar gasula personaJi. Tumc qaixosrosa da Tbiliseli

msaxiobis SemTxvevaSi Secdoma ver swordeba, radgan isini ver

axerxeben, daubrundnen maradiul Sin-s. meore mxriv, amas

acnobiereben da amitomac axerxeben kidec farnaozi da

aleqsandre, rac maTi gadarCenis winapirobaa.

kidev ufro pirobiTia vertikalur sivrceSi arsebuli

gzebi, romlebic SesaZloa, or jgufad davyoT: vertikalurad

mimarTuli droSi da vertikalurad mimarTuli sivrceSi.

pirvelis magaliTia niko (`martis mamali~) erTTviani Zilis

dros. logins mijaWvuli, anu fizikurad pasiur mdgomareobaSi

gadasuli, bavSvisTvis aqtiurdeba warmosaxviTi mogzauroba

warmosaxviTi gzebis gavliT. niko mogzaurobs warsulSi,

eswreba ilias mkvlelobas, iziarebs am codvaze

pasuxismgeblobas. avtobusis epizodSi igi TiTqos kacobriobis

mier gavlil gzas xelaxla gaivlis da codva-madlis Sesaxeb

sakuTari warmodgena uyalibdeba. gamoRviZebuli TxuTmeti wlis

mozardi cnobierad gacilebiT didia, radgan ukve uzarmazar

codnas flobs, gamocdilebas iZens da cxovrebisTvisac mzadaa.

ada nemsaZe

186

amitomac mas aRar uWirs swori gzis arCeva. nikos gamoRviZeba

pasiuri gzis dasrulebisa da cxovrebis aqtiur fazaSi

gadasvlis dasawyisia.

sivrcis vertikalSi _ zemodan qvemoTaa mimarTuli natos

(`rkinis Teatri~) mier gavlili ukanaskneli gza. Tuki gela

gadarCenis instiqts ugzoobis qveyanaSi mihyavs, natos

sicocxlis azri da mizani, umTavresi _ Svili hyavs gadasarCeni.

amitomac amaze fiqri sruliad gaazrebulad saba lafaCs

miayenebs karze. magram maleve xvdeba, rom amas ver SeZlebs.

sabas saxlidan iwyeba natos ukanaskneli gza, romlis, SeiZleba

vTqvaT, logikuri dasasruli aris zRva. `Semoval, minda da

Semoval! Sens iqiT mainc ara maqvs gza...~ (WilaZe 1987: 386) _

jiutad mimarTavs nato. daxrCoba zRvaSi qvemoT usasrulod

mimarTuli gzaa. uaRresad tragikuli, Tumca natosTvis es aris

erTgvari ganwmenda, codvebis monanieba da, rac yvelaze mTavaria,

es aris msxverpli Svilis sicocxlisTvis gaRebuli. simboluri

gaazrebiT, gza aris sazRvari `sakuTar~ da `sxvis~ sivrceTa

Soris, miTologiurad igi `arawminda~ adgilia. xolo

gansakuTrebiT saxifaToa ori an meti gzis gadakveTis adgili

(simboloTa... 2010). natosTvis zRva iqceva swored am gzad, am

sazRvrad, igi gzajvaredinze aRmoCndeba _ saxlisken mimaval

gzas kveTs saba lafaCis saxlidan zRvisken mimavali gza. es

ukve daRupvis cxad niSnad aRiqmeba mxatvrul teqstSi da

mkiTxvelis molodinic maleve marTldeba: wyalSi SesvliT nato

gadalaxavs gzajvaredins da Sesabamisad, `sxvis sivrceSi~

moqceuli iRupeba kidec, bneli stiqiis msxverpli xdeba.

rac Seexeba gelas (`rkinis Teatri~) mier ugzoobis

qveyanaSi gavlil gzas, igi sruliad unikaluria am

TvalsazrisiT, radgan erTdroulad moiazreba, rogorc realuri

da rogorc warmosaxviTi. cixidan gamoqceuli gela

gauazreblad mirbis Tavis gadasarCenad da sruliad ucxo

garemoSi aRmoCndeba. misi mTavari mamoZravebeli aris SiSi.

bunebrivia, roca qmedebis safuZveli xdeba Tavis gadarCenis

instiqti, Tan SiSiT daTrgunuli, racionalizmisTvis iq adgili

aRar rCeba. `aqoSinebuli miuyveboda gauTavebel ferdobebs. mere

TovlSi Seabija da TiTqmis ararsebul, TiTqos gamonagon drosa

da garemoSi aRmoCnda uceb, Tovls gadaeyruebina iqauroba~

(WilaZe 1987: 204). avtori aq qmnis unikalur samyaros,

romelSi mosaxvedradac gza miuyveba ferdobs. zogadad,


187

literaturaSi mimarTeba qvemodan zemoT RvTisken swrafvas

niSnavs, amaRlebas, ganwmendas, sikeTesTan miaxloebas. am romanSi

ki sruliad sawinaaRmdego mocemulobasTan gvaqvs saqme. zemoT

mimavali gela swor gzas ki ar poulobs, daRupvisken mieqaneba.

viRac ucnobi da ucnauri kacis kiTxvaze: `saiT gagiweviao?~

pasuxobs: `gza amebnao~. am sityvaze ucnaurma kacma RimiliT

dasZina: `Sen, etyoba, didi xnis win dagikargavs gza, radgan aq

gza ar aris, aq ugzoobis qveyanaao~ (WilaZe 1987: 206).

mkiTxvelis aRqmis sivrceSi sruliad axali sintagma _

ugzoobis qveyana _ Semodis da recefciac dauyovnebliv erTveba

gaazrebis procesSi. es aris ararealuri, raRac ucnauri da

warmosaxviTi samyaro, romelSic arc droa, arc sivrceSi

ikavebs igi rame adgils da arc gza aqvs. arc gelam icis,

rogor movida da arc isaa CvenTvis cnobili, zamTris qoxis

sxva binadrebi rogor Seiyarnen aq. TviT saxeli _ ugzoobis

qveyana _ amis mimaniSnebelia da Tan es aris gza, romelic

aRarsad midis, igi mTavrdeba zamTris qoxSi; iq darCena

TviTganadgurebas niSnavs, gadarCena ki mxolod aqedan gamoqcevaa

imave gziT, romliTac Sexvedi, rasac didi sulieri da

fizikuri tkivilis gancdis Sedegad axerxebs gela. gzis

simbolur mniSvnelobaTagan aq aqtiurdeba misi uaryofiTi

formebi. `am miTologiurad arawminda adgilze xSirad gvxvdeba

demoni, romelic adamianis gzidan gadayvanas cdilobs misi

daRupvis mizniT~ (simboloTa... 2010). romanis teqstSi amgvar

demonebad SesaZloa miviCnioT is sami avazaki, romlebic qoxSi

xvdebian gelas da cdiloben, maTnair adamianad aqcion

gzaareuli bavSvi.

oTar WilaZis samyaroSi gzas sruliad gansxvavebuli

maxasiaTeblebi aqvs, misi warmosaxva da mxatvruli sityvis

sfero aqac araCveulebrivad tevadi da msuyea. mis gzebs aqvT

ara mxolod mimarTuleba, aramed feric da sunic. ugzoobis

qveynidan brtyelsaxians ZaliT gamohyavs gela: `...gaaxsenda,

rogor gamoaRwies Tovlidan, rogor datrialda haerSi gzis

suni (iqamde arc icoda da verc warmoidgenda, gzasac Tu hqonda

suni)~ (WilaZe 1987: 393). am SemTxvevaSi gza, romelsac suni

aqvs, realur cxovrebaSi dasabrunebelia. radgan is gza,

romelic mxolod Tovlze gadis, aramiwieri da araamqveyniuria.

es raRac sxva samyaroa, tanjvis gzaa, kaTarsisisTvis

aucilebeli, sadac xdeba avisa da kargis garCeva, sakuTari

ada nemsaZe

188

movaleobis gacnobiereba da ukve cnobierad arCeva im gzisa,

romelic marTlac Senia, SenTvis gankuTvnili da mxolod Seni

gasavleli. Tovlian gzas ugzoobis qveyanaSi mihyavs gela, mas

mxolod mimarTuleba aqvs _ qvemodan zemoT. zamTris qoxi

zemoT aris, Suagul tyeSi, miwa ki qvemoTaa. swored miwisken

momavali gzaa cxovrebis gza da mxolod SvilTan dasabrunebel

gzas aqvs suni. suni xsovnis kategoriaze migvaniSnebs, igi ar

ikargeba (gavixsenoT: giorgam swored bavSvobisdroindeli suni

icno, roca mis mosaklavad mosul TaTars Caexuta; Jasminis

suni nikos bavSvobas axsenebs, xolo ucnobTan Sexvedrisas mamis

suni igrZno da a. S.). `saerTod, suni aris drosTan kavSiris

yvelaze sufTa da daxvewili forma, sadac sivrcul-vizualuri

xatebi gadaSlilia da aracnobierSia kodirebuli. swored sunis

gziT akavSirebs oTar WilaZe awmyos aracnobieris uRrmes

struqturebTan~ (kvaWantiraZe 2001: 232). zamTris qoxSi

gatarebuli dro, sadac aTvla sul sxva sistemiT xdeba, aris

mizezi im yvelafris daviwyebisa, rac gelas natos samyarosTan

akavSirebs. amitomac exveweba brtyelsaxians, ar gaiyvanos

tyidan. magram rogorc ki Tovlian biliks gadalaxavs da gzis

suns igrZnobs, maSinve axsendeba mTeli Tavisi arc Tu

xangrZlivi warsuli da gloviT (da ara tiriliT) daadgeba

gzas. gelas gza qvemoTken, miwisken, Svilisken is gzaa,

romelmac mas, pirvel rigSi, sakuTari pirovneba apovnina, miwaze

myarad dgomis unari SesZina da sakuTar movaleobebze

pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba gauRviZa. `ukve darwmunebuli iyo, es

gza mxolod da mxolod iq rom miiyvanda, sadac misi adgili

iyo, sadac unda ecxovra da momkvdariyo~ (WilaZe 1987: 393).

gela swor gzaze dgas: `Ze warsulisa da mama momavlisa!

modioda...~ (WilaZe 1987: 394). romanis bolo zmna `modioda~ am

Ziebebis aqtiuri fazis dasasrulze migvaniSnebs.

oTar WilaZis mxatvrul sistemaSi gzas kidev uamravi

saintereso aRmniSvneli ukavSirdeba. magaliTad, Toki, romelsac

brmebi wnaven `martis mamalSi~ da romelic siwmindisken,

samarTlianobisken, Tundac zeciskenaa mimarTuli, radgan isini

xSirad iyurebian zecaSi. Tokis simbolika aq uSualodaa

gzasTan dakavSirebuli, vinaidan es Toki usinaTloebisaTvis

igive gzaa, mimarTulebis maCvenebeli da usafrTxod

siarulisTvis aucilebeli. msgavsi saxeebia: dariaCangis baRi,

rogorc WeSmaritebis gza, xolo misi sapirispiro mniSvnelobis


189

mqone _ zRvis piras gaCenili mwvane, lorwoiani Waobi da a. S.

msgavsi nimuSebis dasaxeleba mravlad SeiZleba sxvadasxva

romanidan.

amrigad, oTar WilaZis msoflmxedvelobriv da mxatvrul

diskursSi konceptualuri datvirTvis matarebelia saxe-

simbolo gza. rogorc teqstebis analizma aCvena, horizontalur

sivrceSi arsebuli gzebis sisworisaTvis gadamwyveti faqtori

aris misi dasasrulis swori mdebareoba sivrceSi. xolo rac

Seexeba vertikalur da ararealur, mxolod individis

cnobierebaSi arsebul gzebs, aq mxatvruli warmosaxva

warmoudgenel azrobriv siRrmeebs swvdeba da samyaroSi

gadarCenis erTaderT gzad siyvaruls saxavs.

literatura

kvaWantiraZe 2001: kvaWantiraZe m. oTar WilaZis

mxatvruli samyaro // werilebi literaturaze, Tb., 2001.

simboloTa... 2010: simboloTa leqsikoni -

http://www.symbolarium.ru/index.php - 26 ivlisi 2010. WilaZe 1987: WilaZe o. Txzulebani 3 tomad, t. III,

Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo, 1987.

irina maniJaSvili

gzis semiotika

qarTuli enis masalebis

mixedviT

gzis semiotika qarTuli enis sivrceSi

TavisTavad moicavs leqsema gzis

semantikuri velis gaazrebas ,

etimologiur wiaRsvlebs, gzis

metaforul interpretaciebs mxatvrul

literaturasa da zogadad, kulturaSi.

Ggzis semiotikis kvlevisas viyenebT

sityva-niSans da ara-simbolos.

Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom orives agebuleba

samkomponenturia—aRmniSvneli,

aRsaniSni da denotati (sagani, movlena

an moqmedeba) — lingvistikaSi

« semantikuri samkuTxediT » cnobili,

anu semiotikuri kavSiria maT Soris,

isini urTierTSenacvlebadi ar arian da

sxvadasxva sibrtyeze ganixilebian.

niSani moiTxovs gagebas, simbolo ki –

interpretacias. maTi gamoyeneba

principulad gansxvavebulia. Aaqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom semantikuri gza

akavSirebs saxes metaforasTan,

semiotikuri gza ki — simbolosა da

niSanTan.

irina maniJaSvili

190

Yyoveli konkretuli enis safuZvels gansazRvravs ZiriTadi

leqsikuri fondi da gramatikuli wyoba. ZiriTad leqsikur

fondSi Sedis is sityvebi, romlebic qmnian leqsikis yvelaze

Zvelsa da mkvidr nawils. « es aris yvelaze aucilebeli da

stabiluri nawili leqsikisa» (arn. Ciqobava, 1952, gv.24,25).

gza, rogorc semantikuri erTeuli, aris qarTuli enis ZiriTad

leqsikur fondSi Semavali sityva, e.w. «gasaRebi sityva».

lingvistikaSi arsebobs aseTi termini — semantikuri

universalia. Ees igivea, rac «gasaRebi sityva». es sityvebi

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania am enis mflobelTa kulturisTvis.

ZiriTadi fondis dadgena SesaZlebelia sixSireTa leqsikonebiT,

enis frazeologiasa da idiomatikaSi romelime leqsikis

aqtualizaciiT, misi unariT, Seqmnas myari Sexameba meore

sityvasTan.

«gasaRebi sityva» aris igive koncepti, romlis meSveobiTac

xdeba kulturis axsna. Llingvistur azrovnebaSi koncepti Tavis

გულისხმობს logikur-fsiqologiuri da enaTmecnieruli

kategoriebis organul Serwymas. erT-erTi aseTi gasaRebi

sityva qarTul saliteraturo enaSi aris «gza». sityva gzis

semantikuri veli qarTulSi mravlismomcveli da

mravalmniSvnelovania.

Zveli qarTuli enis leqsikonSi warmodgenilia gzis

ganmarteba, misgan nawarmoebi sityvebi da is myari

sityvaTSexamebani, romelic gzas ukavSirdeba. Ggza —

savali(i.a.), gzad-yofa-gacileba,Mmgzavroba, mimosvla, gzaSi

yofna, gzaTaebr — msgavsad gzebisa,Mmogzavneba, mogzauri,

momgzavreba, sagzali, sasagzle, ugzo(i.a.). gza sameufo — didi

gza(i.a.). gza soflisa -(didi gza) (i.a.). gza-yofa - gayola,

gacileba(i.a.) gzisa ziari—mogzauri, gzisa mavali—mogzauri

(Zveli qarTuli enis SeerTebuli leqsikoni, 2008, gv. 86).

sulxan-saba orbeliani semantema gzas ase ganmartavs : gza—

aris zomieri kacTa savali, xolo Sara—vrceli da biliki—

gzis semiotika qarTuli enis masalebis mixedviT

191

viwro, xolo qaSani (xazgasma Cemia--i.m.)---SambnarTa anu TovlTa

zeda gatkecili savali da wavarna—kldeTa zeda viwro rame

nadirTa warsavali. Ksvlad, gzad iTqmis folorcni da Sukanica.

Nnawarmoebi sityvebi : babuasagZala, gzis, mogzauri, orgzis,

sagzali, sagzaur, sagZali, SabaTis gza (sulxan-saba orbeliani,

1991, gv.158).

sulxan-sabas leqsikonSi dasturdeba gzasTan dakavSirebuli

uZvelesi qarTuli fuZeebi: qaSani, wavarna, folorcni, Sukani.

sainteresoa, rom sityva-niSani « gza » qarTvelurad qarTul-

Wanuri erTianobis doneze aRdgeba, rogorc arsebiTi saxeli.

Tumca, svanurSi mas zmnuri mniSvneloba aqvs. dRevandeli

svanuri sityva lizi—« svla »-dasabamiseuli formiT aRdgeba,

rogorc li-gz-ei (msgavsi mniSvnelobiT WanurSi gvxvdeba zmna i-

glaz-u: wavida, gaemgzavra) (ix. gamyreliZe, maWavariani, gv.348).

maSasadame, Cans, sityva gza raRac obieqts ki ar aRniSnavda,

aramed gzaze dgomas, raRacis qmedebas; anu dasabamiseuli

mniSvnelobiT gza niSnavs ara raRac komunikacias, trasas an

biliks, aramed — gzaze dgomas, qmedebas.

qarTuli enis frazeologiaSi, idiomebSi «gza» gadataniTi

mniSvnelobiT mravalferovnad aris warmodgenili : vinmes

moRvaweobis mimarTuleba, raimes ganviTarebis gezi, gza xsnilia

(dabrkoleba ar Sexvdeba), gzas aacdens — cud gzaze

daayenebs, cxovrebis gza, gza-kvali (savali gezi, mimarTuleba),

Tavgzas aubnevs—daabnevs, gziani sityva—gonivruli sityva da

sxv.

Ggzis modeli sxvagvaradaa gaazrebuli miTologiaSi,

filosofiaSi, Zvelsa da axal aRTqmaSi. qarTuli ena, rogorc

qristianuli kulturis matarebeli, marTlmadidebluri

tradiciis damcveli, mTavar orientirad iRebs saxarebiseul

gzis epiTets : «me var gza da WeSmariteba da cxovreba. ara vin

movides mamisa, garna Cem mier» (ioane, T. 14.6.).

irina maniJaSvili

192

wminda werilSi araerTgzis meordeba, rom am qveynad Cven

mgzavrebi da stumrebi varT. Ggzad yofna maradiul moZraobas,

axlis Ziebas, winsvlas gulisxmobs. Aadamiani amovardnilia

Tavisi bunebrivi konteqstidan mas Semdeg, rac igi cdunda

cnobadis xis nayofiT ; gandevnilia uzenaesi konteqstidan -

ganviTarebis uwyveti, universaluri gzidan da misi amqveyniuri

cxovrebis gza maradiuli mcdelobaa, ocnebaa im pirvel da

dasabamiseul konteqstSi dabrunebisa.

rogorc aRvniSneT, gzis metaforuli xati sxvadasxvagvaria -

gza qveynidan qveyanaSi, gza droidan droSi, gza sivrcidan

sivrceSi, gza taZrisaken, gza Sinisaken... es erT-erTi yvelaze

Tbili qarTuli sityvaTSexamebaa. Sina—Cemi saxli (TuSur

dialeqtSi «Sinai»-saxli), mikrosamyaro, sadac yvelaze

myudrod, daculad vgrZnob Tavs. farTo gagebiT, es

cxovrebiseuli gzaa da qveteqsti moiazreba, rogorc gza

Semoqmedisken, absolutisken swrafva. Aam SemTxvevaSi gza

sulier planSia gaazrebuli.

sainteresoa «cremliani gzis» metafora qarTul xalxur

zRaparSi. Ggzaze mimobneuli xaxvis furclebi... ufrosi Zma

tovebs kvals gzadagza, raTa ucros Zmas (STamomavlobas)

siZnele gauadvilos. Ggzis gavla yovelTvis siZneleebis

daZlevasTan aris dakavSirebuli. qarTuli mwerlobidan amis

klasikuri magaliTia n. baraTaSvilis «merani» : «da gza uvali,

Sengan Telili, merano Cemo, mainc darCeba, da Cems Semdgomad

moZmesa Cemsa siZnele gzisa gauadvildes...» (n. baraTaSvili,

leqsebi, 1968, gv.65). galaktionisTvis ki cxovrebis gza

sizmaria da «Soreuli cis silaJvarde» («silaJvarde anu vardi

silaSi»); sikvdilis gza ki vardisferia ,,sikvdilis gza arra

aris, vardisfer gzis garda...» (« mTawmindis mTvare ») -

simSvidis, maradisobis feria (aq yofierebis gzazea laparaki)

(tabiZe,1988, gv.51).


193

erT-erTi universaluri metaforaa gzis kavSiri drosTan.

Pprofesori z. kiknaZe Tavis statiaSi «adamiani bibliur droSi»

xazs usvams gzisa da drois mimarTebas bibliaSi: «bibliur

Txrobas izidavs adamiani, romelic mimodis qveyanaSi. Bbiblia

egviptes an udabnos ki ar aRwers, aramed gzas udabnoSi,

drtvinvas, mosmenas, riTac ivseba udabnoSi gatarebuli dro,

udabnos dro. Eegvipte da udabno is WurWlebia, romlebSic

miedineba xalxis CamoyalibebisaTvis aucilebeli dro, romelic

mimarTulia dasasrulisken». «Zvel aRTqmaSi» abraami mudmivad

gzaSia, arsad sivrceSi mas mudmivi samkvidro ara aqvs. Ggzis

arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli ki droa. droJamis ganmavloba Tavis

kvals tovebs sivrceze. Aamdenad, sicocxle —cxovreba

identificirdeba gzis gavlasTan, drosTan.

qarTuli enis leqsikaSi semantema gzis Sesaswavlad

upirvelesad saWiroa idiomatikasa da frazeologiaze

dakvirveba. Yyvelaze masStaburad sakvlev suraTs warmoaCens

mxatvruli teqstebis analizi. Ggzis SemecnebiTi,

komunikabeluri da esTetikuri funqcia mravalgvaradaa

gaazrebuli qarTul mwerlobaSi. Gam SemTxvevaSi gamorCeulia

oTar WilaZis Semoqmedeba. Ppoeziasa Tu prozaSi avtors uxvad

aqvs gamoyenebuli gzis semantema gza pirdapiri Tu gadataniTi

mniSvnelobiT. leqsSi «WrilobaSi CarCenili tyvia» gzis

metaforis globaluri gaazrebaa mocemuli:

« rac ar yofila, is arc iqneba, magram rac iyo, iqneba

kvlavac. gza gaixsneba, an Seikvreba, momsvleli mova, wamsvleli

wava.” (WilaZe, 2009, gv.126)

avtoriGgzas yovlismomcveli, yvela gzis Semkrebi “daos”

mniSvnelobiT moiazrebs. “dao” Zveli Cinuri filosofiidanaa

cnobili da Targmnian, rogorc gonebas, sazriss. Ddao niSnavs

yvelafris momagzavebel gzas, is saidanac fiqri ZalgviZs, rac

gonebis, gonis, yvelafris gamoTqmis safuZvelia (ix. kaxa

kacitaZe, “gzis Sesaxeb”).

irina maniJaSvili

194

gzisa da drois urTierTkavSirs mTeli simZafriT grZnobs

poeti:

« ...da mainc didi gzaa iqamde, kvlav Seveswrebi xis

ayvavebas....

Dda sanam mxrebze memsxvreva wvima, gzebi nabijebs sanam

miTvlian,

me dakargulad ver CavTvli imas, rac Cemi nebiT ar

damiTmia ».

(o. WilaZe, 2009, gv.98)

sagulisxmoa, rom am leqss epigrafad wamZRvarebuli aqvs

xalxuri striqonebi: «ra wams ki davibadebiT, iqve saflavi mza

ari».

poetisTvis cxovrebis gza SesaZloa orad gaiyos da tanjvis,

gvemis gzad iqces:

« ...da gza, romelic gaiyo orad—

Daw ukve iqca codvad da Worad

iyos dRegrZeli, rom Seni wili,

Tavisi RorRiT, mtvriTa da CrdiliT

tanjvis gzad iqces da ucxo Tvali:

yrmis Tu moxucis, kacis Tu qalis,

gxedavdes mxolod am gzaze mavals,

radgan dReidan me Seni xma var....”

mtvriani gzis metafora cnobilia qarTul mwerlobaSi.

Ggalaktion tabiZe: “qalaqSi, mtverSi waiqca bavSvi…...…” besik


195

xaranaulis “wigni amba besarionisa” SesaniSnavad acocxlebs am

metaforas:

“rac ginda xaliCaze miabijebde,

erTaderTi WeSmariti gza — mtvriania.....”

mtveri, bundovaneba, WuWyi identificirdeba aqac siZnelesTan,

gzis gauvalobasTan.

o. WilaZesTan gzis semiotika sabolood mainc universalisken,

absolutisken, uzenaesisken swrafviT aris STagonebuli.

“dedaa, rasac pirvelad naxav,

mamiT iwyeba gzebze fiqrebi,

mere Cven vZerwavT sakuTar saxes

im dRisTvis roca aRar viqnebiT.”

(o. WilaZe, 2009, gv.23)

Semdegi leqsic amis dasturia:

“gamomitana bunebam msjavri:

sulze borkilad madevs asaki

da mainc Seni etlis var mgzavri,

Tu gnebavs - Seni gzis avazaki. »(gv. 120)

«gzis avazaki» saintereso sintagmaa. Aam sityvaTSexamebiT

avtori xazs usvams adamianis codvil bunebas da amave dros,

saxarebiseuli monanie avazakis asociaciasac qmnis, romelmac

gulwrfelad macxovris aRiarebiT moipova sasufeveli.

Ggzis metaforas mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria da erT-erTi

mTavari saxe-simboloa o. WilaZis prozaSi. TiTqmis yvela

irina maniJaSvili

196

romani sakuTari Tavis Semecnebis, WeSmaritebasTan ziarebisa da

sinamdvilesTan dabrunebis gzaze Semdgari maradiuli mgzavrebis

erTi didi moZraobaa. Cven SevCerdebiT mis bolodroindel

romanze «godori», sadac gzis semiotika sxvadasxva, zogjer

urTierTgamomricxav planSia gaazrebuli.

o. WilaZe gzas rogorc gardauval aucileblobas ise

ganixilavs. wuTisoflis gasavleli gza iseve erTaderTia

adamianisTvis, rogorc uflis nebiT boZebuli cxovrebis jvari,

romelic yvelam Tavisi unda itvirTos da moTminebiT,

TavmdablobiT zidos... «yvela adamiani Tavisi sakuTari,

erTaderTi, ganumeorebeli gziT ibadeba da Tavcocxali ver

gadauxvevs am gzidan» ( WilaZe, 2006, gv. 263).

avtorisTvis an «erTaderTi gzaa», an «ararsebuli» :

«ararsebuli gzebis Zieba... diaxac rom ararsebuli gzebis

Ziebaa adamianoba, Torem misTvis arasasiamovno situaciidan

virTxac ki daeZebs gamosavals“ (WilaZe, 2006, gv.355).

o. WilaZesTan gzis kidev erTi saintereso gaazreba gvxvdeba -

Ee.w. “gzis nagleji”, romelic ramdenjerme gაიელვებს romanSi. Ees metafora erTdroulad gulisxmobs rogorc imeds, aseve

uimedobas sxvadasxva konteqstSi. “sarkmlidan, quCis magivrad,

ratomRac, soflis gzis patara nagleji moCanda mxolod...

arsaidan momavali da arsaiT mimavali. Ggzis naglejs balaxi

mosdeboda. Bbalaxs urmisa Tu etlis naborblari etyoboda.

naborblarSi wyali Camdgariyo. wyals nemsiylapia dastrialebda.

“vidre Tundac gzis es patara nagleji arsebobs, es pawawina

naglejio…”—fiqrobda kniaJna qeTusia” (WilaZe, 2006, gv. 39),

magram sasowarkveTili lizikosTvis ki “gzis nagleji”

uimedobis, daRupvis, ganwirulobis niSania: “iq aris misi adgili

(kaSelebTan – dazusteba Cemia, i.m.), cocxlisTvisac da

mkvdrisTvisac. sxva gza ar arsebobs. Ggza ar arsebobs saerTod.

Ggzisgan patara naglejiRa darCa, arsaidan arsaiTken

mimavali…...…balaxmodebuli... vin icis, rodindel naborblarSi,


197

vin icis, ramdeni wvimis wyali Campala” (WilaZe, 2006, gv. 124).

igive azris gagrZelebaa Semdegi amonaridi teqstidan: “ai,

erTaderTi gza, romelic man cxovrebiT daimsaxura — arsaidan

momavali da arsaiT mimavali — gza ki ara, gzis nagleji, gzis

monarCeni, asfaltmosxmuli da xavsis mwvane burZglebiT

mofenili...” tkivilamde sagrZnobi da SemaZrwunebelia amgvari

uimedobis gancda, romelic mweralma gzis semiotikuri niSniT

gadmosca.

o. WilaZe mainc imediT, brZolis JiniT ganawyobs mkiTxvels:

“vidre bilikis es nagleji mainc arsebobs, arc Cven ara gvaqvs

far-xmlis dayris ufleba (WilaZe, 2006, gv. 375).

semantema gzis erTgvari Sejameba ki mocemulia romanis finalSi,

sadac avtors mTavar ideasTan mivyavarT: “qaravani ki midis. isic

ar viciT, saiT midis, an saidan movida. alRoc davkargeT,

ynosvac da Sinisken mimavali gzac ver gvipovnia... aRar gvaxsovs,

ras niSnavs “Sin”... (WilaZe, 2006, gv. 378).

absolutTan Sexvedris rwmena da imedi asazrdoebs o. WilaZis

romanebs da Sinisken mimavali gzebis Ziebaa mTeli misi

Semoqmedeba.

QqarTul poeziaSi niko samadaSvilis poeturi genia

originalurad acocxlebs gzis metaforul xats. cnobilia, rom

mTeli misi Semoqmedeba mistikur- alegoriuli xasiaTisaa.

“carieli gzebi” Tanmdevia n. samadaSvilis poeziis...

“Sens SemkrTal ZeglTan mesaflave aituzeba,

cariel gzebze SeaCerebs morbenal Tvalebs,

dauSens wvima, wvivebamde gaiwuweba,

is ki gzebisken cqeras mainc ar gaaTavebs»

(samadaSvili, 1999, mariams - meuRles).

irina maniJaSvili

198

“carieli gzebi” mxolod niko samadaSvilisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli msoflgancdaa. rogorc Tamaz Cxenkeli

aRniSnavda, qarTul poeziaSi sxvas aravis hqonia esoden

gamaxvilebuli, winaTgrZnobis sazRvramde misuli mtkivneuli

gancda cxovrebis sicarielisa, miusafrobisa da ganwirulobisa.

amitom logikuric aris gzebis SemaZrwunebeli sicariele. Mmis

SemoqmedebaSi yvelgan Cans sicariele da sifuturove. Nn.

samadaSvilis poeziaSi araerTxel Segvxvdeba gzebis ganwiruli

yvirilic:

“es Seni guli aryis qvabia

da qveS unTia Seni leqsebi,

amaze meti ra gaqvavia,

ager mTis iqiT yvirian gzebi”.

(samadaSvili, 1999, gv.8).

Mmomdevno leqsSic igive ganwyobaa :

“maxsovs Zaxili, gzebis yvirili,

sad mixval, sada, SeinTe kvari

me mivdiodi gulSemoyrili

da qadagiviT yviroda qari»

(samadaSvili, 1999, gv. 23).

Ggzebis es yvirili sxvagan RrialSic gadaizrdeba:

“swyevlida gamCens, kacTa gasagiss,

Eesmoda SoreTs Rriali gzebis,

ZaRlebis yefa maradisobas,


199

sionis maRla glova zarebis”


Aamave leqsSi gvxvdeba saintereso sintagma - “lewili gzebi”:

“is dadioda lewili gzebiT, gulis kankaliT xvdeboda yvelas...”

lewili gzebi, gauTenari gzebi, umisamarTo svla gzebze an

Saragzaze gaTeneba niko samadaSvilis msoflaRqmisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli semiotikuri niSnebia: “uflis naTeli

dabarbacebda gauTenari gzebis bolomde” (“atenis sioni”).

“is miiwevda, Tumca gza ki arcki icoda,

xangamoSvebiT icinoda da icinoda”

(samadaSvili, 1999, gv.7).

sxva leqsSi «mgzavrs Saragzaze daaTendeba - kaci qariSxlebs

rom gamostaces » («kacis buneba»). ramdenadac Rrmad sagrZnobia

mis poeziaSi sarwmunoebrivi krizisi, imdenad didia sinaTlis,

Suqis moTxovnileba. sakuTar saxifaTo xilvebTan marto

darCenili poeti dananebiT ambobs :

«ra iqneboda, gza rom gamegno,

miwaze mainc aenToT kvari.

me viyav bediT gaognebuli

da ZvlebSi mwared mivlida qari»


rogorc erT leqsSi - “mogoneba” Tavadve moixsenebs : «quCebSi

marto da gacrecili, gzebgadamcdari nicSe bRaoda...» swored

«gzebgadamcdari » nicSes zekacis ideiT iyo mowamluli misi

msoflxedva, Serwymuli mxolod miseul samyaroul aRqmas.

irina maniJaSvili

200

«kvlav daqanculi gavdivar gzebze.

ar vici ra vqna, visTan mivide ?..

RmerTebs gavurbi, vxvdebi mizgiTebs,

samSoblo raze gadavikide»


n. samadaSvilis urTules poetur samyaroSi gzis semiotikis

iseTi mravalferovani gaazrebaa mocemuli, rom dausruleblad

SeiZleba amaze saubari. Tumca, davamatebdi «ferSecvlili

gzebis» metaforasac, radgan mainc optimalurad JRers leqsSi

«Tvals ar aSorebda» :

« is midioda ferSecvlil gzebiT,

wyalgaRmiT Crdilebs aenToT kvari,

iwoda kaci Cumi, mgznebare,

Tan sicocxleze rCeboda Tvali”

(samadaSvili, 1999, gv.

60).

avtori ufro adrindel leqsSi Tu natrobda kvaris anTebas,

sinaTlis sxivs, winamdebare leqsSi gzebi ukve ferSecvlilia,

igulisxmeba naTliTmosili da kvaric anTebuli...

qarTuli enis wiaRSi, es iqneba zepirsityvieri fondi Tu

klasikuri mwerloba, “gza” da misgan nawarmoebi sityvebi,

gzasTan dakavSirebuli frazeologizmebi Tu idiomebi xasiaTdeba

ufro dadebiTi semantikiT, vidre — uaryofiTi. radgan gza

TavisTavad gulisxmobs moZraobas, svlas, moqmedebas.


201

literatura

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ramiSvili, 1995: ramiSvili g. enaTa Sinaarsobrivi sxvaoba

enaTmecnierebasa da kulturis Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, Tb., 1995

siraZe, 1987: siraZe revazi, literaturul-esTetikuri

narkvevebi, Tb., 1987

samadaSvili, 1999, samadaSvili niko, sinaTlis mimoqceva, 1999

tabiZe, 1988, tabiZe g. Txzulebani, t.I , Tb. 1988

Ciqobava, 2008, Ciqobava Aa. enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tb, Tsu,

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WilaZe, 2006, WilaZe oTari, godori, 2006

WilaZe, 2009, WilaZe oTari, 100 leqsi, 2009

leqsikonebi

1. qarTuli enis ganmartebiTi leqsikoni (Svidtomeuli),

arn. Ciqobavas saerTo redaqciiT

2. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli (ortomeuli),

Tbilisi, 1993

3. Zveli qarTuli enis SeerTebuli leqsikoni, saqarTvelos

sapatriarqos gamomcemloba, Tbilisi, 2008

mirian ebanoiZe

taZris semiotika

taZari, erTi mxriv, adamianuri

Semoqmedebis simboloa, meore mxriv,

masSi RvTaebrivis monawileoba

igulisxmeba. ra qmnis teqstis

RvTaebrivi warmomavlobis, da adamianur

,,qmnilebaSi” - mis mier agebul SenobaSi

- taZris arsebobis SesaZleblobas?

rogorc RvTismetyveleba gveubneba, es

ukve madlisa da wyalobis sakiTxia, da

mxolod adamiani ver iqneba amis garanti.

germaneli filosofosi haidegeri

Suasaukuneebis ritorikiT gvatyobinebs,

rom taZars taZrad mxolod RmerTis

monawileoba qmnis da ara

arqiteqturuli Tavisebureba an

adamianis Canafiqri, Tumca mas garkveuli

adgili uWiravs landSaftSi, riTac

bunebis nawili xdeba. taZari, rogorc

qmnileba, romelsac garkveuli adgili

uWiravs landSaftSi, gadalaxavs

bunebisa da kulturis antinomias. li

bos leqsebi peizaJis nawilebia. maT,

TavianTi arsebobiT, cvlilebebi SeaqvT

landSaftSi.

taZris semiotika

203

rogorc haidegeri ambobs, adamians SeuZlia ilaparakos mxolod

maSin, roca misiT da masSi laparakobs miwa, ca, mokvdavi da

RvTaebrivi. misi gamoCeniT ritualizdeba maradiuli dava miwisa

da samyarosi, ganxeTqilebis idea da sawinaaRmdego ZalTa

erToba. Cven ki ar vlaparakobT, ena gvlaparakobs. poeti ismens

da mihyveba. ,,usmino piriT’’. dialeqtiT laparakoben

gansxvavebuli landSaftebi, ese igi, miwa laparakobs. taZari

anu qmnileba am dialeqtebis Sejaxeba, energiebis gadakveTis

wertili, movlenaTa centria. eqsistencia da kultura, ena da

yofiereba gadaikveTeba. zogi qmnileba am rols erTjeradad

asrulebs, zogi - yovelTvis.

SeiZleba Tu ara aRvadginoT taZari? es amocana damokidebulia

imaze, aris Tu ara taZari masalisa da formis erTianoba.

Tuki demiurgi qaoss kosmosad gardaqmnis, awesrigebs, da

platoni ideisa da materiis (,,eidosisa’’ da ,,hiules’’)

urTierTobis gadmosacemad cvilze beWdiT gakeTebuli kvalis

metaforas iSveliebs, qristianuli Sesaqme araradan Seqmnaa. mas

win araviTari masala, cvili an qaosi ar uZRvis, rac

SemoqmedebiTobas daakninebda da RmerTs momwesrigeblad

warmogvidgenda.

es ukanaskneli xelosnuri Sromaa da ara - Semoqmedeba, misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli masalisa da formis ideologiiT. adamiani

,,raRacisagan’’ da ,,raRacas’’ qmnis, mas win Seqmnili da

gamzadebuli samyaro uswrebs, amitom ki ar qmnis, aramed

amzadebs. Seqmna gaCenasa da saswauls ukavSirdeba. mas mizezi

da winapiroba ar gaaCnia. Tuki amis simulirebas vinme axdens,

jadoqars an iluzionists vuwodebT. Sua saukuneebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli warmodgena Tavs iCens miqelanjelosTan imiT,

rom misi roli qandakebis SeqmnaSi zedmeti marmarilos

mirian ebanoiZe

204

mocilebaSi gamoixateba, da es ar aris Semoqmedeba, absoluturi

azriT.

kidev erTi ganmasxvavebeli niSani RvTaebrivi da adamianuri

,,Semoqmedebisa’’ drosTan mimarTebaa. adamiani qmnis droSi,

RvTaebrivi Semoqmedeba maradiulobasTanaa dakavSirebuli da is

Tavad qmnis dros. mas araviTari ,,manam’’ an ,,Semdeg’’ ar gaaCnia.

Sesaqme, upirvelesad, Svidi dRis, anu drois Seqmnaa da Semdeg

imisa, rac droSia. amgvarad, qristianuli SemoqmedebisaTvis

naZaladevia masalisa da formis saxiT samyaros gageba.

haiidegeris mixedviT, vulgarul wakiTxvas masalisgan formis

miRebis xelosnuri gageba moxmarebis nivTebidan mTel samyaroze

gadaqvs. xes, adamiansa da yovelives masalisa da formis

erTianobad ganixilavs, romelic RmerTs raRac miznisTvis da

moxmarebisTvis Seuqmnia. magram masala da forma xelosnur

Sromas moiTxovs, anu damzadebasa da gakeTebas, riTac

xelosnobis ideologia sakuTar warmomavlobas RmerTs

ukavSirebs, romelmac yvelaferi ,,gaakeTa’’. xeli saWiroa

imisaTvis, rom masalas (qva, sityva, feri, bgera) forma mianiWo,

magram aris Tu ara akaki wereTlis ,,ganTiadSi’’ sityvebi

ubralod masala? Tu aq sityvebi pirvelad xdebian sityvebi,

rogorc es rilkesTanaa? maTi sxvebiT Senacvleba SeuZlebelia,

Cven am sityvebs verc ki vamCnevT, roca vlaparakobT, isini

TiTqos qreba, radgan ubralo agurebia metyvelebis procesSi,

mizani ki Setyobinebaa da maTi rolic Setyobinebis Sedegad

ikargeba, iseve, rogorc kargad aSenebul saxlSi agurebs veRarc

vamCnevT. akakis leqsSi ki es agurebi brwyinavs da elvarebs.

amitomac, paradoqsulad aRar mogveCveneba haidegeris azri, rom

,,qmnilebaSi masaliseuli araferia’’.

li bom Secvala peizaJi, roca Tavisi leqsebi maT Sesaxeb Tavad

am peizaJSi Seitana. asociaciebis mizani rTuldeba da mdidrdeba:

Tavidan aSenda taZari, romelic ise organulad Caewera

landSaftSi, rom qarma igi Tavisad miiRo. Semdeg movida li bo,

taZris semiotika

205

romelmac aRwera taZari. Semdeg gamoCnda du fu, romelic

ixsenebs leqsebs winamorbedisas im adgilas, sadac isini Seiqmnen

da amiT leqsebi bunebriv fenomenebs uTanabrdeba. sivrce,

romelic droiT datvirTa, leqsebis sagnebad qceviT bunebas

kulturad gardaqmnis. amiT bunebac kulturad gadaiqca.

Cven viciT, rom avtori sam dRes mogzaurobda, vidre ar dainaxa

mTebi,romlebic wvimis SuaSi gaixsna. es SemaZrwunebeli aRsareba

gvaiZulebs, CavfiqrdeT: mTebi xom yovelTvis TavianT adgilze

idgnen da poetmac icoda amis Sesaxeb, Tumca wvima uSlida

xels, daenaxa da darwmunebuliyo imaSi, rac ar saWiroebs

gadamowmebas. poetma dainaxa is, rac yovelTvis iyo da iqneba

Cvenamdec, Cvens Semdegac, Cvens drosac.

mTebi sakuTar adgilze dganan. Cven SeiZleba vimogzauroT. wvima

SeiZleba movides an ara, magram mTebi amisgan ar icvleba.

vicvlebiT mxolod Cven, erTaderTi cvalebadi realoba am

peizaJSi Cven varT.

am paradoqsze fiqrisas poeti erT strofSi exeba warmaval

movlenebs: qars, yvavilebs da wvimas - landSaftis mudmiv

elementebTan erTad, rogorebicaa mTebi, xeebi da taZari. romel

kategorias mivakuTvnoT li bos leqsebi? - orives. maT fesvebi

gaidges peizaJSi, rogorc xeebma, magram dafrinaven, rogorc

qari, radgan mxolod mogonebisas arseboben, Tumca isini

yovelTvis gaaxsendebaT, roca am adgilas moxvdebian.

du fus mTeli saukune aSorebs li bosagan, magram es dro qreba

bunebis perspeqtivaSi. yvavilebisa da qarisaTvis dro ar

arsebobs, amitom asi weli, TiTqos, is sami dRea, romlebic

poets dasWirda imis Sesacnobad, rac dainaxa da aRwera. ramdeni

xanic yvavils gasaSlelad sWirdeba, amdenive sWirdeba poets

naTlis saxilvelad. es vada, ra Tqma unda, pirobiTia. iqneba

sxva yvavilebic, sxva poetebic, ufro metic: sxva li boc iqneba,

mirian ebanoiZe

206

radgan WeSmariteba, romelic misTvis gaixsna (rogorc mTebi

wvimis SuaSi), ar Seicvleba imis mixedviT, vin uyurebs mas.

am patara leqsSi Tanmimdevrulad qreba da bunebaSi ganzavdeba

sivrcis, drois, identurobis CvenTvis Cveuli kategoriebi.

poetis yofna peizaJSi pirobiTia: mTebi yvelganaa - Cven raime

specialuri miTiTeba am adgilis Taobaze ar gvaqvs: yvavilebi,

wvima da mTebia mxolod. adgili mxolod amosavali punqtia da

ara - saboloo mizani gzisa Tu leqsisa.

droc uazro gaxda. sami dRe, rogorc asi weli. samyaros

mudmivi sikvdilisa da dabadebis maradiulobaSi qronologia

uqmdeba iseve, rogorc yvavilebis Wknobasa da gafurCqvnaSi.

dairRva poetis igiveobac. li bo da du fu avtorebi ki ar

arian, aramed Tanaavtorebi, romlebmac aRmoaCines is, rac

SeuZlebelia, ar aRmoCeniliyo - mTebi.

du fus leqsSi taZari mTebisa da leqsebis gaigivebis simboloa.

misi semiotikuri sazrisi bunebisa da kulturis opoziciis

miRma unda veZeboT. avtori aq ubralod Suamavalia, raTa taZari

davinaxoT, Tumca is marto ar aris. igi dialogSia rogorc

Zvel, aseve momaval poetebTan. ase gagebuli poezia aRar

gaxlavT individualuri amocana, sadac umTavresi originalobaa.

es aris yofna tradiciaSi, sadac avtori Tanaavtoris rolSi

gvevlineba.

Lliteratura

haidegeri, dasabami xelovnebis qmnilebisa, Tbilisi, 1999.

du fu, gardasul mogzaurobebze fiqriT, teqstebi, 2007.

gia joxaZe

qarTvel berTa

yoveldRiurobis ramdenime

elementis Taobaze

(giorgi merCules ,,grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebis“ mixedviT)

Tanamedrove istoriuli mecniereba

warmoudgenelia yoveldRiurobis

istoriis gareSe. yofiTi pirobebisa da

sxva im faqtorTa Seswavla, romlebic

zemoqmedebdnen cnobierebisa da qcevis

normebis, socialur-politikur

SexedulebaTa formirebaze, gvarwmunebs,

rom, erTi SexedviT, ganmeorebad,

rutinul elementebSic SeiZleba imis

mikvleva, rac icvleboda; SeiZleba imis

ganWvreta, Tu vin xdeboda istoriuli

procesis monawileTagan istoriis

obieqti, vin ki - subieqti. Tanamedrove

qarTuli istoriografia aseT kvlevaTa

simravliT ver daitrabaxebs da Cveni

Sroma erT-erTi pirvelia am

orientaciis istoriografiaSi.

ra aris yoveldRiuri cxovreba? es is

yoveldRiuri qmedebania, romlebic

qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT meordeba

da araviTari siaxle, originaloba da

gia joxaZe

208

warmosaxviToba ar gaaCnia? Tu ,,yoveldRiurobad“ unda

miviCnioT marad miqcevad-moqcevadi ritmebi, romlebic avseben

adamianis gansazRvrul dros? sityva ,,cxovrebis“

mravalricxovan mniSvnelobaTagan ukeT romeli Seesabameba berTa

yofas, romelic mimdinareobda Tavisuflebis gansxvavebuli

formiT, gansxvavebuli ritmiT, gansxvavebuli struqturebiT?

cxadia, rbilad rom vTqvaT, sibece iqneboda, monazonTa cxovreba

wvrili faqtebis im krialosnad migveCnia, mxolod egzotikur

interess rom aRZravs. uwinaresad ki imitom, rom teqsti,

romelic araerTxel wagvikiTxavs da misi Studirebac ki

mogvixdenia, saSualebas iZleva, CavwvdeT berTa cxovrebiseuli

arCevanis seriozulobas, rwmenis siRrmes, maT gatacebas

sakuTari yoveldRiurobiT. iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom maTi

zraxvebi arc ise uCveuloa, da, bevri TvalsazrisiT, Cveni

Tanamedroveebis nostalgiur swrafvebsac ki eTanadeba. qmedebani,

am zraxvebs rom amaRlebs da asxivosnebs, maT ganxorcielebas

rom uwyobs xels, erTgvari askezaa, sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,

erTgvari Zalisxmeva, romlis gamovlena yvelas evaleba Tavis

saqmianobaSi Tu srulyofilebis ara, warmatebis misaRwevad

mainc. Zalze niSandoblivia, rom sityva ,,asketis“ pirveli

mniSvneloba imaze miuTiTebs, vinc sakuTar profesiul

daxelovnebaSi iwvrTneba.

wregadasuli ltolvis ganmcdeli Tanamedrove sazogadoeba,

modurad ecvas, modurad ikvebebodes, an piriqiT - moduradve ar

ikvebebodes da a.S., unda Seecados imis gagebas, rom sxvebi

imavenairad iqceodnen RvTis msaxurebisa da siyvarulisaTvis;

TanamedroveebisaTvis, romlebic ufrTxildebian sakuTar

uniformas da xandaxan sicocxlis fasadac ki icaven mis

Rirsebas, gasagebi unda iyos gansazRvrul drosa da socialur

jgufTaTavis mikuTvnebuli berebi ra seriozulad ekidebodnen

maTi cxovrebiseuli sazrisis gamoxatveli aTasobiT simboluri

niSnis dacvasa da mofrTxilebas (muleni).

qarTvel berTa yoveldRiurobis ramdenime elementis Taobaze

209

vcadeT, giorgi merCules ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis“

kvaldakval aRgvedgina VIII-X ss. moRvawe qarTvel berTa

yoveldRiuri cxovreba, imis garkveva, Tu rogor moqmedebs es

berul msoflSegrZnebaze, da sakuTriv, maTi wes-gangeba ra

zegavlenas axdens imdroindeli sazogadoebis qcevasa da

azrovnebaze.

CvenTvis saintereso iyo, gagverkvia, rogor gamoxatavdnen berebi

TavianT damokidebulebas sakuTari yofis iseTi rutinuli

markerebisadmi, rogorebic gaxldaT: siRaribe, ubiwoeba, locva,

galoba, sasjeli, sinanuli, xorcis daTrgunva, aRsareba, kveba,

marxva da a.S. amTaviTve vityviT, rom es CamonaTvali

Tavisuflad SeiZleba ganifinos or maTganSi: locva da marxva,

am ukanasknelis farTo saRvTismetyvelo mniSvnelobiT: marxva

saqmiT gamoxatuli rwmenaa da am TvalsazrisiT, kvebis racionis

SezRudvasTan erTad, marxvaa ubiwoebis dacvac, siRatakec,

xorcis daTrgunvac, mZime sayofacxovrebo pirobebic da sxv.

istoriulad es is epoqaa, rodesac IX s. dasawyisSi samxreT-

dasavleT saqarTveloSi damoukidebeli politikuri erTeuli -

,,qarTvelTa samefo“ yalibdeba. ai, ZiriTadi asparezi, sadac

samonastro moZraoba formdeba.

es xana imiTacaa mniSvnelovani, rom adre arsebul samonazvno

cxovrebis wesisagan gansxvavebiT (anaqoretizmi, martomyofloba,

meudabnoeoba), aw laparakia monazonTa saerTo sacxovrissa da

erTad cxovrebis (kinobiuri monazvnoba) Taviseburebebze. wminda

mamebis mier orive wesi ganidideba, magram gansxvavebis moZebna

mainc SeiZleba: jer kidev i. javaxiSvili SeniSnavda, rom

anaqoretuli wesis berebi marTlac gaurbodnen macTur sofels,

simdidres, kerZo sakuTrebas, rogorc yovelgvari borotebisa

da usamarTlobis budes, daucxromlad eswrafodnen srul

siglaxakes, upovarebas, sakuTari SromiT Tavis gamokvebas,

zneobriv sispetakes da a.S., magram es TavisTavad maRalzneobrivi

da mimzidveli mimarTuleba sazogadoebrivi keTildReobisaTvis

gia joxaZe

210

TiTqmis unayofo da usargeblo movlena iyo. grigol xanZTelis

samonastro moZraobam ki uSen an gaveranebul adgilebze

sicocxle aaRorZina, kulturis kerebi Seqmna, gzebi gaiyvana da

sasuliero nagebobani aago, utyv qveyanaSi adamianis cxoveli

sityva gaisma, miwa daixna, baR-venaxi gaSenda da a.S.

(javaxiSvili 1983: 118-119).

garda imisa, rom monazvnebi aTasgvar socialur funqcias

asrulebdnen, Sua saukeneebSi sxva rom veravin ikisrebda,

sruliad naTelia, rom isini gansazRvrul rols TviT rwmenis

SenarCunebaSic TamaSobdnen. WeSmariti da srulyofili rwmena

yvela epoqisTvis idealia, da raoden gasakviric unda iyos, arc

Sua saukuneebi gaxldaT gamonaklisi: es iyo dro crurwmenisa

da farisevlobisa, iracionaluri xasiaTis didi sazogadoebrivi

nakadebisa, momlocvelobisa, socialur-mistikuri krizisebisa,

milenaristuli molodinisa, sxvadasxvagvari

winaswarmetyvelebisa da sxv. adamianTa gulebSi sufevda

RvTismosaoba, magram mas zogjer adamianTa sulebisaTvis

WeSmariteba ar mohqonda. religiuri Zalisxmeva efemeruli,

spontanuri da zedapiruli gaxldaT. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi

blomad iyo mkrexelobisa da RvTis gmobis SemTxvevebi. erTxel

kidev gavimeorebT: cxovreba religiiT iyo aRsavse, Tumc Rrma

religiuri grZnobebisa da WeSmariti rwmenis calkeul

gamovlinebaTa gamoklebiT, yoveldRiuroba gulgrilobaSi

Cafluliyo, ,,RvTis daviwyebaSi“ CaZiruliyo.

monastrebis arseboba, samagaliTooba da moRvaweoba, romlebsac

sulieri energiisa da socialuri aqtivobis centrebs,

qristianobis erTgvar ruporebs SevadarebdiT, sruliad

aucilebeli da gamarTlebuli gvgonia. rogorebic unda

yofiliyvnen, isini yovelTvis axerxebdnen adamianuri azrovnebisa

da qcevis racionalizacias, adamianebSi TviTkontrolisa da

kanonisadmi pativiscemis STanergvas. swored monazvnoba icavda


211

qristianobis avanpostebs; monazoni iyo fari aTasgvar sacTurTa

Sesakaveblad. monazonTa meoxebiT maRldeboda adgilobriv

wmindanTa da relikviaTa xalxuri rwmena. monazvnebi qadagebdnen

ufro Sinagan, ufro pirad, zneobriv moTxovnilebaTa Sesabamis

religias. maTi qadagebani sinanulze, maTi piradi magaliTi

ubiZgebda codvils, sulieri Zalebi codvis amoZirkvis,

sinanulisa da aRsarebisaken miemarTa. glaxakobis idealis

Tavwyaro swored samonazvno cxovrebaSi Cqefda. es cxovreba

Camoayalibebs Sedeg mkafio mimarTulebas maradiuli xsnis

miznisaken da am rwmeniT iqneba aRbeWdili Semdgomi saukuneebi.

unda aRvniSnoT, rom monazvnoba saxelmwifos damorCilebuli

eklesiis, madlganZarcvuli eriskaculi moZraobis antiTezad

Camoyalibda. igi imTaviTve, qarizmatuli moZraoba iyo.

,,udabnoSi“ midiodnen sulieri ZRvnis misaRebad, romelic

moipoveboda mkacri asketuri teqnikiT. amgvarad, monazvnoba

avsebda damcrobil ,, sameufo siwmindes“ da amitomac ar

iltvoda ierarqiuli simaRleebisaken. metic: is eWviT uyurebda

TviT saepiskoposo Zalauflebasac. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom

jer kidev saba ganwmendilis epoqaSi (me-6 s. ), romlis

tipikonic saxelmZRvanelod gamoiyena grigil xanZTelma, swored

monazvnebi cdilobdnen, gadaeyenebinaT saeWvo reputaciis mqone

episkoposebi. amgvarad, erTi mxriv, saeroTa saRvTismsaxuro

praqtikasTan siaxlove, da, meore mxriv, sruliad gansxvavebuli

samonazvno Cveulebebis simbiozi - ai, ra ganasxvavebda

sabawmindis lavras sxvaTagan. monazonTa gaucxoeba saeklesio

ierarqiisadmi dasturdeba ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebis“

pirvel nawilSi, meore nawilSi ki meudabnoe berebs xSirad

vxedavT kaTedraTa Tu sakaTolikoso saydarTa mflobelebad,

rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi qarTuli

samonazvno wreebic veRar aRudgnen win cTunebas da saeklesio

ierarqiaSi damkvidrebaze uari aRar uTqvamT.

beris yoveldRiuri cxovrebis elementebi mravladaa teqstSi:

monazvnis yoveldRiur cxovrebas giorgi merCule ,,monazvnur

gia joxaZe

212

Sromas“ uwodebs, romelsac TviT martvilTa Tavdadebaze

metadac ki afasebs. logika amgvaria: martvilni erTxel ewamnen,

berebi ki ,,yovelsa Jamsa iwamebodes...“. ras gulisxmobs es

wameba? uwinaresad, locvasa da marxvas, upovarebasa da miwaze

wolas, ,,xorciel iwroebas“, mZime fizikur Sromas, RamisTevas

da a.S. (qarTuli proza 1981: 221).

uwinaresad, vcadoT qarTveli beris dRis ganrigis dadgena, rac,

rasakvirvelia, Zalze rTuli saqmea naratiul wyaroTa

ararsebobis gamo. magram radgan cnobilia liturgikuli dRis

elementebi, SesaZloa, vivaraudoT, rom tao-klarjeTSi

daarsebul qarTul monastrebSic am wess misdevdnen. pirvel

rigSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom liturgikuli dRe-Rame 9

periodad anu cxra Jamad iyofoda:

1- me-9 Jami

2- mwuxris Jami

3- serobis Jami

4- ciskris Jami

5- 1-li Jami

6- SuaRamis Jami

7- me-3 Jami

8- me-6 Jami

9- sadilis Jami

saRvTismsaxuro praqtikaSi Jamni ewodeba mokle

RmrTismsaxurebas, romelic Seesabameba da eZRvneba dRis

gansazRvrul droebs. amgvari locva sul xuTia: pirveli, mesame,


213

meeqvse, sadilisa da mecxre. I-III-VI-IX Jamnebs erTi da igive

sqema aqvT.

Jamnebis dro, Cveni droiT, am saaTebs Seesabameba: pirveli Jamni

– dilis 7-9 saaTi; mesame – 10-12 saaTi; meeqvse – 1-3 saaTi;

mecxre – saRamos 4-6 saaTi.

dRe-Ramis RmrTismsaxurebaTa cikli mwuxriT iwyeba. es gaxlavT

erT-erTi locva yoveldRiur RmrTismsaxurebaTagan, romelic,

rogorc saxelwodebidan Cans, saRamoTi, mzis Casvlamde

sruldeba. radgan Cvenma eklesiam ZvelaRTqmiseuli eklesiis

wesi gadmoiRo – dRe-Ramis aTvlis wertilad saRamo CaiTvalos,

amitom mwuxri yovelTvis meore dRes ekuTvnis. damdeg dRezea

damokidebuli, rogori iqneba mwuxri: didi, mcire Tu sadagi

dRis. mwuxris msaxurebaSi, samyaros SeqmnasTan erTad,

aRwerilia RmerTis mzrunveloba qmnilebebze, gansakuTrebiT ki -

dacemul da samoTxidan gamoZevebul adamianze.

gavixsenoT, rom RvTis mier samyaros Seqmnis aRwerisas „dRe“

saRamodan iwyeba, vinaidan msoflios pirvel dRes da adamianis

arsebobis dasawyiss win uswrebda sibnele, saRamo, mwuxri. igi

amitomac aris dadginebuli pirvel adgilas yoveldRiur

RvTismsaxurebaTa Soris. am msaxurebiT Cven madlobas vuZRvniT

RmerTs ganvlili dRisaTvis.

mwuxris locvis Semdeg monazvnebi satrapezoSi vaxSmobdnen,

Semdeg taZarSi brundebodnen da serobis locvas aRasrulebdnen.

TviT es saxelwodebac - „seroba“ (berZ. Απόδειπνον) „vaxSmis Semdgom msaxurebas“ niSnavs. arsebobs ori saxis seroba: mcire

da didi. didi seroba aResruleba Sobisa da naTlisRebis

dResaswaulebze da didmarxvis periodSi (didi mwuxris

nacvlad). igi aseve SeiZleba aResrulos xarebis dResaswaulze

da yvelieris SvideulSi. mcire seroba sruldeba yoveldRe,

zemoT naxsenebi dReebis garda, magram, ZiriTadad monastrebSi.

gia joxaZe

214

es msaxureba Sedgeba ramdenime locvisagan, romlebSic Cven

vevedrebiT RmerTs codvaTa mitevebas da Zilad

mimsvlelTaTvis sxeulisa da sulis mosvenebis miniWebas, Zilis

dros ki - eSmakis manqanebisagan dacvas. Zili sikvdils

Segvaxsenebs, igi misi erTgvari savarjiSoa. amitom serobaze

aRsrulebuli RvTismsaxurebisas mlocvelebs Segvaxseneben

saukuno Zilisagan gaRviZebas, anu mkvdreTiT aRdgomas. did

serobas Zvelad ewodeboda, agreTve, "xadilsa Cemsaჲ" an

"xadiliani": didi seroba iwyeba me-4-e fsalmuniT, romelic,

Tavis mxriv iwyeba sityvebiT: "xadilsa Cemsa esma Cemi RmerTsa..."

(Tanamedrove qarTuliT am fsalmunis xsenebuli adgilis

Sinaarsis gadmocema ase SeiZleba: ,,mipasuxe, roca mogixmob, Cemi

simarTlis RmerTo...“). barem aqve vTqvaT, rom grigol xanZTelis

cxovrebis teqstSi amis Taobaze pirdapiraa naTqvami:,, da

serobasa ,,xadilsa Cemsa“ warTqvian“ (qarTuli proza 1981: 241).

serobis Semdeg monazvnebi iZinebdnen, evropul monastrebSi es

daaxloebiT 18.45-ze uwevda, da erTmaneTs kvlav locvaze

xvdebodnen, SuaRamisas. locvis am tips SuaRamiani erqva.

SuaRamis locva („SuaRamiani“) SuaRamisas aResruleba

mosaxsenieblad macxovris locvisa geTsimaniis baRSi, romelic

man RamiT aRavlina.

SuaRamianis msaxureba imiTac RirsSesaniSnavia, rom swored mas

daukavSira ufalma Tavisi meored mosvla igavSi aTi qalwulis

Sesaxeb. es msaxureba mouwodebs morwmuneebs, yovelTvis mzad

iyvnen gankiTxvis saSineli dRisaTvis.

ganasxvaveben am locvis sam saxes: yoveldRiurs, SabaTisas da

kviris SuaRamians. saRvTismsaxuro tipikonis mixedviT, maTi

Sesrulebis wesi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. SuaRamianic,

msgavsad mcire serobisa, ZiriTadad, monastrebSi aResruleba.

SuaRamiani msaxurebis Semdeg monazvnebi isev iZinebdnen

ciskramde anu dilis locvamde, mzis amosvlis win rom


215

aResruleba, Tumca, dResdReobiT igi ZiriTadad, mwuxrs erwymis

- saRamoxans aResruleba. ciskaric sami saxis arsebobs:

yoveldRiuri, didi da saaRdgomo. yoveldRiuri ciskari

aResruleba sadag dReebSi. didi ciskari, SeerTebuli did

mwuxrTan da pirvel JamTan, RamisTevis (saRamos) locvaa.

saaRdgomo ciskari ki sruldeba yoveldRe brwyinvale

SvideulSi.

alioni, romelsac sinaTle, sifxizle da sicocxle moaqvs,

yovelTvis aRZravs morwmune adamianSi madlierebis grZnobas

RmerTisadmi - sicocxlis momniWeblisadmi. am msaxurebiT Cven

madlobas vuZRvniT RmerTs ganvlili RamisaTvis da wyalobas

SevTxovT momaval dRes. marTlmadideblur RvTismsaxurebaSi

ciskris locvisas ganidideba macxovris mosvla amqveynad,

romelmac axali cxovreba moutana adamianebs.

Semdeg iwyeboda wirva, dRis mTavari mRvdelmsaxureba,romlis

drosac moixsenieba macxovris qveyniuri cxovreba da

aResruleba ziarebis saidumlo, dadgenili TviT macxovris mier

saidumlo serobaze. liturgia sruldeba diliT, sadilobis

dromde. teqstSi ziarebis saidumlos aRsrulebis wesi

,,Jamiswirvad“ moixsenieba.

aq igulisxmeba pirveli Jamnic, romelic Cvens dilis eqvs an

Svid saaTs Seesatyviseba. es Jamnoba locviT gananaTlebs ukve

damdgar dRes. pirveli Jamnobisas moixsenieba iudevel

mRvdelmTavarTa samsjavro ieso qristeze, romelic daaxloebiT

am dros moxda; mesame Jamnic, Cvens cxra saaTs rom

Seesatyviseba. am Jamnobaze moixsenieba macxovris gasamarTleba,

tanjva pilatesTan da mociqulebze suliwmidis gardamosvla;

meeqvse Jamnic, romelic Seesabameba Cvens dRis Tormet saaTs

da masze moixsenieba ieso qristes jvarcma, romelic dRis 12

saaTidan 2 saaTamde periodSi aRsrulda.

sadilis Jamnis Semdeg monazvnebi sadilobdnen.

gia joxaZe

216

bolos iyo mecxre Jamnis dro, romelic daaxloebiT dRis sami

saaTisaTvis uwevda. masze moixsenieba ieso qristes jvarze

sikvdili, rac daaxloebiT am dros moxda.

gansakuTrebul dReebSi monazvnebi Rames aTenebdnen, roca

mwuxridan vidre gaTenebamde unda elocaT. amas erTvoda

winadRis locvebi, samwmidaobis galobis win kvereqsi unda

warmoeTqvaT anu mosaxsenebeli vedreba aRevlinaT uflisadmi.

teqstSi moxseniebuli ,,kvereqsi zeciT gardamoi“ unda iyos

cnobili savedrebeli: ,,ze gardamo mSvidobisa da cxovrebisaTvis

sulTa CvenTasa, uflisa mimarT vilocoT“.

sakvirao Jamiswirvisas samwmidaobis galoba eqvsjer unda

gaemeorebinaT. aqve naTqvamia, rom Jamiswirva ,,Jamsa cxra

Jamisasa“ imarTeboda. Zneli saTqmelia, Jamiswirvis drois

gadaadgileba mxolod RamisTevisas xdeboda, Tu saerTodac ase

iyo.

monazonTa locviTi aqtivoba, cxadia, amiT ar Semoifargleboda:

gardacvalebulTa sulebsac pativs maSin miagebdnen, romel

dResac daemTxveoda gardacvalebidan mesame, meSvide, meormoce

dReebi da weliwadi, am dReebis Jamiswirvas ar miaTvlidnen im

oras dRes, romlebic xanZTaSi damarxulebisTvis daewesebinaT.

paqsimadis (erTgvari orcxobilis) gayofac Tavidanve yofila

dawesebuli.

monazonTa mier marxvis dacvac beris yoveldRiurobis

Semadgeneli elementia.

giorgiwmindobis Tvis dadgomidan giorgiwmindobamde anu 10 (23)

noembramde marxulobdnen rZis nawarmiT. aseve, qristeSobisa da

wminda mociqulTa marxvebs didi RvawliTa da

keTilkrZalulebiT aRasrulebdnen.

noembris Tvis dadgomidan ki vidre pirmarxvamde anu marxvis

dasawyisamde - yovel SabaTs ciskris locvaze oTx kanons,


217

didmarxvisas ki vidre bzobamde - yovel ciskarze aseve oTx

kanons aRasrulebdnen da saTanado amonaridebs wminda werilidan

oTxgzis kiTxulobdnen.

berebi gansakuTrebuli skrupulozurobisT asrulebdnen vnebis

SvideulSi dawesebul gangebulebas. aRdgomidan erTi kviris

ganmavlobaSi "Wiris kanons" ar ambobdnen; serobisas

warmoiTqmoda "xadilsa Cemsa", aRdgomis "wardgomani" da rac

ciskarzea dawesebuli, da TiTo kanoni - axalkviriakemde. xolo

sulTa xsenebisas, aRvsebis Semdeg, ciskrad warmoTqvamdnen cxra

netarebas ("netararianni") da „galobans" . giorgi merCules

TqmiT, yovelives ase aRasrulebdnen mamebi TviT mis droSic, anu

meaTe saukuneSi (qarTuli proza 1981: 240-241).

SegaxsenebT, rom teqstSi araerTxel moxseniebuli ,,kanoni“

liturgikul praqtikaSi dadgenili wesis mixedviT Sekrebili

wmida sagaloblebis erTobliobaa, romelic ZiriTadad 9

nawilisagan ("galobisagan") Sedgeba. didmarxvasa da zatikis

(aRdgomidan sulTmofenobamde) periodSi kanoni zogjer or, sam

an oTxnawiliniaa da am SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisi zedawerilic aqvs:

orsagalobeli, samsagalobeli, oTxsagalobeli. TiToeuli

nawilis, e.w. "galobis", Sinaarsi efuZneba 9 bibliur galobas,

rac gansakuTrebiT naTlad Cans galobebis pirvel troparebSi –

ZlispirebSi.

pirveli galoba mosesa da misi dis mariamis galobidan

momdinareobs, romelic mewamuli zRvis gapobis Semdeg Seiqmna.

masSi RmerTi idideba adamianTa modgmisadmi gamovlenili

auracxeli saswaulisa da sikeTisaTvis.

meore galoba moses mier ebraelebis mxilebas efuZneba. agreTve,

am eris momaval usjuloebasa da gandgomas winaswarmetyvelebs.

es galoba sinanulsa da RmerTisken Semobrunebas qadagebs. igi

mxolod wmida didmarxvaSi sruldeba.

gia joxaZe

218

mesame galoba agebulia ana winaswarmetyvelis, samoel

winaswarmetyvelis dedis, galobis mixedviT, romelic man

amoTqva unayofobamde da unayofobisagan gankurnebis Semdeg.

meoTxe galoba Seicavs abakum winaswarmetyvelis locvas,

romelmac RmerTi ixila "mTiT maRnariT gamomomavali“. es

galoba winaswarmetyvelebs Ze RmrTisas, ieso qristes

dedamiwaze mosvlasa da qalwulisagan ganxorcielebas.

mexuTe galobis Sinaarsi aRebulia esaias winaswarmetyvelebidan;

igi mravalmxrivia, magram, umetesad, es aris locva bnelSi

mcxovrebTaTvis zeciuri naTlis gardasamovlenad.

meeqvse galoba iona winaswarmetyvelis galobaa, romelic man

veSapis mucelSi warmoTqva. es mwuxare sagalobeli Seicavs

RmerTisadmi RaRadebas im ufskrulis siRrmidan, romelSic Tavs

vigdebT Cveni codvebiT.

meSvide galoba sami yrmis galobas efuZneba, romelic maT

babilonis saxmilSi gamoTqves.

merve galobac sam yrmas ekuTvnis. masSi anania, azaria da

misaili yvela qmnilebas mouwodeben, akurTxon, ugalobon da

aRamaRlon RmerTi ukunisamde.

mecxre galoba ukve axali aRTqmidanaa. igi Sedgeba yovladwmida

RmrTismSoblis winaswarmetyveluri sityvisagan, romelic man

elisabedTan Sexvedrisas aRmohxda, – da ioane naTlismcemlis

mamis, mRvdel zaqarias sityvisagan, romelic man metyvelebis

unaris dabrunebis Semdeg warmoTqva.

ganvmartavT teqstSi moxseniebul terminsac - ,,wardgoma“,

romelic ZiriTadad, daviTis fsalmunTagan amoRebuli ama Tu im

dRisa Tu dResaswaulisaTvis misadagebuli muxlia. wardgoma

gvauwyebs ZvelaRTqmiseul winaswarmetyvelebas qristes

mosvlisa da axalaRTqmiseul eklesiaze;


219

aqve SeiZleba erTi dakvirvebis TqvenTvis gaziareba: cnobili

germaneli mecnieri norbert eliasi yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

definiciisas yoveldRiurs, yofiTs, ganmeorebads, rutinulsa da

a.S. dResaswaulebrivisagan, uCveulosagan, mkveTrisgan,

ganumeoreblisagan gamoyofda, da amiT TiTqos mkafio zRvars

viRebdiT erTi yofis meorisagan gasamijnad (puSkareva).

magram beruli yoveldRiuroba amiTac gamorCeulia: saqme is

gaxlavT, rom beris yoveldRiuri saqme - locva, erTi SexedviT,

TiTqos, rutinaa: igi erT da imave dros erTi da imave scenariT

sruldeba, magram meore mxriv, es mainc dResaswaulia, radgan

yvelgan RmerTi igulisxmeba, romelic yoveldRiurs, yofiTs

dResaswaulad gardaqmnis. amis saukeTeso magaliTi evqaristiaa,

roca Cveulebrivi pur-Rvino macxovris sisxl-xorcad

gardaisaxeba. amitom beris locva ufro metia, vidre -

rutinuli yoveldRiurobis ubralo elementi.

locvas monazoni, cxadia, did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, da es Cvens

teqstSi ara mxolod zemoT TqmuliT dasturdeba. avtori

gvamcnobs, rom locvisas urTierTsaubari ikrZaleboda. locva

iyo yvelafris SemzRudavi, TviT marxvisac ki. locva didxans

unda gagrZelebuliyo (mdablad da gvianad), kedels miyrdnoba,

Zili da ,, ukrZalvelad jdoma“ ikrZaleboda. gamorCeuli

monazvnisaTvis niSandoblivia ,,mouklebelad locva“; Jamiswirvis

umizezo gacdena isjeba, mizezi ki mxolod uZlureba SeiZleba

iyos; grigolma ekvdrebSi (mcire samlocveloebSi), romlebsac

senakebTan axlos aSenebdnen, Jamiswirva akrZala. liturgia

mxolod did eklesiaSi unda Catarebuliyo, romelze daswreba

yvela mRvdelmsaxurs valad edo (qarTuli proza 1981: 309).

gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom sakurTxevelSi Sesvla foCiani

tansacmliT an tyaviT, ikrZaleboda (iqve: 240). ise Cans,

yoveldRiurad, cvalebad klimatur pirobebSi mcxovreb da

mudmivad fizikurad mSromel berebs zemoT dasaxelebuli samosi

ecvaT, raTa erTi mxriv, sicivisagan daecvaT Tavi da, meore

mxriv, Sesaferisadac cmodaT.

gia joxaZe

220

dRisiT saxareba unda ekiTxaT da elocaT, RamiT ki fsalmunebi

warmoeTqvaT (iqve : 240; 214; 265; 241). am bolo wessac Tavisi

gamarTleba aqvs: monazvnebi, glexebiviT, dRis sinaTleze kiTxvas

amjobinebdnen, anu bunebriv ganaTebas iyenebdnen, fsalmunebis

warTqma ki, romelnic zepirad icodnen, RamiTac SeiZleboda.

isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom monazoni maSinac loculobs,

roca qveynad sxva aRaravin loculobs: es xdeba dilaadrian an

gvian RamiT; man yvelas unda daaswros uflisaTvis maradiuli

sadideblis aRvlena da maSinac adidos ufali, roca yvela

suldgmuli Zils miscemia: is xom samyaros WeSmariti sulieri

faria!

locvisagan Tavisufal dros monazoni Sromobs anu asrulebs

pavle mociqulis anderZs: „ukueTu visme ara unebs saqmis, nuca

Wamn“ (2 Tes 3.10). teqstSi es araerTxel dasturdeba:

grigolisa da misi mimdevrebis - sabas, Tevdoresa da

qristefores opizel ZmebTan orwliani yofnisas mravalTagan

grigols swored es siqvele auTvisebia: xelsaqme, mdumarebiT

aRsrulebuli (qarTuli proza 1981: 218). grigols ,,Sromai

didad uyvarda ara xolo locvisa da marxvisai oden, aramed

dRe da Rame xeliTa TvisiTa iqmoda“ (iqve, 309). monazvnebi

Tavisi xeliT aSeneben monastrebs (TviT grigolma daavaka

eklesiis aSenebis adgili) (iqve, 232) da ,,iwyes Senebad“ (iqve,

233), aSeneben venaxebsa da baRebs (iqve, 245), qvasa da kirs,

romelsac yiduloben, sakuTari zurgiT ezidebian (iq ve, 257-

258), purs acxoben (iqve, 270); roWikoben anu sjulieri

mTavrobisagan Semowirul saCuqrebs saxedriT ezidebian (iqve,

245), mkian (iqve, 282). yovelive amas, romelic Rirsebad

aRiqmeba, marTlac SeiZleba ,,gardareuli Sroma“ ewodos (iqve,

269).

asec iyo, da teqstiTac dasturdeba, rom berebs samonastro

mSeneblobaSi materialurad mefe-mTavrebi exmarebian.

sainteresoa, rom miuxedavad amisa, diqotomia - sasuliero/saero


221

- umkacresadaa daculi. marTalia, eklesia-monastrebs,

faqtobrivad, saeroTa saxsrebiT, Sromis iaraRebiTa da

nedleuliT ageben, anu saeroni xorcielad uzrunvelhyofdnen

sasulieroT, magram maSeneblebad mainc sulieri moZRvrebi

iTvlebian (,,Tuinier mefeTa queyanaTa“). es, ase vTqvaT, Sua

saukuneebis kanonia da mas arc aravin ganikiTxavs, Tu ar

CavTvliT mefe-mTavarTa sulebis sanacvlo moxseniebis praqtikas

da monazvnebze ,,gamZvinvarebul“ erTi-or pirs;

ber-monazonTa yoveldRiurobis kidev erTi mTavari aspeqti -

marxva, teqstSi amgvaradaa gamoTqmuli: ,,talanti monazonisa

marxvai ars“ (qarTuli proza 1981: 244). rogorc zemoTac

aRvniSneT, es sulier-fizikuri aqtivoba danarCenebsac

gansazRvravs: kerZod, vgulisxmobT sakvebs, samoss, sacxovrissa

da sxv. am aspeqtTa organizeba marxvis anu daTmenisa da

TavSekavebis aRTqmis dacvas eqvemdebareba. rogorc zemoT

rekonstruirebuli dRis ganrigiT davrwmundiT, monazoni dReSi

orjer miirTmevda. grigoli amiTac gamonaklisia: is erTxel

Wamda mcire raodenobis purs, romelsac amave raodenobis wyals

ayolebda. Rvino ki saerTod ar daelia (iqve, 242). didmarxvac

ki, romelic aRdgomis win 49 dRiT adre iwyeboda da aRdgomis

dResaswaulamde grZeldeboda, grigolma ,,kalnabiTa umgbvriTa“

anu umi kombostos WamiT Seinaxa (iqve, 242). zogadad, teqstis

Tanaxmad, zogi monazoni saerTod ar svamda Rvinos, xolo vinc

svamda, Zalze mcires (iqve, 241). TviTon grigols Zalze

moswonebia opizel dayudebul berTa cxovrebis wesi

gastronomiis TvalsazrisiTac, rac niSnavda pirutyvTa msgavsad,

mwvaniliTa da xiliT, an mcirodeni puriT gamokvebas (iqve, 221).

amitomac eniWeboda aseTi didi mniSvneloba samonastro

adgilebs, romelTa irgvliv wyaro unda yofiliyo da, aseve -

uricxvi maRnari anu tevri xilis mosapoveblad (iqve, 245),

berebs mxolod trapezis dros SeeZloT Wama, senakSi es

ekrZalebodaT (iqve, 241). marTalia, Cveni teqstis TiTqmis

yvela gverdze sxvadasxva formiT gamoiTqmis debuleba, rom

gia joxaZe

222

saWmel-sasmeli mxolod xorcis SesanarCunebladaa mogonili da

is gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ar imsaxurebs, saWmeli,

samoselisa ar iyos, Seuracxi, saglaxako, angariSSi Caugdebi,

mcire da mdare unda iyos, magram xandaxan fsiqologiaSi marad

miuwvdomeli ram sZuldebaT xolme da SesaZloa, saqme Cvenc am

viTarebasTan gvqondes. grigolis SemTxvevaSi yovelive is, rac

gulisTqmasa da mis moyvarebas ukavSirdeba, Wamadia: anu maradi

daTmenis gamo iseTive saZulveli, rogoric xsnilobis sakvebi.

amitomacaa gasagebi daniel winaswarmetyvelis naTqvamis

gaTaviseba anu ,,TaviT TvisiT“ warmoTqma: ,,puri gulis saTqmeli

ara vWamo“. rogorc Cans, yvela puri puri rodia: zogi arsobas

amkvidrebs da dalocvilia, zogi gulisTqmaT aRZravs da

dasagmobia. es tendencia sWvivis teqstis sxva epizodebSic,

roca upovareba Svebad gardaiqmneba; SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom

xanZTaSi dayudebuli grigol xanZTelis maspinZeli beri

xuediosis SemTxvevaSi fsiqikis damcavi meqanizmi moqmedebs da

isic, ,,kniniTa miT saSvebliTa friad iSvebdes, viTarca

didZaliTa sanovagiTa“. saWmlis uqonloba (didi upovareba)

sulier sazrdels Sobs, es sazrdeli ki uflisadmi locvaa;

,,ara naklulevan varT, aramed aRsavse madliTa saunjeTa maTgan

mouklebelTa, uxilavTa da ganuparvelTa“. morali naTelia:

sakvebi ileva, xilulia da gaqrobas daqvemdebarebuli. ufals

araferi akldeba, uxilavia da maradi. erT epizodSi ymawvilebis

- efremisa da arsenis, rogorc jer isev balRRTa, gamosazrdel

rZes RvTis madli Canacvlebia, is itvirTebs ymawvilTa

sazrdelobis rolsa da funqcias (iqve, 250).

imis xelaRebiT Tqma, rom berebi sinamdvileSi ase ar

iqceodnen, ar ZalgviZs, radgan teqstSi ase weria. sxva teqsti

ar gvaqvs. gaviTvaliswinoT Sua saukuneTa literaturuli

kanoni, saeklesio tradicia da im daskvnamdec mivalT, rom ise

weria, rogorc unda eweros. SeiZleba mxolod frTxili

varaudis gamoTqma: Tu gastronomiis sublimacia teqstSi ar

mogvCvenebia, maSin is unda Seqmniliyo gulmodgine monazonTa


223

gasamxneveblad, magaliTis misacemad, xolo sulmdabalTa

samxelada da dasaSineblad; agreTve, mrevlis, Sua saukuneTa im

marad daunayrebeli publikis gasamxnevebladac, romelTaTavisac

iwereboda es da msgavsi sakiTxavebi. swored is unda

gardaqmniliyo, gaucxoebuliyo, fasdakargulad

gamocxadebuliyo, rac ase sanatreli iyo maTTvis. magram

mxolod gardaqmna, gaucxoeba da devalvireba sakmarisi ar iyo:

mas axali xarisxi, zeciuri, saRvTo ganzomileba unda SeeZina. am

sakiTxavebiT izrdeboda mrevli da roca axerxebda, materialur

siameebze maRldeboda kidec.

berTa yoveldRiur sakvebs, teqstis Tanaxmad, albaT, puri,

wyali, Rvino, bostansa da baRebSi moweuli xil-bostneuli,

SesaZloa, Tevzic Seadgenda, Tumc es bolo produqti teqstSi

saerTod ar ixsenieba.

da kidev erTi dakvirveba: marTalia, berebi TiTqos

udrtvinvelad iTmendnen nebayoflobiT arCeul cxovrebiseul

gaWirvebas, magram es rom marTlac did, angariSgasawev saqmeda

da saeroTaTvis lamis dasayvedreblad miaCndaT, teqstidan Cans:

mRvdel matoize naTqvamia, rom igi ,,gardareulma Sromam“,

kerZod ki, sxva Tavganwirul qmedebebTan erTad (mouklebeli

locvai, uZilobai, zedgomai, muxlTa modrekai friadi),

,,wyurilma da SimSilma maradis“ moauZlura (qarTuli proza

1981:269). rogorc Cans, Zilic mudmivad sanatreli mdgomareoba

iyo: grigols, zenonsa da makaris erT senakSi yofnisas

fsalmunebi unda warmoeTqvaT, zenoni da grigoli aki asec

moiqcnen, ,,xolo makaris hruloda da sarecelsa zeda mieZina“

(iqve, 317).

berTa ,,xorcieli iwroebis“ kidev erTi markeria sacxovrisi anu

senakSi cxovrebis pirobebi, romelTac grigolis ,,friad

ficxeli“ wes-gangeba gansazRvravda: senaki idga eklesiisagan

moSorebiT. Sig Tavsdeboda mcire sawoli, Seuracxi sagebeli,

erTi WurWeli wylisaTvis. senaks sakvamuri ara hqonda, radgan

gia joxaZe

224

cecxls ar anTebdnen. RamiT sanTlis anTebac ikrZaleboda (iqve,

241). ise gamodis, es mxolod TavSesafari, Ramis gasaTenebeli

adgili gaxldaT. es ar iyo, da ar SeiZleba yofiliyo bina,

Tanamedrove gagebiT: bina, i. lotmanis dakvirvebas Tu

ganvazogadebT, didi sacTuria infernaluri Zalebis

oinebisaTvis, biurokratiuli fiqciebis mistikisaTvis, yofiTi

kinklaobisaTvis... sulierebis rTul ierarqiaSi bina qveda

safexurzea, iq, sadac usicocxlo usulguloba, zedaze ki

absoluturi sulierebaa. pirvels sWirdeba sacxovrebeli farTi

(oRond, ara - saxli) (lotmani 2012: 87), meores igi arad

argia: monazvnis miwieri cxovreba maradi gzaa.

monazoni TviTganaTlebasac misdevda da drodadro kiTxulobda:

es dasturdeba Tavad grigolis magaliTiT, romelsac

siyrmidanve daeswavla daviTni da sxva saeklesio literatura -

qarTulad, aseve ucxo enebze dawerili saRvTo da

filosofiuri literaturis nimuSebi (qarTuli proza 1981:

216), ubis monastersac dautova ,,Tvisni wignni, romel aqvndes“;

wignis TavisTvis kiTxvis anu soflisagan izolaciis kidev erTi

Cveva rom ganviTarebuli iyo, adasturebs amave monastris

mamasaxlisad dadgenili, ierusalimidan mosuli beris, vinme

ilarionis xsenebac, romelsac ,,aqvndes...keTilni wignni“ (iqve,

244).

teqstiT dgindeba, rom grigolis monastrebSi TiTqos mkacrad

icaven sabawmindis tipikoniT gansazRvrul wess uwverul yrmaTa

miuReblobis Taobaze (am wesis gamomcvlels wyevlasac ki

uTvlis grigol xanZTeli); garda amisa, misi daxasiaTebisas

naTqvamia, rom igi siyrmeSic ki bavSvuri TamaSebisagan

Tavisufali gaxldaT; magram saRvTo avtoritetiT - kerZod,

uflis angelozis gamocxadebiT, am wesis gverdiT avlac

SeiZleba, ase vTqvaT, gamonaklisis saxiT, da arsenisa da efremis

monasterSi darCenac (iqve, 249). logikuri iqneboda, mTxrobels

am gamocxadebaze manam eambna, sanam sakuTriv grigoli amas

sakuTar argumentad gamoiyenebda, magram hagiografiul teqstSi


225

es mxatvruli kanoni daculi ar aris: wminda personaJis

sityvebi ueWvelia: rasac geubnebiT, sinamdvile rom ar iyos,

maSin vai Cemdao, ixsenebs mociqulis sityvebs grigoli. uflis

nebas ki sacilod veravin gaxdis. sakiTxavi mxolod is aris,

ramdenad ganekrZalebodnen jer kidev bavSvi arseni da efremi

,,bavSvur TamaSebs?“

sabawmindisave tipikoniT, SabaTobiT aravin unda gamovides

lavridan sadReRamiso mRviZarebis gamo. mxolod misi

dasrulebis Semdeg, winamZRvris TanxmobiT, wavides Tavis

saqmeze. monasterSi ganwesebulni Tu TviTneburad stoveben

monasters, ukan aRar miiRon da sxv. (alimovi). amis gamoZaxili

unda iyos teqstis is epizodi, roca Tevdore da qristefore

grigolisaTvis uTqmelad, farulad midian monastridan, raTa

TavianTi ,,saRvTo Suri“ daicxron da Tavad aRaSenon monasteri

(qarTuli proza 1981:242). TiTqos, aq mizezs didi mniSvneloba

arc unda eniWebodes: berebma wes-gangeba daarRvies da ukiTxavad

wavidnen. aseTebs ukan aRar iRebdnen. SesaZloa, amitomac wuxs

grigoli (,,Sewuxna friad“) da oTx ZmasTan erTad amitomac

eZebs dakargul kravTa (iqve, 242-243). maTi povnisas teqsti

mxolod imas gveubneba, rogor ,,Seuvrdes cremliT“ gamoparulni

da rogor ,,aRadginna da Seitkbna siyvaruliT wmidaman grigol“.

sxvaTa Soris, aseve uflisave avtoriteti gamoiyena grigolma

qarTlis kaTolikosad arsenis damtkicebis epizodSic (iqve, 273-

279). adamianuri logikiT, am qmedebaTa gamaanalizebelma,

SesaZloa, eWvi Seitanos grigolis keTilsindisierebaSi, an

mikerZoeba daswamos mas. magram istorikoss arc erTis

saSualeba ara aqvs: ramdeni da rogori kiTxvac unda davusvaT

teqsts, igi ar gvipasuxebs. erTi ram dagvrCenia: unda vifiqroT,

rom aq qristesmieri siyvaruli, Zmebis gamoparvis mizezi

(monastris sxvaganac aSeneba) da uflis angelozis Careva anu

RvTiT inspirirebuli saqme maRla dadga kacis mier dadgenil

wes-gangebaze; amas unda davurToT sakuTriv grigolis

pativdebuloba, romelsac misadmi moSiSeba da mokrZaleba

gia joxaZe

226

ganapirobebs. marTalia, teqstSi araerTxelaa xazgasmuli, rom

berebs Soris sruli siyvaruli sufevda, romelsac SiSi unda

ganedevna (1 ioane 4, 18), magram mxolod urwmunoT ara aqvT

RvTis SiSi. morwmuneTa koloniaSi uflis moSiSeba misi

warmogzavnilisadmi moSiSebaSi gamoixateboda. teqstSi am

moSiSebas amJRavneben rogorc saeroni, ise - sasulieroni.

urCebs disciplinaruli sasjeli eliT: maT xandaxan gaaZevebdnen

kidec. magaliTad, erTi opizeli beri WabukobaSi grigols

monastridan samjer gaugdia, ,,ukeTurobisagan slvaTa CemTaisao“,

ambobs monazoni, Tumc am zogadi frazidan konkretuli

gadacdomebis dadgena SeuZlebelia (iqve, 302). faqtia, rom mas

Secodebani mounaniebia da monasterSi dabrunebula. mavanis

usjulod miCneul saqciels roca mamaTa krebuls gaacnobdnen

da braldebulad cnobdnen, sakurTxevlidan Camoiyvandnen,

samosels SemoZarcvavdnen da yovelTa erTobiT eklesiidan

gaaZevebdnen (iqve, 306).

sadac wminda mamaTa argumentebs gasavali ara aqvs, iq saswauli

CaerTvis xolme da monazvnis avtoritetis saRvTo

sanqtificirebas axdens: magaliTad, grigolis mowafis, epifanes

winamZRvrobisas, erTi mdidari kaci werta ,,monazonTaTvis

mksinvared iyo“; cameti wlis asuli hyavda, dabadebiT yru-

munji. dedamiss sizmrad epifane moevlina, romelmac uTxra,

wirvaze kaci gamogzavne, Cemi xelnabani wyali waiRos, Sens

gogonas daalevine, Tavzec wascxe da ganikurnebao. asec moxda

sami dRe-Rame Zilis Semdeg. amis Semdeg wertam Tavisi Zveli

damokidebuleba berTadmi Seinana da xanZTas didi Sesawiravi

miuZRvna (iqve, 324-325). SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom werta

manamde monazvnebs ar swyalobda da arc maTTvis xelis gamarTva

miaCnda saamur saqmed. saswaulma ki igi moaqcia. garda amisa, aq

adamianTa yoveldRiurobis iseTi elementi, rogoric xelis

dabanaa, berTa yoveldRiurobaSi gardaisaxeba da saswaulebriv

Zalas iZens: Jamiswirvis win ganbanva ucilo rituali iyo.

sruliad araesTetikur-arahigienuri aqti, rogoric sxvisi


227

xelnabani wylis dalevaa, ucxod ar mogveCveneba, Tu qristes

mier mravalTa gankurnebis xerxebs gavixsenebT: markozis

saxarebis or epizodSi laparakia iesos mier sakuTari furTxiT

yrus, enablusa da brmis gankurnebaze (markozi 7, 32-35; 8, 23).

imaves wavawydebiT ioanes saxarebaSic (ioane, 9,6). ramdeni

komentaric unda daiweros, rom Zvelad adamianis furTxs

gansakurni miznebiTac iyenebdnen, am aqtis esTetizeba, albaT,

ver moxerxdeba, magram bibliur samyaroSi esTetizebas arc

aravin iTxovs: Svelas iTxoven da rwmeniT eZlevaT. Cvens

teqstSi daculi xelnabani wylis dalevisa da amis Sedegad

gankurnebis epizodi, SesaZloa, am logikiT ganvWvritoT: epifane

wminda mRvdelmsaxuria. is sakuTari xeliT exeba RvTis sisxlsa

da xorcs. misma xelnabanma wyalma SesaZloa gankurnos yru-

munjic ki. Sinagani hidroTerapiis es xerxi, romelic uZvelesi

droidanve cnobilia, amjerad ziarebis kidev erT plastad

gvevlineba. monazonTa meroWikeobas anu ulufis Txovnas saero

pirebisadmi yovelTvis rodi mohqonda Sedegi. mTxrobels aqac

saswauli Semohyavs scenaze, romlis wyalobiTac Zunwi da xarbi

eriskacebi Wkuas swavloben (qarTuli proza 1981:282-283).

qalTan, rogorc uwmindurobis wyarosTan, urTierTobis

akrZalva yvela samonazvno koloniis markeria, da am mxriv, arc

Cveni teqstia gamonaklisi: qarTveli berebi mefeTa (da, albaT,

sxva socialur fenaTa warmomadgenlebis) midrekilebas siZvis

diacebisadmi sastikad ebrZodnen. sabawminduri tipikoni qalis

monasterSi Sesvlas krZalavda (alimovi).

Tumc, tao-klarjeTSi arsebobda sakuTriv qalTa monastrebi,

sadac mRvdels xanZTidan niSnavdnen. monazoni qalebi didi

siqveliT gamoirCeodnen da maTTan megobrobas TviT grigolic

ar Takilobda. isini aqtiurad monawileobdnen wminda mamaTa

dadgenil saqmeTa realizebaSi. magram TviT monazoni qalebic

rom ,,qalebi“ arian, sulTmobrZav berebsac ki ar aviwydebaT:

mRvdeli matoi didad mouZlurda da Tavis mixedva aRar SeeZlo.

Tumc, verc monazon dedaTa mier mis msaxurebas Seegua:

gia joxaZe

228

,,daRacaTu nebisa RmrTisani arian dani ese, xolo uweso ars

monazonisa xeliTa dedaTaiTa msaxurebai“ (qarTuli proza 1981:

270). meres dekanozs, Temestias uTqvams, ormoci wlis

dekanozobis ganmavlobaSi matois CemTvis sacecxluri xelidan

ar gamourTmeviao (iqve, 269). ase unda daecva WeSmarit bers

Tavisi ubiwoeba ,,ara xolo xorciTa oden, aramed suliTa da

sityviTa, sasmeneliTa da TvaliTa“ . magram am sakiTxebis

amgvarma pedalirebam SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom ubiwoebis

problema marTlac problema iyo da bers bevri sacTurisTvis

Tavis arideba evaleboda. axerxebdnen Tu vera amas qarTveli

berebi, teqstSi araferia naTqvami.

qarTvel berebs mowafeebi hyavT, romlebic sasuliero codniT

maragdebian - gamocdili TanamoZmeni maT ,,sityvaTa sulisa

cxovrebisaTa etyodian“ (iqve, 265). teqstSi araerTi wminda mama

moixsenieba, romlebic grigolis axsna-ganmartebebs iReben da

Tavi mis Segirdebad miaCniaT (iqve, 265-266).

*

amgvarad, qarTvel berTa yoveldRiurobis im ramdenime

elementidan, romelTa mikvlevis saSualeba mogvca giorgi

merCules ,,grigol xanZTelis cxovrebam“ da romelTa analizic

dRes vitvirTeT, kidev erTxel dagvarwmuna, rom Cvens winaSe

arian adamianebi da ara - sqemebi; gvwams, rom yoveldRiurobis

miRma Cans cocxali portretebi da ara - Zeglebi; maTTan

daaxloeba, maTi Secdomebisa da sulmdablobis, maTi tkivilisa

Tu sixarulis, maTi rwmenis gacnobiereba gvafiqrebinebs, rom

maT ise unda SevxedoT, rogorc adamianebs, oRond gansxvavebuli

idealebis mqoneTa da maRiarebelT. raSi Segviwyobs aseTi

damokidebuleba xels? uwinaresad, imaSi, rom Zveli qarTuli

literatura xelmeored wavikiTxoT, axali rakursiT SevxedoT

mas, raTa imaze gagvces pasuxi, rac Tanamedrove adamians

ainteresebs. es adamiani, SesaZloa, mkvlevaric iyos, romlis

naazrevi kidev erT fers Sematebs Zveli saqarTvelos mkvidrTa

rekonstruirebul samyaros suraTs.


229

literatura

Лео Мулен. Повседневная жизнь средневековых монахов Западной Европы (Х-ХV вв.), http://www.gumer.info/bogoslov_Buks/History_Church/Mulen_lifeMonah_index.php).

i. javaxiSvili, Txz. 12 tomad, t. me-2, Tbilisi

qarTuli proza, 1, Tbilisi

Наталья Пушкарева, «История повседневности» как направление исторических исследований, http://www.perspektivy.info/history/istorija_povsednevnosti_kak_napravlenije_istoricheskih_issledovanij_2010‐03‐16.htm

i. lotmani, semiosfero, moazrovne samyaroTa SigniT, Tbilisi

Алымов В. Лекции по Исторической Литургике, http://lib.eparhia‐saratov.ru/books/01a/alimov/lecture/111.html

goCa kuWuxiZe

monazonTa gza

`wmida ioane zedaznelis

cxovrebaSi~

`wmida ioane zedaznelis

cxovrebaze~ dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom X

s-ze adreul periodSi unda iyos igi

Seqmnili da rom masze uSualo

zegavlena aqvs moxdenili `wmida ninos

cxovrebas~, rac ganamtkicebs

mecnierebaSi gamoTqmul mosazrebas, rom

wmida ninosadmi miZRvnili nawarmoebi,

aseve, X s-ze gacilebiT adre unda

iyos dawerili (revaz siraZe, mariam

CxartiSvili, sxva araerTi mkvlevari,

IV sukunes miakuTvneben mas).

`cxovrebaSi~ naCvenebia is gza,

romelsac monastrebSi damkvidrebamde

gadian berebi. vfiqrobT, miniSnebebiT

naCvenebia, rom maTi mimosvla wmida

ninos saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli.

`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~

Tanaxmad (`b~ redaqcia, _ Zeglebi 1964),

ioane mcxeTis maxloblad

SuamdinareTidan Semovida qarTlSi,

udabnoSi daesaxla, iq mihyavdaT masTan

sneulebi gansakurneblad.

erTbaSad TiTqos ver bedavs ioane

mcxeTis siwmideebTan miaxlebas, TiTqos

monazonTa gza “wmida ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaSi”

231

verc zedazenis mTaze damkvidreba gadauwyvetia, _ RvTisgan

gamocxadebas elodeba.

Semdeg ioanesa da misi mowafeebis gza qveynis mTavari

siwmideebisaken miemarTeba: `warmoemarTnes queyaniT TÂsiT da

winamZRurebiTa sulisa wmidisaÁTa miiwivnes qalaqsa mcxeTas da

Sevides da Tayuanis-sces wmidasa suetsa mas, romeli aRhmarTa

RmerTman da ara kacman~.

pavle mociqulis am sityvebis gameorebis Semdeg (ebr. mim.

8,2) avtori wers: `rameTu RonisZiebaman xuroTaman da TÂT

mefeman simravliTa erTa uricxuTa ver SeuZles aRmarTebad sam

dRe~ (Zeglebi 1964: 199). gadmocemulia `wmida ninos

cxovrebiseuli~ istoria sveticxovelis aRmarTvis Sesaxeb,

moTxrobilia, Tu rogor ver aRmarTes xuroebma sveti, rogor

aRiwia wmida ninos locvis Semdeg sveti haerSi da `Camovida

neliad da daemtkica safuZvelsa zeda~ (Zeglebi 1964: 200)...

naTqvamia, rom `friadi eri moiqca da naTel iRes saxeliTa

mamisaÁTa da ZisaÁTa da sulisa wmidisaÁTa~ (Zeglebi 1964:

200).

Semdeg Txroba isev sveticxovelTan ioanes misvlas

ubrundeba: `amas cxovelsa suetsa winaSe miiwia wmidaÁámama~...

naTqvamia, rom ioanem `aRamaRlna ãÃelni da Tualni zecad

aRixilna, da cremlni gardamoadinna da madlobaá Sewira

RmrTisa~.

ufali uCvenebs, Tu saiT unda waremarTos ioanes Semdgomi

gza:

`xolo RmerTman uCuena mas mTaÁáerTi maxlobelad mcxeTas

da cxovelsa juarsa CrdiloÁT kerZo da auwya, raÁTa aRvides

wuersa zeda mis mTisasa~.

ioanem `wiaR vlo aragÂÂâ da aRvida Tayuanis-cemad

juarisa patiosnisa~ (iqve).

amis Semdeg ki ioanes gza zedazenis mTisken miemarTeba.

aSkaraa, rom sveticxovelis aRmarTvis istoria `wmida

ninos cxovrebis~ erT-erTi redaqciidan aris gadawerili

goCa kuWuxiZe

232

(sayuradReboa, rom avtors `wmida ninos cxovrebis~ iseTi

redaqciiT usargeblia, romelSic wmida svetis sami dRis

ganmavlobaSi veraRmarTvis Sesaxeb yofila saubari).

Tu Cven `ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ adreuli saxis

aRdgenaze vimsjelebT, unda iTqvas, rom sveticxovelisa da

jvari patiosanis Tayvaniscemis epizodebi sakvanZo momentebia da

safiqrebelia, rom isini wmida ioane zedaznelisadmi miZRvnil

da Cvenamde vermoRweul nawarmoebSi aucileblad iqneboda. Cvens

xelT arsebul `cxovrebaSic~ warmoCenilia da winare teqstSic,

rogorc Cans, naCvenebi iyo, Tu rogor miemarTeboda wmida

ioanes gza, sanam zedazenis mTaze daeyudeboda.

iqmneba SesaZlebloba, warmovidginoT, daaxloebiT rogori

unda yofiliyo winare nawarmoebis siuJeti, romelic `wmida

ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ CvenTvis cnobili redaqciis

Seqmnamde (X s) gacilebiT adre Cans dawerili (am sakiTxebze

vrclad vmsjelobT calke werilSi, _ kuWuxiZe 2005).

sanam zedazenis mTaze avidoda da iq damkvidrdeboda, ioane,

cxadia, jer mcxeTaSi Sevidoda da wmida svetsa da jvari

patiosans scemda Tayvans, amis Sesaxeb mis adreul `cxovrebaSi~

aucileblad iqneboda saubari. SeuZlebelic ki aris imis

warmodgena, ioanes mier zedazenis mTaze damkvidrebaze

moeTxroT da mcxeTa da misi mTavari siwmideebi ar exsenebinaT.

aqedan gamomdinare miviCnevT, rom winare teqstSi, aseve,

mcxeTasTan, _ wmida ninos mier daarsebul siwmideebTan

dakavSirebulad iqneboda wmida ioanes gza warmodgenili...

vfiqrobT, adreul teqstSi naCvenebi iyo, rom ioane antioqiidan

Semovida qarTlSi da jer mcxeTis maxloblad dasaxlda, Semdeg

ki mowafeebTan erTad udabnoSi daeyuda, sadac mraval saswauls

axdenda... mas Semdeg, rac RmerTma uCvena, rom mcxeTis jvari

patiosanis `CrdiloÁT kerZo~ unda dasaxlebuliyo, ioane jer

mcxeTis jvari patiosanze avida, Tayvani sca mas da mxolod amis

Semdeg damkvidrda zedazenze.

aseTia misi gza, romelzedac RmerTma waiyvana da romelic

adreul redaqciaSi, vfiqrobT, amgvari saxiTve iqneboda

warmodgenili.


233

yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom Sio mRvimelis erT-erTi

metafrasuli `cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, ioane zedaznelma mowafeebi

sxvadasxva mxareSi wmida ninos brZanebiT daagzavna (qrestomaTia

1946: 115; kekeliZe 1980: 537).

cxadia, igulisxmeba, rom ioane bers gamocxadeba hqonia.

safiqrebelia, rom metafrasul `cxovrebaSi~ Zveli werilobiTi

tradiciis kvalia SemorCenili.

yuradRebas Semdegi garemoebac iqcevs: `ioane zedaznelis

cxovrebidan~ vxedavT, rom mcxeTis siwmideebisadmi Tayvaniscemis

Semdeg ioane zedazenze rCeba, mowafeebi ki sxvadasxva mxareSi

miemarTebian:

`waravlinna [...] romelnime kaxeTiT da romelnime kuxeTiT

da sxuani zena sofliT, xolo netari daviT garejisa udabnosa,

da sxuani garemo qalaqsa Cuensa~ (Zeglebi 1964: 207).

`wmida ninos cxovrebis~ Tanaxmad, jvari patiosanis

aRsamarTavad mokveTil da eklesiis samxreTis karTan

dasvenebul jvrebs RamiT varskvlaviT dagvirgvinebuli jvari

daadga Tavs, `ganTiad riJu-raJus oden~ misgan gamodis

varskvlavebi, romelTagan erTi dasavleTiT, _ TxoTis mTisken

midis da mis zemoT Cerdeba, meore daba bods daadgeba Tavze,

varskvlaviT dagvirginebuli jvari ki `neliad-neliad gandgis

mier kerZo aragusa~ da `daadgris borcusa zeda kldisasa, zemo

kerZo, axlos wyarosa mas, romeli-igi aRmoadines cremlTa

wmidisa ninoÁsTa, da muniT aRmaRldis zecad~ (Zeglebi 1964:

148-149).

am miniSnebebis safuZvelze, wmida ninos brZanebiT, erT

eklesias TxoTis mTaze aaSeneben, meores ujarmaSi, _ imitom,

rom bodi mirian mefes winaaRmdegobas ar gauwevs gaqristianebis

gzaze.

teqstze dakvirveba cxadyofs, rom zedazenis mTaze ioanes

misvla da, aseve, Semdgomi moRvaweoba wmida ninos cxovrebaSi

aRweril movlenebTan aris dakavSirebuli. wmida ioane

zedaznelisadmi miRvnil nawarmoebSi `wmida ninos cxovrebaze~

goCa kuWuxiZe

234

aris miniSneba, qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis cxovrebis momTxrobi

wigni zegavlenas axdens `wmida ioane zedaznelis cxovrebaze.~

`wmida ninos cxovrebis~ epizodi, romlis Tanaxmad, wmida

svetTan damdgari da Semdeg mcxeTis mTaze gaCerebuli naTlis

jvridan dasavleTisa da aRmosavleTisaken varskvlavebi gamodis,

`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ zemoT warmodgenil epizodSi

gvaxsenebs Tavs.

zedazenis mTa jvari patiosanTan uSualod aris

dakavSirebuli, igi faqtiurad jvari patiosanis sauflo

adgilia. es aris jvari patiosanis `CrdiloÁT kerZo~ mdebare

mTa, romelic samonastro cxovrebiT gabrwyinebas saWiroebs

(sityva `CrdiloeTi~ mxolod geografiuli termini ar aris, _

igi imaze mianiSnebs, rom mxares gabrwyineba sWirdeba.

`CrdiloeTis~ simbolikasTan dakavSirebiT ix. _ alibegaSvili

1994: 44; 5).

zedazenis mTidan ioane zedazneli, romelic wodebulia

rogorc `varskulavi ganTiadisaÁ~, `garemo qalaqsa Cuensa~

mowafeebs agzavnis. iovanes mier samonastro cxovrebis

dasawyisis aRwera, mowafeTa wargzavnis epizodi, mcxeTidan

irgvliv varskvlavTa ganfenis epizods gvagonebs, SeiZleba

iTqvas, _ wmida ninos dros gamoCenili varskvlavebi zecaze

naTel gzebad gadaiSalnen da Semdeg am naTel gzebze

miemarTebian wmida berebi...

vfiqrobT, ioane zedaznelisa da mis mowafeTa mier

samonastro moRvaweobis dasawyisis aRwera wmida ninos dros

mcxeTidan irgvliv varskvlavTa ganfenis epizods ukavSirdeba da

konteqsti imaze mianiSnebs, rom berebis gza wmida ninos

cxovrebasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

wmida ninos dros gamoCenilma varskvlavebma zecaze is

gzebi gadafines, romelzec wmida ninosa da mefe mirians

samoRvaweo asparezic daisaxa da `wmida ioane zedaznelis

cxovreba~ ki ise daiwera, rom es naTeli gzebi berTa samomavlo

moRvaweobis ragvarobaze mimaniSnebel saSualebadac

warmomoCeniliyo. `ioane zeadaznelis cxovrebis~ avtori `ninos

cxovrebaSi~ aRwerili istoriis erTgvari `gamgrZelebelia~,


235

Txroba isea agebuli, rom warmoCndes, _ asurel mamaTa

SemosvliT wmida ninos dros dawyebuli saqme grZeldeba,

vxedavT, rom qarTvelTa ganmanaTleblis dros dasaxul gzebze

Seudgnen wmida berebi svlas. avtorma es ori nawarmoebi

organulad daakavSira erTmaneTTan.

vfiqrobT, `wmida ioane zedaznelis cxovreba~ `wmida

ninos cxovrebaze~ miniSnebiT aris dawerili, naCvenebia, rom

ioanem ninos dawyebuli saqme ganagrZo da misi moRvaweoba wmida

ninos dros momxdar movlenebSi ukve iyo nawinaswarmetyvelebi

(saerTod, asureli mamebi rom wmida ninos saqmis

gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen, es revaz siraZes aqvs aRniSnuli, _

siraZe 1992: 44), ioane zedazneli axal simaRleTaken

waremarTa, _ ukve samonastro cxovrebis doneze ganagrZo

qarTlSi qristianuli moRvaweoba. wmida ninom Tu mTis ZirSi

locviT aRmoacena wyali, ioane zedaznelma sxva simaRleebisken

gadaiyvana procesebi, _ xalxs `mTasa mas zeda aRmoucena wyali

tkbili.~

migvaCnia, rom wmida berebis samoRvaweo gzis aRwera

`wmida ninos cxovrebiT~ mravalwilad aris ganpirobebuli, _

wmida ioane zedaznelisa da sxva berTa cxovreba ise Cans

gadmocemuli, rom `wmida ninos cxovrebas~ organulad

ukavSirdebodes.

`wmida ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ Cvenamde moRweul

redaqcias sxva Zegli rom marTlac uZRoda win, am mosazrebas

sxvadasxva Taobis araerTi mecnieri iziarebs... korneli kekeliZe

werda: `warmoudgenelicaa, rom oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi

raime ar Caweriliyo am mamaTa Sesaxeb~ (kekeliZe 1980: 162). mas

ioane zedaznelis, Sio mRvimelisa da evagresadmi miZRvnili

`cxovrebebi~ (xelnaw. F‐199) arsen PII-is (X s) mier

SeqmnilPerT mTlianad nawarmoebad miaCnda (kekeliZe 1980: 532-

537). es azri gaiziarebes ilia abulaZem, enriko gabiZaSvilma...

xsenebul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, yuradRebas iqcevs

`ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ Semdegi sityvebi: `xolo mraval

arian saswaulni, romelni mun aRweril arian~ (F‐199 _ Zeglebi

1964: 198, _ e. w. `b~ redaqcia). cxadia, ZeglSi, rac ilia

abulaZis gamocemaSi warmodgenilia rogorc `b~ redaqcia

goCa kuWuxiZe

236

(Zeglebi 1964), miniSnebulia `wmida ioane zedaznelis

cxovrebis~ Cvenamde mouRwevel im adreul teqstze, romelSic

ioane zedaznelis mier moxdenil saswaulebze yofila

moTxrobili.

rogorc Cans, arsen II iseTi nawarmoebiT sargeblobda,

romelSic wmida Siosa da evagres, sxva mowafeTa Sesaxeb wmida

ioane zedaznelisadmi miZRvnil nawarmoebSi iyo moTxrobili da

im Zeglze dayrdnobiT Tavisi nawarmoebis Seqmnisas arsenma

calke gamoyo Siosa da evagresadmi, ise wilknelisadmi

miRvnili Tavi. es Cans iqidan, rom am Tavis bolos ioanes

Sesaxeb Txroba isev grZeldeba da swored masSia moTxrobili

ioanes aRsasrulis Sesaxeb (am sakiTxze yuradReba

gamaxvilebuli aqvs enriko gabiZaSvils, _ gabiZaSvili 1982),

naTqvamia, rom ioane `daberda quabsa mas Sina~ (Zeglebi 1964:

227) da `mouwoda mowafeTa romelTame da TaTas, romeli

iyofeboda queSe mTasa mas, da elia diakons~ (Zeglebi 1964:

227).

ioanem damoZRvra mowafeebi, `miapyrna Tualni viTar

megobarTa~ da ganuteva suli da Sehvedra ufalsa~ (Zeglebi

1964: 227).

Semdeg moTxrobilia, rom mowafeebma ioane im adgilas

dakrZales, sadac wmida mamas ar ewada (sxvaTaSoris, amgvarad

moqcevas apirebdnen wmida ninos SemTxvevaSic).

amis gamo iyo `Zvrani~ da mowafeebma ioane Tavis SerCeul

adgilas gadaasvenes.

SeiZleba iTqvas, _ wmida ioane zedaznelis gza am qveynidan

misi aRsrulebis Semdegac grZeldeba.

Semdeg naCvenebia, Tu rogor iRvwodnen ioanes mowafeebi

samonastro aRmSeneblobisaTvis...

amrigad, vfiqrobT, gasaziarebelia Sexeduleba, rom winare

redaqciebSi ioane zedaznelze mis mowafeebTan erTad iqneboda

moTxrobili, Semdeg ki, Cans, mis aRsasrulze iyo naTqvami;

gasaziarebelia Sexeduleba, rom ioane zedaznelisadmi miZRvnili

nawarmoebi da `Siosa da evagres cxovreba~ erTi nawarmoebis


237

Semadgeneli nawilebia (kekeliZe 1982: 159; gabiZaSvili 1982: 61-

67...), erTi nawarmoebis Semadgenel nawilebad aRiqmeba isini

dRes da, aseve igrZnoba, rom ioane zedaznelisa da mis mowafeTa

Sesaxeb adreul periodSic erTi mTliani nawarmoebi arsebula

da arsen kaTolikosma am nawarmoebSi Semdeg gamohyo calke Tavi

Siosa da evagres, ise wilknelis Sesaxeb. mariam CxartiSvilis

aRniSvniT, ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebis~ teqstebis àrqetipi,

savaraudoa, rom iovanes Sesaxebac Seicavda cnobebs

warmodgenilT wm. Siosa da evagres `cxovrebis~ saxiT~

(CxartiSvili 1997: 22).

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ antimazdeanuri polemikis

kvali igrZnoba. Sio mRvimeli cecxls imorCilebs: `daiyara

nebsa zeda TÂssa~ cecxli... `xolo sakumeveli igi aRemarTa

viTarca sueti da merme dadrka dasavaliT kerZo qedsa mis da

Cadga adgilsa erTsa, viTarca sueti ãÃÃevsa mas Sina~ (Zeglebi

1964: 220). Sio mRvimelze naTqvamia, rom igi `cecxlsa

daimorCilebs~, rom ìcis cecxlmanca ridobaá RmrTis

mcnobelTaÁ~ (Zeglebi 1964: 161). safiqrebelia, rom aq

aRwerili cecxlis sveti sveticxovelis agebis simbolikasTan

aris dakavSirebuli (am da ìoane zedaznelis cxovrebis~

saxismetyvelebis Sesaxeb ix. siraZe 1992: 32-60; 109-135;

metreveli 2005), oRond, cxadia, adamianis mier cecxlis

damorCilebaze saubrisas nawarmoebSi antimazdeanuri polemika,

aseve, aSkarad SeiniSneba (am sakiTxis Sesaxeb ix. kuWuxiZe 2004:

96-99); antimazdeanuri nawarmoebia àbibos nekreselis wameba~.

antimazdeanuri polemika `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~

cxadad ukve veRar aris SesamCnevi, imis warmoCenas, rom aq

mazdeanobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli teqstia, specialuri

dakvirveba sWirdeba. es ki imas gvafiqrebinebs, rom adreul

teqstSi polemika ufro gamokveTilad iqneboda naCvenebi, _

iseve, rogorc es àbibos nekreselis wamebaSia~ (qarTlSi

asurel mamaTa Camosvlis erT-erTi mTavari mizezTagani,

SesaZloa mazdeanobisagan dasacavad qarTvelTa ganmtkicebac

iyo).

ramdenadac `Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~ antimazdeanuri

polemikis Sesaxeb calke werili gvaqvs miZRvnili, amjerad

sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT, mxolod erTs davZenT:

goCa kuWuxiZe

238

antimazdeanuri polemikis gamarTva X s-Si araviTar saWiroebas

ar warmoadgenda, amitom safiqrebelia, rom Tavdapirveli

varianti `wmida ioane zedaznelis cxovrebisa~, romelSic,

rogorc Cans, Siosa da evagres, aseve, _ ise wilknelis

cxovrebac iyo moTxrobili, swored mazdeanobis aRzevebis

periodSi unda iyos Seqmnili. mazdeanobis mZlavrobis periodSi

aRmocenebuli unda iyos sami nawarmoebi: `cxovreba ioane

zedaznelisa da misTa mowafeTa~, `cxovreba da wameba abibos

nekreselisa~, `cxovreba daviT garejelisa~... es unda iyos sami

Tavdapirveli nawarmoebi, romelTaganac Semdeg sxva mowafeTa

`cxovrebanic~ gamoiyo da axali teqstebi Seiqmna...

rogorc sakiTxis kvleva gvafiqrebinebs, ioane zedaznelisa

da misi mowafeebis sakiTxavi mazdeanobis periodSi unda iyos

Seqmnili da misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi paradigma ki `wmida ninos

cxovrebaa~, wmida asureli mamebi wmida ninos gzis

gamgrZeleblebad arian warmosaxulni.

es faqti kidev erTi mimaniSnebelia qarTvelTa

ganmanaTlebelze Seqmnili nawarmoebis siZvelisa.

literatura

abulaZe 1955: ilia abulaZe, asurel moRvaweTa cxovrebis

wignTa Zveli redaqciebi, Tb., 1955.

alibegaSvili 1994: giorgi alibegaSvili, `wminda ninos

cxovrebis~ ramdenime paradigmuli modeli, _ konf. qristianuli

civilizacia da saqarTvelo, arq. kvlevis centri (moxsenebaTa

Sinaarsebi), Tb., 1994.

gabiZaSvili 1982:Genriko gabiZaSvili, asureli moRvaweebis

`cxovrebaTa~ e. w. arqetipebis urTierTmimarTebisaTvis, _ macne,

enisa da literaturis seria, # 4, 1982.


239

kekeliZe 1956: korneli kekeliZe, etiudebi, I, Tb., 1956.

kekeliZe 1980: k. kekeliZe, Zveli qarTuli literaturis

istoria, I, Tb., 1980.

kuWuxiZe 2004: goCa kuWuxiZe, antimazdeanuri polemikis kvali

`Siosa da evagres cxovrebaSi~, _ J. `kriteriumi~, #10, 2004.

kuWuxiZe 2005: g. kuWuxiZe, `wmida ioane zedaznelis cxovrebis~

uZvelesi saxis aRdgenisaTvis, `literaturuli Ziebani~, XXVI,

Tb., 2005.

metreveli 2005: saba metreveli, `wmida ioane zedaznelis

cxovrebis~ saxismetyveleba, literaturuli Ziebani, XXVI, Tb.,

2005.

siraZe 1992: revaz siraZe, qristianuli kultura da qarTuli

mwerloba, I, Tb., 1992

qrestomaTia 1946: Zveli qarTuli literaturis qrestomaTia, I,

solomon yubaneiSvilis gamoc., Tb., 1946.

CxartiSvili 1997: mariam CxartiSvili, qarTuli hagiografiis

wyaroTmcodneobiTi analizi (IV-VII ss. istoriis amsaxveli

Zeglebi) (sadoqtoro disertaciis avtoreferati), Tb., 1997.

Zeglebi 1964: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi, I, Tb., 1964.

Zeglebi 1971: Zveli qarTuli agiografiuli literaturis

Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1971.

maka vasaZe

robert sturuas “saTeatro

enis” zogierTi

maxasiaTeblis Sesaxeb

lingvosemiotikis ganviTarebasTan erTad

saxelovnebo mecnierebaSi prioritetuli

gaxda `xelovnebis enis~ kvleva.

postmodernizmis epoqaSi xelovnebis

enas Seiswavlian, rogorc avtorsa da

mkiTxvels, mayurebels, msmenels Soris

saerTo enis gamonaxvis saSualebas.

xelovnebis Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi,

imaze dayrdnobiT, rom yovelnairi

sistema, romelic or an ufro met

adamians Soris komunikaciis saSualebaa,

SeiZleba gansazRvruli iyos, rogorc

ena, amtkiceben, rom xelovnebis

sxvadasxva dargs Tavisi gansakuTrebuli

ena aqvs. vinaidan xelovneba Seicavs

komunikacias, mas aucileblad aqvs am

komunikaciis gansaxorcieleblad

organizebuli sistema, anu ena. aqedan

gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia saubari

musikis, ferweris, Teatris, zogadad,

xelovnebis enis Sesaxeb.

Tanamedrove semiotikaSi yuradReba

gadatanili iqna verbaluri niSnebidan

araverbalur niSnebze. amis Sedegad

mecnierebi yvelafers moiazreben

rogorc teqsts, diskurss, xolo mTeli

kacobriobis kulturas _ rogorc jams

robert sturuas “saTeatro enis” zogierTi maxasiaTeblis Sesaxeb

241

teqstebisa, rogorc interteqsts, romelic SeiZleba wakiTxuli

iqnas gramatikis Sesabamisi wesebis mixedviT. xelovnebis

Tanamedrove mkvlevrebi amtkiceben, rom xelovneba erTgvari

(meoradi) enaa, xolo xelovnebis nimuSi _ am enaze Seqmnili

teqsti. semiotika enas ganixilavs, rogorc niSanTa sistemas,

komunikaciis saSualebas. avtori, Semoqmedi mis mier Seqmnili

enobrivi sistemiT gadascems informacias mkiTxvels, mayurebels,

msmenels da a. S. swored am enis meSveobiT myardeba kontaqti

informaciis gadamcemsa da mimRebs Soris. Teatris semiotika

mniSvnelovani da dRemde jer isev naklebad Seswavlili nawilia

am rTuli problemisa.

Teatri ansambluri xelovnebaa. TeatrSi _ grimiTa da mimikiT

dawyebuli da darbazSi mayureblis qcevis normebiT

damTavrebuli, Teatraluri salarodan _ ritualizebul

`Teatralur atmosferomde~ _ yvelaferi semiotikaa. saTeatro

ena, upirveles yovlisa, aris Teatraloba, romelic warmoadgens

nakrebs sxvadasxva niSnebisa, kodebisa _ msaxiobTa TamaSi

(sxeulis plastika, xmis JReradoba, sivrceSi moZraoba da a. S.),

dekoraciebi, Suqi, musika (melodia, tonaloba, ritmi), dumili,

siCume, pauza, metaforebi, simboloebi da a. S. yvelaferi es

qmnis saTeatro enas.

Teatralobis ori koncefcia: pirveli, mayurebelma unda

daiviwyos, rom igi TeatrSia da meore, mayurebeli yovelTvis

unda grZnobdes, rom igi TeatrSia, es aris ama Tu im saTeatro

moRvawis subieqturi midgoma, magram swored igi asaxavs

Semoqmedis saTeatro enas.

robert sturuas saTeatro enis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebia:

montaJis principi, simboluroba da metaforuloba,

`dekanonizeba~, `ormagi kodirebis~ principi, ironia, Janrebis

aRreva _ stiluri sinkretizmi, karnavaluroba, imanenturoba,

Teatraloba, ,,muSaoba publikaze”, auditoriis aucilebeli

gaTvaliswineba. es niSnebi, sxvasTan erTad, axasiaTebs

postmodernizms. am mimdinareobam didi roli iTamaSa reJisoris

saTeatro enis formirebis procesSi.

ras niSnavs `teqsti~ speqtaklSi? speqtaklis erTiani teqsti

igeba, sul cota, sami subieqtisagan: piesis sityvieri

maka vasaZe

242

teqstidan, romelsac qmnian msaxiobebi da reJisori, musikalur-

mxatvruli gaformebidan da ganaTebidan. robert sturua,

upirvelesad, muSaobs teqstze da qmnis teqstis garkveul

kompilacias. arsebuli teqstidan is qmnis Tavis teqsts.

magaliTisaTvis SeiZleba gavixsenoT: `yvaryvare~ (p. kakabaZis

`yvaryvare TuTaberis~ mixedviT) da u. Seqspiris `riCard III~.

`yvaryvareSi~ robert sturua qarTuli klasikuri nawarmoebebis

axal montaJs gvTavazobs. teqsti zogan Camatebulia, Setanilia

polikarpe kakabaZis sxva piesebidan amonakrebi citatebi, sadac

yvaryvares variaciuli saxeebia mocemuli (`kaxaberis xmali~,

`cxovrebis jara~). darRveulia moqmedebis Tanmimdevroba. ufro

metic, reJisorma Caamata scena bertold brextis piesidan

A`arturo uis kariera.~ amiT reJisorma zogadi tipaJis

konkretuli magaliTi aCvena.

`riCard III~-Si reJisori ar mimarTavs sxva piesebidan scenebis

gadmotanas, magram aqac vamCnevT teqstualur cvlilebebs,

gadaadgilebebs, Camatebebsa da kupiurebs. tragediis

sturuaseuli rekonstruqciiT speqtaklSi zogierTi personaJi

saerTod gaqra, gaCndnen axali gmirebi, teqsti Seamokles.

specialurad am dadgmisTvis zurab kiknaZem Seasrula axali

prozauliATargmani, romelSic, nawilobriv, Sevida ivane

maCablis Targmani, Caemata axali teqstebi, Seqspiris tragediis

xuTi moqmedeba sam aqtamde daiyvanes. rigi scenebi, romlebic

SeqspirTan Tanmimdevrulad aris mocemuli, speqtaklSi

gaerTianda polifoniur plastebad, amiT naTlad gamoikveTa

movlenebis is urTierTSemakavSirebeli xazi, romelic sxva

SemTxvevaSi mayureblisaTvis SeiZleba amoucnobi gamxdariyo.

magaliTisaTvis gavixsenoT heistingzTan riCardis gamefebaze

dasaTanxmeblad migzavnili Suakacebis epizodi, romelic

gaerTianebulia riCardisa da misi amalis molaparakebis

scenasTan. riCardi TiTqos eswreba heistingzTan Suakacebis

dialogs, afasebs mas da iRebs garkveul gadawyvetilebebs.

mesame moqmedebaSi robert sturuas Semohyavda jambazi, romelic

scenaze mimdinare moqmedebas ironiul, gamosaaSkaravebel

komentarebs ukeTebda. reJisorma mas mayureblis `gaucxoebis~

funqcia daakisra. jambazi mayurebels ironiulad esaubreboda

tragediis bunebis Sesaxeb. dascinoda scenaze moqmed


243

personaJebs. yvelafer amas ki akeTebda imisTvis, raTa

mayurebels SesZleboda gaeanalizebina scenaze momxdari ambis

saSineli uazroba da Seegno, rom ZalauflebisaTvis, sakuTari

gandidebisaTvis brZola klavs adamianSi yovelgvar adamianurs,

aqcevs mas sisxlismsmel, ideafiqseTi Sepyrobil meqanizmad.

zogjer, robert sturua ar dgams piesiT gansazRvrul yvela

suraTs, moqmedebas. gavixsenoT, Tundac, bolo wlebSi dadgmuli

samuel beketis `godos molodini~, maqs friSis 2009_2010

wlis rusTavelis Teatris sezonis premiera `bidermani da

cecxlis wamkidebelni~. dramaturgiis sferoSi amgvari CareviT

ar icvleba nawarmoebis dedaazri, piriqiT, kidev ufro mwvavdeba

igi. aseT xerxs, piesis an nawarmoebis teqstis montaJs CvenTan

jer kidev marjaniSvili iyenebda, dRes ki reJisorTa

umravlesoba mimarTavs CvenTanac da ucxoeTSic. garda imisa, rom

teqsts amontaJeben, erT Temaze Seqmnili sxvadasxva avtoris

teqstis kompilacias qmnian, cvlian moqmedebis

adgilmdebareobasac. magaliTad SemiZlia dagisaxeloT maia

kleCevskas `fedra~, eimuntas nekroSiusis òtelo~, `fausti~,

`hamleti~; oskaras korSunovasis `romeo da julieta~,

`hamleti~, jorjo streleris 1947 wels dadgmuli àrlekini,

ori batonis msaxuri~ (aq piesis saTaurSi vxedavT cvlilebas, k.

goldonis piesis saTauria òri batonis msaxuri~) da a.S. es

procesi Zalian mniSvnelovania, vinaidan saTeatro nawarmoebi,

speqtakli aris cocxali, droSi arsebuli fenomeni, romelsac

aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli. kinoSi procesi erTxel

fiqsirdeba. TeatrSi ar xdeba procesis am saxiT dafiqsireba.

miuxedavad amisa, am cocxal organizmSi montaJis xelovneba

SeaqvT.

saTeatro enis erT-erTi safuZvelia scenis mxatvruli sivrce,

romelic ZiriTadad or nawilad iyofa: scena da mayurebelTa

darbazi. arsebobs dadgmebi, sadac sivrce sam nawilad iyofa:

scena, scena-scenaze da mayurebelTa darbazi, rodesac

speqtaklSi TamaSdeba `Teatri-TeatrSi~. gansakuTrebul

mniSvnelobas iZens scenaze dekoracia da rekviziti. TeatrSi

sagani, rekviziti simbolos an metaforis rolis matarebelia.

robert sturuas `mefe lirSi~ scenuri sivrce gamoirCeoda

niSnobrivi gajerebulobiT _ yvelaferi, rac scenazea, iRebs

maka vasaZe

244

tendencias, ganimsWvalos damatebiTi mniSvnelobebiT. dekoracia

(mxatvari m. SveliZe) scenaze mayurebelTa darbazis anarekli

gaxldaT. warmodgenili iyo scenis ukana `gaSiSvlebuli~

kedeli, scenas rkalad ekra loJebi da iarusebi (mayurebelTa

darbazis imitacia), `gaSiSvlebuli~ iyo scenis ganaTebac,

sofitebi, proJeqtorebi... scenis centrSi samefo taxti _

saxrCobela idga, romlis Tavze maimuni wamoskupebuliyo.

qandaraze ki adamianis fituli SemoesvaT, krebiTi saxe _

mudmivad Tvalyuris madevnebeli scenaze mimdinare movlenebisa,

`cxovrebis Teatris~ moTvalTvale, usityvo mowme im TamaSisa,

romelic lirsa da mis STamomavlebs gaumarTavT. swored mis

indiferentizmSi moiazreboda samyaros tragikuli aRsasruli.

scenis siRrmeSi `samSeneblo nagavi~ mimoefantaT. iqve dagebuli

iyo viwro liandagi, zed Semdgari vagonetiT. mTeli dekoracia

TeatrSi Teatrs imitirebda: `Teatri cxovrebaa~, `cxovreba ki

_ Teatri.~

robert sturuas saTeatro enis kidev erTi damaxasiaTebeli

Tvisebaa kostiumebis ekleqtizmi. Seqspiris dadgmebSi

istoriuli kostiumebis gverdiT Tanamedroved Cacmul

personaJebs vxedavT. sityva `istoriulic~ erTob pirobiTia.

amiT reJisori kidev erTxel usvams xazs, rom Seqspiris gmirebi

mudam Tanamedroveni, mudam `cocxlebi~ arian. maTi problemebi

warsuls ar ekuTvnis. isini cocxloben adamianis fsiqikaSi da

qcevaSi. swored amitomac arian ase axloblebi yvela droisa Tu

erovnebis mayureblisaTvis. ufro metic, kostiumebs reJisori

dramaturgiul datvirTvasac ki aniWebs. magaliTad, `mefe

lirSi~ yvela personaJis Cacmuloba, garda kordeliasi, TviT

mefe lirisac ki, erTnairi da usaxuri iyo. yvelas uxeSi

jvalosagan Sekerili nacrisferi, grZeli anafora ecva. mxolod

kordelias Cacmuloba gamoiyofoda siWreliT da feradovnebiT.

reJisorma kostiumiTac gausva xazi im faqts, rom erTaderTi

adamiani, romelic liris despotizms ewinaaRmdegeba, aris misi

nabolara, sayvareli qaliSvili kordelia. misi Cacmuloba

eqstravagantuli da mayureblisTvis TvalSi sacemi iyo. liris

mier Zalauflebis daTmobis Semdgom ki yvela personaJis

Cacmuloba icvleba. liris garemocva TiTqos sulmouTmenlad

eloda mis mier gadadgmul nabijs Zalauflebis daTmobisaken.

isini momentalurad icvlidnen ier-saxes. maTTvis es erTi


245

nabiji sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom Tavisuflad

amoesunTqaT. isini didxans inaxavdnen sakuTar TavSi Zlier

vnebebs. lirma ki maT misca saSualeba am vnebebis

gamoTavisuflebisa.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia droTa

aRreva, mis speqtaklebSi dro ar aris gansazRvruli. robert

sturua gvixatavs samyaros, sadac realurobasa da pirobiTobas

Soris arsebuli zRvari waSlilia. es paraleluri Sreebia,

romlebic erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTula. erTi mdgomareobidan, erTi

ganzomilebidan meoreSi gadasvla SeumCnevlad, minimaluri

Strixebis gamoyenebiT xdeba.

gansakuTrebuli adgili TeatrSi _ ansamblur xelovnebaSi _

musikas ukavia. musika, iseve, rogorc piesa, sareJisoro

eqsplikacia, dekoraciebi, mizanscenebi xels unda uwyobdes

speqtaklis sicxades, logikurobas, simarTles. robert sturuas

saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia, musikas mianiWos iseTive

funqcia, rogorsac aniWebs sametyvelo enasa Tu sxeulis,

plastikis enas. speqtaklebSi igi iyenebs ramdenime musikalur

Temas, TiToeul maTgans Tavisi dramaturgiuli da emociuri

funqcia akisria. scenaze situaciis an gmiris ganwyobis

Sesabamisad icvleba Temebi. robert sturuas yvela speqtaklsa

da maT Soris `riCard III~-Sic didi mniSvneloba eniWeba musikas.

umetes SemTxvevaSi, igi sazRvravs speqtaklis plastikur

gadawyvetas. amis Sesaxeb robert sturua erT-erT interviuSi

ambobs: `piradad me arasdros vdgam speqtaklebs musikis gareSe

_ CemTvis igi Zalian mniSvnelovani, SeiZleba ganmsazRvreli

komponentia, maSinac ki, rodesac igi ar JRers speqtaklSi~

(Зейфас 1981:92). `riCard III~-s dadgmis procesSi robert

sturua iyenebda aRmosavlur, iaponur musikas. Semdgom es musika

speqtaklidan amoiRes, magram darCa misi gavlena, rac

speqtaklis plastikur gadawyvetaSi Canda. `riCard III~-Si

reJisorma da kompozitorma stilurad Zalze gansxvavebuli

musikaluri nawyvetebi Seitanes. speqtaklSi JRerda reg-taimi,

Cernis etiudi, baxi, specialurad am speqtaklisaTvis dawerili

g. yanCelis musika da yvelaferi es, isev da isev, speqtaklSi

dasmuli problemebis globalur, msoflio masStabebSi

gaazrebis mimniSnebeli iyo. robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis

maka vasaZe

246

damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva detalis aqcentireba. misi ulevi

fantazia swored detalebSi vlindeba. magaliTad, hamletisa da

ofelias Sexvedris epizodSi, sxvasTan erTad, musikasac didi

datvirTva eniWeba. am scenis musikaluri foni erTob sevdiani

da amave dros, romantikuli JReradobisaa, romelic Tavisi

ritmuli struqturiT Txrobis efeqts qmnis. verbalur

dialogs Tan axlavs musikaluri Txroba.

robert sturuas Teatris msaxiobebi, SeiZleba iTqvas,

universalurebi arian. maT TamaSs ver mivakuTvnebT romelime

erT Teatralur stils. es gansakuTrebiT speqtaklis mTavari

gmirebis Semsrulebel msaxiobebs exeba. Cven ver vityviT, rom

ramaz CxikvaZis liri _ gancdis, gardasaxvis, warmosaxvis,

warmodgenis, fsiqologiuri wvdomis da a.S. TamaSis stilia.

igive SeiZleba iTqvas robert sturuas da zaza papuaSvilis

hamletis Sesaxeb, igi ar aris tradiciuli `keTilSobili

ufliswuli~, hamleti ufro qmediTia da mTeli misi

`filosofiac~ mis konkretul qmedebebSia. es ar aris

ganswavluli, keTilSobili, msoflio sevdiT Sepyrobili

axalgazrda kaci, romelic filosofiur monologebs

warmoTqvams. igi xan jambazia, ironiiTa da cinizmiT

ganmsWvaluli, xan Steria, xan Wkviania, xan sastikia, xan

wrfeli da nazia, xan mZvinvare da ficxia da xanac

romantikuli. misi qmedebebi Tu emociuri mdgomareoba

sxvadasxva situaciaSi sxvadasxva elfers iZens.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisTvis damaxasiaTebelia scenuri

Txrobis araCveulebrivi dinamikuroba. igi mudam cdilobs

informacia, romelsac gadascems mayurebels, mravalplaniani,

`mravalxmiani~ gaxados. magaliTad, Tu gmiri monologs

kiTxulobs, es monologi sturuasTan iSviaTad aris mxolod

monologi, klasikuri gagebiT. zog SemTxvevaSi igi an dialogia,

romlis meore wevri an Cumad ismens konkretuli scenis

verbalur informacias da Tavisi iq yofniT raRac socialur

garemos qmnis, rac TavisTavad raRacas niSnavs da aqvs

semantikuri datvirTva, an, igi ar aris mxolod pasiuri

msmeneli; Tavisi moZraobiT, sxeulis eniT igi CarTulia am

monologSi da Tavis grZnobebsa Tu fiqrebs gadmoscems.

monologebis amgvarad gaazreba gansakuTrebul aqcentirebas


247

axdens monologis Sinaarsze da amave dros ufro metad qmediTs

xdis mas.

robert sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis niSandoblivia

tragikulisa da komikuris Tanaarseboba, ar xdeba Janrobrivi

dayofa. ufro metic, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom robert

sturuas saTeatro enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ekleqtizmi. aseTi

xerxebiT xazs usvams Tavis speqtaklebSi `warmodgenis~,

`warmosaxvis~, `fsiqologiuri~ Tu `gancdis~ Teatris

Tanaarsebobas. aq yvelafers erTdroulad aRviqvamT _

tragedias, fsiqologiur dramas, farss, komedias da a. S. es

erTgvari siWrele msaxiobTa mier personaJTa asaxva-

gansaxierebiTac gadmoicema da erTgvarad amarTlebs speqtaklis

Janrobriv ekleqtizms. imavdroulad, yoveli detali

maTematikuri sizustiT aris damuSavebuli. yovel epizods,

scenas simarTle udevs safuZvlad, ris gamoc, TiTqosda, erTi

SexedviT, Janruli ekleqtizmi erT mTlian kompoziciad ikvreba.

yvelaferi es ki reJisors aZlevs saSualebas, Tavisi saTqmeli

xan `maRali materiebiT~ gadmosces, xanac _ sakuTari mistikuri

xilvebis meSveobiT. amis saukeTeso magaliTia `rogorc geneboT,

Sobis meTormete Rame~. mxiaruli, SeiZleba, cinikuri

`situaciebis komedia~ robert sturuas interpretaciiT

rusTavelis Teatris scenaze tragifarsad iqca. reJisorma

speqtakli daiwyo iesos SobiT, rac piesaSi ar aris, xolo,

daasrula golgoTis scenis gaTamaSebiT, rac Sokis

mdgomareobaSi agdebs mayurebels. speqtaklSi, Suasaukuneebis

TeatriT dawyebuli, yvela Janrs amoicnobT: liturgikul

dramas, mirakls, misterias, farss, pastorals, `komedia

delartesaTvis~ damaxasiaTebel bufonadas... Janruli, gamiznuli

ekleqtika, SeiZleba iTqvas, polistilistika am speqtaklSic

erT mTlianobadaa Sekruli.

qarTuli TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, msoflio

saTeatro Janrebis da tendenciebis zogierTi maxasiaTeblebi,

bertold brextis saTeatro koncefciis da mixeil baxtinis

parodiis, groteskuli realizmis, ironiis, karnavalurobis

Teoriis transformirebuli saxiT gamoyeneba qmnis robert

sturuas `ekleqtur~ Teatrs. msoflio Teatraluri

semiotikis Tanafardobisa Tu urTierTSerwymisas reJisorma

maka vasaZe

248

miagno originaluri saTeatro enis Seqmnis gzebs. robert

sturuas saTeatro enis ganmsazRvrel cnebas SeiZleba ewodos

`polistilistika~.

literatura

Зейфас 1981: Зейфас Н. (Интервью с Р. Стуруа) Dramma der musica и

музыка для драмы, ж. Советская музыка №2, М.: 1981.

damuSavebuli literatura

• gurabaniZe n. reJisori robert sturua, Tb.: xelovneba,

1997.

• mumlaZe d. (SemoqmedebiTi portreti), robert sturua,

Jur. sabWoTa xelovneba #12 1981.

• bokuCava T. (sadisertacio naSromi) miTosi da qarTuli

Teatri

www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/.../tamar%20bokuchavas%20disertacia.pd...

• From Modernism to Postmodernism, an Anthology, Edited by Lawrence Cahoone, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Blackwell publishers, 1996.

• Бахтин М. Творчество Франсуа Рабле и народная культура средневековья и ренессанса www.philosophy.ru/library/bahtin/rable.html

• Брук П. Пустое пространство, Секретов нет, М.: АРТ, 2003. • Брехт Б. Краткое описание новой техники актёрской игры,

вызывающей так называемый «эффект отчуждения», Театр Т. 5/2, М.: Искусство, 1965.

• Лотман Ю. Об искусстве, СП.: Искусство – СПБ, 2005.

Tamar lomiZe

klasikuri epistemis cneba

da qarTuli anbanTqebebi

anbanTqeba rogorc akrostiqis

grafikuli nairsaxeoba gamoiyeneboda

jer kidev bizantiur himnografiaSi.

anbanTqebis principzea agebuli grigol

RvTismetyvelis, romanoz melodosisa da

sxva bizantieli himnografebis

qmnilebebi.

anbanTqebaTa Janri popularobiT

sargeblobda XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

qarTul mwerlobaSic _ da am axal

sistemaSi is, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT,

axleburi funqciebiT aRiWurva.

anbanTqebaTa nimuSebi Seqmnes am periodis

gamoCenilma qarTvelma poetebma _

Teimuraz pirvelma, arCilma, vaxtang

meeqvsem, Teimuraz meorem, daviT

guramiSvilma, besikma da sxvebma.

SeiZleba daisvas kiTxva,

ganapiroba Tu ara anbanTqebaTa

popularoba qarTul poeziaSi, ubralod,

avtorTa survilma, gamoecadaT TavianTi

poeturi ostatoba, an, iqneb, am Janris

popularoba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

literaturaSi kanonzomieri movlenaa.

aseT SemTxvevaSi am Janris ZiriTadi

maxasiaTeblebi unda Seesabamebodes e.w.

`klasikuri epistemis~ im niSan-Tvisebebs,

romlebic Camoayaliba Tavis

saxelganTqmul naSromSi `sityvebi da

Tamar lomiZe

250

sagnebi (humanitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia)~ franguli

struqturalizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenelma miSel fukom.

Tavdapirvelad davakvirdeT qarTul anbanTqebaTa

konkretul nimuSebs.

qarTul poeziaSi anbanTqebebi garkveuli formaluri

mravalferovnebiT xasiaTdeba: qarTuli anbanis Semadgenel asoebs

Tavkiduri pozicia ukaviaT (TanmimdevrobiT) strofebSi,

taepebSi an sityvebSi. magaliTad, Teimuraz pirvelis sam

anbanTqebaSi _ àdam vaxsenoT pirvelad, TviT RmerTma Seqmna

romeli..~, àRaxven Cemni bageni, RmerTo, samebiT qebulo~ da

àRmarTa mxsnelman jvari golgoTas~ _ TiToeuli strofis

taepTa Tavkidur poziciaSi ganTavsebulia erTi da igive aso:

adam vaxsenoT pirvelad, TviT RmerTman Seqmna romeli,

abel da seiT moyvsiTurT, mTasa wmindasa mdgomeli.

abram, isak da iakob, noe simarTlis mdomeli,

(1)

amaTsa meoxebasa, sulo, me vici rom eli...

(àdam vaxsenoT pirvelad...~)

Teimurazis meoTxe anbanTqebaSi àno alvisa, bano brol-vardi~

anbanis asoebi dasmulia sityvebis an sintagmebis Tavkidur

poziciaSi, garda amisa, maT win uZRvis TiToeuli asos

saxelwodeba. amasTan, anbanis elementebi ganawilebulia yoveli

sami taepis sityvebSi, meoTxe taepebi ki am sistemidan

amovardnilia:

ano alvisa, bano brolvardi,

gano gareviT nayofad esxes,

dono davswame, vardsa Sevswame,

siturfe, Ture, misgan esesxes...

arCil mefe leqsSi `saqebelni da savedrebelni

RvTismSoblisani~ iyenebs anbanTqebis im formas, romelic

gamoiyena Teimuraz pirvelma, anu yoveli strofis TiToeuli

taepi iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi:

aRvaRo bage da guli wmidis RvTismSoblis saqeblad;

ar Zalmic, viSiSv, viwiwvi, ras vityvi me mis sameblad?

klasikuri epistemis cneba da qarTuli anbanTqebebi

251

ars yovlTa arsTa uwminde, RvTismSoblad mwve-

sawameblad.

aha, dedav da qalwulo, Sen meqmen codvis ganmZeblad!

bunebaTa uaRresad geqmna Soba-qalwuleba,

(2)

beri dReTa Sengan Cvilad yrma axali ixilveba,

bilwi vnebas xorcielebs, Sens siaxles ar evleba;

brZane Cemi Semweoba, romel ZalgiZs Sewyaleba...

misave leqsSi `anbanTqeba axali SemoRebuli~

gamoyenebulia strofuli a formai:

ar advilia aRkrZalva amoebisa, amosa,

ar asagdebad aRmovTqva, amovimowmeb amosa;

adridgan arsad arakad asmodes, aha, amosa,

aris aseTi ambavi, aravis ar aamosa.

bage brZanebdes batonis basrobas borotebisa;

(3)

borgdes, bunebiT brdRvinvides barnabe barTlomebisa;

bedi bediTi borbali brunevdes bilw beblebisa;

bici bWobani badea belier brangv berebisa...

anbanTqebaSi `amicanad saTargmanebelni~ arCili mimarTavs

axal xerxs: yoveli ori strofis taepebi iwyeba erTi da imave

asoTi (strofuli a-s varianti):

arsi yovlTa damaarsi, sxva uarso arsad ari,

arasi xams Sedareba, ars yovls nivTTa ar-sadari.

ar arian uimisod ar Rrubeli, ar sa dari.

a, nebaa mis-mieri, gangveSoros arsad ari.

(4)

ars erTi rame aseTi, vin axsniT, aris saxeli,

ara varga ra umisod qalaq, soflebi, saxeli,

ar mefe, ara glaxaki, ar brZeni, ara saxeli.

amas vin axsnis icodeT, es aris yovlTa saxeli...

leqsSi `sulxanis pasuxad~ anbanis asoebi ganawilebulia yvela

sityvaze (sityvobrivi forma)ii:

Tamar lomiZe

252

aRvZra bage, guli davdva, es vis ze Àe, TamaSobdes.

icodi, kilom monakvTe, neb or prtyeli Jamad rbodes.

(5)

sad tom ufros friad qmnila, Rrma yofs Sairs,

CurCvnilobdes.

cnobiT ZaliT, wmidaT WvretiT xel-ÃrmliT, jvariT,

hai, Äomobdes...

aRsaniSnavia, rom k. kekeliZe maRal Sefasebas aZlevda

(`Seudarebels~ uwodebda) arCilis poetur ostatobas,

romelic ànbanTqebebSi~vlindeba (kekeliZe 1952: 480).

vaxtang meeqvsis anbanTqebebSi asoebi strofulad

nawildeba (TiToeul strofSi yoveli sityva (an sintagma)

iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi _ strofuli b forma):

asre aris agebuli, amgebelsa aq aqebdes,

amkobdesca, adidebdes, amisTvisve aqa qebdes,

amzrzenelsa, aRmSfoTvelsa anacrebdes, aqa qebdes,

armurisken amwevelsa almass afTsa aqaqebdes.

brwyinvaled baruq brZanebda badvisTvis brZnulis

bagiTa. (6)

brZaT brwyinvaleba bevrobdes beTlemurisa bagiTa,

biwovnebasa banevdes berT biWTa brZnulad bagiTa,

borgnilni bilwni baalni borgevden buga bagiTa...

an kidev _ gamoyenebulia sityvobrivi formis varianti,

romelSic yoveli sityva iwyeba da mTavrdeba erTi da imave

asoTi. leqss wamZRvarebuli aqvs minaweri: ès erTi leqsi aris,

yovels sityvas Tavbolos anbani uzis~:

ara brZaneb giorg dedad, ese viyav zez eTerad,

(7)

TmiT ikari, kuk, lal, momcem, nebven osoproko Jverad...

Teimuraz meoris anbanTqebaTa strofebSi sityvebi

dalagebulia anbanis rigze (taepobrivi b forma):

àRmeZra bage gulis dadebiT, euwya vis zed ÀesreT

Tqmuleba?

iynose keTil lmoba monisa nacxeb or pirad, Jam ris

sxmuleba,

trfiali ufro ferovan qmnili, Rirs yovlad Sengan

Cans cmeuleba, (8)


253

Zevlad wyluleba, Wvretad xeloba, Ãams javrisagan hai-

Äoeba...

an gamoyenebulia strofuli a forma (àRivso gulica Cemi...…~,

àRvZraT sityva sacnobeli...~, àris ram ucxod sacnobel...~).

daviT guramiSvilis kalams ekuTvnis anbanTqebebi,

romlebSic TiToeuli taepis Semadgeneli sityvebi (an

sintagmebi) iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi. esaa sityvobrivi formis

varianti (àRdgomis dRes yrmaTagan samRereli~):

aRdga qriste da aRmoiyvana adamiani!

braleulebi, bnelSigan bmulni, borgliniani!

aliluia, aliluia, aliluia!

gverd gangmerilman gvapkura sisxli, gvyvna grilovanad,

(9)

damRerdeT dabdabs, daviTis durduks, did-didroanad;

aliluia, aliluia, aliluia!..

an pirveli strofis sityvaTa sawyisi asoebis rigi emTxveva

asoTa rigs qarTul anbanSi, meore strofSi ki sityvebi

ganlagebulia sapirispiro TanmimdevrobiT _ Ä-dan a-mde:

(ànbanzed Tqmuli daviTisagan~) _ sityvobrivi formis varianti:

adams brma gveliT da eva vera zogven Àe Tmenasa,

im krulman laxvrad miago nebiT or-piri JRerasa;

rac sityva tkbilad urCiva, ferxT-qveS Ralatobs

yvelasa,

Sig Cans cden Znel wyvlad Wmunvarni, xsnil Ãnarcvs

jden he Äiebsa.

Äi hi jojoxeTad Ãden, xvdaT Wra, wyvla Znel cecxlTa

CeniT; (10)

Sigan yrian RadarT qveSe, fufqavs uyT tba, sulT rjis

JeniT,

pirs oxrevdin naRvliT misTvis, lxini kvnesiT

iwvarTeniT,

Tayvans ÀciT, zenars vedreT, es did gvemiT bma axseniT...

besiki iyenebs anbanTqebaTa stroful b formas:

aTinas aRzrdils aqebdeT alvad avnorCad asulsa,

bnel baiaTa bryvilobas, brangv-babaWuad basrulsa!

gonjni gugani gaSvenis gaxrilad gverdzed gasrulsa,

daxe daRrejiT damCaCuls, dedluris drungiT dasmulsa.

Tamar lomiZe

254

(`mzeWabuk orbelianzed~);

sityvobriv formas:

antoni bnelTa ganmkarg dRe erTa viT ze,

ÀeTer TviT aris kamkam lmobil mTen nazen.

oron pet JamebTYrRvnilT sabek tred ucxoT frTe,

qve Rrmad yril STasrulT Cinebul cad Zlevisad,

wam WirTa xmiT Ãsnis, jildobs hazrTa ÄoobiT.

(àntoni kaTalikoszed~)

aseTive formas mimarTavs is leqsSi àrs brZen gnomiT...~.

leqsSi àn, alva xar tanadobiT~ besiki, Teimuraz

pirvelis kvalobaze, mimarTavs anbanTqebis Sereul formas,

oRond Teimurazi iyenebs aTmarcvlian sazoms, besiki ki _

maRal Sairs. aq qarTuli anbanis asoebi ganawilebulia taepTa

winacezuruli da ukanacezuruli nawilebis pirvel sityvebze,

zogjer _ mcire cezuris dasawyisSic da, garda amisa, maT win

uZRvis Sesabamisi asos saxelwodeba:

an, alva xar tanadobiT, ban, bulbuls migigavs ena,

gan, gibrwyinavs pirissaxe, don, daxatuli xar Sena;

en, elvare badri mTvare, vin, varskvlavs surs Seni

brwyena, (11)

zen, zilf-kavo, giSris Tmao, Àe, ÀaerT daiwye frena,

Tan, Turani, in, eraniT sicxovliT dagiwvams Sena...

anbanTqebaSi àn~ze siT moxval~ warmodgenilia strofuli b

formis varianti: anbanis asoebi dasmulia rogorc taepebis,

aseve _ winacezuruli da ukanacezuruli nawilebis (zogjer _

mcire cezuris) pirvel sityvaTaYTavkidur poziciebSi:

aTinad brZenTa ganzrdili aziad vmgzavrob aresa,

amirbars veyme avTandil amod ra lmobiaresa,

alvisa mSvildi SemSvenda israd aryisa mxmaresa

arwivs afskasa Sevage hair mofrinvamkmaresa.

babiloaniT mrebelman basra vixile, msuroda,

baramis Seyra momesma, beJan vemone ymuroda,

biisa mSvildo ficxelo, bardis isrisa mZmuro-da,

brangvsa Segrtyoce, bayvs eci, vis CveviT sisxli

gwyuroda...

* * *


255

. sanam anbanTqebaTa analizs SevudgebodeT, davakvirdeT, ra

gansxvavebaa akrostiqsa da anbanTqebas Soris.

zedapiruli gansxvaveba maT Soris SemdegSi mdgomareobs:

akrostiqi vertikaluri teqstis saxiT Seicavs garkveuli

semantikis mqone sityvas an gamoTqmas, anbanTqebaSi ki teqstis

strofebis, taepebis an sityvebis Tavkidur poziciebSi anbanis

asoebia dasmuli (anbanSi maTi Tanmimdevrobis Sesabamisad). anu,

erT SemTxvevaSi, mocemulia garkveuli semantikis mqone teqsti,

meoreSi ki, ubralod, anbani, rac teqstTan formalur `TamaSs~,

virtuozuli poeturi ostatobis gamovlinebas waagavs. magram es

sakiTxi arc arc ise martivia.

gavixsenoT, rom poeturi teqsti, prozaulTan SedarebiT,

gacilebiT meti mowesrigebulobiT gamoirCeva. am amocanas

emsaxureba poeturi teqstis iseTi faqtorebi, rogorebicaa

ritmi, riTma, aliteraciebi da a.S. maTi meSveobiT xdeba

semantikuri komponentis gauferuleba, misi minimalizeba. rac

ufro Zlieria poetur teqstSi zemoxsenebuli faqtori, miT

ufro sustdeba teqstis semantikuri Semadgeneli. aseT

SemTxvevaSi teqstis sityvaTa semantika erTmaneTs erwymis da

warmoqmnis erTgvar difuzur, daunawevrebel mTlianobas.

albaT, swored amas gulisxmobda saleqso enis

originaluri mkvlevari i. tinianovi, rodesac poetikaSi

Semoitana termini `saleqso rigis erTianoba da simWidrove~,

rac, rogorc Cans, sityvaTa semantikur urTierTzemoqmedebas

niSnavs, am urTierTzemoqmedebis ganmapirobebeli faqtorebi ki

swored specifikuri, mxolod leqsiTi teqstebisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli faqtorebia.

qarTveli poetebis anbanTqebaTa teqstebi gamoirCevian

amgvari faqtorebis siuxviT, iseve, rogorc, sazogadod, XVII-

XVIII saukuneebis poeturi teqstebi. isini mowesrigebulia

ritmuladac da evfoniuradac.

magram anbanTqebebSi Semodis teqstis maorganizebeli

axali faqtori (romelic, vizualuri aRqmis pirobebSi,

Crdilavs sxva elementebis funqciebs) anbanis elementTa rigis

saxiT. davaxasiaToT is:

1. Cveulebriv, anbanis Semadgeneli asoebi sityvaSi

arafriT gamoirCeva erTmaneTisgan, anu arc erTi maTgani

markirebuli ar aris. magram anbanTqebebSi Sesabamisi

teqstualuri fragmentebis urTierTSedarebisas poziciurad

Tamar lomiZe

256

gamoirCeva am fragmentTa Tavkiduri asoebi, rogorc garkveuli

sistemis (anbanis) elementebi. am gziT xorcieldeba teqstis

garkveuli fragmentebis gamoyofa erTmaneTisgan da maTi

gansxvavebulobis xazgasma (stroful a da b formebSi _

strofebisa, taepobriv a formaSi _ taepebisa, xolo taepobriv

b formaSi _ sityvebisa).

2. anbanTqebebSi xdeba leqsis teqstisa (romelsac

sistemurobas aniWebs specifikuri versifikaciuli faqtorebi)

da sxva sistemis _ anbanis _ elementTa interferencia, rac

arsebiTad ganasxvavebs anbanTqebebs nebismieri sxva poeturi

teqstebisgan.

3. is, rom anbanis elementebi SeiZleba ganawilebul iqnas

leqsis nebismier fragmentebSi _ strofebSi, taepebSi, sityvebSi,

rom TiToeuli amgvari elementi SeiZleba aerTianebdes

nebismieri grZliobis fragments teqstSi, xazs usvams am

fragmentebis semantikur difuzurobas, imisda miuxedavad, Tu

rogori moculobis fragments (rogori grZliobis semantikur

erTeuls) `amWidroebs~ anbanis esa Tu is elementi.

4. amgvari fragmentebis (strofebis, striqonebis,

sityvebis) erTianobas da teqstis diskretul nawilebad

dayofas ganapirobebs Tavkidur poziciebSi dasmuli asoebi,

romlebic aseT SemTxvevaSi teqstis rigiTi elementebi ki

aRaraa, aramed teqstis Sesabamisi fragmentebis mawarmoebeli

elementebia da ganapirobebs maT Tvisebriobas.

(axla SeiZleba davaxasiaToTYZiriTadi gansxvaveba

akrostiqsa da anbanTqebas Soris. aSkaraa, rom akrostiqSi

vertikaluri teqsti aerTianebs horizontalur teqsts

(romelic Sesabamisi nawarmoebis taepebSia asaxuli),

axorcielebs mis sinTezs. magaliTad, rodesac vkiTxulobT

daviT guramiSvilis iambikos, romelSic vertikaluri teqstia

`mamao Cveno, romeli xar caTa Sina...~, bunebrivia, taepebSi

gadmocemuli Sinaarsi _ `horizontaluri~ teqsti _ Cveni

yuradRebis miRma rCeba da TiToeuli horizontaluri fragmenti

kargavs linearulobas, sakuTar semantikas, `wertilovani~ xdeba

da `miizideba~ akrostiqis im asos, sityvisa an gamoTqmisken,

romelic Sesabamisi taepis Tavkidur poziciaSia mocemuli da

akrostiqis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens.


257

anbanTqebaSi ki qarTuli anbanis elementebi

diskretulobas aniWebs teqsts, anawevrebs mas. esaa analitikuri

operacia teqstze).

5. anbanTqebaSi anbanis asoTa ganawileba teqstSi

ganapirobebs im efeqts, rom es teqsti Tvisebriobas icvlis da

misi elementebi erTiandebian axal sistemaSi _ aq ZiriTadi

teqstia swored anbani, romelsac fonis saxiT axlavs poeturi

nawarmoebis teqstis danarCeni nawili.

amgvarad, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT anbanTqebaTa teqstebis

semantikur difuzurobas, TiToeuli asos `danarTis~ saxiT

mocemuli teqstualuri fragmentebis meorexarisxovan

Rirebulebas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom maTSi xorcieldeba

calkeuli fragmentebis CamoTvla, e.i anbanTqeba warmogvidgeba,

rogorc teqstis im elementebis CamoTvla, romlebic

markirebulia anbanis asoebiT.

arc erT sxva lirikul JanrSi ar gvxvdeba teqstis

rogorc sistemis amgvari saxeoba da, ra Tqma unda, arc

akrostiqi warmoadgens gamonakliss.

6. sazogadod, SesaZlebelia mxolod gansxvavebulTa

CamoTvla, anu anbanis elementTa ganawileba teqstSi

ganapirobebs da xazs usvams Sesabamisi teqstualuri

fragmentebis gansxvavebas erTmaneTisgan.

7. TiToeuli markirebuli aso, rogorc, zogadad, anbanis

elementi (e.i. ara rogorc teqstis nawili, misi

mowesrigebulobis ganmapirobebeli elementi) warmogvidgeba,

rogorc strofis, taepis an sityvis niSani, anu asosa da im

teqstualur fragments Soris, romlis sawyis (Tavkidur

poziciaSi dasmul) elementsac warmoadgens es aso, myardeba

semiotikuri (paradigmatuli) mimarTeba. isini

urTierTSenacvlebadi xdeba. TiToeuli amgvari fragmentis

(romlis damoukidebloba mTeli teqstisgan gamZafrebulia

leqsis specifikuri struqturis wyalobiT) funqcias da

adgils sistemaSi gansazRvravs is, Tu anbanis romeli elementiT

iwyeba is. amgvarad, garkveuli gagebiT, icvleba teqstis amgvari

fragmentis semantika, magram is ki ar nivelirdeba (rogorc

akrostiqSi) aramed specifikuri semantikiT aRiWurveba _ anbanis

Sesabamisi elementis aRsaniSnad gardaisaxeba.

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ama Tu im sityvas (taeps, strofs)

sxvadasxvagvari semantika aqvs, imisda mixedviT, anbanTqebaSi

Tamar lomiZe

258

gvxvdeba is, Tu Nan nebismieri sxva Janris poetur teqstSi.

Sesabamisad, sustdeba TiToeuli `sityvis~ semiotikuri funqcia

samyaros sagnebTan an movlenebTan mimarTebaSi. TiToeuli

amgvari sityva, Tavis mxriv, axdens anbanis, rogorc sistemis

elementTa reprezentacias.

8. anbanTqebebSi Tavs iCens sintagmaturi semiotikuri

mimarTebebic: TiToeuli markirebuli aso (rogorc, zogadad,

anbanis elementi) sintagmatur (momijnaveobis, Tu gnebavT,

`sinekdoqur~) kavSirSia teqstis Sesabamis fragmentTan _

strofTan, taepTan an sityvasTan.

9. anbanis elementebis aRWurva semiotikuri funqciiT

(anbanis TiToeul asos ama Tu im anbanTqebaSi aqvs erTaderTi

aRsaniSni) imas niSnavs, rom maT miewereba erTgvari

kvazisemantika _ da TiToeuli aso warmogvidgeba, rogorc

garkveuli `sityva~,

10. saerTod, Tumca TviT anbani myari sistemaa, romelSic

dauSvebelia elementebis gadanacvleba, magram anbanis nebismier

elements anbanTqebebSi SeiZleba daukavSirdes sxvadasxva

aRsaniSni (magaliTad, (6) SemTxvevaSi). amitom SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom anbanis elementebi anbanTqebebSi xasiaTdebian kombinatoruli

TavisuflebiT.

11. ra Tqma unda, zogadad, anbanis (rogorc

izolirebuli da ara rogorc anbanTqebis maregulirebeli

sistemis) elementebs aRniSvnis funqcia ar ekisrebaT. xolo

rodesac Cven vsaubrobT teqstSi maTi semiotikuri datvirTvis

Sesaxeb (teqstis fragmentebis mimarT), am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba

vimsjeloT mxolod aRniSvnis ideis da ara realuri semiozisis

Sesaxeb.

magaliTad, arCilTan taepSi `arsi yovlTa damaarsi, sxva

uarso arsad ari~ a-Ti markirebulia da niSandebulia mTeli

taepi, Tumca calke am asos araviTari semantika ara aqvs. mas

ekisreba mxolod taepSi, strofSi an sityvaSi xorcSexmuli

warmodgenis reprezentacia. sxvagvarad, amgvari elementi

ganasaxierebs warmodgenis gamoxatvis ideas. Sesabamisad,

anbanTqebebis taepSi, strofSi an striqonSi xorcieldeba ormagi

semiozisi: anbanTqebis elementi aRniSnavs teqstis fragments

(meore markirebul asomde), xolo TviT es fragmenti, mTlianad,

aRniSnavs sinamdvilis ama Tu im movlenas an sagans.


259

amgvarad, warmodgena, romelic xorcSesxmulia amgvar

fragmentSi, erTdroulad aris semiozisic (òbieqtisadmi~

semiotikuri mimarTebis damyareba) da Tavisi Tavis, rogorc

pirobiTi niSnis TviTgamovlenac.

axla davakvirdeT im movlenebs, romlebic asaxulia

zemoCamoTvlil avtorTa anbanTqebebSi da vikiTxoT: xom ar

SeiniSneba raimenairi kavSiri anbanTqebaSi asoTa ganawilebis

wessa da Sesabamis teqstebis aRsaniSnebs Soris, anu, sxvagvarad

rom vTqvaT, xom ara aqvs am konkretul Janrs erTgvari

`semantikuri oreoli~ (rogorc ityoda m. gasparovi).

k. kekeliZe aRniSnavs, rom Teimuraz pirvelis lirika

orgvaria _ religiuri da saero. mkvlevari asaxelebs

religiuri lirikis nimuSebs da maT miakuTvnebs poetis

anbanTqebebs: àdam vaxsenoT pirvelad, TviT RmerTman Seqmna

romeli~ (`romelSic Sekowiwebulia wmindanTa

saxelebi~(kekeliZe 1952: 445)); àRaxven bageni Cemi, RmerTo,

samebiT qebulo~ (àq poeti ixseniebs zogierT wmindans,

bibliur epizodebs, xolo meore nawilSi dawvrilebiT

laparakobs ieso qristes vnebis, aRdgomis, amaRlebisa da meored

mosvlis Sesaxeb~(iqve); àRmarTa mxsnelman jvari golgoTas~

(,,warmoadgens vedrebas RvTis, RvTismSoblisa da

wmindanebisadmi~ (iqve). pirvel anbanTqebaSi strofebis pirvel

sam taepebSi marTlac `Sekowiwebulia wmindanTa saxelebi~,

meoTxe taepebSi poeti gamoxatavs Tavis damokidebulebas am

wmindanTa mimarT.

am anbanTqebaSi wmindanTa ierarqiis klasifikaciuri

principia anbani, anbanuri rigi. amgvarad, aq anbani miCneulia

wmindanTa simravlis klasifikaciis safuZvlad. da, poetis meore

anbanTqebisa ar iyos, `viT Zaluc kacsa mtkavliTa cisa gazoma

srulebiT~, aSkaraa, rom anbanis elementebi aq `mtkavlebi~ ki

araa, aramed _ swored zeciuri samyaros mkvidrTa ierarqiis

sazomia,

anbanTqebebSi àRivso guli Cemi~ da àRmarTa mxsnelman

jvari golgoTas...~ aRwerilia iesos amqveyniuri cxovrebis

umniSvnelovanesi momentebi. Sesabamisad, am teqstebSi naratiuli

elementi ufro Zlieria, vidre pirvel anbanTqebaSi. aqac

gadaxlarTulia iesos cxovreba da avtoris sulieri gancdebi _

ori sistema, ori biografia. sagulisxmoa, rom mesame

anbanTqebaSi (da meoris ramdenime strofSi) yoveli strofis

Tamar lomiZe

260

pirveli sami taepi eZRvneba qristes cxovrebis ama Tu im

epizodis an romelime bibliuri ambis mokle aRweras, meoTxeSi

ki (an mesame da meoTxe taepebSi, ramdenime SemTxvevaSi ki _

mTel strofebSi) TviT avtoris vedrebaa gadmocemuli

RvTismSoblis mimarT:

daagdo tari xelTagan, qalwuli SeZrwundeboda:

`da rogor, umamakacod Ze muclad viT medeboda?~

`dagcoso sulman wmindaman~ _ sityvaca

ganzrqeldeboda~; (11)

damxsen, ufalo, jojoxeTs cecxlimc nu

momedeboda!.

(`aRivso guli Cemi... ~)

zecisa ZalTa mTavarsa kacTaTvis naTel-Rebulsa,

zeciT qveyanas Camosuls, RvTaebiT gankacbulsa,

ze amaRlebiT jvarzedan sisxliTa gverd

SeRebulsa, (12)

zenaar, petre Semzide samoTxes kars ganRebulsa...

(`aRmarTa mxsnelman jvari golgoTas~)

amgvarad, samive anbanTqebaSi bibliur da saxarebiseul

ambebs erTvis aluzia avtoris cxovrebiseul Znelbedobaze.

ori istoria _ qristesi da Teimurazisa SekavSirebulia

erTmaneTTan analogiis meSveobiT _ da orives maregulirebelia

anbani _ RmerTisa da adamianis cxovrebis sazomi.

meoTxe anbanTqeba, rogorc vTqviT, satrfialo

xasiaTisaa da Sereuli formiTaa dawerili:

ano alvisa, bano brol-vardi,

gano gareviT nayofad esxes,

dono davswame, vardsa Sevswame,

siturfe Turme misgan esesxes,

(13)

eno edemsac, vino, vin naxa,

zeno zned sWirdes sxvamanc vin esxes,

Àeo, ÀeTeri, Tano Tu masTan,

ino is ijdes, Tu gare esxes...

aq, rogorc vxedavT, poeti mimarTavs anbanTqebis

taepobriv formas. amasTan, yoveli taepis Tavkidur poziciaSi

dasmulia anbanis asoTa saxelwodebebi, momdevno sityvebi ki

iwyeba imave asoebiT, anu anbanTqebis principi gaZlierebulia,


261

xazgasmulia. es gansxvaveba pirvel sam anbanTqebasa da meoTxe

anbanTqebas Soris metad arsebiTia. pirvel sam _ stroful _

anbanTqebaSi ZiriTadi maregulirebeli principia mowesrigeba

anbanis mixedviT, anu maTSi anbans sagangebo _ konceptualuri

_ funqcia ekisreba, meoTxe anbanTqebaSi ki taepebisTvis anbanis

saxelwodebebis win wamZRvarebiT poets Semoaqvs erTgvari

TamaSebrivi, msubuqi elementi, satrfialo leqsis specifikis

Sesabamisad. amgvarad, erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia anbanTqebis ori

struqturuli principi: Teimuraz pirvelTan strofuli

anbanTqeba, ZiriTadad, gamoiyeneba religiuri Temebis mxatvruli

xorcSesxmisas, taepobrivi ki _ saero (satrfialo) motivis

asaxvisas. es gamijvna metad arsebiTia da migvaniSnebs imaze, rom

anbanTqeba, rogorc vvaraudobdiT, funqciuri lirikuli Janria

da ara ubralo, formaluri TamaSi.

arCili akrostiqis stroful a formas iyenebs

RvTismSoblisadmi mimarTul saxotbo leqsSi `saqebelni da

savedrebelni RvTismSoblisani~, romelSic bibliuri

metaforuli gamoTqmebiT amkobs RvTismSobels. aq poeti,

Teimuraz pirvelis msgavsad, yoveli sami taepis Semdgom (aq

SeiZleba vigulisxmoT aluzia samebaze), strofebis (pirveli

strofis garda, romelic mTlianad me-metyvelebis nimuSia da

gamoxatulia avtoris krZalva RvTismSoblis winaSe da daeWveba

imasTan dakavSirebiT, SeZlebs Tu ara is dasaxuli poeturi

amocanis ganxorcielebas) meoTxe taepebSi, gamoxatavs sakuTar

damokidebulebas xotbis obieqtis mimarT:

gigalobs daviT, mTawminda RvTisa poxilad

Crdiloda,

gimzerda TvaliT winaswar, rokavs mwuxri da

diloda,

gamoekveTa ufali uxelod Tav-sakidloda,

ganmiRe kari wyalobis, uxrwnelo, me Sen giloda!

(14)

dedoflad dabadebulTa Sen xar winaswar mkobili,

dedad gqadages RvTisada, xorod dgen sul

ganwyobili.

dgaxar marjveniT uflisa, vin aris Seni Sobili,

damixsen warwymedisagan satanas laxvar-sobili!...

Tamar lomiZe

262

strofuli anbanTqebis b forma gamoyenebulia leqsSi

ànbanTqeba axali SemoRebuli~. aq pirveli sami da meoTxe

taepebi erTmaneTisgan formalurad da semantikurad arafriT

ganirCeva. TiToeuli strofi Sinaarsobrivad izolirebulia

sxvebisgan anu TiToeul maTganSi calke saTqmelia gamoxatuli.

amitom teqstis diskretuloba aq gamZafrebulia (ix., mag., (3)).

am anbanTqebis daniSnulebas aaSkaravebs arCilis minaweris bolo

strofi:

mravalT mefeT daugdiaT umizezod mefobani,

sve-dovlaTi, didi Temi, qalaqi an didebani.

(15)

Cemi rad gkvirsT iZulebiT samyofTa garidebani?

magrame maqvs SeukdemaT erTis wadierebani...

vinaidan pirvel or strofSi arCili Tavs imarTlebs

kritikulad ganwyobil mkiTxvelTa winaSe, amdenad, unda

vivaraudoT, rom `mefobis dagdeba~ da ìZulebiT samyofTa

garidebani~ niSnavs ara marto samefodan gadaxvewas (aseT

SemTxvevaSi gaugebari iqneba, ratom saubrobs arCili samefos

datovebaze mas Semdeg, rac mkiTxvels sTxovs, lmobierad

moekidos am nawarmoebs: ànbanTqebasa axalsa nu SeuracxyofT

sityviTa~), aramed _ poeziis samyaroSi Tavis Sefarebasac.

Sesabamisad, es anbanTqeba swored rom poeziasTan `TamaSis~

gamoxatulebaa.

àmocanad saTargmanebeli~ leqsi, rogorc aRvniSneT,

anbanTqebis strofuli formis erT-erTi variantia, romelSic

erTi da imave asoTi dawyebulia or-ori strofi. leqsi Sedgeba

amocanebisgan, Sesabamisad, arCili iyenebs anbanTqebis

gansxvavebul formas (ar iyenebs stroful a formas, romelic

`saqebelSia~ gamoyenebuli).

erTstrofian anbanTqebaSi `sulxanis pasuxad~, Teimuraz

pirvelis meoTxe _ satrfialo _ anbanTqebisa da sulxan-saba

orbelianis anbanTqebis msgavsad, arCili mimarTavs taepobriv b

formas.

vaxtang meeqvse Tavis stroful b tipis anbanTqebaSi

qristes cxovrebis ambebs aRwers, meore anbanTqebaSi ki

taepobriv Bb formas iyenebs.

Teimuraz meoris stroful a tipis anbanTqebebSi

asaxulia: anbanTqebaSi àRivso gulica Cemi..~ _ sasiyvarulo


263

gancdebi mSvenieri qalis, barbare aleqsandres asul

buturlinas mimarT; anbanTqebaSi àRvZraT sityva sacnobeli...~ _

Zveli aRTqmis, anbanTqebaSi àris ram ucxod sacnobel...…~ ki _

axali aRTqmis ambebis Sesaxebaa saubari.

erTstrofiani sityvobrivi anbanTqeba satrfialo

xasiaTisaa.

daviT guramiSvilis taepobriv b tipis anbanTqebaSi

àRdgomis dRes yrmaTagan samRereli~ da anbanTqebaSi ànbanzed

Tqmuli daviTisagan~ (anbanis originaluri ganawilebiT

sityvebze) religiuri motivebia asaxuli.

besikisTvis, romelic mxatvruli formis didostati

iyo, anbanTqebas ukve konceptualuri datvirTva ki ara aqvs,

aramed _ wminda poeturi. anbanTqeba aq mxolod da mxolod

evfoniur funqcias asrulebs da aZlierebs misi leqsis

musikalurobas.iii

amgvarad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XVII-XVIII saukuneebis

qarTul poeziaSi rogorc formalurad, aseve semantikur

aspeqtSi erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia anbanTqebaTa ori tipi:

strofuli da taepobrivi. stroful anbanTqebebSi

(gansakuTrebiT, mis a formaSi) xorcSexmulia anbanis koncefcia

_ anbani RvTiuri warmomavlobisaa da amitom misi saSualebiT

SesaZlebeli xdeba zeciuri samyaros _ rogorc sistemis _

warmodgena da, Sesabamisad, Semecnebac.

anbanis amgvari koncefcia gulisxmobs uwyvet mimarTebas

amqveyniur samyarosa (romelSic anbani adamianTa komunikaciis

saSualebaa) da imqveyniur samyaros Soris (romlis Semecnebis

saSualebasac warmoadgens anbani). anbanis meSveobiT xdeba am ori

samyaros SekavSireba.

1966 wels franguli struqturalizmis TvalsaCino

warmomadgenelma, filosofosma da mecnierebis istorikosma,

miSel fukom gamoaqveyna Tavisi klasikuri naSromi `sityvebi da

sagnebi. humanitarul mecnierebaTa arqeologia~.

am naSromSi fuko miznad isaxavda im istoriuli aracnobieris

gamovlenas, romelmac ganapiroba sami sxvadasxva

epistemologiuri velis, anu sami sxvadasxva epistemis

funqcionireba. fukos azriT, àmgvari analizi ar warmoadgens

ideebis an mecnierebaTa istorias; esaa ufro, kvleva, romlis

mizania imis garkveva, Tu ris safuZvelze gaxda SesaZlebeli

Semecneba da Teoriebi, wesrigis romeli sivrcis Sesabamisad

Tamar lomiZe

264

moxda codnis konstituireba; ra saxis istoriuli a priori-sa

da rogori pozitiurobis stiqiaSi gaxda SesaZlebeli ideebis

dabadeba, mecnierebebis Camoyalibeba, gamocdilebis asaxva

filosofiur sistemebSi, racionalurobis formireba, Semdeg ki,

SesaZloa, darRveva da gaqroba~. (fuko 1977: 34)

cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi fuko ganixilavs TiToeul

epistemas rogorc sistemas, e.i. ara diaqroniulad, aramed _

sinqronulad. misi zemomoyvanili gamonaTqvamis parafrazirebisas

SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom TiToeul epistemas warmoqmnis

epistemologiuri velis (sistemis) elementTa gansakuTrebuli

urTierTmimarTebebi ama Tu im istoriul periodSi _ XVI

saukuneSi, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi an Tanamedrove epoqaSi.

es epistemebia:

1.renesansuli epistema (XVI saukune _ XVII saukunis Sua

wlebi). esaa msgavsebis…epistema, rodesac ena jer kidev ar

warmoadgens niSanTa damoukidbel sistemas. is gabneulia bunebiT

sagnebs Soris.

2. klasikuri epistema (XVII-XVIII saukuneebi) _

warmodgenis (reprezentaciis) epistema. ena iqceva niSanTa

avtonomiur sistemad da TiTqmis Tanxvdeba azrovnebasa da

codnas. amasTan dakavSirebiT, swored sayovelTao gramatika

iZleva saSualebas, gagebul iqnan ara marto sxva mecnierebebi,

aramed _ sazogadod _ kulturac.

3. Tanamedrove epistema (XIX saukunis dasawyisidan

dRemde) _ sistemebisa da organizaciebis epistema. warmoiqmnebian

axali mecnierebebi, romelTac saerTo araferi aqvT adre

arsebul mecnierebebTan. ena ukve Semecnebis Cveulebrivi

obieqtia. is iqceva formalur elementTa mkacr sistemad,

TavisTavzea koncentrirebuli, asaxavs sakuTar istorias da

iqceva tradiciebisa da azrovnebis wesebis rezervuarad.

Cveni gamokvleva miznad isaxavs imis dadgenas, ramdenad

savaraudoa anbanTqebebis Janris aRiareba klasikuri epistemis

organul elementad, an, ufro farTod, vlindeba Tu ara XVII-

XVIII saukuneebis qarTul kulturaSi klasikuri epistemisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. ra Tqma unda, mxolod erTi

literaturuli Janris magaliTze dasaxelebul problemaTa

gadaWra Znelia, magram SesaZlebelia kvlevis Semdgomi

perspeqtivebis dasaxva da misi mizanSewonilobis dasabuTeba.


265

vnaxoT, ramdenad Seesabameba anbanis gaazreba qarTul

anbanTqebebSi

marTalia, klasikur epistemaSi, fukos azriT, `ena aRar

emsgavseba amave eniT aRniSnul sagnebs, magram es ar niSnavs, rom

is gamijnulia samyarosgan; ena, Tumca sxva formiT, magram kvlav

gvevlineba gamocxadebaTa lokusad da Seadgens im sivrcis

nawils, romelSic xdeba WeSmaritebis gamovlena da gamoTqma...

ena aris xati samyarosi, romelic gamoisyidis Tavis codvebs da

miayuradebs WeSmaritebas. swored amitom surda RmerTs, rom

laTinuri ena _ misi eklesiis ena _ gavrcelebuliyo mTel

dedamiwaze. swored amitomaa, rom msoflios enebi (romlebic

cnobilni gaxdnen am monapovris wyalobiT) warmoqmnian,

sazogadod, WeSmaritebis xats~. (fuko 1977: 73).iv

SesaZloa, swored enis am prioritetulma mdgomareobam

da enisadmi upirobo ndobam (`msoflios enebi... warmoqmnian,

sazogadod, WeSmaritebis xats~) gansazRvra mibruneba

literaturuli diskursis `nulovani safexurisadmi~ _ im

safexurisadmi, sadac es diskursi Tvisebrivad maqsimalurad

uaxlovdeba Tavis amosaval wyaros (Sesabamisad, WeSmaritebasac)

_ anbans, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, miiswrafvis am miznisken.

WeSmariteba ar gulisxmobs mxolod mecnierul

WeSmaritebas _ is calmxrivia da SezRuduli. WeSmariteba unda

iyos sruli _ yovlismomcveli, da am WeSmaritebis

Sesamecneblad saWiroa iseTi instrumenti, romelic wesrigs

Seitans _ gasagebobas da Semecnebadobas mianiWebs _ mTel

samyaros: xilulsa da uxilavs, amqveyniursa da imqveyniurs. aseT

instrumentad klasikur epistemaSi aRiarebulia anbani.

gavixsenoT, rom volteris filosofiuri leqsikonis

saxelwodeba iyo `goni anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT~.

vinaidan anbani RvTiuri warmomavlobisaa, amdenad,

adamianebis cxovrebas (da, saerTod, samyaros) klasikur

epistemaSi anbanis meSveobiT awesrigebs RmerTi, rogorc

`kanonmdeblobiTi gonis funqcia~ (s.s. averincevi).

wesrigi, mowesrigebuloba, klasikur epistemaSi samyaros

aRqmis formaa. rac Seexeba anbans, misi arsis SemecnebisTvis

aseve aucilebelia misi wesrigis, mowesrigebulobis gamovlena.

es imas niSnavs, rom anbanis elementebi unda SevadaroT

erTmaneTs. magram es amocana sakuTriv anbanis farglebSi

ganuxorcielebelia _ esaa garkveuli TviTkmari elementebis

Tamar lomiZe

266

erToblioba (analogiurad, ricxvTa CamonaTvalSi TiToeuli

ricxvi TviTkmaria. Sedareba sxva ricxvebTan SesaZlebelia

mxolod ricxvebis Tvisebriobis Secvlisas _ maTi

danawevrebisas; aseve, anbanis TiToeuli elementi anbanis

farglebSi TviTkmaria, SeuZlebelia sxva elementebTan misi

Sedareba, anu msgavsebis an gansxvavebis dafiqsireba _ aq, ra

Tqma unda, ar vgulisxmobT grafikul msgavsebebsa da

gansxvavebebs). es amocana SeiZleba ganxorcieldes mxolod maSin,

rodesac moxmobil iqneba axali sistema, romelSic es

elementebi urTierTSedarebadi iqneba. aseTi sistemaa anbanTqebis

teqsti (an, Tundac, anbanur rigze gawyobili leqsikoni an

enciklopedia), romelSic anbanis TiToeuli elementi axal

Tvisebriobas SeiZens _ erTdroulad anbanis elementic iqneba da

raRac sxva sistemis elementic (an am axali sistemis elementis

niSani _ rogorc es moxda enciklopediaSi, an anbanTqebebSi, an

leqsikonebSi). sxvadyofnisas anbanis elementebis Sedareba ukve

SesaZlebelia, radgan maTi gansxvavebuloba, romelic anbanis

farglebSi ar vlindeboda, axla ukve funqciur

gansxvavebulobad warmogvidgeba. anbanTqebebSi esaa anbanis

elementebisadmi aRniSvnis unaris miniWeba. rogorc ki amgvari

elementi aRiWurveba niSnobrivi funqciiT, is ukve aRar emTxveva

Tavis Tavs, rogorc anbanis sistemis komponents.

rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, aseTi anbani CamoTvladia. fuko

aRniSnavs, rom swored klasikur epistemaSi gaxda SesaZlebeli

CamoTvla _ `gansaxilveli erTobliobis Semadgeneli

elementebis sruli CamoTvlis formiT; im kategoriaTa

CamoTvlis formiT, romlebic erToblivad asaxaven mTel sakvlev

sferos; bolos, wertilTa gansazRvruli raodenobis analizis

formiT, romlebic sakmarisi raodenobiTaa amoRebuli seriidan~

(fuko 1977: 104). amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom anbanis

transformacia anbanTqebebSi da maTi CamoTvladoba am Janrs

miakuTvnebs klasikuri epistemis literaturas. axal

TvisebriobaSi anbanis elementTa gansxvavebis erT-erT

saSualebas warmoadgens mis mier aRniSnuli teqstualuri

fragmentebis Sinaarsobrivi gansxvaveba da, SesaZloa, maTi

gansxvavebuli grZliobac. da, radgan `Semecneba niSnavs

gansxvavebas~ (fuko 1977:105), es operacia aucilebeli

operaciis saxiT warmogvidgeba.


267

`imisTvis, _ wers fuko, _ rom aRqmis elementi niSnad

iqces,... saWiroa, rom is gamoyofil iqnas elementis saxiT da

gaTavisuflebul iqnas saerTo STabeWdilebisgan, romelic mas

farulad ukavSirdeba; maSasadame, saWiroa, rom es STabeWdileba

danawevrebul iqnas, rom yuradReba koncentrirebul iqnas erT-

erT (sxvebTan gadajaWvul) momentze, rom saerTo

STabeWdilebaSi Semavali es momenti izolirebul iqnas misgan.

amgvarad, vlindeba, rom niSani ganuyofelia analizisgan, rom

niSani warmoadgens analizis Sedegs, romlis gareSec is ver

gaCndeboda. niSani agreTve warmoadgens analizis instruments,

radgan, erTxel gansazRvrisa da izolirebis Semdeg, is SeiZleba

Seefardos axal STabeWdilebas, romlis mimarTac analitikuri

cxauris rols asrulebs~ (fuko 1977: 111).

fukos es Sexeduleba zustad Tanxvdeba im

transformacias, romelsac ganicdis anbanis TiToeuli elementi

specifikur teqstSi _ anbanTqebaSi. is gamoiyofa rogorc

elementi da Tavisufldeba im `STabeWdilebisgan, romelic mas

farulad ukavSirdeba~ (semiotikuri funqciis ganxorcielebis

unaris arqonis Sesaxeb). amgvari niSani-aso analizis

instrumenticaa, radgan misi saSualebiT xdeba teqstis

danawevreba diskretul nawilebad.

axla ganvixiloT fukos gamonaTqvami klasikur

epistemaSi niSnis fundamenturi Tvisebis Sesaxeb da davakvirdeT,

ramdenad Seesabameba niSnis es Tviseba anbanis funqcias

anbanTqebaSi: `aRmniSvneli elementi, rogorc ubralod idea, an

xati, an aRqma (romelic sxvas ukavSirdeba an enacvleba), ar

warmoadgens niSans. ufro metic, is iqceva niSnad mxolod maSin,

rodesac Tavs iCens aRsaniSnTan misi mimarTeba. aucilebelia,

rom man reprezentacia ganaxorcielos, magram es reprezentacia,

Tavis mxriv, masSi unda iyos warmodgenili. aRmniSvneli idea

gaorebulia, radgan idea, romliTac Canacvlebulia meore idea,

moicavs, agreTve, ideas reprezentaciis gamoxatvis miseuli

unaris Sesaxeb~. (fuko 1977:115)

marTlac, anbanis elementis saxiT, asoSi reprezentirebis

unari mxolod potenciuradaa warmodgenili. is jer arafers

aRniSnavs (aq ar vgulisxmobT mis mimarTebas garkveuli

sametyvelo bgerebisadmi, rac semiotikur mimarTebas ar

warmoadgens _ yovel SemTxvevaSi, mniSvneloba aseT mimarTebaSi

ar warmoiqmneba). asos reprezentirebis unari aqvs mxolod

Tamar lomiZe

268

sagangebo sistemaSi, sagangebo teqstSi _ anbanTqebaSi, sadac is

aRniSnavs teqstis fragments. is ukavSirdeba am fragments da

axorcielebs mis reprezentacias. magram, fukos mixedviT, es

reprezentacia masSi (anbanis elementSi) unda iyos

reprezentirebuli. marTlac, anbanTqebaSi aso iqceva niSnad

maSin, rodesac mimarTebas amyarebs Tavis aRsaniSnTan (Sesabamis

teqstualur fragmentTan). Tavisi markirebulobis wyalobiT, is

am fragmentis reprezentacias axorcielebs.

bolos, fuko aRniSnavs, rom klasikur epoqaSi ZiriTadi

tropebi iyo sinekdoqe, metonimia da kataqrezisi (fuko 1977:

176). anbanTqebebSi TiToeuli markirebuli aso erTdroulad

mTelis (sityvis, taepis, strofis) nawilicaa da misi niSanic.

amdenad, is sinekdoqurad ukavSirdeba mTels, iseve, rogorc,

zogadad, anbani sinekdoqurad ukavSirdeba anbanTqebis mTel

teqsts. amitom SeiZleba iTqvas, rom klasikuri epistemis es

niSanic Tavs iCens XVII-XVIII saukuneebis qarTul anbanTqebebSi.

amgvarad, SeiZleba pasuxi gavceT im kiTxvaze, romlic

davsviT Cveni gamokvlevis dasawyisSi: ra Tqma unda, anbanTqebaTa

popularoba qarTul poeziaSi, ar ganapiroba, ubralod, avtorTa

survilma, gamoecadaT TavianTi poeturi ostatoba; am Janris

popularoba XVII-XVIII saukuneebis literaturaSi kanonzomieri

movlenaa. misi ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi Seesabameba e.w.

`klasikuri epistemis~ im niSan-Tvisebebs, romlebic Camoayaliba

wignSi `sityvebi da sagnebi (humanitarul mecnierebaTa

arqeologia)~ miSel fukom.

SeniSvnebi:

i qvemoT stroful `a~-s vuwodebT anbanTqebaTa iseT tips, romelSic

TiToeuli strofis yvela taepi iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi, stroful

`b~-s _ iseTs, romelSic yoveli strofis TiToeuli sityva iwyeba

erTi da imave asoTi, ise, rom anbanis asoebi TanmimdevrobiTaa

ganawilebuli strofebSi; taepobriv `a~-s _ iseTs, romelSic yoveli

taepi iwyeba sxvadasxva asoTi, qarTuli anbanis rigis Sesabamisad;

taepobriv `b~-s _ iseTs, romelSic TiToeuli taepis yoveli sityva


269

iwyeba erTi da imave asoTi; sityvobrivs _ iseTs, romelSic ama Tu

im taepis yoveli sityva (leqsikuri erTeuli) iwyeba sxvadasxva

asoTi (qarTuli anbanis rigis Sesabamisad), Sereuls ki _ Teimuraz

pirvelis meoTxe anbanTqebis msgavsi struqturis mqones.

ii am leqsis daweras biZgi misca sulxan-saba orbelianis `anbanTqebam~:

almas basri galesuli dahkveTs enaT, vamiT zmnaTa!

Àe TviT ityvis: kmaris lmoba mis naTqvamTa, orpir TqmaTa.

Jamad ras sTxovT, tvirTs umZimebT fucviT qmnilTa RirsTa

yrmaTa.

Slis CiTs ca Zliv wvimiT, WexiT, xe Ãmel jirkTa hai-Äi-sxmaTa.

iii rodesac anbanTqebaSi izrdeba anbanis asoTa ganawilebis sixSire,

anu rodesac stroful a tips enacvleba taepobrivi formebi (anbanis

elementebi ganawilebulia ara strofebze, aramed _ taepebze da

sityvebze), maSinve irRveva saleqso rigis erTianoba da, Sesabamisad,

sustdeba simWidrovec (anu leqsikur elementTa semantikuri

urTierTkavSiri). marTlac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, akrostiqisgan

gansxvavebiT, anbanTqebaSi anbanis elementebi diskretulobas aniWebs

teqsts. da rac ufro mcire grZliobis teqstualur fragmentebad

nawevrdeba teqsti (taepobriv da, miT ufro, sityvobriv anbanTqebebSi),

miT ufro mZafrdeba am fragmentebis izolirebuloba erTmaneTisgan,

anu miT ufro sustdeba maTi SemakavSirebeli Zala (am tendenciis

maqsimalurad gaZlierebis SemTxvevaSi teqsti iqceva anbanis

izolirebuli elementebis qaotur erTobliobad). amitom bunebrivia,

rom taepobriv da, gansakuTrebiT, sityvobriv anbanTqebebSi teqstis

erTiani sazrisis gamovlena Zneldeba. da, piruku, rac ufro msxvil

teqstualur fragmentebs aerTianebs anbanTqebebSi esa Tu is aso, miT

ufro mwyobri da naTelia misi Sinaarsi.

Tamar lomiZe

270

iv `enis mdgomareoba klasikur epistemaSi, _ wers Tanamedrove

franguli filosofiis cnobili mkvlevari Nnatalia avtonomova, _

erTdroulad mokrZalebulicaa da didebulic. Tumca ena kargavs

uSualo msgavsebas saganTa samyarosTan, magram is aRiWurveba umaRlesi

uflebamosilebiT _ warmoadginos da gaaanalizos azrovneba.

azrovnebis Sinaarsis Setana enobriv formebSi anawevrebs da mkafioebas

sZens maT....~ (avtonomova 1977: 12)

literatura

avtonomova 1977: Автономова Н.С. Вступительная статья к книге: Мишель Фуко. Слова и вещи (Археология гуманитарных наук). М., 1977

arCili 1999: arCili. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli. (iv.

lolaSvilis, l. kekeliZis, l. ZoweniZis redaqciiT). Tb.,

`merani~, 1999.

besiki 1962: TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli (al.baramiZisa da

v.Tofurias redaqciiT). Tb., `sabWoTa mwerali~, 1962

guramiSvili 1955: guramiSvili daviT. TxzulebaTa sruli

krebuli. Tb., `saxelgami~, 1955.

vaxtang meeqvse 1975: vaxtang meeqvse. leqsebi da poemebi (al.

baramiZis redaqciiT). Tb., mecniereba.

Teimuraz pirveli 1934: Teimuraz pirveli. TxzulebaTa sruli

krebuli (al. baramiZisa da g. jakobias redaqciiT). tfilisi.

`federacia~, 1934.

Teimuraz meore 1939: Teimuraz meore. TxzulebaTa sruli

krebuli (g. jakobias redaqciiT). Tb., `federacia~, 1939.

kekeliZe 1952: kekeliZe k. Zveli qarTuli mwerlobis istoria.

Tb., 1952.

fuko 1977: Фуко, Мишель. Слова и вещи (Археология гуманитарных наук). М., 1977.

maka laSxia

warmosaxvis cnobierebidan

Tavisuflebis

cnobierebamde

Jan-pol sartris naSromi

„warmosaxuli“ cnobierebis

fenomenologiur kvlevas eZRvneba.

naSromSi aRniSnulia, rom warmosaxvis

umTavresi damaxasiaTebelia is, rom igi

pirvel rigSi, saxeobrivi cnobierebaa,

romelic gulisxmobs da moiazrebs

Tavis obieqts, rogorc ara-yofiers,

rogorc spontanurobas. warmosaxva,

rogorc “saxeobrivi cnobiereba”,

intencionaluri bunebisaa. misi

meSveobiT me gansxvavebulad aRviqvam

samyaros, magram gansxvavebulia ara

Tavad sagnebi, aramed Cemi cnobierebis

mimarTeba maTTan. es xdeba imitom, rom

warmosaxva obieqts gaSualebuli saxiT

gvaZlevs. warmosaxvis mier aRmocenebuli

saxeebi saganTa aslebs warmoadgenen.

gamodis, rom adamiani, cnobiereba ukve

am aslebTan iwyebs mimarTebas, am aslebs

arqmevs saxelebs da uCens adgils am

samyaroSi. „warmosaxva, TviT grZnobadi

aRqmis safexuridan dawyebuli, gaivlis

saxeTa dausrulebel mwkrivs,

Sesabamisad moicavs adamianis

samyarosTan mimarTebis yvela safexurs

da daamkvidrebs subieqtis upiratesobisa

maka laSxia

272

da pirveladobis SegrZnebas faqtobrivi samyaros mimarT.”

warmosaxva, sartris mixedviT, is cnobierebaa, romelsac

unari aqvs, waSalos sazRvari rogorc xelovnebasa da

araxelovnebas Soris, aseve warmosaxulsa da realobas Soris.

swored es punqti aris Cemi interesis sagani, radgan mas Semdeg,

rac sartri, rogorc filosofosi, waSlis zRvars

warmosaxulsa da realobas Soris da ityvis, rom mxolod

mxatvruli nawarmoebi aris is sivrce, sadac warmosaxvis

meSveobiT sakuTari sikvdilis mxolod inscenireba xdeba, iwyeba

axali sivrcis konstruireba, sivrcisa, sadac

SemoqmedebiTobisaTvis yvela SesaZleblobaa mocemuli.

Jan-pol sartris mixedviT, adamianuri realobis

samyaroSi yofna es aris yofna situaciaSi. es aris Sexvedra

cocxali individualuri cnobierebisa nebismier faqtobriv

mocemulobasTan; yofiereba TavisTavad (etre en soi) aris

yvelaferi is, ris fonzec adamiani aRmoaCens Tavis Tavs

samyaroSi. am samyaroSi aproeqtebs igi Tavis Tavs Tavisi

SesaZleblobebisaken da amgvari dagegmviT erT situaciaSi

Sekrebs Tavis Tavs da faqtobriv mocemulobas.

sartri adamianur realobas uwodebs “arsebobas

samyaroSi sxvaTa TanaarsebobiT” (Sartre 1946:14). konkretulad

raSi gamoixateba Cemi “yofiereba sxvisTvis” (etre pour autrui)? sartri “yofiereba sxvisTvis” daxasiaTebas sircxvilis

fenomenis analiziT iwyebs. “sircxvilis struqtura

intencionaluria. ufro zustad, igi aris sircxviliseuli

gageba raRacisa da es raRac var me”(Sartre 1943:265). me

mrcxvenia imisa, rac me var. amgvarad, sircxvili axorcielebs

me-s intimur mimarTebas me-sTan: misi meSveobiT aRmovaCen Cemi

yofierebis erT garkveul aspeqts. sircxvili, sawyisiseulad,

refleqsiis fenomeni ar aris, mis Tavdapirvel struqturaSi igi

warmogvidgeba sircxvilad raRacis winaSe. me mrcxvenia Cemi

Tavis, romelic warmoudgeba sxvas. sartris mixedviT sircxvili

Semdegis gacnobierebas niSnavs: “me var is, rogorsac mxedavs

sxva. me vadareb, rac me var sxvisTvis imas, rac me var CemTvis.

me aranairad ar msurs maTi gaigiveba” (Sartre 1943:265). amrigad, sircxvili aris sircxvili sakuTari Tavis gamo

sxvis winaSe. es ori struqtura mWidrod aris erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli. me mWirdeba sxva, raTa Cemi yofierebis yvela

struqturas vwvde. Cemi gamocdilebis miRma me mudam vxedav

warmosaxvis cnobierebidan Tavisuflebis cnobierebamde

273

sxvis grZnobebs, ideebs, nebelobas, xasiaTs. cxadia, sxva

mxolod is rodia, rasac me vxedav, aramed isic aris, rac me

mxedavs. “me vxedav sxvas, rogorc gamocdilebis SekavSirebul

sistemas, romelic CemTvis miuwvdomelia, romelSic me

vfigurireb, rogorc erTi obieqti sxva obieqtTa Soris. sxva,

garkveuli azriT, Cemi gamocdilebis radikaluri negaciaa,

radgan misTvis me ara subieqti, aramed obieqti var” (Foulquié 1979:57). me ki, Cemi mxriv, rogorc Semecnebis subieqti,

vcdilob, ganvsazRvro obieqtis saxiT is subieqti, romelic

Tavad uaryofs Cems subieqturobas da ganmsazRvravs me, rogorc

obieqts.

sxva, uwinares yovlisa, Tavs iCens rogorc mzera

(regard), da Cemi yofiereba sxvisTvis, uwinares yovlisa,

danaxulobaSi gamoixateba. ras niSnavs mzera, xedva, danaxva da,

maSasadame, danaxulyofna?

me Cemi Tavis, Cemi sakuTari yofierebis usafuZvlobisa

da SemTxveviTobis daZlevas, mis dafuZnebasa da gamarTlebas rom

miveswrafi, raRac saxiT miznad vsaxav da vaxorcieleb Cems

Tavs, Cems sakuTar yofierebas. es imas niSnavs, rom me am miznis

mixedviT vxedav, ganvixilav, mniSvnelobas vaniWeb da vewyobi

yovelives Cems garSemo. „miznis mixedviT raimes xedva da

ganxilva Sesatyvisi moqmedebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli obieqtisa

da saSualebis mniSvnelobis miniWebas moaswavebs“ (Descamps 1986:174).

maSasadame, Cem mier raimes xedva, imavdroulad,

raimesadmi obieqtisa da saSualebis, da amdenad, usafuZvlo da

SemTxveviTi yofierebis mniSvnelobis miniWebas moaswavebs. da es

rom asea Cems SemTxvevaSi, asevea sxvis SemTxvevaSic. sxva rom

xedavs raimes, amiT obieqtisa da saSualebis anu usafuZvlo da

SemTxveviTi yofierebis mniSvnelobas aniWebs mas.

es debuleba gasagebs xdis, Tu ras niSnavs sxvebis mier

danaxuloba, is, rom sxva mimzers da mxedavs me, amiT obieqtisa

da saSualebis da, maSasadame, usafuZvlo da SemTxveviTi

yofierebis mniSvneloba meniWeba mis mier, anu amiT uariyofa da

uqmdeba is, rasac me miveswrafi, saxeldobr _ uariyofa Cemi

yofierebis dafuZnebuloba da gamarTlebuloba.

„me CemTvis var subieqti anu sakuTari yofierebis miznad

damsaxveli da Tavad es dasaxuli mizani. amgvarad, me _

dafuZnebuli da gamarTlebuli, Seucvleli da aucilebeli,

maka laSxia

274

erTaderTi da ara erT-erTi yofiereba, samyaros centri,

samyarosadmi sazrisisa da mniSvnelobis mimniWebeli, samyaroul

urTierTobaTa kanonmdebeli centraluri instancia var, xolo

yovelive sxva CemTvis mxolodRa obieqti da saSualebaa da ara

_ miznis damsaxveli instancia da mizani, Sesacvleli da ara

Seucvleli da aucilebeli, erT-erTi sxvaTa Soris da ara

erTaderTi, periferia da ara _ centri“ (Sartre 1943:346). mokled, sxva CemTvis ase Tu ise usafuZvlo da SemTxveviTi

yofierebaa. magram Cems garemomcvel sxvaTa Soris Tavs iCens

sxva, rogorc sxva cnobiereba, rogorc sxva adamiani, romelic

mzeras momapyrobs da maqcevs yofierebad-misTvis, rac Cemi

rogorc yofiereba-CemTvis, anu rogorc subieqtis da

dafuZnebuli da gamarTlebuli yofierebis uaryofas moaswavebs.

„Cemken mopyrobili sxvisi mzera, anu sxvis mier Cemi danaxul-

yofna imas niSnavs, rom me ganvixilebi misi yofierebis, rogorc

umaRlesi miznis mixedviT da maSasadame, me var ara subieqti anu

miznis damsaxveli instancia da Tavad mizani, aramed periferia,

ara erTaderTi da Seucvleli, aramed erT-erTi sxvaTa Soris

anu swored is, rasac mTeli cxovreba gavurbivar“ (Louette 1993:34). ,,viRac” – meubneba gzadmimavali ucnobis mzera, da

amiT Cemi uaryofa ukve sisruleSia moyvanili, me ukve obieqtad

var qceuli, ukve gasxvisebuli da gaucxoebuli var.

mzeraSi cxaddeba sxvisi yofiereba da maSasadame, Cemi

yofierebac –sxvisTvis, rac Cems yofierebas ki ar Tanxvdeba,

aramed uaryofs mas. amitomac sxvisi yofierebis faqti,

uwinaresad, usiamovnebad ganicdeba. „sxvis mzeraSi ifanteba Cemi

transcendenturoba da me viqcevi nivTad“ (Sartre 1943:342). Cemi gauqmeba sxvis mzeraSi gulisxmobs im samyaros gauqmebas,

romlis organizebas da konstruirebasac me vaxden. Cemi

mimarTeba samyarosTan iSleba sxvisi mzeris qveS. me sxvisTvis

erTdroulad var saSualebac da dabrkolebac. „sxvisi mzera

magrZnobinebs, rom me aRar var situaciis warmmarTveli. sxvisi

mzera aararavebs Cems transcendenturobas da maqcevs

saSualebad im miznebisTvis, romelnic CemTvis ucnobia“ (Sartre 1943:342). amdenad, me var safrTxeSi da es safrTxe SemTxveviTi rodia. „is aris permanentuli struqtura Cemi yofireba-

sxvisTvis. sxvisi mzeris saSualebiT me vxedav Cems Tavs,


275

rogorc gayinuls samyaros SigniT, rogorc safrTxeSi myofs“( Sartre 1943:343).

cnobiereba anu adamianuri realoba, rogorc yofiereba

TavisTvis, Tavdapirvelad warmogvidgeba, rogorc gadaulaxavi

kontrasti da konfliqti faqtobriobasa da transcendencias anu

TavisTavadsa da TavisTvis yofierebebs Soris. xolo cnobierebis

cnobierebasTan anu adamianis adamianTan urTierTobis sibrtyeze

es kontrasti da konfliqti Tavs iCens TavisTvis da sxvisTvis

yofierebebs Soris ganxeTqilebis saxiT.

adamianis adamianTan urTierToba, sartris mixedviT, „sxva

araferia Tu ara TavisTvis da sxvisTvis yofierebebs Soris

Tavdapirveli ganxeTqilebis daZlevis amao mcdeloba“ (Sartre 1943:433). kosmosad gagebuli samyarosTvis TviTganviTareba

ucxoa. winaaRmdegoba da ganviTareba mxolod adamianisTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli. amasTan, „adamianis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi wyaro

da impulsi samyaros TavisTavadis gamudmebuli uaryofaa im

mizniT, rom am yofnisgan Tavisufleba moipovos“ (Sartre 1943:438). yoveli adamiani cdilobs, gadalaxos is situacia,

romelSic is vardeba, radgan es situacia misTvis saxifaToa,

radgan masTan erTad yovelTvis aris sxva, sxvisi mzera,

romelic mas obieqtad aqcevs, xelidan aclis yvela

SesaZleblobas da iluzias, aRiaros sxvisi Tavisufleba. „sxvisi

Tavisuflebis aRiarebiT Cems Tavisuflebas ukve zRvari daedo,

rac CemTvis momakvdinebelia“ (Sartre 1943:451). sartris mixedviT, Tavisufleba, upirvelesad, moqmedebaSi

vlindeba. ufro metic, moqmedeba ukve aris Tavisufleba.

„Tavisuflebas ara aqvs arseba, masSi arseboba upiratesobs da

ganagebs arsebas“ (Louette 1993:138) me is arsebuli var,

romelic cnobs Tavis Tavisuflebas Tavisi moqmedebebis

saSualebiT, magram me is arsebulic var, romlis individualuri

da ganumeorebeli arseboba temporalizdeba, rogorc droiToba.

„Tavisuflebis meSveobiTaa, rom cnobiereba yovelTvis sxva

ramea, vidre is, ris Tqmac SeuZliaT mis Sesaxeb“ (Descamps 1986:195). gamomdinare iqidan, rom adamiani sul moqmedebaSia,

igi sul Tavisufalicaa. adamians misjili aqvs mudam Tavisi

arsebis, Tavisi moqmedebis, mamoZraveblis da motivis miRma

iarsebos. „is dawyevlilia TavisuflebiT. es ki niSnavs, rom

Cems Tavisuflebas ver upovnian sxva sazRvrebs, garda Tavad

Tavisuflebisa, anu Cven Tavisufalni varT imisagan, rom

maka laSxia

276

SevwyvitoT Tavisuflad yofna“ (Sartre 1943:459). Tavisuflebis

uaryofa sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara mcdelobas sakuTari

Tavis wvdomisa, rogorc yofierebisa TavisTavSi. adamianuri

realoba mudam cdilobs uaryos misi Secnoba, magram es

mcdeloba safuZvelSive amaoa, radgan „adamianuri realobisaTvis

yofiereba sakuTari Tavis arCevas niSnavs“ (Sartre 1946:23). igi mTlianad mitovebulia raTa yovelgvari yofierebis gareSe

Seqmnas sakuTari Tavi umcires detalebamde. amgvarad,

Tavisufleba yofiereba ki ara aris, is aris adamianuri

yofiereba. „sanam adamiani myofobs, sanam moTxovnilebebisa da

arCevanis winaSe dgas, is ver Sewyvets fiqrs arCevanis

Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“ (Sartre 1946:31). adamianuri Tavisufleba

arsaidan iRebs Tavis mizebs, is maT irCevs da amiT maT

transcendentur arsebobas aniWebs. „Tavisufleba es aris Cemi

Tavis arCeva samyaroSi da imavdroulad, samyaros aRmoCena. es is

cnobierebaa, romelic ar gansxvavdeba Cveni yofierebisagan.

saWiroa, iyo cnobieri, raTa airCio da saWiroa airCio, raTa

iyo cnobieri“ (Sartre 1946:31). amgvarad, Cven gamudmebiT

CarTuli varT Cvens arCevanSi da gamudmebiT gvaxlavs imis

cnobierebac, rom Tavad Cvenve SegviZlia SevcvaloT es arCevani,

radgan Cven TviTon vgegmavT da wesrigSi mogvyavs sakuTari

momavali Cveni eqsistencialuri TavisuflebiT. amgvarad, Cven

mudam gvaxlavs Cveni arCevanis gaararavebis, Cveni Tavis

sxvagvarad arCevis safrTxe, vidre varsebobT. Tavisufleba,

arCevani, gaararaveba, temporalizacia erTsa da imaves

emsaxurebian (Tavisufali arCevani uTuod aris dakavSirebuli

drosTan. yoveli axali arCevani, imavdroulad, dasawyisicaa da

dasasrulic).

adamianur realobas SeuZlia airCios sakuTari Tavi,

rogorc mas esmis, magram ar ZaluZs, rom ar airCios. mas isic

ar SeuZlia, rom xeli hkras yofierebas, radgan TviTmkvlelobac

arCevani da yofierebis dadasturebaa (TviTmkvlelobis

konteqstSi gakeTebuli arCevani aris absurdi ara imitom, rom

usafuZloa, aramed imitom, rom mas ar qonda ararCevanis

SesaZlebloba).

amgvarad, Tavisufleba aris arCevanis Tavisufleba, magram

ara ararCevanis Tavisufleba. amiT Tavisuflebis problema

aucileblobaSi monawileobs: mas ar SeuZlia ar airCios,

„adamianisTvis aucilebelia, rom Tavisufali arCevani gaakeTos“


277

(Sartre 1946:78). Cven varT Tavisufleba, romelic irCevs, magram

Cven ar virCevT Tavisuflad yofnas: Cven dasjili varT

TavisuflebiT. Cven araferi dagvrCenia garda imisa, rom sxvisi

Tavisufleba Tavisuflad vaRiaroT.

es aris is realoba, romelic sartrma adamianisa da

samyaros, adamianis adamianTan urTierTobis konteqstSi

warmogvidgina. es aris is adamianuri realoba, romelTanac

Segueba SeuZlebelia da romlis atana adamianis Zalebs

aRemateba. „Cven dawyevlili varT TavisuflebiT,“ Cven sxvebTan

yovelTvis da yvelgan konfliqtur situaciaSi varT, radgan

„sxvebi _ es xom jojoxeTia“ (Sartre 1947:93). raRa rCeba?

realur samyaroSi yofna autanelia adamianisaTvis. Tumca

adamianuri cnobiereba, Tavisufleba is momentia, romelic

yvelanairi situaciidan gamosavals eZebs. swored am dros

iwyebs amoqmedebas saxeobrivi cnobiereba _ warmosaxva, romelic,

sartris mixedviT, erTaderTi saSualebaa, rom Cveni realuri

mogzauroba droSi ganxorcieldes.

“werisagan viSvi: sanam weras daviwyebdi, iyo mxolod

sarkeebis TamaSi; es xom Cemi Cveulebaa da Tanac Cemi profesia.

rwmena davkarge, magram ukan ar damixevia: kvlavindeburad vwer.

meti ra saqme maqvs. Nulla dies sine linea,” – vkiTxulobT sartris

“sityvebSi.” wera yvelaferia frangi eqsistencialistisTvis,

radgan igi kulturis erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli aspeqtia,

kultura ki is fenomenia, romelSic adamians sakuTari Tavis

amocnoba SeuZlia. “kulturaSi adamiani Wvrets da cnobs

sakuTar Tavs, mxolod am kritikul sarkeSi xedavs adamiani

Tavis saxes. amasTanave Tavis motyuebis moZvelebuli dangreuli

Senoba xom igive Cemi xasiaTia: nevrozisgan SeiZleba ganikurno,

sakuTar Tavs ki versad wauxval” (sartri 2011:203).

adamianuri realoba gacxadebuli, gamJRavnebuli yofnaa,

radgan „adamianuri realobis miRma „aris“ yofna, an sxva

sityvebiT, adamiani aris is saSualeba, romliTac nivTebi TavianT

Tavs aCveneben“ (Sartre 1949:45). am mdgomareobaSi adamiani

pasiuria, radgan is sxvas arafers warmoadgens, garda imisa, rom

misi meoxebiT sagnebi warmoCndnen. amas sartri aRqmis

mdgomareobas uwodebs. adamianis es pasiuroba, frangi

egzistencialistis mixedviT, gadailaxeba Semoqmedebis processa

da am procesis uSualo rezultatiT, anu maSin, roca mwerlis

mier warmosaxviTi samyaro Seiqmneba. Tumca adamianisaTvis am

maka laSxia

278

samyaroSi arseboba sxva araferia, Tu ara konfliqti da

ganxeTqileba, romelic Tavs iCens im momentidan, roca Cems

gverdiT gamoCndeba sxvisi yofiereba, rogorc Cemi

maararavebeli, Cemi subieqturobis CamomrTmeveli da

pirveladobis momxsneli. adamianis swrafva imisken, rom

rogorme SeinarCunos sakuTari meoba, mizandasaxuloba,

mniSvneladoba da ar gaiTqvifos sxvis yofierebaSi, ar gaxdes

erT-erTi obieqti sxva obieqtTa Soris, ar iqces sxvis

yofierebis mier dasaxuli miznis misaRwev saSualebad _

sartris literaturuli nawarmoebebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani

sakiTxia. ”Semoqmedebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi motivia, subieqtad

igrZno Tavi samyaros mimarT“ (Sartre 1949:46). mwerali Tavisi

SemoqmedebisTvis mudam subieqti, Semqmneli da mwarmoebeli,

miznis mimcemi da Semsrulebelia. magram es aramc da aramc ar

niSnavs imas, rom Semoqmedis Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sedegi,

qaRaldze iqneba es Tu tiloze, obieqts warmoadgendes. ”es ase

araa, radgan personaJebi, maTi cxovreba, gancdebi, survilebi,

moqmedebebi, gadawyvetilebebi, imedgacrueba, maTi danaSauli Tu

sasjeli – es me var Tavad, isini Cemia,” _ wers sartri.

xelovnebis nawarmoebi mwerlisaTvis yovelTvis misi subieqtobis

mamxilebeli da ganmcxadebelia. yoveli personaJis SiSi –

mwerlis SiSia, misi molodini – mwerlis molodini.

nawarmoebis personaJebs mwerali Tavisuflad qmnis,

Tavisufladve aZlevs maT samyaroSi moqmedebis saSualebas.

msgavsi TavisuflebiT andobs mwerali mis mier gaSiSvlebul da

Secvlil samyaros ukve mkiTxvels. „mkiTxveli molodinia,

kmayofilebaa, amosunTqvaa. erTi sityviT, is aris sxva” (Sartre 1949:82).

Tavisufali arCevanis sazrisi is aris, rom aRmocendes

situacia, romelic mas Seesatyviseba da romlis arsebiTi

daxasiaTebaa, iarsebos TavisTavadi formis saxiT sxvisTvis. am

garemoebas Tavs ver davaRwevT, radgan „Tu gvsurs viyoT

Tavisufali, unda avirCioT yofna am samyaroSi sxvaTa pirispir,“

(Sartre 1943:398) rac gulisxmobs sxvaTa Tavisuflebis

Tavisufal aRiarebas. sartris cxovrebis mizanic, albaT,

swored es iyo:

„Cemi sigiJisa is miyvars, rom pirveli dRidanve micavda

„elitisadmi“ mikuTvnebis cTunebisagan: arasodes mifiqria,

bedniereba mxvda wilad, „niWi“ maqvs- meTqi. Cemi erTaderTi


279

saqme rwmeniTa da SromiT Tavis daxsna iyo. xelcarieli da

jibecarieli viyavi. Cemi gaumarTlebeli arCevani aravisze maRla

ar mayenebda: Tavis gadarCenis mizniT _ ase uiaraRod da

uxelsawyood, erTianad, uklebliv Sevewire Semoqmedebas. magram

ra SemrCa, Tuki Sevigeni, rom xsna ar arsebobs, da butaforiis

sawyobSi gadavuZaxe! rCeba mxolod adamiani, warmomdgari yvela

adamianisagan, igi mTel kacobriobad, adamianebad Rirs, xolo

misi fasi yoveli adamianis fasia“ (sartri 2011:204).

literatura

sartri 2011 sartri J.-p. sityvebi, Tb.: inteleqti, 2011 Descamps 1986 Descamps, Ch., Les Idees Philosophiques Contemporaines, Bordas, Paris, 1986 Foulquié 1979 Foulquié, P., L’existentialisme, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, 1979 Louette 1993 Louette J.-F., Jean-Paul Sartre, Hachette, Paris, 1993 Sartre 1943 Sartre, J.-P., L'être et le neant. essai d'ontologie

phenomologique, Gallimard, Paris, 1943

Sartre 1946 Sartre, J.-P. Existentialisme est un humanism, Nagel, Paris, 1946

Sartre 1947 Sartre J.-P. „Huis clos“. Gallimard. 1947 Sartre 1949 Sartre J.-P. Qu – est – ce que la literature?“ Gallimard. 1949

nino gogiaSvili

Rimilakis konteqsti

qarTul eleqtronul

sivrceSi

(feisbukis mixedviT)

“Rimilaki“ eleqtronul enobriv

sivrceSi TandaTan ufro masStabur

datvirTvas iZens da sakomunikacio

niSnebisa da enobrivi erTeulebis

yvelaze martiv da gasageb simbolod

yalibdeba. am „emociuri xatebis“

mniSvneloba da funqcia, SesaZlebelia,

winaswarganzraxulze metia da

moulodneli: isini, socialuri

qselebidan, Catebidan, mobiluri

telefonebidan, eleqtronuli

fostebidan da skaipebidan pirdapir

qaRaldebze, abrebze da, jerjerobiT

iSviaTad, magram, - presis furclebzec

inacvleben.

„Rimilakebi“ arsebobs standartuli,

arastandartuli, feradi, - maTi ricxvi

da saxe TandaTan izrdeba da saintereso

variaciebs gvTavazobs. standartuli

„Smiley“ orwertilisa da frCxiliTaa

Seqmnili. drois ekonomiis mizniT,

xSirad, mas aseTi formiT iyeneben,


281

axalgazrda Taobas ki arastandartuli da kreatiuli formis

Rimilakebi ufro xiblavs. „xatulebis“ meSveobiT SesaZlebelia

azris ufro mkafiod gamoxatva da, amasTan, drois sagrZnobi

ekonomia. is saukeTeso saSualebaa emociis zustad da gasagebad

gadmosacemad. virtualur samyaroSi, sadac ver vxedavT adamianis

vizuals, Jestikulacias, werilobiTi urTierTobisas, roca ver

vismenT misi xmis tembrsa da tons, „Rimilaki“ unikaluri

kompensaciaa am emociuri vakuumis sapirwoned. Tumca, erTsa da

imave Rimilaks, SesaZlebelia, da xSirad asec xdeba, sxvadasxva

daniSnuleba hqondes, konteqstidan gamomdinare. yovlad uwyinari

da yvelaze gavrcelebuli e.w. „pirvelqmnili Rimilaki“,

romelic grafikulad ase gamoisaxeba ( :-) ), pozitiuri

Sinaarsis miuxedavad, xandaxan neitralitets, sevdas,

ukmayofilebas da dacinvasac ki aRniSnavs . zogadad, internet

sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebelia Warbad gamoxatuli emociebi.

„RimilakebTan“ - guli, kocna, Caxuteba da misTanebi - SedarebiT

ubralo Rimilaki xSirad, Zalian ususurad da negatiuradac ki

gamoiyureba. magaliTad, rodesac socialur qselSi „facebook“

romelime momxmarebeli ganaTavsebs garkveul informacias da

miiRebs mowonebebis (like) da eqspresiuli „xatulebis“ did

raodenobas, sxva momxmareblis „ubralo“ „Rimilaki“ xSirad

negatiurad aRiqmeba, rogorc ucxo Tvalis, ise TviT am

informaciis ganmTavseblis mier. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac am

emociebs ar faraven da pirdapir ekiTxebian: ar mogewona

informacia (an musikaluri nomeri, an literaturuli Canaweri)?

aucileblad xazgasasmelia is faqti, rom „Rimilakis“ xasiaTi

refleqsiuria, anu, momxmarebeli mas iyenebs sakuTari emociis

gamosaxatavad, ukeT rom vTqvaT, subieqtis moqmedeba sakuTar

Tavs miemarTeba. zogjer saubari miemarTeba meore pirsac, mesame

piris emociis gadmocema ki, jerjerobiT, mxolod werilobiTi

miniSnebiTaa SesaZlebeli, „RimilakTan“ erTad.

„Smiley”- is warmoSobis istorias vladimer nabokovis

enamoswrebul TqmasTan akavSireben: „New York Times” - is

nino gogiaSvili

282

Jurnalist alden vitmanis kiTxvaze, Tu sad daayenebda Tavs

Tanamedrove da gardacvlili mwerlebis Sedarebisas, man

upasuxa, rom Zalian kargi iqneboda, Tu iarsebebda specialuri

tipografiuli, Rimilis msgavsi niSani, romelic am kiTxvis

pasuxad Caismeboda teqstSi. aRniSnuli interviu 1969 wlis

aprilis nomerSi daibeWda. rogorc vxedavT, nabokovis jer kidev

irealuri „Rimilaki“ sulac ar niSnavda ubralod „Rimils“, mas

hqonda, iribad, magram mainc, mravalwertilis, ironiis an

ubralod - dumilis daniSnuleba.

„Rimilaki“ mravalferovani interpretirebis saSualebas

gvaZlevs. is SegviZlia gavaerTianoT niSanTa kategoriaSi, radgan

„xatula“ aris grafikuli gamosaxuleba, romelic qmnis

normebs da sazogadoebriv warmodgenebs, da erTgvarad

gansazRvravs virtualur ritualTa Sinaarss. „Rimilakebis“

erToblioba niSanTa mowesrigebuli sistemaa, romelic

yovelTvis inarCunebs Sinagan, mdgrad konstruqcias da,

miuxedavad amisa, mainc mZafrad reagirebs konteqstze.

TvalsaCinoebisaTvis zemoT moyvanili magaliTic gamodgeba.

virtualur sivrcesa da socialur qselebSi „Rimilaki“,

SesaZlebelia, xandaxan ufro metad informatiuli da

yovlismomcveli iyos, vidre Cveulebrivi werilobiTi mimarTva,

vinaidan igi emocias, gancdasa da mdgomareobas aRniSnavs. am

grZnobebis asaxva sityvebis meSveobiT virtualur sivrceSi

Zalian did drosTanaa dakavSirebuli da, faqtobrivad, aseTi

spontanuri teqstebisaTvis miuRebeli meTodic kia. am yvelafers

saukeTesod iTavseben „emociuri xatebi“; isini erTgvar

mediatorebad gvevlinebian realursa da virtualur sivrces

Soris adamianTa komunikaciisas. Tu pirsis mixedviT, niSani

universaluri Suamavalia adamianur gonebasa da samyaros Soris,

Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom „Smiley“ universaluri Suamavalia

realur da virtualur samyaroebs Soris.

nabokovis intervius Semdeg amerikelma harvi belma

masaCusetsis saxelmwifo sadazRvevo kompaniisTvis Seqmna logo,


283

romelsac unda gamoexata kompaniis keTilganwyoba Tavisi

momxmareblebisadmi. es logo vertikalurad asaxavda Tvalebsa

da gaRimebul tuCebs, romlebic yviTeli feris wreSi iyo

Casmuli. Tumca, inglisuri kompaniis „Smiley World”-is

damfuZnebeli franklin lufrini amtkicebs, rom aRniSnuli

simbolo pirvelad man gamoiyena 1971 wels gazeTSi muSaobisas,

roca surda saxaliso ambebi vizualurad ganesxvavebina sxva

statiebisagan. Semdeg man sakuTari produqcia gaitana asze met

qveyanaSi, logod ki „Rimilaki“ gamoiyena. es licenzirebuli

kompania awarmoebda tansacmels, sakvebs, aqsesuarebs, avejs da

a.S. Tumca, es pirveli grafikuli Rimili teqsturi

SetyobinebisaTvis araTavsebadi iyo. oficialuri versiiT ki,

pitsburgis karnej-melonis universitetis kompiuterul

mecnierebaTa departamentSi profesorma skot falmenma 1982

wlis 19 seqtembers sauniversiteto forumze gagzavna

winadadeba, sadac TanamSromlebs urCevda gamoeyenebinaT L ( : - (

) simbolo, Tu seriozul Temebze werdnen, saxumaro Temebze

werisas ki - J ( : - ) ) simbolo, raTa TanamSromlebi sworad

garkveuliyvnen Temebis xasiaTSi da gaugebroba ar momxdariyo.

dRisaTvis „RimilakTa“ ori tipi gamoiyofa: aRmosavluri da

dasavluri, gansxvaveba simbolos weris mimarTulebaSia. arsebobs

kidev aRmosavluraziuri stili, sadac „xatulebi“

vertikaluradaa warmodgenili. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi weris

ekonomiurobis momenti gamoricxulia da ZiriTadi aqcenti

gadatanilia maqsimalur vizualur msgavsebaze.

aris idea, rom „Smiley“-is kalkirebul versias - “Rimilaks“

axali qarTuli analogi movuZebnoT, Tundac „ganwyobis

niSnebis“, „emociuri xatebis“ an, sulac, „mimikebis“ saxiT.

„Rimilakebi“ modernizebuli piqtogramebia, mxolod im

gansxvavebiT, rom „xatulebSi“ naklebadaa an TiTqmis ar aris

piqtogramebis mnemonikuri xasiaTi. isini erTmaneTisagan

damoukideblad, cal-calke asaxaven garkveul ganwyobas an

emocias, maTi Tanmimdevroba ar cvlis maT mniSvnelobas da arc

nino gogiaSvili

284

raime wesebisa da xerxebis erTobliobas Seadgens, raTa ukeT

iqnas damaxsovrebuli esa Tu is naweri.

nebismieri niSani mxolod xandaxanaa simbolos sinonimi. am

SemTxvevaSi, „Rimilaki“ niSanicaa da simboloc. modernizebul

„xatulebs“ Soris vxvdebiT adamianTa Tu personaJTa saxe-

simboloebs. magaliTisTvis, arsebobs merilin monrosa da Carli

Caplinis „Rimilakebi“. xandaxan erTi „Smiley“ mTel winadadebas

aRniSnavs. magaliTisaTvis, arsebobs „fuls kbili mouWire“ da

„calybad meRimeba“ Sinaarsis aRmniSvneli simboloebi. socialur

qselebSi xSirad vxvdebiT Semdegi Sinaarsis Canawerebs:

„gawiTlebis Rimilaki“, „Zalian gogo xar! -Rimilaki“, „ra vqna,

meti ar SemiZlia! -Rimilaki“ da a.S. , romlebic, ZiriTadad,

naweris bolosaa moTavsebuli da avsebs da emociurad amdidrebs

mas. am „xerxiT“ izogeba dro, zustad gamoixateba emocia da,

SegviZlia, subieqtis mimika da Jestikulaciac ki warmovidginoT.

sainteresoa, xom ar aris „saSiSroeba“, rom virtualuri

sivrcisaTvis momavalSi moigoneben winadadebebisa da ambebis

grafikul Sesatyviss da nawers Caenacvleba isev piqtografia -

uZvelesi drois damwerloba?

faqtia, rom dResdReobiT „emociuri xatis“ arseboba sakmaod

did komforts uqmnis socialuri qselebis da, zogadad,

internet sivrcis momxmareblebs. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas

iZens es simbolo qarTvel internet-momxmarebelSi,

specifikuri xedvidan da midgomidan gamomdinare. TiTqos, Zalian

martivia momentalurad raime simbolos klaviaturaze akrefa,

romelic arc aranair pasuxismgeblobas ganiWebs da arc

gansakuTrebul Zalisxmevas moiTxovs. rodesac pirwignakeli

megobari moniSvnis saSualebiT gTxovs, gaecno mis Semoqmedebas,

garda mowonebis aRmniSvneli „like”-isa, SesaZlebelia,

operatiulad akrifo dadebiTi emociis gamomxatveli “xatula“

da amiT Tavidan aicilo komentari: 1. aragulwrfeli; 2.

gulwrfeli, magram udroobis gamo - arasasurveli. amgvarad,

„Rimilaki“ universaluri TavisdaZvrenis saSualebacaa


285

„Facebook“sinamdvileSi, Tumca, konteqstidan da zogadi fonidan

gamomdinare, yovelTvis ikiTxeba misi faruli mizezi Tu mizani.

es simbolo, SesaZlebelia, qameleoniviTaa da fers garemoebebis

mixedviT icvlis, magram, sakmaod gamWvirvalecaa da amosacnobic.

“Smiley” virtualuri enobrivi sivrcis semiotikuri niSania da

misi definicia kompetenturia internet samyaros masStabiT.

Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom is ifarToebs moqmedebis

areals da, ramdenad paradoqsulic unda iyos, komunikaciis

verbalur sferoSi inacvlebs. magaliTad, saubrisas axla xSirad

iyeneben: „Tavis CaRunvis Rimilaks“, rom gamoxaton azri:

Semrcxva. Zalian saintereso momentia, rodesac ikonuri xatebi

Taviseburad modificirdebian zepir metyvelebaSi da garkveul

ukumimarTebas ayalibeben: 1. „Rimilakebi“ Seiqmna imisaTvis, rom

virtualur samyaroSi SesaZlebeli yofiliyo emociis

grafikulad gamoxatva; 2. uSualo kontaqtisas, adamianebi

ubrundebian virtualur simboloebs, raTa Tavisi emocia

gamoxaton.

„Rimilakebis“ ena virtualuri enis qvetipia, romelic

aadvilebs teqstis gagebas da drois sagrZnob ekonomias

ganapirobebs. „niSani“ semiotikis mTavari cnebiTi kategoriaa,

ris gamoc Cven SgviZlia, visaubroT „Rimilakebze“, rogorc

socialuri qselebisa da virtualuri sivrcis umTavres

semiologiur komponentebze. semiologiuri niSnis modeli ki

lingvisturs mihyveba da Tavis umaRles mniSvnelobas iZens

logikuri azrovnebis farglebSi. Rimilakis-is simbolo

saintereso dasamuSavebelia, rogorc pirsis, aseve sosiuris

semiotikuri xedvis safuZvelze.

Ffeisbukis Rimilakebi, vfiqrobT, winaswarganzraxul

funqciebs aWarbebs da gacilebiT did masStabebze acxadebs

pretenzias.

SoTa barbaqaZe

„suerte de muerte - cxovrebis

gza“

cxovrebisadmi formaluri midgomiT

adamians eCveneba, TiTqos swor gzaze

dgas, magram is ki ar icis, ra aris mis

iqiT. gza yovelTvis daSorebulia

imisgan, rac Cvens Tvalwinaa. rac unda

Tvalaxiluli, TvalgamWriaxi,

Tvalmaxvili iyo da TvalnaTliv

xedavde yvelafers, mainc SeiZleba

ankesze wamoego, maxeSi gaeba - radgan

warmoudgenelia winaswar ganWvreta

imisa, Tu ra mogvelis win. gza

Semogvaparebs xolme silogizmebis iseT

jaWvs, romelic arsad ar migiyvans; an

SeiZleba, samyaro daganaxos sxvaSi da

sxva ganzomilebidan. namdvili,

WeSmariti, utyuari, ueWveli, auTenturi

gzaze araferi gxvdeba. garCeva, gageba,

mixvedra gzis mniSvnelobisa Zalian

rTulia. aseTia gzis

mravalmniSvnelovani, mravalmxrivi,

mravalniSna, mravalnairi „buneba“. Tu

kabinetis mecnieri, an kabinetis

strategosi darwmunebiT gvaCvenebs gzas,

maSin mas Tavad am gzaze siaruli ar

ZaluZs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Cven Cveni

cxovrebis gzebis „kontrolis iluziiT“

varT Sepyrobili. aseT zedmet, metismet,

gadametebul, gadaWarbebul optimizms

„moulodnelobaTa arasaTanadod

suerte de muerte _ cxovrebis gza

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Sefasebisaken“ mivyavarT. radgan am swrafmdinar, swrafmaval,

xanmokle da dromokle sicocxleSi sadac yvelaferi miedineba -

erTsulovnad, erTpirad, SeerTebuli ZalebiT, maqsimaluri

sizustiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom gza gviTrevs Tavisi

asociaciuri xilvebis mZlavr nakadSi, romelSic garkveva,

gonsmosvla erTob saZnelo saqmea.

yofiereba gansazRvravs Segnebas. yvela realoba gadaicema

simboloebiT. gza savsea aforizmebiT, damrigeblobiTi, zneobrivi

moZRvrebiT, moralis Semcveli, Wkuis saswavlebeli,

mravalfurclovani, mravalStoiani yuradsaRebi magaliTebiT.

amitom is universaluri simboluri formaa, romelic gamoxatavs

yofierebaSi yovelmxriv ganfenas. gzebis TankveTa simboluri

gaazrebiT - es aris centri, sayrdeni samyaros mTlianobisa. es

universaluri simbolo migviTiTebs, rom samyaroSi erTnairi gza

ar arsebobs, mTavaria, gansazRvro, ra ganmasxvavebeli niSaniT

gamoirCeva esa Tu is mravalferovani, mravalsaxovani,

mravalgvari gza, romlebic erTmaneTs saerTod ar hgvanan

cercvis ori marcvaliviT , wylis ori wveTiviT, an gaWrili

vaSliviT. gza implicituri - gadaxlarTuli, Cawnuli, aRreuli

saidumlos matarebelia. orgvar, orWof, orpir STabeWdilebas

qmnis. semiotikur TamaSs gvTavazobs. orazrovani insinuaciebis

ostatia. is savsea faruli, maluli, idumali, daklaknili,

mixveul-moxveuli mrudeebiT. gzaSi garkveuli, mkafiod gasagebi,

iolad misaxvedri niSnebi ar gvxvdeba. amis gamo gzis xsenebaze

yovelTvis maxsendeba jeimz joisis romanSi sityva „kvarki“

romelic raRac gaurkvevels, mistikurs, efemeruls, CixSi

mommwyvdevs niSnavs.

dao (gza) - daosizmis filosofiaSi mTavari cnebaa, yovelive

arsebulis saTave da kanonia. amitom gza SeiZleba iyos mqrqali,

mRvrie, bundovani da bneli. masze gaivlis dardi, varami,

mwuxareba, javri, gaWirveba, ubedureba, faTeraki da xifaTi.

aseve gzaze SeiZleba gadaveyaroT bednier SemTxvevas, bedi

gvewios da bedma gagviRimos. gza erTgvari kalokairi,

kontrastebis samoTxea. mis gamo adamianebi alternativis winaSe

dganan. gza mravalnair arCevans qmnis da adamianebic mxolod

mastimulirebel, malxinebel gzebze reagireben. gzis sisworis

SoTa barbaqaZe

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gansazRvra ar eqvemdebareba araviTar analizs, araviTar

racionalur midgomas, aq sWarbobs darwmunebis argumentacia.

radgan yvela Taviseburad xsnis movlenebs da problemis

gadawyvetis nair-nair gzebs gvTavazobs. amaSi mdgomareobs

zogadad „cxovrebiseuli gzebis“ momxiblaoba da mimzidveloba.

swored amitom unda moyve, Tu ra iyo da rogor iyo, ra naxe da

ra gamoiare maradiuli gardasaxvis gzaze, romelzec, rogorc

naTqvamia, marto xetiali rodi varga - kvlevac unda, sadac

mxolod SesaZlebloba gveZleva da ara garantiebi. mTeli Cveni

bed-iRbali gzajvaredinia, Sesaferisi gezis gakvleva-amorCeva

Zalian Znelia. amitom CavukvirdeT, viTaTbiroT da vTqvaT, saiT

mivdivarT. unda vcadoT, rom vicxovroT rTuli gziT, Tu ar

gvinda, movkvdeT ise, rom ver gavigoT, ratom vicxovreT.

naTqvamia: vinc iara, daitova ukan kvalio. arsebobs erTi gza,

romelic iSleba da is „mraval“ gansxvavebul adamians

SegaxvedrebT. amitom aris cxovrebis gzebze uamravi TvalTmaqci,

fariseveli, TaRliTi, cbieri, pirferi, svebneli,

svegamwarebuli, sveubeduri, aseve guladi, mamaci, vaJkaci,

gabeduli, mxne, wesieri, rigiani, zrdili, Tavmdabali,

mokrZalebuli da Tavaziani - aseve manekeni, fituli, maketi,

marioneti, fiqtiuri, viTom adamianebi - es sami ukiduresoba

rom xvdeba erTmaneTs, amitom gvmarTebs oTxi Tvalis gamobma

(da ar egebis Sinauruli ambebis gaxmaureba, Saraze gamotana) -

raTa viyoT diplomatiuri, taqtikuri, moxerxebuli da Tavidan

aviciloT erTmaneTTan uTanxmoeba, ganxeTqileba, Sexla-Semoxla

da mtroba. cxovrebaSi „mgzavrobisas“ aras gvargebs

gaSmagebuli, gaxelebuli, gaafTrebuli Tavxedoba, urcxvoba da

utifroba. eqspansiuri, TavSeukavebeli da TavdauWereli qcevebi.

uadgilo, Seusabamo, Seuferebeli moqmedebebi. umizezo,

usafuZvlo, dausabuTebeli, uniadago ybedoba, laqlaqi, enis

tartari, vinmes dagmoba, gakicxva, vinmesTvis msjavris dadeba,

sayveduris, an samduravis SeTvla. mRelvarebam yovelTvis gza

unda dauTmos mSvid gansjas. gza ar unda agvebnes sakuTari

brazis labirinTSi. TiToeuli adamianis mizani unda iyos

nugeSiscema, damSvideba, dawynareba, moralurad mxaris daWera

gzaabneulTa mimarT, da ara - ganxeTqilebis vaSlis rolis

Sesruleba. Tqveni cxovrebis gzaze siarulisas iyaviT uangaro,

miudgomeli, miukerZoebeli - gamoavlineT adamianebTan


289

urTierTobaSi sinatife, sifaqize, daxvewiloba - simartive,

ubraloeba, sisadave, Torem gza is adgilia, sadac gveqneba

realuri SesaZlebloba, gavsinjoT erTi cnobili andazis -

Tvali Tvalisa da kbili kbilisa wilis - mier damdgari

mosavlis gemo.

Tu Cveni cxovrebis gzas Tvals mivadevnebT, gavyvebiT mis

bilikebs, man SeiZleba migviyvanos dausaxlebel, udabur,

ukacriel, mitovebul, migdebul da gaveranebul adgilebSic ki

(amerikelebs umaRles donemde aqvT ganviTarebuli „sivrcis

SegrZneba“, radgan isini idgnen „ukacrieli“ gzebis, sivrceebis

aTvisebis winaSe). amitom cxovrebis gzaze siaruli aris eSmaksa

da Rrma zRvas Sua - or cecxls Sua siaruli. miuxedavad amisa,

swored cxovrebis gzaze xdeba gamoCenili adamianis mier

Zaxilis, xmobis da mowodebis Semdeg Tanabari rangiT, xarisxiT,

mdgomareobiT da uflebiT xalxis Sekreba (aseve jogis, naxiris,

faras, brbos - maskaradis, lamazi sanaxaobis, didebuli

procesiis, sakarnavalo svlis gamarTva), Segroveba, mogroveba

da Tavmoyra. saWirboroto sakiTxebis ganxilva, gansja, garCeva,

kamaTi, paeqroba da pasuxismgeblobis aReba xalxis winaSe

dadebiTi Sedegis miRwevisaTvis, gza warmoadgens arsebiTad

gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisebis paeqrobis asparezs. amitom gzaze

Tavis ar gamoCena, ukana planze yofna, SemTxvevis xelidan

gaSveba, garemoebis kargad ar gamoyeneba didi sibriyvea. gza

yvelgan aris gayvanili da sasiamovno moulodnelobebsac

gvpirdeba. magaliTd tyis SuagulSi mimaval gzaze gvesmis

Citebis Jriamuli, baRisaken mimaval gzaze bavSvebis titini da

tiktiki. taZrisaken mimaval gzaze momlocvelebis butbuti da

luRluRi, xeobebisaken mimaval gzaze ki mdinareebis rakraki da

CuxCuxi. aseve daRlili adamianis qSinva, qSena da qoSini.

vaWrebi gzebs saqonlis momxmareblamde misatanad iyeneben. gzebis

raodenobis zrda ki iwvevs maTi mwarmoeblurobis matebas. rai

bedenaa gzai? ambobs lelT Runia: igi misTvis vargobs vizec

Tvis naSvrel-namuSevar gasatan-gasasyid aqvn. gza aris yvelaze

mosaxerxebeli geografiuli placdarmi mTels msoflioze

kontrolis dasamyareblad. gzebis ganviTarebam iseve rogorc

SoTa barbaqaZe

290

aviaciis Secvala msoflios masStabis proporciebi, dedamiwa

mniSvnelovnad „mcire“ gaxda, xolo manZili „mokle“

yvela sityva rodi iwvevs aseT mZafr undoblobas da

dapirispirebas, an piriqiT amgvar dadebiT damokidebulebas,

agreTve amden alergias Tu absolutur mxardaWeras rogorsac -

„Tavisufali gza“ romelic niSnavs Tavisufal instituciebs,

sindisis Tavisuflebas, politikur Tavisuflebas, samoqalaqo

Tavisuflebas, individualur Tavisuflebas, ojaxebis

Tavisuflebas, ganaTlebis Tavisuflebas, azris Tavisuflebas,

kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas, yvela am Tavisuflebebs aq

CamoTvlilT SeuZliaT integracia Tavisufal gzaSi. marTalia

mSvenieri programaa magram am romantikul gzas rogorc

kacobriobis istoria gvauwyebs misi politikur sferoSi

gadatanis unari ar Seswevs. Tavisufali gza Sotlandiur

poeziaSi aseTi saxiT aris warmodgenili:

im gzas xom xedav, Znelad gasasvlels,

metad viwros da ekal-narians,

magas simarTlis gzas eZaxian,

iqiT mgzavrebi cota arian.

morwmune adamianebisgan xSirad msmenia: xelmeored ra gzam

warmoSva, warmoqmna adamiani albaT patiebis, mitevebis, Sendobis,

Semwynareblobis, aragulRrZoobis gzam romelic taZramde midis.

am gzas maSin daadgebiT Tu Tqven RmerTis winaSe iqnebiT

gulaxdili, gulRia, gulgaSlili, gulgaxsnili da gulwrfeli.

Tu amas SeZlebT rogorc bibliaSia gacxadebuli: daamxobs

ufali Tqvens winaSe Tqvens mtrebs, Tqvens winaaRmdgomT; erTi

gziT wamovlen Tqvensken da Svidi gziT gaiqcevian Tqvengan. Tu

ufals moswons kacis gzebi, mtrebsac ki Searigebs masTan.

wrfelia RvTis gza. aRusrule vali, iare mis gzaze, daicavi

misi wesebi, misi mcnebani, samarTali, mowmobani, rom xeli

mogemarTos yvelaferSi, rasac gaakeTeb da yvelgan, saiTkenac

pirs miabruneb. gaxsovdeT uflis gza mowyalebaa. misi brZanebiT

sazriani gaxdebi da moiZuleb yovel gzas sicruisas. ixare misi

naTqvamiT, viTarca mpovneli uxvi nadavlisa. dReSi Svidgzis aqe


291

misi simarTlis samarTlisaTvis. urwmuno adamianebi ki Tavs

imarTleben, gaiZaxian sxva gza ar mqonda, gzas avcdi -

gulubryvilo, miamiti, ueSmako, mimndobi da gamoucdeli

adamiani - Slegi, Smagi, Slu, tlu da SeTi viyavi. yvela am

Tvisebam gamoiwvia Cemi gzis abneva, dakargva da areva. rasac

mohyva Cemi gasvra, gaWuWyianeba, wabilwva, SebRalva da garyvna.

romlis Semdegac daiwyo Cemi dacema, daqveiTeba, pativis axda,

damcireba, Seuracxyofa, degradacia da gadagvareba. maT

gasagonad aucileblad unda iTqvas is rac bibliaSia

citirebuli: ar unda ahyolodiT gulsa da Tvals, romlebic

gza-kvals gireven Tqven. aseT xalxTa kategoriaSi ZiriTadad

„meocnebeTa“, „fantaziorTa“, „religiur maCanCalaTa“ uZluri

tipebi Sedian. RmerTo uCvene aseT xalxs gza, riTac unda iaron

da saqmeebi, rac unda akeTon. nu daacarieleb maT gzebs.

ufali ambobs: Zebnas damiwyeb da Semobrundebi Seni ukeTuri

gzidan. am citatas kargad ganavrcobs aleqsandre kirleJevi:

„RmerTi erTia, masTan misasvlel gzas sxvadasxva fsiqologiuri

mowyobisa da cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis, kulturisa da

socialuri statusis, da bolos sarwmunoebis sxvadasxva

xarisxisa da gambedaobis mqone adamianebi sxvadasxvagvarad

gadian“ amitom vevedroT rogorc morwmuneebs miaCniaT wminda

mariam RvTismSobels ise rogorc daviT guramiSvili SesTxovda:

„gza simarTlisa maswave, iesos qristes mSobelo!“ raTa Semdeg

ar Tqvan Cvenze “Cacvivdnen codvis morevTa, gza ver scnes

madlTa fonisa „ da „swored im gzaze wavidnen saiTac iyo

snebao.“ radgan „ar ascildeba dacema ufrTxilod gzazed

marebsa.“ marTalTa gza dilis naTeliviTaa: ufro da ufro

naTdeba dRis dadgomamde. boroteulTa gza wyvdiadiviTaa: ar

ician, sad waiforxileben. borotni ver miagneben sicocxlis

gzas. uRmrToTa gza warixveteba. ufali saukeTeso Tanamgzavria

martosulTa gzaze. eamboreT Zes, rom ar ganrisxdes igi da ar

daiRupoT gzaSi. (fs.2) miande ufals gzebi Seni. kaci wyvets,

RmerTi awesrigebs. kacis guli Tavis gzebs gegmavs, mis nabijebs

ki ufali warmarTavs. (bibl.)amitom ambobs ufali: moved Cemda

fexTa winaSe muxli moiyare da me gaswavo Sen gzani

SoTa barbaqaZe

292

simarTlisani. viwroa gza xsnisaken magram ufali migviZRvis.

amis naTeli dasturia Tundac es patara leqsi:

gzad migdebuli bavSvi dedisgan,

RvTis samyofelSi poulobs binas,

ganagebs RmerTi imis bediRbals,

Tavis kalTaSi inaxavs Tbilad.

qriste morwmuneTa azriT gzaabneulTa gamosaxsnelad movida.

qristes gzas es aris gza wamebisa, jvracmisa, aRdgomisa da

amaRlebisa. amis naTeli dasturia elia, ioane, pavle Tebeli da

didi antoni, makari, efTvimi, saba da gerasime romelTa vles

moswrfaebiT iwro da saWirveli gza mimyvanebeli zecisa

qalaqad, romlis xuroT-moZRvari da Semoqmedi RmerTi ars.

romelTac ara sityva, aswava, aramed saqmiTa uCvena gzani

saukunoisa cxorebisani, samwysoTa TvisTa.ra ars gza cxovrebisa

igi? „msaxureba RmrTisa mxoloisa, romelman dahbadna yovelni

dabadebulni.“ bevr adamians Tavisi bunebiT sikvdili sdomebia,

magram RmerTsa da beds mourCenia, rom borotebis gzaze aRar

gauvlia.

cxovrebaSi gzis gakafva, gayvana, gakvleva, swori kvalis migneba

Zalian rTulia. SesaZloa ubralo, magram mravlis aRmTqmeli

dasawyisi, didi imedis momcemi marSuti, mimarTuleba Tu kursi

romliskenac Cven aviRebT gezs cxovrebaSi arasando, arasaimedo

da sarisko aRmoCndes wamebis, wvalebis da tanjvis meti

veraferi vnaxoT Tu ar davicaviT „gzaze moZraobis wesebi“. Tu

winaswar niadagi ar movsinjeT, niadagi ar movamzadeT winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi niadagis uqonloba niadagis fexqveS gamoclas

gamoiwvevs. Tu ar davinaxeT mware sinamdvile da Tu ar

movismineT Seulamazebeli simarTle.Tu rkinis nebisyofa, rkinis

disciplina ar gamovavlineT.

rogorc Wabua amirejibi ambobs: cxovrebis gza koridis enaze -

„suerte da muerte“ - mokvdinebis msvlelobaa da amas

axorcielebs, umkacresi espada - garduvaloba! roca adamiani


293

iwyebs Tavis gzas, winaswar ver gaigebs, rogor daasrulebs igi

am gzas. radgan rogorc adam mickeviCma Tqva: win rodi gvidevs

gza gamarTuli ioseb noneSvilic Civis:sadaursa sad waiyvan

bedo, sicocxlis gzas sad ar gadauketav. aravin icis

sicocxlis gza sad Sewydeba grZeli... amitom vin uCvenebs

adamians labirinTidan cxovrebis naTel, civ gzaze gamosasvlel

gzas? vin miuTiTebs rom iqneb misi gza ganviTarebisa dasabamiTve

mcdari da CixSi momqcevia? icis man saiT mieSureba? saiT midis

da sad miiyvans gza? iqneb gzas ikvalavs, ar uwyis mxolod

saiTken? xvdeba rom gza aris viwro da duxWiri zedgasavleli?

rad ar airCia gza saimedo, netav rad surs sul xetiali?

ratom rwmenis meranze ar amxedrda Tu surda gza gaeTela?

gaiTvalisiwina rom TiToeuli CvenTagani gansacdelidan

gansacdelamde, Secdomidan Secdomamde martodmarto gadis im

gzas, rac misTvis aris gakuTvnili rogorc oTar WilaZe

ambobs: yvela adamiani Tavisi sakuTari, erTaderTi

ganumeorebeli gziT ibadeba da Tavcocxali ver gadauxvevs am

gzas. erTi Wkviani kaci ambobs: arwivma icis safreni gzani,

qariylapiam Tavisi ormo, gzani navTani uwyian qarTa; xalxi ki

veRar gaerkva ukve dRea Tu Rame, dila Tu bindi, ver gaugia ra

droa. imitom rom mTeli Tavisi cxovrebis manZilze adamiani

gzis amrev moCvenebas dasdevs da mere Cadenili SecdomisaTvis

zecas uTvlis samduravs.vuCvenoT gza erTmaneTs. erTmaneTis

gzis manaTobeli varskvlavebi gavxdeT. imre kertesis azriT:

imas nu uyureb, Tu saiT mihyavxar gzas, uyure imas, Tu saidan

modis igi. Sens saval gzaze Suqis da Crdilis garCeva unda

SesZlo. rogorc xalixl jibran jibrani ambobs: „Tqven gza

xarT da mgzavrnic masze. da roca vinme ecema, is

ukanmomavalTaTvis ecema dabrkolebis lodze rom mianiSnos. is

winmavalTa gamoc ecema mewinaved rom miabijeben Cqara da

gamarTulad, magram lodi gzidan ar moaSores.“

Cvens Zvel gzaze aTqmevinebs erT-erT personaJs oTar WilaZe

Tavis waTes wiTel waRebSi - balaxi amovida, cxenis

nafloqvarSi wyali Cadga da aSmorda. yores ekalbardi Seaxoxda

da kedlis bzarebSi jojoebi Casaxldnen. wyarosTvali siliTa

da RorRiT amoivso. es gza ki adre Cveni gza iyo, omSic am

SoTa barbaqaZe

294

gziT wavsulvarT da qalic am gziT mogviyvania. am gzaze

simRerac gagvitania da kuboc. is gza TviTon drom daaZvela da

daiviwya. Cven im gzaze erTmaneTisaTvis mxris aqcevac gviWirda,

radgan viwroc iyo da moklec. TiTqmis iqve mTvardeboda, sadac

iwyeboda. es imas niSnavs rom rogorc linkolni ambobda: Cven

ara varT valdebulebi brmad mivdioT winaparTa gzas. ase

moqceva niSnavs Tanamedroveobis gamocdilebaTa, progresis

uaryofas. iseTi STabeWdileba ar unda iqmnebodes, ambobs xulio

kortasari - TiTqos Zvel ukve gakvalul gzaze mivdiodeT,

sacodavi mowafeebiviT damtverili, umniSvnelo argumentebis

CamoferTxvas rom cdiloben.

cxovrebis gzas yvela Taviseburad ganmartavs: mxolod mciredni

miswvdebian WeSmaritebas, aTasebi ki ibnevian, gzas ascdebian.

ambobs jon miltoni Tavis dakargul samoTxeSi. vinc iltvis

erTisken, magram ar ainteresebs meore, mas gza aebneva,

ganavrcobs rudolf Staineri. sun ZisTvis aris gzebi

romlebiTac ar dadian. jefri CoserisTvis mTavaria gza

siyvarulis - gza Zowis da andamatisa, misi azriT -

usulgulos ki, - gza hqonia jandabamdisac. SoTa rusTaveli

gvafrTxilebs:ugzosa vlides laSqarni, ar gaivlides gzobasa.

siyvaruli gzad da xidado. siyvaruli gzas gagikafavT zecasa

da miwas Soris. migel de unamunos. guli siyvarulSi poulobs

Tavis gzas da uTavbolod aRar daexeteba. jorj orueli

yovelTvis sxvebTan erTad yviroda da es iyo misTvis

usafrTxod yofnis erTaderTi gza. karl gustav iungis miaCnia

rom viwroa myudroebisken mimavali gza, es gza ki sulieri

tanjviT moipoveba. roca arqtikis mkvlevarebi CrdiloeT

polusisken midian, gzadagza, TovlqveS sakvebis marags toveben,

radgan SesaZloa, dabrunebisas gamoadgeT. meterlinki gveubneba

amaod nu ifiqrebT, rom mosavali, romelic gzaze gamoatares

zed gzazeve aiRes. fransua rene Satobrianis azriT mxolod

saerTo gzas mivyavarT bednierebisaken. froidisTvis misi

cxovrebis triumfi imaSi mdgomareobda, rom didi SemovliTi

gzis gavlis Semdeg kvlav ipova sawyisi mimarTuleba. jek

londons miaCnia rom sicocxle romelic ar miiswrafvis

sicocxlisaken, eZebs gzebs sikvdilisaken. briyvsa da sulels

ambobs Sopenhaueri rom Seni Wkua uCveno, mxolod erTi gza

gaqvs: xma ar gasce. dimitri yifianis azriT patiosani kaci


295

imitom ver miiwevs maRla, rom swori gziT midis.keTilSobili

yvelas gzad eRobeba. nicSe gveubneba rom Cven ganvleT gza

Wiayelidan adamianamde da bevri Cvengani jer kidev matlia. mas

surs axali gzebi... radgan aTasia biliki romliTac aravis

uvlia nikolo makiaveli gadaWriT gveubneba adamianebi

yovelTvis borotni arian, Tuki aucilebloba ar aiZulebT

sikeTis gza airCion. Wkviani adamianebis erTi damaxasiaTebeli

Tviseba is gaxlavT, rom isini gatkepnili gzebiT ar dadian.

mwignobarTa azriT: erTi wignis wakiTxva aris gza danarCenisken.

ar unda dagvaviwydes rom kiTxvas iseT adgilebSi mivyavarT,

sadac sxva gziT ver moxvdebiT. finuri eposis „kalevalas“

mixedviT: pirveli nawili gzisa, unda galio nemsebze gavliT,

meore nawili maxvilze , xolo mesame nawili culebze gavliT.

gza, rogorc klasobrivi gansxavevbis mauwyebeli niSani

Semdegnaiarad aris ganmartebuli herodotesTan romlis drosac

ar arsebobda terminebi: muSaTa klasi, wvrili burJuazia,

msxvili burJuazia, aristokratia, SeZlebuli klasi,

memamuleebi, mebatoneebi, miwaTmflobelebi Tumca misi

monaTxrobiT rodesac sparselebi erTmaneTs xvdebodnen gzaze,

Semdegi niSniT mixvdeboda, kaci, Semxvedrni Tanasworni iyvnen,

Tu ara. radgan Tu Tanabarni iyvnen, sityvieri misalmebis magier

kocnidnen erTmaneTs tuCebSi, Tu erTi maTgani cotaTi ufro

dabla idga, hkocnidnen erTmaneTs loyebze, xolo Tu erTi

bevrad ufro dabali warmoSobisa iyo meoreze, mdabio emxoboda

meores winaSe da mas Tayvans scemda. sparselebi Tavisi Tavis

Semdeg yvelaze metad pativs scemednen maT, vinc yvelaze ufro

axlos cxovrobda maTTan, Semdeg pativs scemdnen maT, vinc amaT

Semdeg cxovrobda, ise rom pativiscema xdeboda maniZilis

mixedviT. amrigad yvelaze naklebad scemdnen pativs maT, vinc

yvelaze ufro Sors cxovrobda maTgan.

saerTod ar arsebobs „swori“ an „araswori“ gzebi. TiTqmis

yovelTvis arsebobs ramdenime gza, romelTagan nebismieri

SeiZleba gamodges „swori“ an „araswori“. garda amisa,

cxovrebaSi romelime gzis arCevisas, Tqven ver CaixedavT

saxelmZRvanelos boloSi, rom gaigoT sworad moiqeciT Tu ara

SoTa barbaqaZe

296

da verc veravin getyviT winaswar, ramdenad marTebulia Tqveni

gadawyvetileba. erTaderTi testi Tqvens mier arCeuli gzis

marTebulobis dasadgenad - es Sedegia. Tu is kargi aRmoCnda, es

imas niSnavs, rom Tqven swor gzas adgixarT. aseve Tqven ver

naxavT damTavrebul , dasrulebul, srulyofil da srulqmnil

gzebs radgan is ar mTavrdeba. naTqvamia: gzas iqiT, gzaa

SoreTi... kars iqiT kidev kario... erTi gza sruldeba iwyeba

meore. dasasruli gzas uTmobs dasawyis. unda gwamdeT rom

medgrad bolomde gaivliT Tqvens gasavlel gzebs.

Seqspiri ambobs: gzas nu aswavli, vinc Tavisi gza airCiao.

marTalia radgan SesaZlebelia vinmes mivbaZoT, magram imitatori

idealTan, mis namdvil azrTan miaxloebasac ki ver SeZlebs.

mTavari mibaZva ki ar aris, romelic adamianSi metamorfozas ar

iwvevs da mas ubralo imitators xdis, aramed sakuTari gzebiT

- individualur cxovrebaSi sakuTari Tavis realizaciaa.

„modiT, sakuTari gzebiT viaroT; modiT yvelam avad Tu kargad,

visaubroT Cvens naciaze, Cvens literaturasa Tu enaze: isini

Cvenia, isini Tavad Cvena varT, da modiT, es vikmaroT.“- ambobda

herderi. Tu TiToeuli Tavis gzas mihyveba - ar dabrkoldba

gzaSi. Tu adamianebi erTmaneTs ar miexlebian, TiToeuli Tavis

bilikze ivlis. davutovoT calkeul pirs arCevanis

Tavisufleba, akeTos is, rac mas izidavs, rac sixaruls aniWebs,

rac sargeblobis momtani hgonia. sakuTari gziT siaruli ar

aris „amoraluri da samarcxvino aqti“, „namdvili garyvnileba“,

„avadmyofoba“, „aranormaluri vneba“. „gadaxra“, „codva“, „sxva

pirovnebis Rirsebis Seuracxyofa“, „kriminali“, „fsiqologiuri

darRveva“, „Tanamedrove paTologia“, „sazogadoebisaTvis

damRupveli qceva“. piriqiT saWiroa crurwmenebis damsxvreva,

orxmrivi Sexvedrebisaken swrafva da erTmaneTisTvis daxmarebis

xelis gawvdena. saWiroa xeli SevuwyoT gaxsnilobasa da

TanamSromlobas. mravalferovneba gvamdidrebs, gansxvavebul

Sexedulebebs neba ar unda mivecT gamoiwvion dayofebi Cvens

Soris sxvadasva viTarebebSi. yovelTvis gvaxsovdes adamianoba -

es Znelad savali gzaa, naRdi gzaa, erTaderTi swori gzaa. amas

Tu ar daviviwyebT maSin rogorc henrik ibseni ambobs:

“Tqveni dideba taSis grialiT gaivlis yvela gzasa da biliks”.

Tu gzad labirinTis bnel talanebSi. mohyeviT maSin umberto

ekos unda daujeroT radgan misi azriT labirinTidan


297

gamosaRwevad erTaderTi xerxi arsebobs: yovel axal gzasayarze

iq, saidanac Sexvedi, sami niSani unda dasva. Tu am gzasayaris

romelime gasasvleli ukve moniSnulia, e.i. aq namyofi xar da

maSin im gzas, romliTac Sexvedi, mxolod erT niSans daasvam.

Tu yvela gasasvleli ukve aRniSnulia, ukan unda dabrunde.

magram Tu gzasayarze erTi an meti gasasvleli jer kidev

mouniSnavT, erT-erTs airCev da iq or niSans datoveb. Tu im

gzas gahyvebi, romelsac mxolod erTi niSani aqvs, mas kidev or

niSans daamateb, anu am gasasvlels axla sami niSani eqneba. Tu

yvela gza aRniSnulia da arasodes gahyolixar samniSnian

gasasvlels, gamodis, rom labirniTis yvela gza gavlili gaqvs.

zeciurma RmerTma dagvilocos gza da misi angelozi

dagvemgzavros aseT labirinTebSi siarulisas..

Cemi daskvniTi sityva, daskvniTi scena meubneba, rom jani ar

mogvklebodes aravis gzaSi siarulisas. gzaSi iWedeba xolme

namdvili megobroba da naTlad vlindeba adamianis niWi da unari.

mxolod gzaSi SeiZen azrebiT da ideebiT mdidar megobrebs,

romlebsac gulze miikrav, gulSi Caixuteb, gulTan axlos

miitan maT gaWirvebas. romlebic dabrkolebebis, siZneleebis,

CamorCenis daZlevaSi dagvexmarebian. mxolod maT gverdiT xdeba

mardi, marjve, mkvircxli, gawafuli adamianis niWis ganviTareba,

misi win swrafi nabijiT svla, zrda, gamoCena, gamovlena,

gamomJRavneba da daxelovneba. ris Sedegadac gviCndeba gancda,

rom veravin, verasgziT, verasodes, veRarsaidan, veRarafers

veRar dagvaklebs. sadac maTTan erTad wavalT suyvelaferi,

suyvelgan, sulyoveldRe, suyovelTvis kargad iqneba. „gzis

megobrebi“ ficis, pirobis Sesrulebas - moTxovnilebis,

survilebis, madis dakmayofilebas da saerTo saqmiT, saerTo

TanxmobiT, saerTo ZalebiT, saerTo aRSfoTebiT, saerTi mtris

ZleviT saerTo jamSi saerTo enis gamonaxvas gvaswavlian.

romlebic rac yvelaze mTavaria yvela sazrunavs aqarwyleben,

yvela dabrkolebas aioleben - svebednieri, svekmayofili,

znedaculi da znekeTili xalxia. vinc ki SeiZleba Segvxvdes am

Telil gzebze. amitom rogorc bibliaSia naTqvami: nu wagvyveba

simTvrale gzaSi Tanamgzavrad.raTa SevZloT da gavicnoT,

SevamCnioT da aRmovaCinoT axali megobrebi. kavSiri davamyaroT,

SoTa barbaqaZe

298

saubari gavabaT maTTan. azrebi, grZnobebi, gancdebi gavuziaroT

erTmaneTs. mSvidobian, Seuferxebel, daubrkolebel mgzavrobas

gisurvebT Tqveni cxovrebis gzebze. visurvebdi TiToeul

CveTaganze eTqvaT: “man ugrZelesi galia gzebi, uZneles gzebze

iara didxans”.

is mZime tvirTi, mZime sasjeli, mZime Sroma, mZime pirobebi

romelic aucileblad Segvxdeba cxovrebis gzaze iolad

dagveZlios. tyuilad ki ar uTqvamT: mTa rom ar yofiliyo, gza

swori da advilad savali iqnebodao. saqmec is aris, dabrkoleba

dasZlios mgzavrma da mTa gadalaxos. es mgzavris

moqalaqeobrivi movaleobaa. dRevandeli gza, romelic unda

gaviaroT iseTnairad unda gaviyvanoT da movawesrigoT, rom misi

gavla gauWirveblad da siamovnebiT SevZloT.

Sorena barbaqaZe

gza siyvarulidan

pasuxismgeblobamde

(vergiliusis poemis _ ,,eneida’’-s

mixedviT)

antikuri literaturis wiaRSi bevri

iseTi personaJi Seiqmna, romelTa mimarT

dResac ar cxreba SemoqmedTa interesi.

Tu Tvals gadavavlebT e. frenzelis(

Frenzel 1976)msoflio literaturis

saxeebis leqsikons, vnaxavT, rom

msoflio mwerlobis yvelaze

popularuli personaJebis umetesoba

swored antikur epoqasTan aris

dakavSirebuli. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am

saintereso da SemoqmedTaTvis mimzidvel

saxeebs Soris, romlebic antikurobidan

SemogvrCa, aris dido da eneasi, vfiqrob,

im erTgvari paradigmatuli modelis

wyalobiT, romelic Seqmna vergiliusma

Tavis poemaSi„eneida“.

siyvaruli da

pasuxismgebloba zogjer sxvadasxva

sibrtyeze arsebuli, TiTqmis

permanentulad SeuTavsebeli, erTmaneTis

mimarT opoziciaSi myofi cnebebia.

antikuri periodis adamianisaTvis

pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba gacilebiT

ufro mniSvnelovani iyo, vidre erosi,

fileo Tu agape. vergiliusis poema

„eneidas“ meoTxe Tavi, romelic

Sorena barbaqaZe

300

gansakuTrebuli dramatulobiTa da paTetikurobiT gamoirCeva,

siyvarulisa da pasuxismgeblobis prioritetsa da opoziciaze

mogviTxrobs. swored aq ejaxeba erTmaneTs es ori grZnoba, rac

sabolood didos tragediis erT–erTi, Tu mTavari ara, mizezi

xdeba.

siyvarulsa da pasuxismgeblobas Soris

kontrastulobisaTvis araerTgzis miuqceviaT mecnierebs

yuradReba. vfiqrob, gansaxilveli poema amis klasikuri

magaliTia. poemaSi erTmaneTs upirispirdeba ori opoziciuri

sawyisi – siyvaruli da pasuxismgebloba didosa da eneasis

saxiT.opoziciuroba saerTod poemis am nawilis moqmedebis

ganmsazRvreli niSania da igi sxvadasxva doneze vlindeba:

qali/kaci; siyvaruli/pasuxismgebloba; erosi (grZnoba)/sofia

(azrovneba–sibrZne). dido yvela am SemTxvevaSi opoziciis

pirvel wevrs ganasaxierebs.Tumca, dapirispireba emociasa da civ

gansjas Soris Tavad gmirebis xasiaTSic ikveTeba da es

kontrastuloba vergiliusis personaJebis erT–erTi umTavresi

Taviseburebaa. igi sakmaod kanonzomier princips eqvemdebareba da

Tavidan bolomde gasdevs poemis am nawils. ukve is garemoeba,

rom epizodis dasasruls dido transformirdeba emociebisagan

sruliad daclil da amqveyniurobaze amaRlebul qalad,

romelmac aRasrula sastiki SurisZieba (Tundac sakuTari Tavis

likvidaciis xarjze) da faqtobrivad, gaacamtvera eneasis e.w.

racionalizmi, am kontrastulobis sakmaod reliefuri

gamovlinebaa.epizodis analizi gviCvenebs, rom sawyis scenebSi

eqsponirebuli ,,sabralo“ didodan karTagenis uZlieresi

dedoflis saxeSi gamudmebiT mimdinareobs kontrastuli

monacvleoba or sulier mdgomareobas Soris – Zlieri reaqciiT

gamoxatul emociurobasa da racioTi marTul iluzorul

simSvides, siyvarulisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobebs Soris.

aseTive Widils ganicdis eneasi, erTi mxriv, sayvareli qalis

siyvarulisa da meore mxriv, im did pasuxismgeblobas Soris,

rac mas RmerTebma daakisres. am efeqts mwerali mSvenivrad

aRwevs im scenebis uwyveti mimdevrobiT, romlebSic gmirebi

Zlieri emociebis gamoxatvis yoveli SemTxvevis Semdeg,

Cveulebriv, analitikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis unars, met–

naklebad, magram mainc, amJRavneben.

vergiliusamde arsebobda legenda didoze. masSi ar

figurirebda eneasi. dido Tavs iwvavda koconze imis gamo, rom

gza siyvarulidan pasuxismgeblobamde

301

misi xalxi aiZulebda gaTxoviliyo afrikel princze (CixlaZe n.

2003:78). es, qalis azriT, gardacvlili meuRlis xsovnis

Seuracxyofa iqneboda. romaelma poetma gamoiyena es legenda da

masSi cvlilebaTa Setanis Semdeg didos saxe sabediswerod

daukavSirda eneasis beds. eneasis did misias – daaarsos

italiis saxelmwifo – msxverplad ewireba dido. rac mas

mouvida, aris istoriaSi meore mxaris (meorexarisxovani

personaJis) mier gaRebuli zvarakis Cinebuli magaliTi.

sanam poemaSi didos Semoiyvans, vergiliusi gviyveba

ambebs qalis warsulidan, raTa garkveuli foni Seqmnas Semdeg

misi gamoCenisaTvis.igi aris tvirosis mefis qaliSvili, meuRle

umdidresi finikielis, siqevsis, romelic didos Zalian uyvarda

da romelic misma Zmam, pigmalionma, oqrosaTvis mokla. maSin

xalxis beladoba ikisra qalma. maT xelT igdes pigmalionis

simdidre, karTagenSi SeiZines miwebi da iwyes misi mSenebloba.

didom aqve aago iunos taZari (vergiliusi 1976:45). igi lamazi,

energiuli da yvelasagan pativdebuli karTagenis dedofalia,

romelic dianasaviT miuZRveba win xalxs da aRagznebs maT axali

qveynis asaSeneblad (vergiliusi 1976:78).

eneasisa da didos pirveli Sexvedra xdeba iunos

taZarSi, sadac didi misiis Sesasruleblad, erTaderTi

gadarCenili troeli gmiri eneasi, RmerTebis nebiT laciumis

gzas damdgari, Seisvenebs da didos nebarTvis momlodine,

kedlebze gamoxatuli troas omis suraTebis cqeriT tkbeba. ar

unda iyos SemTxviTi, rom kedlis aRwerisas vergiliusma iq

amaZonTa brZolis suraTebic daafiqsira. amiT poetma amayi da

Tavisuflebis brZolis JiniT Sepyrobili dedoflis amaZonebTan

msgavsebaze migvaniSna [CixlaZe n. 2003:79]. amgvarad, sanam

didosa da eneasis gzebi erTmaneTs gadakveTdnen, orTave iyo

aRmatebuli, warmatebuli, sakuTari sazrunaviT Sepyrobili,

didi da sasikeTo saqmeebis sakeTeblad SemarTuli.

Sevecdebi vaCveno, ra gza gaiares poemis gmirebma,

eneasma da didom siyvarulsa da pasuxismgeblobas Soris; rogor

ganvlo vergiliusma Tavis gmirebTan erTad am gzaze bewvis

xidi; ramdenad swori iyo is gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic misma

gmirebma am gzaze miiRes. imisaTvis, rom gavarkvioT, romel

gzas irCevs Tavad vergiliusi, raTa Tavis gmirebSi

pasuxismgeblobasa da siyvaruls Soris Widili aCvenos, ra

Sorena barbaqaZe

302

gradacias ganicdian gmirebi erTi mdgomareobidan meoremde,

mizanSewonilad mimaCnia amgvari analizis Catareba: mTel

informacias, romelic CemTvis saintereso sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiTaa poemaSia moTxrobili, ganvalageb im

TanmimdevrobiT, rogorc es siuJetis ganviTarebisaTvis unda

yofiliyo bunebrivi. idea siyvarulisa da pasuxismgeblobis

opoziciisa warmoCenilia, rogorc vergiliusis koncefciis

sailustracio magaliTi. ideis realizaciisaTvis romael

epikoss hqonda sami gza. warmovadgenT gzas, romelic gmirebma

gaiares jer pasuxismgeblobidan siyvarulamde; Semdeg ki

siyvarulidan pasuxismgeblobamde da yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT

im momentebze, roca es gzebi gadaikveTeba.

• gza pasuxismgeblobidan siyvarulamde

sainteresoa, rom didosac da eneassac aqvT msgavsi

pasuxismgeblobebi. amis ukeT sailustraciod amgvari

informaciis Semcvel winadadebebs Cavsvam CarCoSi da

warmovadgen paralelurad. orives aqvs pasuxismgebloba:

1. qveynisa da xalxis winaSe:

a)dido

lamazi dido...dedofali, qveyanas marTavs, xalxs samarTals

udgens; mters mtrulad xvdeba, moyvares moyvrulad; man aaSena

qalaqi, taZrebi da keTildReoba Seuqmna xalxs. maT

beladobda, msjavrs udebda da kanonebs, Sromis wils yrida

da samuSaos moqalaqeT unawilebda (vergiliusi 1976:78).

b)eneasi

„gmir eneass tevkrTa svel sisxliT marTebs modgmis

aRorZineba,/damorCileba samyarosi Tvisi kanoniT’’(vergiliusi

1976:94).

2. gardacvlili naTesavis xsovnis winaSe:

a)dido


303

b)eneasi

mama anqize, odes Rame dafaravs miwas,/caze mTiebni dasxdebian

manaTobelni,/momevlineba, SemaSfoTebs xolme

zmanebiT./askaniussa, pirmSos Zvirfass, xom davukargav/sanukvar

velebs da samefos hesperiisa!’’(vergiliusi 1976:97).

3. axloblebis winaSe:

a)dido

mamam damlaxvros aCrdilebTan elva–quxiliT,/mkrTal

aCrdilebTan eerebusis,vidredavarRvev,/kdemav, Sens kanons

(vergiliusi 1976:88).

b)eneasi

eneasma...yrma askanius gaixsena da imedebi/ memkvidreobis. igi

mefed unda gauxdes/ italias da romis miwas“ (vergiliusi

1976:95).

2. RmerTebis winaSe

a)dido

morCileba gvmarTebs RmerTebis (vergiliusi 1976:52)

b) eneasi

,,sxvaTa samefos mopoveba gvibrZana RmerTma./...iupiteris

mogzavnilma RmerTebis macnem,/...mswrafl eTeridan/gadmomca

RmerTis ganCineba. naTlad vixile/gadmosvla RvTisa da mesmoda

sityvebi cxadliv’’(vergiliusi 1976:97)... ,,italiaSi apolonma

wasvla mibrZana./italiaSi likiusis momixmobs mogvi./iq melis

trfoba da mamuli.../sxvaTa samefos mopoveba gvibrZana

RmerTma’’(vergiliusi 1976:97).

magram moulodnelad, didos cxovreba mZime gansacdels

mouvlens eneasis siyvarulis saxiT, roca misTvis ase

dido pirvelad visac SeeuRla, ,,man waritana qalis vnebani’’

(vergiliusi 1976:89).

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304

saTayvanebeli ,,Sinagani msajuli’’ pasuxismgeblobis saxiT meore

planze gadadis. eneasis Seyvareba Zneli ar iyo (ar Seyvareba

iqneboda Zneli), radgan is ,,yvelas sjobnida silamaziT. . . /

aseTi aris apolonic. . . /swored mas hgavda ciur siturfiT

mozeime saTno eneas’’ (vergiliusi 1976:92). Zlieri

dedoflisTvisac ki rTuli aRmoCnda gamklaveboda eneasis

apolonisebr momxiblaobas. Tavadac ukvirs, rogor SeiZleboda

msgavsi ram mas damarToda, es yvelaferi xom mis principebs

ewinaaRmdegeboda:,, de, miwam miyos piri umal da yovlisSemZle/

mamam damlaxvros aCrdilebTan elva-quxiliT, / mkrTal

aCrdilebTan erebusis, vidre davarRvev, / kdemav, Sens kanons,

zurgs Sevaqcev Ralatiani!’’(vergiliusi 1976:88), magram sxva

fiqrebic Tavs dastrialebs da sakuTar das, anas gulaxdilad

eubneba: „...rom ara mZuldes sareceli da sanaTuri, / am erT

sisustes me mgonia mivecemodi!/ gamogitydebi, rom siqevsis

sikvdilis Semdeg,.../ mxolod man SeZlo Cemi grZnobis

Semobruneba’’(vergiliusi 1976:88). “yvelas mjobnma“ eneasma

Tavisi sityva–pasuxiTa da garegnobiT dedofali ise moxibla,

rom misi “guli sazrunavma dasera mwvavem, / ZarRvebs moedo,

idumali saxmiliT wvavda./vaJis gmirobam da diadi modgmis

didebam/ gamsWvala suli, mkerds moedo gmiris

sityvebi’’(vergiliusi 1976:88); “vneba wvavs didos da sigiJe

Zvlebamde atans “(vergiliusi 1976:90). qali Tavis Tavs veRar

akontrolebs, mTlianad grZnobaTa tyveobaSi moeqca, saRad

azrovnebis unari dakarga. da maSin, roca dedofali

pasuxismgeblobisa da siyvarulis grZnobebs Soris Widils

ganicdis, vergiliusi anas metad saintereso argumentebis

meSveobiT ,,exmareba’’ didos gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi. aq anas

roli TiTqmis gadamwyvetia, mas ar surs misi da ,,daWknes

uqorwinod’’, sevdas mieces Tundac ,,balRTa’’ gareSe da dido

nel-nela mihyavs gadawyvetilebamde, - Seiyvaros eneasi: ,, vgoneb,

RmerTebis da iunos surviliT qarma/aq mouZeva ilionis

xomaldebs bina./ ra samefos da qalaqs naxav, dao, agebuls/

gmirTan qorwiliT! dacva ZaluZs tevkrTa saWurvels/ da

punikuri Zlierebis kvlav amaRleba! (vergiliusi 1976:89). ,,Tqva

da aRunTo suli, trfobis cecxliT agznebuli, gulSi imedi

Causaxa, kdema daTrguna’’ (vergiliusi 1976:89). miuxedavad

imisa, rom dedofali ar apirebda kdemis kanonebis darRvevas,

mtkiced swamda, rom pirvelad visac SeeuRla, man waritana


305

qalis vnebani (vergiliusi 1976:88), saqmeSi aseve CaerTnen

RmerTebi da ori RvTaebisagan (afrodite, erosi) Zleuli qali

trfobis morevSi CaiZira.

aseTive uZluri aRmoCnda gmiri eneasi didos

dianasebri momxiblaobisa da Wkua–gonebis winaSe. mas imdenad

Suyvarda dido, rom romeliRac momentSi sakuTari misiac

daaviwyda da qalis nebasac morCilad dahyva, xolo roca

RmerTebma wasvla ubrZanes, „Tavzari dasca am zmanebam mama

eneass,/Tma yalyze dadga, xolo xorxSi sityva

gauwyda./...RmerTebis nebiT da brZanebiT gaocebuli./raRa eRona,

dedoflisTvis viT gaebeda/mZime saTqmeli?sadRa iyo

gamosavali?!/ borgavda gmiri eneasis mkvircxli goneba/

sxvadasxva gzis da amocanis gadasawyvetad’’(vergiliusi

1976:95); .../bedma imZlavra da CauxSo sikeTe gulSi./msgavsad

imisa, viT bermuxas eWidebian/alpebis mTebis boreasni,

dauqroleben,/amoTxra surT da erTurTs ZaliT ecilebian;

iryeva muxa da foToli maRlidan cviva,/kldes daWdobia da

eTerSi rac simaRle aqvs,/imdeni siRrme tartarSi aqvs fesviT

gadgmuli.../gmiric aseve Searyia satrfos sityvebma,/diadi guli

daesera dards ,xolo azri/ar Seryeula da amao iyo cremlebi

(vergiliusi 1976).

• gza siyvarulidan pasuxismgeblobamde.

siyvarulsa da pasuxismgeblobas Soris Widilis meore

etapi iwyeba maSin, roca

a) „Wori yvela bages moedo – samefo daTmes, avxorc vnebas

misceso Tavi (vergiliusi 1976:93);

b) eneasi, romelsac RmerTebi Seaxseneben mis misias,

wasasvlelad iwyebs mzadebas, xolo Seyvarebuli qali

pirveli igrZnobs sicrues.

a) dido

Tu amas iTxovs ganCineba iupiteris,/mainc ewamos da ebrZolos

xalxs umamacess,/sazRvriT iltvodes, iulusis xvevnasac

moswydes,/RmerTs SehRaRados da ixilos TavisianTa/sazari

bolo.ros mSvidobas kvlav eRirseba,/ver datkbes nanatr

Sorena barbaqaZe

306

samefoTi,sicocxliT tkbiliT,/uwinamc mokvdes qviSrovanSi

daukrZalavad! am locvas vityvi ukanasknels,

sisxldanTxeuli...(vergiliusi 1976:104).

b)eneasi

dido sTxovs troel gmirs, uari Tqvas Tundac

RmerTebisagan dakisrebul misiaze, yvela pasuxismgeblobaze da

darCes karTagenSi. misi argumentebi aseTia:

a) „sxvaTa qveyana da ucnobi sasaxleebi rom ar geZebna,

kvlav rom mdgariyo amayi troa, mRelvare zRvaSi gahyvebodi

axal ilions?“ (vergiliusi 1976:96); b) Sens gamo vZulvar

libiis xalxs, numidTa tirans da tvirelebs“ (vergiliusi

1976:96); g) „Sen Semogwire sircxvil–namusi da saxeli,

varskvlavT sadari“ (vergiliusi 1976:96); d) ganSorebamde

Camsaxoda netavi bavSvi, Cems sasaxleSi eTamaSa ymawvil eneass,

da Seni saxe misgan mainc momgoneboda, Tavs ar CavTvlidi

dagmobilad, gawbilebulad (vergiliusi 1976:97). eneasis axsna,

rom igi Tavisi nebiT ar midis italiaSi, imsaxurebs didos

risxvas: „gSoba kldovanma kavkasionma. Cems godebaze Tvalic ar

daaxamxama. kaci veravis ver endoba. gaZevebuli me Sevifare,

ugunurma, Cems samefoSi, davixseni gemi da mxlebelni

,,iupiteris mogzavnilma RmerTebis macnem,/Cemsa da Sens Tavs

geficebi-mswrafl eTeridan/gadmomca RmerTebis

ganCineba.naTlad vixile/gadmosvla RvTisa da mesmoda sityvebi

cxadliv./Tavs nu aRigzneb, mec nu damwvav Seni saxmiliT,/me

Cemi nebiT rodi mival italiaSi’’(vergiliusi

1976:97);,,godebaze Tvalic ki ar daaxamxama,/cremli ar Rvara,

satrfo Tvisi ar Seibrala!(vergiliusi 1976:98);,,dedofalo,

me ver uarvyof/ Sens madls, romelic SegiZlia CamomiTvalo.../

bedma rom momces Cemi azriT cxovrebis neba, /CemTa saqmeTa

sasurveli Semobruneba’’(vergiliusi 1976:97);,, sanamdis eWvi

ara hqonda mSvenier didos / moymis Ralatis, sanam trfobis

bzars ar eloda, / mzadeba iwyo eneasma, mswrafl irjeboda,/

xelqveiTebi daariga, yvelam siamiT/ miiRo misi brZaneba da

saqmes Seudga’’(vergiliusi 1976:96)


307

sikdilisagan! me ar gavaleb, gaswi, eZie italias samefo Seni!

didos saxels bevrjer axseneb!“ (vergiliusi 1976:98).

grZnobis ayolisaTvis, pasuxismgeblobis daviwyebisaTvis

didom Tavis Tavs TviTonve gamoutana ganaCeni: „uaryofil Zvel

saqmaroT mivubrunde da qorwili vTxovo? romelnic me

daviwune, viT mamakacni? nuTu tevkris survils unda davnebde?

amay xomaldze, romca msurdes, vinRa mimiRebs saZulvel qals?

movkvde, ase sjobs....maxviliT gangmire tanjva!“ (vergiliusi

1976:102) dido rom mxolod eneasis siyvarulis dakargvisaTvis

ar iklavs Tavs, kargad Cans sityvebSi: „siqevsis ferfls

erTguleba ver Sevunaxe!“ (vergiliusi 1976:103) da sikvdilis

win warmoTqmul epitafiaSic; „ me viZie Suri qmrisaTvis da

movkali Zma, romelic iyo Cveni mteri. me viqnebodi bednieri,

rom troelTa xomaldi arasodes modgomoda Cems qveyanas. Tavs

viklav,raTa davwva samgloviaro koconis SuagulSi Cemi

siyvarulis narCenebi’’ (vergiliusi 1976:105). avtorma es imiTac

migvaniSna, rom sikvdilis win erTi wamiT moalanda didos

gardacvlil qmarTan kvlav SeerTeba da vfiqrob, amiT misi

moraluri reabilitaciac moaxdina. eneasiT gatacebul didos

aviwydeba mTavari Rirebuleba – pasuxismgebloba. man Tavisi

siyvaruliT Seuracxhyo meuRlis, siqevsis xsovna, medeas

msgavsad, dakarga yvelaferi, maT Soris - xalxis ndobac, da

Sesabamisad, funqciac, rogorc dedofalma. didos TiTqos

fexqveS niadagi gamoecala – uRalata kacma, romlisTvisac man

yvelaferi daTmo da romlisTvisac ganvlo gza xalxis

sayvareli dedoflidan xalxis siZulvilamde, gardacvlili

meuRlis xsovnis erTguli qvrividan moRalate colamde; amayi,

sasiZoebis damwunebel sarZlodan Sercxvenil, mitovebul

qalamde: „gana Sen gamo ara vZulvar libiis xalxsa, / numidTa

tirans da tvirelebs? Sen Semogwire/ sircxvil–namusi da

saxeli varskvlavT sadari!“(vergiliusi 1976:96). didos SiSi

ipyrobs: ,,raRas velodo? damaqcios pigmalionma, / tyved

wamiyvanos iarbasma, getulTa mefem?“ (vergiliusi 1976:96-97).

igi cdilobs, kidev erTxel daarwmunos eneasi misi

gadawyvetilebis gadaxedvis aucileblobaSi da isev uxsnis, Tu

ras niSnavs didosTvis misi datoveba, miT umetes - sicruiT: ,,

gana SegeZlo, moRalatev, mag borotebis / Cemgan damalva,

datoveba karTagenisa? nuTu verc trfoba... ver Segakavebs?/...Tu

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308

ram sikeTe gaxsovs Cemgan, Tu ram giyvarda, /gebralebode,

geajebi, saxls nu damingrev,/ Tu gulSi CemTvis SegrCa kuTxe,

daTme eg azri!’’(vergiliusi 1976:96). didosTvis eneasis gareSe

cxovreba warmoudgenelia ara mxolod imitom, masTan Zlieri

grZnoba akavSirebs, aramed imitomac, rom mas, rogorc

dedofals, pirovnebas sWirdeba reabilitacia sakuTari qveynis

xalxis, pasuxismgeblobebis, sakuTari Tavis winaSe.

am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresod gvixatavs vergiliusi

eneasis saxesac. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT yuradsaRebia misi qmedeba

Cveneba-zmanebis Semdeg, roca is iRebs gadawyvetilebas –

miatovos dido da Sesabamisad, karTagenic. eneasis sulSi

mimdinareobs brZola pasuxismgeblobasa da siyvaruls Soris.

eneasi xvdeba, rom is unda daemorCilos RmerTebis nebas da Tan

acnobierebs, Tu rarig sastikad eqceva didos . man Tavisi

piradi bedniereba qveynis, mamulis keTildReobas unda Seswiros,

ris aucileblobasac RmerTebi axseneben: “eh, dagviwynia samefo

da saqmeni Senni!/...Tu diad saqmes Seni suli ar aRugznia,/yrma

askanius gaixsene da imedebi/ memkvidreobis. igi mefed unda

gauxdes/ italias da romis miwas“(vergiliusi 1976:95).eneass

RmerTebi axseneben pasuxismgeblobas sakuTari qveynisa da Svilis

winaSe, anu masze garedan zemoqmedeben. aristoteles azriT,

mxolod maSinaa SesaZlebeli adamians daekisros

pasuxismgebloba ama Tu im saqcielze, rodesac misi qceva ar

aris iZulebiTi, is Tavadaa Tavisi moqmedebis iniciatori anu

rodesac misi moqmedeba nebayoflobiTia da mas sxvagvarad

moqmedebac SeeZlo. Tu mas sxvagvarad moqmedeba ar SeuZlia, anu

arCevans forsirebulad akeTebs, mas pasuxismgeblobac ver

daekisreba.

mocemul SemTxvevaSi eneasze RmerTebi zemoqmedeben,

Sesabamisad, aristoteles mixedviT, is verafris iniciatori ver

iqneba; igi, garkveulwilad, Semsrulebeli da morCilia

RmerTebis nebis [Aristoteles 2006:67], magram ara - marioneti!

gmiri did Sinagan brZolas da sindisis qenjnas ganicdis

mosalodneli gamgzavrebisa da ukve TiTqmis miRebuli

gadawyvetilebis gamo: ,,Tavzari dasca am zmanebam mama eneass, /

Tma yalyze dadga, xolo xorxSi sityva gauwyda./ . . . RmerTebis

nebiT da brZanebiT gaocebuli./ raRa eRona, dedoflisTvis viT


309

gaebeda/ mZime saTqmeli? sadRa iyo gamosavali?!/ borgavda gmiri

eneasis mkvircxli goneba/ sxvadasxva gzis da amocanis

gadasawyvetad’’ (vergiliusi 1976:95). maqs vebers Tu

daveTanxmebiT [Weber 2004:70], eneasi e. w. ,,mrwamsis eTikis’’

mimdevaria, rac amas gulisxmobs: misTvis umniSvnelovanesia

sakuTari qmedebis zneobriv principebTan Tanxvdoma da ara TviT

rezultati, rasac is RmerTebs andobs. xolo dido

absoluturad sxva tipaJia: sanam Seuyvardeba, misTvisac sxva

zneobrivi principebi arsebobs da moqmedebs, misTvisac

umTavresia misi xalxi da qveyana, magram eneasTan siaxlovis

Semdeg is savsebiT icvleba da xdeba e. w. „pasuxismgeblobis

eTikis“ mimdevari, roca adamiani Tavisi arsiT pasuxismgebelia

sakuTari moqmedebis Sedegze.

yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, pirvelis

(eneasis) zneobrivi qcevis Semfasebeli umaRlesi msajuli

masSive igulisxmeba sakuTari Sinagani xmis, Sinagani msajulis –

sindisis saxiT; pasuxismgeblobis eTikis (didos SemTxvevaSi)

mixedviT ki, es sazomi mis gareTaa – misi moqmedebis Sedegis

saxiT. udavoa, rom mrwamsis eTikac pasuxismgeblobas

gulisxmobs, oRond ara raime garegnuli instanciis, aramed -

ukve sakuTari sindisis winaSe. eneasi ,,gulxeldakrefili’’ ar

damjdara da udrtvinvelad ar dalodebia Tavis ganaCens,

mudmivad cdilobda gamosavali moeZebna, raTa arc samSoblos da

arc sayvareli qalis winaSe ,,ukeTuri’’ saqcieli ar Caedina.

Tumca, misi mTavari Secdoma, albaT, is iyo rom man

Tanamgzavrad sicrue da orguloba airCia: ,, sanamdis eWvi ara

hqonda mSvenier didos / moymis Ralatis, sanam trfobis bzars

ar eloda, / mzadeba iwyo eneasma, mswrafl irjeboda,/

xelqveiTebi daariga, yvelam siamiT/ miiRo misi brZaneba da

saqmes Seudga’’ (vergiliusi 1976:96).

siyvaruliT dabrmavebuli dido verafriT

ijerebda eneasis Ralats, magram is qvecnobierad safrTxes

grZnobda: ,,satrfos vin ras gamoaparebs’’ (vergiliusi

1976:96)„uzneo Worma/uTxra mrisxanes, gasaqcevad dganano gemni’’

(vergiliusi 1976:96).avtori cdilobs, TanaugrZnos didos,

TiTqos ebraleba yovelive imisaTvis, rac mas Tavs gadaxdenia da

imisTvisac, rac momavalSi elodeba. vergiliusi advilad ver

Sorena barbaqaZe

310

imetebs Tavis sayvarel personaJs da aCvenebs, rogor cdilobs

eneasi, guli ar atkinos qals, eneasis Sinagani samyaros

duRils (vergiliusi 1976:97), Sinagan bZolas siyvarulsa da

pasuxismgeblobas Soris (vergiliusi 1976:98), magram

saboolood masSi mainc racio (winamZRoli, mama, diadi misiis

Semsrulebeli) da Sesabamisad, emociaze pasuxismgeblobis

grZnoba imarjvebs. miuxedavad amisa, eneasis didosadmi

siyvaruli kidev erTxel Tavs Segvaxsenebs poemis Sua nawilSi,

roca eneasi sulTa samefoSi xvdeba didos aCrdils da

nawarmoebis bolos, roca Tavisi usayvarlesi megobris cxedars

gaaxvevs didos xeliT misTvis odesRac moqsovil mosasxamSi,

rac imaze migvaniSnebs, rom eneasma didosadmi faqizi grZnobebi

bolomde SeinarCuna. amitomac gvxvdeba didos saxeli mTeli

moqmedebis ganmavlobaSi ramdenjerme, dasawyisidan dasasrulamde,

maSinac, roca eneasi diadi misiis Sesrulebas Seudga da maSinac,

roca gmirma Tavisi misia pirnaTlad Seasrula – dasabami misca

italielTa axal modgmas.

SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom didos eneasisadmi trfoba

egocentrulia da mxolod misken aris mimarTuli, anu didos

azrebsa Tu qmedebebSi, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, aSkarad dominirebs

sakuTar interesebze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, am SemTxvevaSi -

eneasis, rogorc mmarTvelis, sazianod. is eneasisganac iseTive

Tavganwirvas moiTxovs, rogoradac TviTon iqceva. ar fiqrobs

im dilemaze, ris winaSec Seyvarebuli eneasi aRmoCnda. eneasic

ormagad itanjeba, mas arc Seyvarebul qalTan darCena SeuZlia

da arc misi Tan wayvana, is gulSi dards ZaliT ,,ixSobs’’ da

Tan sindisis qenjniTac dasZens: ,,dedofalo, me ver uarvyof/

Sens madls, romelic SegiZlia CamomiTvalo.../ bedma rom momces

Cemi azriT cxovrebis neba, /CemTa saqmeTa sasurveli

Semobruneba...’’(vergiliusi 1976:97), maSin yvelaferi sxvagvarad

iqneboda, ar mouwevda siyvarulsa da qveynis winaSe movaleobas

Soris arCevanis gakeTeba da dedofals Semdegs sTxovs,, Tavs nu

aRigzneb, mec nu damwvav Seni saxmiliT, me Cemi nebiT rodi

mival italiaSi!’’ (vergiliusi 1976:97-98). mas xom iq wasvla

apolonma ubrZana: ,,iupiteris mogzavnilma RmerTebis macnem, /

Cemsa da Sens Tavs geficebi -mswrafl eTeridan/ gadmomca

RmerTis ganCineba’’ (vergiliusi 1976:97). vfiqrob, mmarTveli

eneasi savsebiT sworad iqceva, rodesac ucxo miwas saswrafod


311

tovebs da Tavisi samefos sakeTildReod moqmedebas iwyebs.

meore mxriv, Seyvarebulma eneasma, faqtobrivad, sircxvilis,

siZulvilisa da ubedurebisaTvis gawira sayvareli qali.

dido nabij-nabij midis gadawyvetilebmde - moiklas

Tavi. misTvis sicocxlem, saerTod cxovrebam azri dakarga,

ganadgurda ara mxolod rogorc qali, aramed rogorc

dedofali, pirovneba. Cemi azriT, dido imitom Semoiyvana

poemaSi vergiliusma, rom amiT xazi gaesva eneasis misiis

sidiadisaTvis da amavdroulad, eCvenebina,rom didi misiis

Semsruleblebsac aqvT tkivilamde misuli siyvarulis niWi.

didom ara mxolod eneass miayena Tavisi gardacvalebiT didi

tkivili, aramed sakuTar das, anas da mTel samefos. es kargad

Cans anas bolo sityvebSi: „Tavi daRupe, mec damRupe, mTeli

samefoc, /sidonelebic...’’(vergiliusi 1976:106).

vergiliusis gmirebs SeeZloT erTad yofiliyvnen

bednierebi, rom ar gadaxlarToda erTmaneTs siyvaruli da

pasuxismgebloba. aq isini arCevanis gakeTebisas uZlurni

aRmoCndnen.

vergiliusis ,,eneida’’ epikuri saxis damuSavebis

im etaps warmoadgens, roca eposSi Semovida mTavari gmiri,

romelic asrulebs masze RmerTebisagan dakisrebul movaleobas.

aseTi gmiris epikur JanrSi Semoyvana sakuTriv

vergiliusiseulia. eneasis pasuxismgeblobas qveynisa da xalxis,

an Tundac RmerTebis winaSe ewireba misi pasuxismgebloba

sayvareli qalis mimarT. mTeli misi moqmedeba emorCileba

dakisrebuli misiis ganxorcielebas, Tumca, gmiri yovelTvis

ganicdis Widils sasurvelsa da aucilebels Soris. didos

tragedia marto is ki ar aris, rom man dakarga didi siyvaruli

(mkrexeloba iqneboda aseTi qalis tragedia sareclamde

dagveyvana), aramed isic, rom igi aRmoCnda ara Tavisi

survilebis baton-patroni, aramed - mona. SeibRala misi saxeli,

man dakarga xalxis pativiscema, romelic,misi azriT, mxolod

sikvdiliT SeiZleba aRdges. aq sircxvilis gancda sulier

tkivils emateba.

amdenad, zogierTi mkvlevris azri imis Taobaze,

rom dido da eneasi calsaxad ganasaxiereben emociurobasa da

racionalizms, siyvarulsa (dido) da pasuxismgeblobas (eneasi),

Sorena barbaqaZe

312

garkveul koreqtivs moiTxovs, radgan racionalizmi da emocia,

romelic vergiliusis „eneidaSi“ pasuxismgeblobisa da

siyvarulis grZnobebiTaa warmodgenili, orives qmedebaSi

sakmaod did rols TamaSobs.

Lliteratura

1. vergiliusi 1976:,,eneida’’, Tb.: sabWoTa saqarTvelo,1976.

2. CixlaZe n. 2003: „amaZonobis motivi antikur

literaturaSi.“gamomc.“logosi“. Tbilisi 2003.

3. Arethusa: “Women in the Ancient World”. New York 1984.

4. Aristoteles 2006:” Nikomachische Ethik”.Stuttgart 2006.

5. Bartlett, Robert C.; Collins, Susan D.(2011). Nicomachean ethics. Chicago:University of Chicago Press.ISBN 978-0-226-02674-9.

6. Claessens,Dieter: “Das Fremde, Fremdheit und Identitat. Opladen1991.

7. Fantham E: “Literaturisches Leben im antiken Rom”. Stuttgart 1998.

8. Frenzel 1976: “Stoffe der Weltliteratur”.Stuttgart 1976.

9. Pomeroy S. B.: “ Fraunleben im Klassischen Altertum”. Stuttgart 1985.

10. Schweitzer 1923: “Kultur und Ethik”. Bern 1923.

11. Weber 2004:” Politik als Beruf”. Stuttgart 2004.

meri nebieriZe

gza, rogorc semiotikuri

niSani daviT kldiaSvilis

personaJTa metyvelebaSi

qarTuli enis ganmarტebiT leqsikonSi vkiTxulobT: `miwis

zedapirze gayvanili zoli, romelic

gankuTvnilia mimosvlisaTvis~, _ es

sityva `gzis~ pirveli mniSvnelobaa. amas

garda, amave leqsikonis mixedviT, am

sityvas aqvs sami kidev sxva da ori

gadataniTi mniSvneloba. aqvea ramdenime

idiomა, romelTac aqvT pirdapirica da

gadataniTi mniSvnelobebic. amasTan

aRvniSnav, rom ,,gza“, albaT, erT-erTi

is niSania, romelsac yvelaze meti

Sinaarsi, yvelaze meti konteqsti

moeZebneba rogorc saliteraturo, ise

dialeqtur formebSi. amas Tavisi mizezi

aqvs: niSani `gza~ da misi semantikuri

veli Zalian didi da mravalferovania

enaSi da amis mizezi mokled SeiZleba

ase Camoayalibo: cxovreba moZraobis

uwyvetobaa, moZraoba ki gzis gareSe

warmoudgეnelia. gza aris niSani,

romelic aerTianebs SesaZleblobisa da

SeuZleblobis, winsvlisa Tu ukusvlis,

TviT moZraobis Semadgenel yovel uZrav

wertils (monakveTs). gza aris niSani,

romelsac SeuZlia daitios sivrciTi

vertikalica da horizontalic.

amitomacaa, rom SeuZlebelia

meri nebieriZe

314

srulyofilad aRwero yvela is forma, romlებic `gzis~

semantikur velSi moაzrebულa da Seqmnila. es niSani TiTqos

SeuzRudav SesaZleblobas iZleva, rom aRwero, gamoxato,

gamoavlino aRsaniSni.

am semantikuri niSnis Taviseburebis warmosaCenad ramdenime

gamoTqmas Sevexebi. arsebobs gamoTqma: ,,RvTis gzaze midis“,

romelic CemTvis, rogorc am SemTxvevaSi semiotikis

moyvarulisaTvis, im kuTxiTaa damafiqrebeli, rom

adamianebisTvis gza Tavisi konkretuli da abstraqtuli

mniSvnelobiT erTmaneTTanaa gadajaWvuli. maxsendeba

baraTaSvilis sityvebi: `gza uvali, Sengan Telili...~ uvali ukve

gzaa? gamodis, rom raxan arsebobs `uvali~, igi savalic aris

imTaviTve, oRond jer ar gamouyenebiaT: anu gzaa yvela sivrce,

sadac SeiZleba gaiaro, Tanac gaiaro fexiT, fiqriT an emociiT

(grZnobiT). swored amitomaa, rom niSans `gza~ amdeni

mniSvneloba daukavSirda.

gza yvela SemTxvevaSi mimarTulebaა. qarTul zRaparSi es

niSani imTaviTve arCevanis saSualebacaa, amis SesaZleblobas

gamoxatavs: aqeT waxval, iqiT waxval...~ Tumca aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom zRaparSi gza gaurkvevlobasac gulisxmobs da

gmirs sinanulisgan ar azRvevs, Tumca is gardauvali ramaa da

nebismieri arCevanis SemTxvevaSi elis adamians.

gzasTan dakavSirebuli kompozitebis formaTa gaazrebiTac

Zalian saintereso daskvnebis gamotana SeiZleba; magaliTad,

kompoziti `Tavgzaabneuli~. Tavisa da gzis amgvari dakavSireba

albaT imis dadasturebaa, rom gza Cveni arsebobis ganuyreli

niSania, TiTqos Tvisebaa es Cveni da TiTqos is erTaderTia, rac

maSinve viciT, rogorc ki pirvel nabijs vdgamT, radgan

nabijisTvis saWiroa is arsebobdes.

gzadagza gvxvdebian adamianebi da gvxvdeba misamarTebi;

gzadagza gvaswavlian gzas, gviRobaven, an gvixsnian mas; gzadagza

gveSleba gzebi, gveSlebian adamianebi da gveSleba misamarTebi.

,,gza dagviloce!“ – es gamoTqmac imas unda mowmobdes, rom

niSani gza cxovrebis sinonimia xSirad, radgan aq araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar igulisxmeba konkretuli gza, qviSiani, an

gza, rogorc semiotikuri niSani...

315

asfaltiani, viwro an grZeli. SeRmarTi, aRmarTi Tu daRmarTi;

arc mixveul-moxveuli da a. S. es aris subieqturi gza, Tavisi

aviTa da kargiT.

`gza~ SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc niSani, romlis

aRsaniSnic obieqtur da subieqtur mniSvnelobas atarebs.

vnaxoT, rogor aris kodirebuli niSani ,,gza“ im teqstebSi,

romlebic am SemTxvevaSi შევარჩიე.

daviT kldiaSvilis personaJebi yofiT ambebze saubroben, maTi

fiqrisa da zrunvis sagani ar scildeba sakuTari `mesa~ da

ojaxis sazRvrebs, aq ar figurirebs `sxva~, gverdiT mdgomi

vinme, mxolod `me~ aris sazrunavi, Sesabamisad, saubaric

ganuwyvetliv dastrialebs mosaubris viwro, mcire samyaros, mis

savals. Tumca savals ara didi fiqriT ganWvretilsa da

dagegmils; maT gzaze mxolod erTi fiqria: Tavis darCena.

`samaniSvilis dedinacvali~; `qamuSaZis gaWirveba~, `soloman

morbelaZe~; `darispanis gasaWiri~ is teქsტebia, romlebidanac

Sevkribe sakvlevi masala. am teqstebidan amoikriba 115 epizodi,

sadac personaJTa metyvelebaSi semiotikuri niSani `gza~

figurirebs. maTgan 47 SemTxvevaSi semiotikuri niSani

gamoyenebulia qarTul ganmartebiT leqsikonSi mocemuli

pirveli mniSvnelobiT, xolo danarCen SemTxvevaSi (58)

semiotikuri niSani gadataniTi mniSvnelobiTaa naxmari.

sainteresoa is garemoebac, rom pirvel SemTxvevaSi niSani

konkretul obieqts aRniSnavs: gza, savali zoli, farTo an

viwro, atalaxebuli an gamogvaluli, aRmarTi an daRmarTi,

mofarebuli an yvelasaTvis dasanaxi, saurmo an sacalfexo da a.

S. magram meore SemTxvevaSi suraTi Zalian mravalferovania,

Tanac iseTi mravalferovani, rom SeiZleba usasrulod ifiqro

maT konteqstsa Tu emociur datvirTvaze. amgvar rameebze

fiqris moyvarulma mofiqralma SeiZleba isic ki daaskvnas, rom

semiotikuri niSani imis mixedviTac gansxvavdeba, vinaa

warmomTqmeli da ra konteqstSi warmoiTqmeba igi. saerTod,

sainteresoa semiotikuri niSnis konteqstica da isic, vin

warmoTqvams mas, amis mixedviT axdens recipienti am niSnis

dekodirebas. magaliTad, sxvaგვარად gaiazreb gamoTqmas: `sxva

gza ar gaqvs~ rodesac amas kldiaSvilis personaJisagan ismen da

meri nebieriZe

316

sxvagvarad- magaliTad, aleqsandre yazbegis romelime

personaJisagan; sxvadasxva ramis aRmniSvnelia es gamoTqma maSinac

ki, roca amas TviT kldiaSvilis sxvadsxva personaJi, vTqvaT,

darispani an soloman morbelaZe amboben.

masalaze dakvirvebam erTi ram cxadyo: kldiaSvilis

personaJTa metyvelebaSi ufro aqtiuri am semiotikuri niSnis

swored gadataniTi mniSvnelobebia da maTganac ufro xSirad

(umeteswilad) is gamouval, gausaZlis, mZime mdgomareobas

aRwers, romelic arsebobis erTaderT formad qceula am

personaJTa yoveldRiurobaSi.

konteqsti:

1. zenaTi gamwarebulia, aRar icis riT amoiyaros bakulas

Tu bakulas Rorebis javri... ambobs: `sadaa mere es sxva

gza?~

2. darispans imedis naperwkali gaukrTa da imis Caqrobas

upireben; ambobs: `ras vSvrebi amisTanas, gzas rom

mikravT yovel mxridan?..~

3. solomani realobas droebiT Tvals gausworebs; ambobs:

`riTi gamoaqvT Tavi, meti gza rom aRar aqvT? tyuili,

tyuili, yovel nabijze tyuili da upiruloba!“

4. otia qamuSaZe ki dabejiTebiT eubneba sakuTar `mes~:

`ara… meti saSveli araa, mec unda avibargo! mec unda

Sevexizno iq, sadac yoveli kaci saSvels poulobs…

sadac imodeni saSovaria da saSualeba;… meti gza aRar

aris!..~

5. aristo qvaSaviZe mamidas ase dauxatavs awmyosa da

momavals: `gza ar gaqvs, gza, uari Tqva; kai saWmeli, kai

sasmeli, ra ginda meti.~

`gza ar gaqvs~; `meti gza ar aris~ _ es gamoTqmebi yvelaze

xSirad gaismis imereli yofili aznaurebis metyvelebaSi da

yoveli am frazis ukan, yovel jerze sxvadasxva usaSveloba

dgas. yovel konteqsts ise bunebrivad aboloebs es gamoTqma,

rom roca ar amboben, im SemTxvevebSic es igulisxmeba.

aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba daaxasiaTo is suraTebi,

romlebic gamudmebiT trialeben am adamianebis azrovnebaSi,


317

daaxasiaTeb maTi cxovrebis formasac. Tamamad SeiZleba isic

iTqvas, rom niSani gza ukavSirdeba gamouval, uimedo situacias,

romlidanac gamudmebiT eZeben gamosavals. aqvea ramdenime

saintereso gamoTqmac: `gzagougnebeli kacisaTvis~;

`sulwasawymed gzas~; `mxsneli gza~; `saSvel gzas~; am

gamoTqmaTa arseboba mxolod imas mowmobs, rom niSani `gza~

usasrulod iZleva axali saxeebis (metaforebis?) Seqmnis

saSualebas, raTa ukeT gamoxato emocia, grZnoba.

cnobili filosofosis, viტgenSteinis aseve cnobil wignSi

`filosofiuri gamokvlevebi~ vkiTxulobT: `warmoidgino ena,

niSnavs, warmoidgino sicocxlis forma~. sicocxles Tavisi

forma აქვს, romelic pirdapir ukavSirdeba adamianis

cnobierebas, msoflaRqmas. Cems emocias me gamovxatav sityvebiT,

anu adamiani sakuTar `mes~ gamoxatavs sityvebiT, niSnebiT,

metaforebiT, enobrivi konstruqciebiT. Sesabamisad, sainteresoa,

ra simboloebi da metaforebi Seqmnila enaSi, romelic

sazogadoebasTan erTad cocxlobs, icvleba da yalibdeba.

`sicocxlis forma~ - es Sesityvebac metaforaa, romelsac

Tavisi ganmarteba aqvs da is sxva metaforebiT unda aixsnas.

yoveli adamianis arseboba gansakuTrebulia, Tavisi forma aqvs

da Tvali rom miadevno mis sul mcire konturs mainc, erTaderT

saSualebas flob: usmino mas, mis enas da mis metyvelebaSi

kodirebulis dekodirebas Seecado.

aqve Sevexebi erT sakiTxsac: me personaJebis ena SemTxveviT

ar avirCie, Cemi dakvirveba mxolod maT gamonaTqvamebs exeba, maT

dialogebsa Tu monologebs da ara - avtoriseul frazebs.

mimaCnia, rom am SemTxvevaSi ufro naTlad SeiZleba warmoidgino

TiToeulis subieqturi gza, romlis traeqtoriac yovelTvis

ufro saintereso da idumalia, vidre gza, romelsac, magaliTad,

TamaraSenidan qvedureTamde daadgeba vinme, Tundac - platon

samaniSvili.

`ilaparake, raTa gagicno~ _ am gamonaTqvamis principidan

gamomdinare metyvelebis, sityvaTa wyobis mixedviT SeiZleba

warmoidgino adamiani. da gansazRvro, rogoria misi `sicocxlis

forma~.

meri nebieriZe

318

saerToO sociumi, saerTo geografiuli areali, saerTo

ganaTlebis done (met-naklebad, magram mainc) da saerTo epoqa _

es aris mocemuloba, foni, romelSic trialeben kldiaSvilis

gansxvavebuli Tu msgavsi personaJebi. ratom aris mniSvnelovani

es saerTo raRacebi: aucilebelia, radgan TiToeuli am

sociumSi, am geografiul arealSi, am epoqaSi cxovrobs da

TiToeulis cxovrebis gzas yvelafერ ამის gaTvaliswinebiT

unda SevxedoT, radgan arc Tu ise iSviaTad, Tavad Segvaxseneben

amas: `drom moitana,~ _ am frazas xSirad imeoreben isini. amasve

gulisxmobs xSirad sityvebi: `meti gza rom aRaraa~.

sainteresoa is savali, romelsac TiToeuli mainc daadgeba

xolme, miuxedavad imisa, rom TiTqos ar Cans es gza, an

gaurkvevelia momavali.

isev viტgenStains movixmob: `ena samyaros amsaxveli

winadadebisagan Sedgeba. winadadebebi azrebis aRqmadi

gamoxatulebebia, xolo azrebi _ faqtebis logikuri

suraTebi~.

kldiaSvilis personaJebis metyvelebidan unda davinaxoT

samyaro, romelic aris maT irgvliv da aris maTSi. anu maTi

obieqturi da subieqturi samyaro. amasTan, Zalian

sainteresoa is faqti, rom obieqturi samyaros Sesaxeb

gareSe pirs yovelTvis SeiZleba sxvagvari Sexedulebebi

hqondes da sxvagvard aRweros igi, radgan sxvagvarad

warmoidgina, xolo subieqturi samyaro SenTvis

mouxelTebeli rCeba, radgan mis Sesaxeb mxolod is ici, rac

Tavad personaJma gagimxila.

yvelaze xSirad imaze wuwuneben personaJebi, rom gza ar

aris, magram mainc sul mas eZeben. am kuTxiT gza da

gamosavali, gza da saSveli xSirad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs:

magaliTad: zenaTisa da galaktionis saubari; platonisa da

melanos saubari. meti gza rom aRar aqvs, amitomac daadgeba

galaktioni gzas `sudisaken~, platoni - gzas

TamaraSenisaken, xolo gaWirvebuli mama - gzas umisamarTod:

keTilი naTesavebისაკენ, isini ki, RvTis madliT, gzis yovel

mxares eguleba.


319

am personaJTa metyvelebaSi kargad Cans erTi ram: ar

arsebobs arCeuli, gamiznuli gza, romlis bolosac Sedegi

garantirebuli da imedismomcemia. es umiznod siaruli maTi

cxovrebis formaa, nakarnaxevi im situaciidan, roca meti gza

ar aris.

kldiaSvilis personaJTa metyvelebaSi yvelaze xSirad

naxsenebi `meti gza ar aris~ maT obieqtur samyarosac xsnis

da subieqtursac. maTi cxovrebis formac gasagebia, arCevanis

motivica da aracnobieridan wamosuli impulsebic. sxva

saqmea, Tu imsjeleb imaze, SeeZloT Tu ara axali gzis

danaxva, romelsac SeiZleba dasdgomodnen. ai kidev erTi

sakiTxi: gzis danaxva, romelsac Zala unda, Sinagani Tvali

sWirdeba, romelsac yovelTvis sxva Zala da energia kvebavs

da romelic subieqturidan modis yovelTvis; subieqturi

samyarodan obieqturi samyarosaken. da iqneb yvela gza asea:

subieqturidan gamodis. misi Senebaa iqneb yvelaze rTuli, da

yvelaze realuri, xelSesaxebi da dasanaxi gzac swored is

iyos.

malxaz mayaSvili

komunikacia mdedrebsa da

mamrebs Soris

biosemiotika Seiswavlis niSnebs da

niSanTa sistemas cocxal organizmebSi

molekulur, ujredul da organizmul

doneze. winamdebare statia exeba

mdedrebsa da mamrebs Soris komunikaciis

sakiTxs, kerZod sqesobrivi urTierTobis

damyarebisaTvis gamoyenebul

komunikaciis saSualebebs. isini metad

mravalferovania: dawyebuli mdedrebsa

da mamrebs Soris garegnuli gansxvavebiT

da damTavrebuli rTuli saqorwino

ritualuri qceviT. komunikacia am

SemTxvevaSi emsaxureba: 1. sawinaaRmdego

sqesis mizidvas da gamravlebas, amgvarad,

populaciis (saxeobis)

sicoxlisunarianobis uzrunvelyofas da

2. ramdenadac is saxeoba-specifikuria,

saxeobis identobis SenarCunebas.

adamianSi sawinaaRmdego sqesebs Soris

komunikaciis Tavdapirvel, “cxovelur”

safuZvelze daSenebulia urTierTobis

rTuli, “adamianuri” sistema, romlis

warmoSoba ZiriTadad verbaluri

komunikaciis da socialuri wes-

Cveulebebis rTuli sistemis

Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba. Tumca am

sistemis miRma moCans saerTo adamiansa

da sxva cocxal arsebebs Soris.

antropomorfizmis safrTxis gazviadeba

komunikacia mdedrebsa da mamrebs Soris

321

da albaT Taviseburi ampartavnebac xandaxan xels gviSlis

davinaxoT meti saerTo, vidre ganmasxvavebeli maTTan, vis

gverdiTac sakmaod did xans harmoniulad vviTardebodiT.

saerTos danaxva, aRiareba da gaTvaliswineba ki aucilebelia

isev CvenTvisve sasikeTod.

sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenelTan urTierTobis

damyarebisaTvis upirvelesi pirobaa, rom savaraudo partniorebma

swrafad amoicnon erTmaneTi. evoluciis procesSi Camoyalibda

sqesobrivi dimorfizmi – gansxvaveba mdedris da mamris

agebulebis TaviseburebaSi. rac ufro mkveTria is populaciis

(saxeobis) SigniT, miT ufro swrafad amoicnobs mdedri mamrs,

mamri ki mdedrs. sqesobrivi dimorfizmi gamoixateba mdedris da

mamris morfologiur gansxvavebulobaSi. sqesobrivi dimorfizmis

erTerTi gamoxatulebaa gansxvaveba mdedris da mamris sxeulis

zomaSi, magaliTad obobebis zogierT saxeobaSi. sxva

SemTxvevaSi, magaliTad peplebSi, mamri da mdedri gansxvavdebian

frTebis (an mTeli sxeulis) gansxvavebuli SeferilobiT.

TevzebSi, qvewarmavlebSi xSirad mamris da mdedris gamorCeva

SesaZlebelia sxeulze, garkveul adgilas arsebuli mkveTri

Seferilobis laqebiT. frinvelebSi, ZuZumwovrebSi xSiria

malxaz mayaSvili

322

mkveTri gansxvaveba rogorc sxeulis zomaSi, ise Seferilobasa

da formaSi.

biologiuri fenomenis Seswavlisas upirveles yovlisa pasuxi

unda gaeces kiTxvas: ra mniSvneloba aqvs am fenomens, ratom

ganmtkicda es niSan-Tviseba evoluciis procesSi? ganxilul

SemTxvevebSi pasuxi, savaraudod, naTelia: sqesobrivi

dimorfizmi xels uwyobs sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenelis

swraf amocnobas, rac xels uwyobs mdedris da mamris

Sejvarebas, Sedegad axali Taobis warmoqmnas da maSasadame

uzrunvelyofs populaciis sicocxlisunarianobas. meore

SekiTxva, romelic pirvel SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacemis

kvaldakval logikurad warmoiSveba, exeba fenomenis warmoSobis

meqanizms. Tanamedrove biologiis centraluri problema swored

am meqanizmis dadgenaa, bevri ram am mxriv garkveulia, magram es

ar aris winamdebare naSromis sakiTxi.

sqesobrivi dimorfizmi adamianSic gamoxatulia. siluetic

sakmarisia mamakacis da qalis amosacnobad.


323

yvela zemoT aRweril SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania ara is, Tu ra

zomiT (xarisxiT) aris warmodgenili sqesobrivi dimorfizmi,

aramed is, sakmarisia Tu ara es gansxvaveba, raTa mocemuli

saxeobis mdedrma da mamrma swrafad amoicnon erTmaneTi.

mdedris da mamris sakomunikacio niSanTa sistema ar ifargleba

mxolod morfologiuri TaviseburebebiT. feromonebi

nivTierebebia, romlebsac organizmi gamoyofs sxva arsebebTan,

maT Soris sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenlebTan komunikaciis

mizniT. feromonebi Sor manZilze vrceldeba da aRiqmeba da

izidavs cocxal arsebebs. magaliTad, zogierTi saxeobis mdedri

mweris mier gamoyofili feromonebi aseuli metris daSorebiT

myof mamrebs izidavs mdedrisaken. adamianSi feromonebis

arseboba dadgenilia da saubroben maT mniSvnelobaze

sawinaaRmdego da agreTve, erTi sqesis adamianebis fiziologiur

urTierT zegavlenaSi. magaliTad, qalis feromonebi mimzidvelad

moqmedebs mamakacze, miuxedavad imisa, rom feromonis aRqma

qvecnobieria (mas arc suni aqvs, arc feri), mamakacis feromonebi

sxva mamakacebSi iwvevs agresiuli impulsebis ganviTarebas.

saxeobis SigniT msgavsi zemoqmedebiT xasiaTdeba sxva mamri

ZuZumwovrebis feromonebic. Tumca sqesobrivi urTierTobisaTvis

adamianisaTvis wamyvani mxedvelobiTi da smeniTi niSnebia

(verbalur komunikacias, rogorc iTqva, am SemTxvevaSi ar

vexebiT).

sawinaaRmdego sqesis warmomadgenlebi urTierTobas amyareben

xmis saSualebiTac. gamravlebis periodSi bayayebis yiyini,

frinvelebis galoba Tu irmebis myviraloba kargad aris

cnobili. adamianic qmnida da qmnis samijnuro simRerebs

partnioris mosapoveblad. sxvadasxva saxeoba sxvadasxvanairad

ixmobs (umReris) erTmaneTs da ucxo hangebi, raoden sasiamovnoc

malxaz mayaSvili

324

ar unda iyos, naklebad gamodgeba partnioris mosazidad. am

TvalsazrisiT sakomunikacio sistemis simkacre kargad Cans

saqorwino cekvebSic – ritualur moZraobebSi, romlebsac

asruleben mdedri da mamri Sejvarebis win. es rTuli

moZraobebis sistemaa da cekvis Sesrulebisas mniSvnelovani

komponentebis amovardna perspeqtiul partniorebs Soris

gaugebrobas qmnis. saqorwino cekvebi gansxvavebulia saxeobebs

Soris. amgvarad, komunikacia myardeba erTi saxeobis SigniT,

radgan saqorwino cekva swored saxeobis SigniT aRiqmeba

gamowvevad sqesobri urTierTobisaTvis.

adamianSi wyvilis cekva Zlier waagavs cxovelebis (biologiuri

TvalsazrisiT ufro sworia Tu vityviT: sxva cxovelebis)

saqorwilo cekvebs. adamianSi wyvilis cekva yovelTvis

saqorwino ar aris, Tumca safuZvelSi es mainc qalis da

mamakacis urTierTobaa.


325

aq moyvanili ilustraciebi specialuradaa SerCeuli da

SesaZlebelia gaaCinos sruliad gansxvavebuli movlenebis

xelovnurad damsgavsebis STabeWdileba. magram Cveni – cocxali

arsebebis moZraobebi garegnulad msgavsia (gansakuTrebiT

naTesaobrivad axlo mdgom klasebSi) radgan msgavsi meqanizmebiT

imarTeba, emociis gamoxatvis araverbaluri arsenalic (xmiT,

sxeulis moZraobiT, mimikiT) msgavsi gvaqvs. ra simbolur azrs

Cadebs yvelafer amaSi adamiani da rogor moaxdens mdedris da

mamris komunikaciis humanizacias, es ukve sxva saqmea.

Tamar berekaSvili

identobis problema

Tanamedrove samyaroSi

upirveles yovlisa, rogorc Cans,

pasuxia gasacemi SekiTxvaze: aris Tu ara

identoba problema an Tu aris, ramdenad

sayovelTaoa is. imTaviTve minda

SevniSno, rom Tu identoba problemaa,

is problemaa im calkeuli

pirovnebebisTvis, romelTac surT

Camoayalibon sakuTari TviToba. aseT

adamianTa raodenoba umniSvneloa da,

rogorc wesi, maTi es TviToba TiTqmis

aravis ainteresebs, an ainteresebs maTi

sikvdilis Semdeg, isic maSin, Tu maT am

TviTobis warmoCena da gamoxatva

moaxerxes.

Tu es asea, ratom warmoadgens

identoba iseT problemas, romelic

SeiZleba saintereso iyos avtoris

garda sxvebisTvisac. es xdeba imitom,

rom mravali ekonomikuri, politikuri

da kulturuli problema ganixileba,

rogorc identobis problema.

Tanamedrove globalur samyaroSi bevri,

odesRac myari da TiTqosda TavisTavad

cxadi mocemuloba, rogoricaa,

socialuri mikuTvnebuloba, ojaxi,

moraluri moTxovnebi, sqesi da

zogierTi sxva, sadavo da sagangebod

mosapovebeli xdeba. iTvleba, rom

identobis problema Tanamedrove samyaroSi

327

Tanamedrove adamiani Tavisi Tavis amara rCeba da Tavad unda

izrunos Tavis cxovrebaze, magram identobis povna yovelTvis

erTeulTa xvedri iyo. dRes SesaZloa am siZneles emateba imis

gancda, rom erTi adamiani arafers niSnavs, rac identurobis

Camoyalibebis survils kidev ufro akninebs. sakmarisia da ufro

sasurvelic ki, Seqmna sakuTari me-s erTgvari garegnuli xati,

daaxloebiT is, rasac iungi uwodebda `personas~. aseTi

`persona~ yvelas aqvs, magram bevrs aqvs mxolod `persona~.

sakuTari identobis Camoyalibeba moiTxovs adamianisgan

Zalisxmevas, amasTan es didwilad damokidebulia im konteqstze,

romelSic individi arsebobs. identobis Camoyalibeba gare

samyarosTan grZnobieri urTierTobis formirebasac gulisxmobs

da gansazRvruli ideebisa da idealebis dadgenasac.

adamians mudam uxdeba socialuri, politikuri,

erovnuli, kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswineba. es

konteqsti ufro xSirad Zalismierad Tavsmoxveulia. am

pirobebSi mniSvnelovania adamians SeeZlos ganeridos

dominirebad kulturas da marginalur poziciaSi Caiyenos Tavi,

Tuki surs Tavis Tavze `raime gaigos~.

amgvarad, identoba ise, rogorc Cven is warmogvidgenia,

srulebiTac ar warmoadgens sayovelTao interesis sagans da

mizans. Ees gasagebicaa da SesaZloa samarTlianic, vinaidan

identobisken svla waagavs im brmebis svlas, romlebic

gamosaxulia breigelis cnobil tiloze. Aim gzis bolos,

romelsac isini mihyvebian, ufskrulia da rac ufro Sorsaa

breigelis naxatze gamosaxuli adamiani, miT ufro uzrunveli

da mxiarulia is.

identurobis Camoyalibeba SeuZlebelia, Tu adamianma ar

dausva Tavis Tavs filosofiuri kiTxva – vin var da ra adgili

mikavia am samyaroSi? da rogorc filosofia sxva araferia, Tu

ara sakvanZo problemebis gadawyvetis SesaZlo gza, aseve

identobis povna, Camoyalibeba gansazRvruli gzis gavlas

gulisxmobs, adamiani erTaderTi arsebaa, romelsac ZaluZs Tqvas

dekartis sityvebiT, `me varsebob~ da daiwyos samyaros gageba da

Tamar berekaSvili

328

masSi moqmedeba. es niSnavs samyaros Tavidan agebas. rodesac

adamiani Tavs ar usvams am SekiTxvebs, misi samyaros

qmnadobisTvis aucilebeli nabijis gadadgma da is samyaro,

romelic man Tavad unda Seavsos SinaarsiT, moaxdinos misi

konstruireba, rac formis micemasa da sazRvrebis mocemas

niSnavs, carieli da yalbia, is sxvisia da masSi adamianis

adgili sxvazea damokidebuli, is eZebs ufross, marCenals,

RmerTs.

zogjer identobis sakiTxs akavSireben cnobis, aRiarebis

procesTan, anu sakmarisi ar aris me CemTvis gaviazro Cemi

arseboba, Rirebulebebi, romlebic mominiSnaven gzas, principebi

da miznebi, sakmarisi ar aris avago Cemi samyaro, romelSic

niSnebs da simboloebs Cemi sakuTari axsna eqneba, Camoviyalibo

sakuTari saxe, aucilebelia, is aRiaron sxvebmac; es xati

SesabamisobaSi unda iyos garemosTan, sxva adamianebTan, is ar

unda arRvevdes Tanaarsebobis pirobebs da misaRebi unda iyos

umravlesobisTvis Tu ara, bevrisTvis mainc. cnoba Zalian

mniSvnelovania da SesaZloa ufro saintereso umravlesobisTvis,

magram Cven TviTidentobis problemiT SemovifarglebiT.

sinamdvileSi identobis Camoyalibebisas yovelTvis xdeba

`sxvisi~ gadalaxva, metic, imisTvis, rom Cemi me Seiqmnas Tavisi

saxeliT da SinaarsiT, romelic SesZlebs yoveldRiur

qmnadobas, saWiroa me saerTod usaxelom, marginalma daviwyo

fiqri da samyaros gamocanebis, simboloebis amoxsna. martooden

am Sromatevad da mZime procesSi ibadeba unikaluri me,

viTardeba da yalibdeba Cemi TviToba, me vxdebi samyaros,

sazogadoebis Tanaswori wevri, da amavdroulad, rac Zalian

mniSvnelovania, Tavad vqmni am samyaros, sazogadoebas. es

Tavisuflebis aqtia. yvela, visac Seswevs Zala SekiTxvebi

dausvas Tavis Tavs da Tavad upasuxos maT, Tavisufalia da

namdvili codnis gzazea, radganac icis, rom ar icis.

da mainc rCeba SekiTxva, ramdenad aucilebelia identobis

Camoyalibeba da ratom cdiloben zogierTni amas.

adamiani mokvdavia, sasruli arsebaa, romelic miiswrafvis

Tavisi wuTisoflis gasaxangrZliveblad da gasamaradisebladac.

amisTvis is sxvadasxva gzas irCevs. erTni cdiloben cnobilni


329

gaxdnen, Tavisi saxelis mravalgzis gaJRerebiT gazardon Tavisi

mniSvneloba da iluzia Seuqmnan rogorc sazogadoebas, ise Tavis

Tavs, rom ar arian Cveulebrivni, rigiTi momakvdavni da

SesaZloa, metis Rirsni arian; sxvebi raRac saqmeebSi

iTqvifebian, cdiloben moicvan rac SeiZleba meti sfero, Tavisi

sasicocxlo gza gadaaqcion mraval wvril-wvril bilikad da

amiT TiTqosda gamravldnen.

sainteresoa amis Taobaze joan roulingis mier

HHwarmodgenili istoria tom redlis – voland de mortis

Sesaxeb, romelic mis wignSi hari poterze ZiriTadi boroti

personaJia. tom redlma Tavis ukvdavsayofad Tavisi sicocxle

ramdenime nawilad dayo da Cado sxvadasxva sagnebsa, Tu

arsebebSi, romlebic Znelad mosapovebeli da gasanadgurebeli

iyo. Tavisi arsebis gamaradisebis mcdelobisas tom redli

gadaiqca siborotis gansaxierebad, is cdilobda samaradiso

gaexada is, rac sinamdvileSi ukve aRarc hqonda – namdvili

sicocxle; sazarel landad qceuli is moklebuli iyo

yvelafers, ris gamoc ase gveZvirfaseba sicocxle: siyvaruli,

megobroba, sixaruli, aRtaceba, . . .

am romanSi bevria laparaki sulis mTlianobaze, rac sxva

araferia, Tu ara pirovnebis sisavse, misi ziareba amaRlebulTan,

rac martooden Zlieri identobis adamians axasiaTebs, romelic

ar xarjavs Tavis sulier energies yalbi da boroti zraxvebis

gansaxorcieleblad. is, rac suls, pirovnebas ar amdidrebs, rac

ar emsaxureba misi TviTobis srulyofas, is damakninebelia da

damRupveli pirvel rigSi Tavad adamianisTvis.

sinamdvileSi identoba mudmivi qmnadobaa, es aris mudmivi

svla sakuTar gzaze da TiToeuli nabiji adamianis

TviTSecnobiskenaa mimarTuli. vin var me, ganisazRvreba ara Cemi

niWiTa da unariT, aramed Cemi arCevaniT.

arCevani Zalian mniSvnelovani cnebaa filosofiaSi da

xSirad Tavisuflebasac arCevanis arsebobas ukavSireben, Tumca

es ase ar unda iyos. rogorc wers m. mamardaSvili: `arCevanis

problemas araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs Tavisuflebis

Tamar berekaSvili

330

problemasTan. Tavisufleba es fenomenia, romelic aris iq, sadac

araviTari arCevani ar arsebobs. Tavisufleba iseTi ram aris,

rac Tavis TavSi Seicavs aucileblobas . . . Tavisuflebaa is,

rac Tavisi Tavis aucileblobaa.

identobis maZiebeli pirovneba Tavisufalia Tavis

qmedebebSi, rac imas ar niSnavs, rom is irCevs misTvis boZebuli

gzebidan erT-erTs; aseTi pirovneba Tavad poulobs Tavis gzas,

SeiZleba iTqvas TviTon aSenebs mas. `nikomaqes eTikaSi~

aristotele mkacrad gamijnavs arCevans (prohairesis) da mis

naTesaur cnebebs: survils, mondomebas, grZnobas da nebelobiT

gadawyvetilebas. is askvnis, rom arCevani es erTgvari

gaazrebuli anu “ganzraxuli survilia~ mimarTuli imaze, rac

Cven gvZaluZs. aristoteles SexedulebiT, arCevani adamianisTvis

saukeTeso gamocdaa, ukeTesi, vidre qmedebebi.

rasakvirvelia, arCevanze ar SeiZleba msjeloba

zedapirulad. erTi da igive arCevani SeiZleba iyos nakarnaxevi

sxvadasxva motiviT, rac kargad aqvs naCvenebi kants, rodesac

axasiaTebs ori gamyidvelis patiosan samsaxurs, magram erT

SemTxvevaSi patiosneba ganpirobebulia dasjis SiSiT, meore

SemTxvevaSi ki, adamianuri keTilSobilebiT. Aamdenad, arCevanze

saubrisas ueWvelad igulisxmeba motivi-arCevani.

identobis da TviTidentobis aq moyvanili ganxilva

srulebiT ar asabuTebs maT aucileblobas adamianisTvis,

gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove samyaroSi, sadac adamianebi

atomizirebulebi arian da warmatebisa da keTildReobis

mopovebaSi maT, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sul sxva Tvisebebi

exmareba. TviTidentobis qona, TviToba srulebiT ar warmoadgens

aucileblobas, metic, SesaZloa xelisSemSlelic gaxdes

adamianis xmauriani da warmatebuli karierisTvis.

identobis aucileblobis dasabuTebisas dgeba sakiTxi

civilizaciis Taobaze. SeuZlebelia arsebobdes maRali da

mdgradi, sicocxlisunariani kultura, SeuZlebelia sazogadoeba

iyos civiluri, Tu misi Rirebulebebis, ideebis, idealebis

matareblebi ar arseboben. aseTi matareblebi ki identobis mqone

pirovnebebi arian.


331

Kkvlav gavixsenoT dekarti, romelic werda imaze, Tu

ramdenad Znelia azrovneba da am azrovnebis SenarCuneba,

ramdenadac azrovneba moZraobaa da verasodes viqnebiT

darwmunebulni, rom erTi azridan gamova meore. yvela momentSi

arsebuli me unda aRematebodes Tavis winamdebare mes, raTa

Semdeg momentSi SeinarCunos Tavi. azrovneba ki, es xom swored

ukve naxsenebi motivi-arCevania, rasac uzrunvelyofen

civilizacia da kultura. civilizaciis da kulturis

degradireba, ngreva angrevs moazrovne, identobis mqone

adamiansac; meore mxriv, aseTi adamianebis nakleboba an,

miTumetes, ararseboba ukve niSnavs, rom civilizacia mkvdaria.

civilizacia uzrunvelyofs adamianisTvis gaazrebuli miznebis

ganxorcielebas kanonieri gziT; ar SeiZleba ukanonobiT da

mrude xerxebiT dafiqsirdes iseTi kvanZebi civilizaciaSi,

romlebic mis progress uzrunvelyofs. am SemTxvevaSi

mkvidrdeba siyalbe, sicrue, romelSic irRveva individTa

Tanasworoba. aseTi viTarebebia aRwerili magaliTad, kafkasTan,

muzilTan, filknerTan da sxva.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom zneobrivi damaxinjebebis

gamovlenis da gamoxatvis saSualeba ukve pirveli nabijia

cocxal, qmnad viTarebaSi dasabruneblad. iq, sadac aseTi

saSualebebi ar arsebobs, siyalbe da simrude, saxecvlili

zogad simboloebSi sul ufro da ufro Rrmavdeba da kibos

daavadebasaviT mTel siRrmiseul sivrces ikavebs. pirovnebas

gamosvlac ki ar SeuZlia am gadayiravebuli mentaluri

mdgomareobidan da am yalb mimarTebebs rogorc cnobiers, ise

grZnobiers, SeiZleba mTeli sicocxle inarCunebdes, amasTan im

SemTxvevaSic, rodesac tovebs aseT sazogadoebas.

Mmokled moxazuli identobis problema da misi kavSiri

civilizebul samarTalTan, civilizebuli arsebobis formebTan

naTlad migviTiTebs imaze, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovania adamianisa

da sazogadoebisTvis sakuTari kulturis sazRvrebSi

gaazrebuli da samarTliani, yvelasTvis Tanaswori wesebiT

arseboba. Mmagram aseTi wesebis dadgena da Camoyalibeba mxolod

Tavisufali arCevanis SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli da am arCevans

Tavisi identobis maZiebeli adamianebi unda akeTebdnen. Yyvela

Tamar berekaSvili

332

sazogadoeba ver daikvexnis aseTi adamianebis simravliT,

miTumetes, xangrZlivi avtoritaruli, da amasTan yalbi

ideologiis da demagogiis mqone reJimis mqone. albaT erTaderTi

saSualeba am viTarebidan gamosasvlelad, mdgomareobs bolo

saukuneebis yvela simbolos da crurwmenis, yvela sloganisa da

SeTxzuli legendis uaryofaSi, viRacis mier mogonili saxelis

daviwyebaSi da ucnobi, ucxo me-s winaSe SekiTxvis dasmaSi: vin

var? ras niSnavs me? ras niSnavs var?

L

Lliteratura

1. Поль Рикер. Путь к признанию М. РОССПЭН. 2010. 2. Иммануил Кант. Собрание сочинений в 8 томах. —

Издательство: ЧОРО, 1994 г. —IN

3. Аристотель. Никомахова этика, Изд. «ЭКСМО-ПРЕСС», Москва 1997.

4. Мамардашвили М.К. 'Как я понимаю философию' - Москва: Прогресс, 1990.

6

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]

samecniero jurnali xii

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