s uperconductivity and the environment : a r oadmap a discussion based on the topical review...
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SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT: A ROADMAPA discussion based on the Topical Review published inSuperconductor Science and Technology 26, 113001 (2013)Contributors: S Nishijima, S Eckroad, A Marian, K Choi, W S Kim, M Terai, Z Deng, J Zheng, J Wang, K Umemoto, J Du, P Febvre, S Keenan, O Mukhanov Editors: LD Cooley, CP Foley, WV Hassenzahl, and M Izumi
colloquiumLance Cooley – Technical Division
30 October 2013
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 2
TOP 10 PROBLEMS FACING HUMANITY FOR THE NEXT 50 YEARS
1. Energy2. Water3. Food4. Environment5. Poverty6. Terrorism & war7. Disease8. Education9. Democracy10. Population
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Richard Smalley 1943-2005Nobel Prize – Chemistry, 1996
Remarks made to the Energy and NanoTechnology Conference, Rice Univ., May 2003
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(Cosmic)Scope
Climate Spiral,Artificial Intelligence, “Nanoparticle Germ”,
All-out War(cannot imagine how to even begin
assessment of the impact)
Trans-Generational
Loss of 1 beetle species
Rain-forest extinctions
Loss of Biodiversity
Global Global temp. +0.01 °C
CO2 exceeds 400 ppm
Sea-level rises 60 cm
Loss of food & water
Regional Jet stream,Flu season
Storm front,Flu cases
Hurricane,Epidemic
Sandy becomes “5 year event”,
Smallpox in 1900
Local Parking a car Heavy traffic Train Wreck Plane Crash
Personal Hair Loss Sunburn Broken Arm Heart Attack Severity
Imperceptible Perceptible Endurable Terminal (Hellish)
Catastrophic
Existential Risk
MANAGING GLOBAL CATASTROPHIC RISKS
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N Bostrom & MM CirkovicOxford Univ. Press, 2011
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THE PATHWAY TOWARD A FOCUS ARTICLEEditors conceived a broad-reaching article collection in early
2012 intended to educate for policy as well as scienceAuthors were invited in mid 2012 to submit articles
describing original research on the use of superconducting materials and devices for:◊ Environmental applications and responsibility◊ Environmental monitoring◊ Green energy production and delivery◊ Green energy consumption
Each article identified:◊ The challenge◊ The status of superconducting and other technologies◊ The advances needed to meet the challenges
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THE RESULT – THE FIRST OF A SERIES?
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A few other topics that were not part of the Roadmap will also be presented today.
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AREA 1: ENVIRONMENTAL APPLICATIONSWastewater treatmentArable land reclamation
30 October 2013
From S Nishijima
Third-World Water Forum, Kyoto 2003:20% of world population may not be guaranteed a proper supply of water
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HIGH GRADIENT MAGNETIC SEPARATION – S. NISHIJIMA
• Pioneering work in 1970s◊ John Oberteuffer – MIT, IEEE Trans. Magn. 9, 303 (1973)◊ JHP Watson – Corning Glass Works, J Appl Phys. 44, 4209 (1973)
• Stardard technique for extraction of minerals from clay
30 October 2013
F = VM(dB/dx)
Too much drag Too heavyEfficient separation
Stronger magnets can expand the separation zone
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DEMO: 2 KILO-TON PER DAY WATER TREATMENT AT PAPER PLANT
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Separation stage using 3 Tesla superconducting Nb-Ti magnet
S Nishijima and S Takeda, IEEE Trans. ASC 16,1142 (2006)
Addition of magnetic hematite
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STATUS AND OPPORTUNITY FOR HGMS – WATER
• Competitive with sand-bed filtration
• Less prone to fouling by biologic agents and colloids than organic membranes
• Excellent for radioactive waste• Two breakthrough aspects :
1. Nanoparticles with magnetic components target specific contaminant classes• Some “contain” the magnetic
particle in an “activated” shell 2. HTS magnets and MgB2 permit 2-8
T fields with plug-in cryocoolers or LN2• At this field range, bacteria
and ions can be separated
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Magnet
Water Waste
Image from T. Oka et al., Physica C 484, 325 (2013) demonstrating magnetic separation of Ni plating waste using a HTS bulk magnet
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RECLAMATION OF ARABLE LAND VIA UXO REMOVAL – S KEENAN
• UXO = Unexploded Ordinance◊ 10% to 15% of deployed ordinance
does NOT blow up!• WWII ordinance may have failed
as much as 25-30%◊ 40,000 km2 in USA (> Maryland) may
be contaminated with UXO◊ 99.9% confidence level required for US
civilian use of land• High costs are associated with land
reclamation
• “Wave and Flag” with conventional magnetometers is not effective through vegetation, over rough terrain, or under water
30 October 2013
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SUPERCONDUCTING GRADIOMETER• Multi-axis SQUID gradiometers
discriminate UXO vs clutter◊ SQUID sensors enable detection
of a 40 mm UXO from a 4 m standoff distance
◊ “Teach” software the signature of various UXOs
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J. Gamey 2008 report referenced by S. Keenan
S T Keenan, J A Young, C P Foley and J DuSupercond. Sci. Technol. 23, 025029 (2010)
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NEEDS FOR IMPROVED UXO DETECTION• Must actively correct for background Earth’s field when
towing gradiometer to reduce noise• HTS gradiometers are ready for the field!
◊ Liquid nitrogen or cryo-cooled versions now equal niobium-based versions that require liquid helium• Notice: “superconductor inside” look and feel
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From S. Keenan, CSIRO Australia
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AREA 2. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGDisaster predictionSeeing the invisible
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0.2 THz image showing mm-wave return overlaid on a photograph. See CSIRO ICT CentreIct.csiro.au, contact Dr. Y. Jay Guo
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LISTENING TO THE EARTH BREATHE – P FEBVRE• Ultra Sensitive Magnetometry
◊ Space observation missions have produced some of the quietest environments for SQUIDs
◊ At 40 Hz, they are 100 x quieter than a sleeping brain
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Courtesy of C.G. Constable and S.C. Constable, "Satellite Magnetic field measurements: applications in studying the deep earth". In Sparks, R.S.J., and Hawkesworth, C.J., (eds.), The State of the planet : frontiers and challenges in geophysics. Washington, DC : AGU; pp 147-160 (2004).
The LEMI25 fluxgate magnetometer data are a courtesy of Aude Chambodut of the EOST (Ecole et Observatoire des Sciences de la Terre) of the University of Strasbourg.
10-4 to 102 Hz
10-4
to 1
02 nT
Hz-1
/2
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OPPORTUNITY – PLANET-WIDE ARRAY FOR DISASTER PREDICTION
• Use the ionosphere as the primary detector
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“The basic idea behind these results when the Earth’s surface is concerned is that each time there is a ground movement, the air column above it is shaken. Energetically the coupling is poor but there is enough energy transferred to reach the ionosphere. Then the electromagnetic variations can be detected by SQUID magnetometers.”
P waves from 5.1 magnitude earthquake 29 km from Hawera, Auckland, NZ
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THZ IMAGING AND SPECTROMETRY – JIA DU
• HTS are uniquely suited as both sources and as detectors of THz radiation◊ The gap energy lies in the THz regime◊ The natural crystal structure is layered
30 October 2013
Antenna design using a YBCO step-edge junction, J Du et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol. 21(2008) 125025
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SEEING THE INVISIBLE - OUTLOOK• THz frequency is absorbed by
molecular bonds, so chemical activity can be discriminated◊ Stand-off detection of biological
and chemical agents◊ Activity in polymers◊ Sickness and health
• Bulky, slow, bench-top demonstrators could transform to cheap, fast, portable units ◊ HTS arrays for imaging◊ On-board mini cryo-cooling◊ Improved sources
30 October 2013
Corrosion under paintImage from J. Du contribution to environment article
Nutrients in a leafImage from J. Du contribution to environment article
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AREA 3:GREEN ENERGY DELIVERYTrans-continental power corridors10 MW Wind turbinesSuperconducting magnetic energy storage
30 October 2013
Maps show the anti-correlation between population density and annual average wind speed
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TRANSPORTING ENERGY (OR FUEL) OVER 1,000 KM
Oil or Gas pipeline• Keystone Ph.1: 36
inch, 600k bbls / day, 1,744 km, $5.2B, 2008-2015
• 1 bbl = 1.7 MWh • Keystone = 42 GW• $0.12 / watt
◊ Raw fuel
• $0.40 / watt electricity if oil or LNG burned directly
UHV AC• 1,000 km not practical;
160 km is typical limit• From AEP: 160 km
@765 kV costs $0.4 B• 1 GW over 160 km
◊ 765 kV, 1.1% loss◊ 345 kV, 4.2 % loss◊ 110 kV, 11% loss
• $0.45 / watt ◊ For 160 km◊ There is a “break-even
distance” where AC and DC compete.
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UHV DC• Xiangjiaba (3 Gorges) –
Shanghai: 6.4 GW, 2,000 km, 800 kV, 2 poles
• Est. cost $1M / km line, $0.8 B for conversion stations
• Loss < 7%• $0.47 / watt
• 80% of cost is material and construction
• 10% is right of way
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TRANS-CONTINENTAL POWER CABLES: 100 GW OVER 1,000 KM
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Nb3Sn Cable (10 tons per km)LHe cooled cableLN2 cooled plenum
200 kV (match to grid)500 kA DCJoints every km20 km between refrigeratorsLosses: < 0.1% of 100 GW
$0.8 B construction (= $0.008/watt !!??)$340 M/yr Ops (mostly 3 MW fridge)
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1972-1986: BNL 1,000 MVA AC TRANSMISSION LINE
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Almost all HTS power projects between 1986 and 2012 have been AC, not DC
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POTSDAM WORKSHOP – MAY 2011• Long-distance DC power transmission
◊ Authors Steve Eckroad (EPRI) and Adela Marian (IASS)
• 3-11-11: Tohoku earthquake, Fukushima disaster• 5-30-11: Chancellor Merkel announces closure of
Germany’s Nuclear power plants
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Workshop hosts: Nobel Laureates Carlo Rubbia and Alex Müller
How can Europe increase renewable energy fraction by 15% per decade?
35% by 2020, 50% by 2030, 65% by 2040, 80% by 2050
20-20-20 by 2020: 20% less GHG, 20% more conservation, 20% of energy is renewable
>1 TW-year at 15% solar efficiency
To Europe
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OUTLOOK AND OPPORTUNITY• Outcome of Potsdam workshop:
◊ HVAC – on land, short runs, where rights of way are cheap◊ UHVDC – under water, long travel (China: 35 projects W to E)◊ SC – huge capacity in small right of way
• DC cable designs exist now @ 10 to 100 GW rating◊ 1,000 km project = 1 accelerator = $10B◊ $10B / 100 GW = $0.10/watt◊ SC capacity increases at low T
• 77K / HTS in LN2
• 20K / MgB2, Liquid Hydrogen?
• 5K / Nb-Ti or Nb3Sn, LHe◊ >1 ton SC per km!!
• Need reliable refrigeration◊ LNG: 99.99% reliable
30 October 2013
GW Foster et al, Proc. PAC 1999
EPRI DC cableHassenzahl W V et al 2009 Program on TechnologyInnovation: A Superconducting DC Cable (Palo Alto, CA: EPRI) p 1020458
100 kA drive conductor (10 GW at 100kV)
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 24
10+ MW WIND TURBINESA Abrahamsen et al., Supercond. Sci. Technol. 23(2010) 034019
• Power = 0.5 r p R2 v3wind times C(w, pitch angle)
◊ Big windmills extract more power from wind due to larger area
• Gearboxes are heavy direct-drive turbines for > 5 MW◊ SC = higher power density than permanent magnets, and uses 1000x
less Rare Earth elements
30 October 2013
Fig. 3 from Abrahamsen et al.
Win
d sp
eed
dist
ributi
on
2012-2013: GE (shown) and AMSC complete trials of 10 MW turbines. Key advances: 35-50 K operation, cold rotating seals, and low shaft heat conduction
Image from GE Website
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SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE – CHOI & KIM
• Sustainable energy sources need storage systems
• Electrical storage systems provide fast response
• Can units be sized for the grid?
30 October 2013
Super-capacitor
Compressed air
Flywheel
Pumped hydro
BatteryChart from EPRI 2002 Handbook of Energy Storage for Transmission or Distribution Applications, #1007189
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SMES – STATUS AND OUTLOOK• Factory-sized backup units
using LTS can be shipped on a semi trailer, complete with cryogenics ◊ Idea: 1971, products c. 2000
• HTS is now poised to miniaturize cryogenics and “package” this application
• Scale to grid installations?◊ Wind-farm leveling◊ Grids with large fractions of
distributed generation◊ Microgrids, Grid islands
30 October 2013
From Choi and Kim – HTS SMES units
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 27
AREA 4:GREEN ENERGY CONSUMPTIONMaglevShip propulsionAircraft?Computing
30 October 2013
CO2 emissions per passenger-km in Europe, 1995-2009Source: European Environment Agency
Air: 120
Car: 116
CO2 emissions, g / (p-km)
Year
Train: 43
Boat: 40
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 28
TO FLY, DRIVE, OR TAKE THE TRAIN?• A 1,200 seat train running every 12 minutes at high speed
provides capacity (passenger-meters per hour) comparable to a 6-lane freeway, but with 40% of the land
• Saturation of landing slots limits air travel capacity for regional (< 500 km) connections ◊ Tokyo to Osaka: 100 flights daily, 16% of share
30 October 2013
Authors Z Deng, J Zheng, J WangIn reference to Yan L 2000 Eng. Sci. 2 8 (in Chinese)
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MAGLEV – JAPAN RAILWAYS, M TERAI• Faster trains compete against
air travel competition• 581 km/hr Yamanashi
prototype test line now being connected to Chuo Shinkansen
• Specifications:◊ 505 km/hr, 10 cm levitation◊ “Linear motor” track design,
active stability controls◊ Nb-Ti in prototype (5.5 T), HTS
success in 2000
• Const. start 2027, done 2045• 9 T JPY ($90 B), private (JR)
30 October 2013
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OUTLOOK – FASTER, QUIETER, AND PERSONAL - DENG, ZHENG, & WANG
• Evacuated tube Maglev is being investigated in China◊ Wind resistance at 500 km/hr might create 90 dB noise
• Noise scales as velocity to the power 8◊ Bird strikes, weather, debris, … challenges of 500+ kph over land
• Automobile-sized vehicles – Buckle up!◊ COBRA 200 m test project ready to start in Brazil
• “Flux-pinning” type YBCO with intrinsic stability◊ No active controls; like popular laboratory demonstrations◊ Propulsion system is not connected to suspension system◊ Liquid nitrogen, “permanent magnet” HTS bulk
30 October 2013
China
Germany
Brazil
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 31
LARGE GENERATORS AND LARGE MOTORS – K UMEMOTO
• Ships, jets, and electricity generation◊ All have a common goal: Megawatts from as
little fuel as possible
• Connect the generator “semi trailer” to an electric motor for ship propulsion◊ Electric generators can spin (ship) blades at
the most fuel-efficient speed without loss of torque
◊ No shaft, saves space on a ship, can be incorporated as a rotatable pod
◊ SC motor can be more compact
• US Navy development over last decade◊ 36.5 MW HTS motor, $78 M budget (for 2)
• Challenges: endurance, reliability, cost
30 October 2013
USS Independence - 25 MW
US Navy, FSU-CAPS, and American Superconductor Corp. 36.5 MW
From Umemoto(Kawasaki Heavy Ind.)
Siemens
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 32
ELECTRIC AIRPLANES?• Separate the generator
from the propulsion unit◊ Multiple ducted fans, can be
vectored like pods on ships◊ Fans present opportunities
for noise reduction
• Eliminate the compressor by using LH2 as both fuel and cryogen
• SC motors could have 10x higher specific power density
30 October 2013
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 33
ENERGY EFFICIENT HIGH-END COMPUTING – O MUKHANOV
• The carbon footprint of data centers will exceed that of the airline industry by 2020.
◊ Google: 1.5 Mt carbon (2010); Facebook 285 kt (2011)
◊ Facebook’s new data center (2013) in Sweden: 120 MW, located near hydro power source with 2x capacity of Hoover Dam
• Exascale computing targets 20 MW machine
◊ Heat density on processors > re-entry to atmosphere on Apollo
◊ Joules per bit is the important index of thermal management
• Is an exascale computer even possible by scaling? See detail…
30 October 2013
Detail from a DARPA study on exascale computing, courtesy of O. Mukhanov
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 34
JOSEPHSON JUNCTIONS ON CHIPS: SINGLE FLUX QUANTUM LOGIC
• Energy per switching 10-19 J• Communications needs (e.g. remote cell phone towers)
have propelled development of various SFQ systems, complete with refrigeration◊ Ballistic interconnects, no static dissipation from bias resistors,
DC bias power… All advantages for reducing dissipation by 100x◊ Operation at 10s to 100s of GHz
30 October 2013
ADR-7 – Complete cryogenic Digital-RF satellite communication receiver system
RSFQ chip: 1 cm2, 11K Josephson junctions, 30 GHz clock Band-pass ADC integrated with digital signal processor
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 35
HYPRES’ 20 GHZ RSFQ 8-BIT ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
30 October 2013
Number of JJs = 7710 T. Filippov, M. Dorojevets, A. Sahu, A. Kirichenko, C. Ayala, O. Mukhanov,“8-bit Asynchronous Wave-pipelined RSFQ Arithmetic-Logic Unit”IEEE Trans. on Appl. Supercond., vol.21, no 3, pp. 847-851, June 2011.
Clock and Datadistribution
Layer ofINIT blocks
Layer ofSUM blocks
Layers of ROUT1 and ROUT2
blocks
Courtesy of O Mukhanov
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 36
THE HIGH-END COMPUTING CHALLENGE AND OPPORTUNITY
• Superconducting SFQ logic offers unique solutions to the heat density problem
• Challenge: Lack of dense random access memory• Opportunity: Quantum spin systems for memory – can
these be integrated?
30 October 2013
Courtesy of O Mukhanov
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 37
SUMMARY THOUGHTSThe general message: Great things can happen because HTS superconductors bring versatility, compactness, packageability, and properties at 40-80 K much like those of LTS, from which many prototypes of environmental applications emerged.
30 October 2013
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 38
ADDITIONAL THEMES TO TAKE AWAY FROM THIS PRESENTATION
• Reliability, Endurance… Superconductor prototypes are at various stages of pilot development
• “Tons”◊ 1 particle accelerator = about 1,000 tons of superconductor◊ Many of the environment applications require hundreds or
thousands of tons of supercondutor• Nb-Ti annual production is about 2,000 tons – OK!• Nb3Sn will deliver 600 tons for ITER• HTS is just now encroaching on “tons”, e.g. conductor
delivered for 36.5 MW motor◊ Application Pull? Or development Push? Chicken-and-Egg …
• “Superconductor inside” packages◊ HTS provides access to pour-able coolant and wall-plug cryo
30 October 2013
Fermilab Colloquium - Superconductivity and the Environment 39
LAST THOUGHTS – FUTURE OR FANTASY??
Future
• HGMS water treatment• Towed gradiometers• Global event data• THz diagnostics• SC power corridors to cities• GW wind farms• Regional Maglev• SC ship motors• GE-Boeing electric plane• Hybrid Blue Gene EX
Fantasy
• (none)• Farms on battlefields• Earthquake prediction?• (none)• Trans-continental SC lines• GW offshore farms?• Maglev in USA• (none)• LH2 electric planes• (none)
30 October 2013
Disclaimer! Thoughts of L Cooley only