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What is neuroengineering?
Neuroengineering is an interdisciplinary field, combining engineering and computational approaches to problems in basic and clinical neuroscience
Biomedical E i iEngineering
N
BioMEMS
Neuroengineering
Highly Interdisciplinary Field
R h d d i i i i Research and education in neuroengineeringencompasses the fields of engineering, mathematics and computer sciencemathematics, and computer science
This is coupled with molecular, cellular, and t isystems neurosciences
Neurological Disorders Over 600 known neurological disorders Diseases of the CNS and PNS
E il Epilepsy Alzheimer’s Stroke
Diseases that attack the nervous system Infections CancersCancers
Physical Injury
For most, treatment options are extremely limited, p y These disorders range from a loss of cells or tissue,
to faulty electrical signaling
Primary Goals of NeuroengineeringNeuroengineering
A l h f i f h Analyze the function of the nervous system Develop methods to restore damaged
l l fneurological functions Create artificial neuronal systems
Several Neuroengineering Subfields
Diagnostic Devices and Systems Assistive DevicesAssistive Devices Smart Prosthetics Neural Cell/Tissue EngineeringNeural Cell/Tissue Engineering Brain‐Computer Interfaces Neural Stimulators Neural Stimulators Neural Prosthesis: Implanted Sensors and DevicesDevices Artificial cochlea Artificial retina Hippocampal prosthesis
Neural Prosthetics
Bridging the gap between neuroprostheticdesign, tissue engineering, and neurobiology
http://neurodudes.com/category/medicine-and-other-things-which-observe-and-alter-the-brain/brain-machine-interfaces/neural-prosthetics/Hochberg, 2006, Cyberkinetics Corp
New Devices to Treat Epilepsy
What is Epilepsy? ~1% of industrialized population1% of industrialized population 5‐10% of non‐industrialized population ~60 million people worldwide
Treatments? Surgery Not all patients are candidates Not all patients are candidates
Pharmacological Treatment 2.7 million patients have seizures resistant to pharmacological treatment
Other patients suffer intolerable drug side effects
Glutamate/GABA ImbalanceGlutamate/GABA Imbalance
http://www.farma.ku.dk/index.php/GABA‐Transporter‐Biology/2918/0/
New ApproachTh N ti l I tit t f H lth C i The 2000 National Institutes of Health Curing Epilepsy Conference:
"successfully use a biosensor device (comprised of a "successfully use a biosensor device (comprised of a biodetector, mini‐pump, microstimulator, or other detector systems) that reliably anticipates or identifies y ) y pseizures, and applies targeted treatment to abort seizures in at least one form of epilepsy."
New Approaches Being Tested
Implanted drug pumps: These provide temporal and spatial delivery
Implanted Neural Recorder/Stimulator: Record EEG and Attenuate to stop seizures
The biological approach: The transplantation of g pp pbiomolecule‐releasing cells provides spatial delivery of drugg
The Interface: One Type of Electrode UsedElectrode Used
JulienModolo, Basabdatta Bhattacharya, Roderick Edwards, Julien Campagnaud, Alexandre Legros and Anne Beuter (2010) Frontiers in Neuroprosthetics
Ongoing Research in El t d A T h lElectrode Array Technology
S ll i i Smaller, more sensitive Algorithm Development for Seizure
dPrediction Feedback Loop Control Location of Device Implantation Techniquesp q Control of False Positives
Major Interest Area
Controlling host responseLong term stable electrode/neuron interface Long term stable electrode/neuron interface Gliosis
Biomaterial Coatings Cone Electrodes/NGF – Cage ElectrodesCone Electrodes/NGF Cage Electrodes
Gliosis
Asya Rolls, Ravid Shechter & Michal Schwartz
Nature Reviews Neuroscience 10, 235‐241 (March 2009)
Gliosis upon Electrode ImplantationImplantation
A Acute Chronic
Jennie B. Leach, Anil Kumar H. Achyuta, and Shashi K. Murthy (2010) Frontiers in Neuroengineering.
Some of the molecules Secreted in Response to CNS Secreted in Response to CNS Injury
http://www.frontiersin.org/journal/FullText.aspx?s=747&name=neuroengineering&ART_DOI=10.3389/neuro.16.018.2009
Gliosis Effects
Jennie B. Leach, Anil Kumar H. Achyuta, and Shashi K. Murthy (2010) Frontiers in Neuroengineering.
How to Combat Gliosis?
Bioactive Coatings Cell Adhesion Molecules Anti‐Inflammatory Agents Encapsulated cells Coating the Electrodes Target and draw in NPCs
Jennie B. Leach, Anil Kumar H. Achyuta, and Shashi K. Murthy (2010) Frontiers in Neuroengineering.
Cell Adhesion Molecules
NCAM‐1 Integral Integral membrane proteinp
Inhibits attachment of astrocytes, etc.
Supported N i Neurite Outgrowth
Webb, et al. Biomaterials 22(10): 1017 (2001).
Anti‐Inflammatory AgentsAnti Inflammatory Agents
I bili d Immobilized anti‐Inflammatory Inflammatory Tridecapeptide
He, et al. Advanced Materials 19(21): 3529 (2007)
Cell Encapsulation for Neurite GuidanceNeurite Guidance
Schwann Cells were Schwann Cells were encapsulated within a fibrin gel. The gel g gwas placed in contact with rat
i l d dspinal cord coated with fibroblast ‘sieve‐filled’ coating sieve‐filled coating
Neurites penetrated the sievesthe sieves
Schlosshauer et al. Brain Research 903(1‐2): 237 (2001)
Stimulate NPCsNPCs
Wh i li When microglia are treated with Interferon γ or Interleukin 4 NPCsInterleukin‐4, NPCsdifferentiate into neurons
Butovsky et al. Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 31(1): 149 (2006)
Limiting Micromotion
Stimuli Responsive Polymers that can change stiffness
Capadona et al. Science 319(5868): 1370 (2008)
Transcranial vs. IntracranialIntracranial Tethered
i l t d (t microelectrodes (to the cortical brain tissue) elicit greater tissue) elicit greater response.
A couple more approaches
Jennie B. Leach, Anil Kumar H. Achyuta, and Shashi K. Murthy (2010) Frontiers in Neuroengineering.
How to Combat Gliosis – Need a Multi Tiered Approacha Multi‐Tiered Approach
M dif S f f I l Modify Surface of Implant Enhance Neuronal GrowthDi Mi li /M h /A i Discourage Microglia/Macrophage/AstrocyticResponse
Add Soluble Cues Add Soluble Cues Modify the Mechanics of the Implant Implant Placement
Jennie B. Leach, Anil Kumar H. Achyuta, and Shashi K. Murthy (2010) Frontiers in Neuroengineering.
So, in Epilepsy Closed Loop Devices What is Downstream Devices – What is Downstream of the Electrode?
Drug Pumps Drug‐Producing Active Cells Glutamate AttenuationGlutamate Attenuation Many other approaches