Rural Sector Perspectivein Climate Change and Resilience

Framework for Action

Gaynor B. Tanyang/Oxfam GB

Presentation Outline

Are women more vulnerable to climate change

Gender and CCA: A Framework for analysis and action for the Rural Sector

Mas bulnerable ba ang kababaihan sapabago-bagong klima?

Magkakaiba ang bulnerabilidad ngkababaihan at kalalakihan.

Extreme rainfall

Crop damageKung matindi ang pag-uulan, nasisira ang tanim. Kung inutangang puhunan, ang bigat ng responsibilidad sa pagbabayad ngutang ay nasa balikat ng kababaihan.This year we experienced excessive rainfall, and this resulted to increased siltation. Water supply systems have to be closed in order to filter the water. This has not happened before. Now, women have to buy bottled water because they are not confident with just boiling the water. This causes greater strain on the food budget of the household.– Inday Pizon, Leyte

Extreme rainfall

FloodingThe other effects of flooding are malaria, increased costs of transport and goods, non-resumption of classes, and hunger due to stalled farming activities. These are the concerns of women – health, education, food, farming production. – Zeny Mansiliohan, Agusan del Norte

Rising temperature

Reduced farming timeSa tubuhan – dahil sa kainitan ngpanahon, maagwanta pa hanggang 10 am, pero karon, dili na maagwanta – pag9 am grabe na ang sunburn; ngayon di namakayanan ng katawan ng mga babaekaya nagkakatulong na lang sa Maynila -AK Visayas Consultation

Increased health risksIncreased incidence of flu-colds- Dumamimga sakit ; eg. Dengue; nag-iiba strains, at dumarami rin ang strains ng viruses hal. tigdas - AK Visayas Consultation

Coastal resource productivityNangamatay shells – pag sobrang init, lumalabas sila at namamatay– not good for gleaning and selling - AK VisayasConsultation

Unpredictable Seasonality

Crop lossesOne problem of farmers is the unpredictability of the season, there is no pattern. We started the planting season late compared to many years back. Then, after we were able to plant, the rains started pouring continuously. We were able to harvest some of our produce, but not so with other products, such as eggplants. We have to leave out what have been soaked from too much rainwater. – Marge Lacanilao, Nueva Ecija

With climate change, our problem is on rice and coconuts. For rice, we cannot see the pattern in the weather, today it’s sunny, tomorrow, it rains. If we start laying the palay to dry in the morning, it starts to rain at around 10 am. Because of the continuous rains, the quality of rice is poor, so we cannot sell them at a good price. – Iska Morada, Aurora

Unpredictable Seasonality

Crop infestationWe have also experienced the profileration of black bugs, we locally call atange. If it attaches to the rice, the rice plant turns black. There are no pesticides for it. Some farmers make bonfires to ward them off, at the risk of burning the entire ricefields.Another problem are rats. This planting season, many farmers did not plant because after the black bugs, the rats attacked which probably fed on the bugs. In addition, it is hard to predict the weather. – Iska Morada, Aurora

Drought

Water shortageWomen and children are also uniquely affected because of their social roles, especially as water gatherers. Therefore, thinking of adaptation requires that issues of accessibility of women and children should be considered. However, it is worth noting that even without considering climate change issues, by 2020-25, some regions are already projected to have water shortage: Regions II, III, IV and VIII. -Mary Ann Manahan, Focus on the Global South

Sea level rise

“Lumiliit ang dagat”– Umaapaw ang fishpond.

Naapektohan ang mga kababaihanna may crab culture – AK Mindanao Consultation

Groundwater salination– Water contamination – Joelyn Biag,

Northern Samar; AK Mindanao

Women are vulnerable because of

Gender roles that define types and location of women’s work

– Housework* including work requiring water*– Types of crops managed by women– Post-fishing activities that require them to be exposed to “danger zones”

(eg drying of fish)– Caring for the sick

Women are vulnerable because of

Differential access to productive and welfare services that will increase their resilience

– Natural resources and its attendant issues on degradation and conflict

– Income and employment– Dwindling public spaces for livelihood activities (eg drying of fish)– Women-friendly technology and services– Credit and capital resources

Economic invisibility (non-recognition)Their contribution is typically seen as part of their reproductive responsibility and as “support” to their husbands’ work

Women are already vulnerable because of

Access to information on disaster preparedness– Early warning systems

Although there are variations, decision-making is largely dominated by men

– MobilityLack of participation in consultative mechanisms since they are not normally considered “productive”

– Women are underrepresented in agriculture, agrarian and fisheries management councils/bodies

– Women’s roles in resource management is still minimally promoted and relegated to kitchen duties (cooking, cleaning, taking care of attendance sheets, groundworking).

Women are already vulnerable because of

Gender-based violence in coastal communities Lack of access to reproductive healthinformation and services

How are women vulnerable

Climate vulnerability = f* (exposure, sensitivity, adaptive capacity)

Exposurein terms of geophysical location

Sensitivity “human sensitivity” as indicated by population density; “ecological sensitivity” as indicated by presence of critical ecosystems, biodiversity

Adaptive Capacityas indicated by socio-economic factors, such as poverty, income, HDI, level of knowledge/skills, access to technology, access to health, education, social protection mechanisms etc.

Gender rolesAccess to natural resourcesDecision-makingAccess to productive resourcesAccess to information and early warningRepresentation in policy development and development planningGender-based violenceReproductive health

GENDERED VULNERABILITIES AND CAPACITIESFramework for Analysis and Action

Care Economy

Gender relations

Production PhasesPreparatory Actual Post-Harvest

Disaster PhasesOnset Emergency Recovery Preparedness

Building women’s resilienceProtecting women during disasters

Framework for analysis & action

Principles for Mainstreaming Gender in Climate Change Adaptation1. Disaster risk reduction and climate change adaptation strategies

warrant gender-based interventions.2. Climate adaptation strategies should address the vulnerabilities

of women, not intensify it. 3. The entire process of developing climate adaptation strategies should

be inclusive of women, not exclude them. 4. The scientific and development community should be able to provide

gender-aware and gender-disaggregated information on climate change risks and scenarios.

5. Adaptation strategies should lead to the empowerment of vulnerable groups and uplift their socio/political and economic status and promote gender equality. Climate change actions provide an opportunity to redesign development interventions to be responsive to gender inequalities.

Gender-Responsive Adaptation Strategies

Vulnerability and Risks Analysis* must be gender aware

Participation and Representation of women and other vulnerable groups*Social Protection mechanisms

– Comprehensive health insurance

– Risk financing

Disaster Preparedness*

Access to Resources– Socialized credit

– Community-Based Resource Management and DRR* Sustainable Agriculture, Forestry, Fisheries Production Systems

Gender Integration in Policy Development, Planning, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation*

*HFA

GENDER-RESPONSIVE ADAPTATION ACTIONS

Agriculture

Promotion/distribution of tolerant seeds used by women (egvegetables, cereals, root crops); backyard gardens/ seedbanking of farmer-bred seeds managed by women

Women’s access to land and water sources

Geo-hazard maps to be integrated in CLUP, which includes areas being used by women (where they are exposed/vulnerable)

Affordable micro insurance for women (for health, acts of God, crop insurance)

Trainings and extension programs for organic farming/livestock raising and promotion of sustainable agriculture

GENDER-RESPONSIVE ADAPTATION ACTIONS

Forestry

Recognition of women as beneficiaries/partners in ancestral domain claims and ADSDPP formulation and in decision making.

Promotion of agro-forestry practices for women’s products (e.g. fruit trees + corn/rice + poultry)

Literacy programs for IP women.

Adoption of community-based early warning systems and disaster preparedness.

Participation of women in forest management especially in conservation and protection of forest resources.

IEC on effect of climate change on agricultural systems and practices on IP women and upland communities.

GENDER-RESPONSIVE ADAPTATION ACTIONS

Fisheries

Involvement of women in the identification of safe fisherfolksettlement areas

Women must be involve in the formulation of early warning systems and in the dissemination evacuation plans

Support for women-managed areas (areas managed exclusively by women or managed jointly with men)

Community food banking/ backyard gardening

Development of climate adaptive fish processing technologies

GENDER-RESPONSIVE ADAPTATION ACTIONS

Health

Promotion of preventive health/homebased remedies (eg herbal gardening) to women and men

Dissemination of gender-disaggregated information on climate-related health issues

Establishment of VAWC referral systems in all disaster-prone communities

Participation of women in disaster management planning from local to national level

During emergencies, relief goods should include hygiene kits for women and spaces for breastfeeding in evacuation centers

GENDER-RESPONSIVE ADAPTATION ACTIONS

Water

Universal access to clean and safe water

Promotion of small impounding systems and women’s involvement in its management

Women- and child-friendly water and sanitation facilities in temporary relocation sites

Participation of women in watershed management and reforestation projects

Gender-integrated climate proofing of water infrastructures

Adoption of comprehensive land and water use actwhich recognizes women’s roles and issues

Opportunities for engagement

Planning ProcessesMTPDPNCCAPLocal Development PlanningIntegrating gender in climate change/adaptation financing

Implementation and localization of LawsMagna Carta of WomenClimate Change ActDisaster Risk Reduction and Management Act

Building capacities of duty bearers and rights-holdersGender analysis and integrationCentrality of rights in climate change action and disaster risk reduction

Opportunities for engagement

Climate changeAdaptation– CC Adaptation Strategies:

• Creating an enabling environment for mainstreaming climate change adaptation based on a decentralized framework of good governance.

• Reducing climate change risks and vulnerability of human and natural ecosystems through ecosystem-based management approaches and appropriate technologies.

• Establishing knowledge management systems on climate change based on science and experiences of communities.

• Ensuring that processes such as policy formulation, development planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation are genderresponsive and non-discriminatory. For equitable programs and actions, purposive researches on the differentiated impacts of climate change on women and men as well as their levels of participation in governance and socio-economic activities shall be conducted.

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