rural poverty
TRANSCRIPT
Rural DevelopmentLesson 2: Rural Poverty
• Poverty is a condition where people's basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met. • Poverty is generally of two types:• Absolute poverty
and Relative poverty
P.B. Dharmasena0777 - 613234, 0717 - 613234
Rural DevelopmentLesson 2: Rural Poverty
• Absolute poverty occurs when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of calories or nutrition) to support a minimum level of physical health. (same everywhere, and can be eradicated as demonstrated by some countries)• Relative poverty occurs when people do not have the minimum level of living standards as determined by a government. (varies from country to country, sometimes within the same country)
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Absolute Poverty
1. The absence of enough resources (such as money) to secure basic life necessities.
2. A condition characterized by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including adequate food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education, information, & access to services.
3. Synonym for extreme poverty.
Absolute Poverty
The actual needs of the poor and not by comparing the expenditure of those who are not poor
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Relative Poverty Definition
Inequality between groups. Proportion of household earning in
incomes < 1/2 the mean/median income.
Measured; income disparity ratio of income groups ethnic, urban & rural.
In this system, if everyone's real income in an economy increases, but the income distribution stays the same, then the rate of relative poverty will also stay the same. Example; households with an accumulated
income < 50% of the median income are living in poverty.
Relative Poverty
Global Prevalence of Poverty
• The World Bank estimates that 702.1 million people (9.6%) are living in extreme poverty in 2015, down from 1.75 billion (37.1%) in 1990.
• Of these 702.1 million people, about 347.1 million people (35.2%) live in Sub-Saharan Africa and 231.3 million (13.5%) live in South Asia .
• UNICEF estimates half the world's children (or 1.1 billion) live in poverty.
• Another estimate places the true scale of poverty much higher than the World Bank, with an estimated 4.3 billion people (59 %) living with less than $5 a day and unable to meet basic needs adequately.
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Different Kinds of Poverty• Relative vs. Absolute• Objective vs. Subjective• Urban vs. Rural• Internal (personal) vs.
External (systemic) Causes• Short-term vs. Long-term • Clustered (wide-spread)
vs. Isolated• Human Poverty
Absolute vs. Relative PovertyRelative
• Comparative• Perceived deficits• Primarily emotional
consequences
Absolute• Absolute• Actual deficits• Primarily physical
consequences
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Objective vs. Subjective Poverty• Asking people to report
whether their income is sufficient; what level of income would be adequate to make ends meet or to identify themselves as poor.
• The percentage of people whose income is below a poverty line.
• The critical threshold of income, consumption or more generally access to goods and services below which individuals can not fulfill basic needs.
Human Poverty
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Deprivation of essential capabilities such as a long and healthy life, knowledge, economic resources and community participation.
The Feminisation of Poverty• In most countries poverty has a
female face: about 70 percent of the 1.2 billion people living in poverty are female.
• In many countries, the number of women in poverty has risen significantly over that of men over the last two decades.
• Women are twice as likely as men to be illiterate and significantly more likely to suffer from poverty related health conditions such as iron deficiency anaemia and protein-energy malnutrition.
The Elderly: A Traditionally Vulnerable Population
• Maintaining a viable income in the later years of life is an issue with which many struggle.
• In many developing countries, retirement is a luxury that few can afford.
• Approximately 40 percent of individuals over 64 years in Africa and 25 percent in Asia are still in the workforce, employed mostly in agriculture.
Poverty Headcount Ratio atthe DS Level, Sri Lanka - 2005
The Head count ratio (HCR) is the proportion of a population that exists, or lives, below the 'poverty line'.
The poverty threshold, poverty limit or poverty line is the minimum level of income deemed adequate in a particular area.
Poverty line in Districts of Sri Lanka – July 2016
District
National
Colombo
Gampaha
Kaluthara
Kandy
Matale
Nuwara Eliya
Galle
Mathara
Hambantota
Jaffna
Mannar
Vavuniya
Mullaithivu
Kilinochchi
Batticaloa
Amprara
Trincomalee
Kurunegala
Puttalam
Anuradhapura
Polonnaruwa
Badulla
Monaragala
Rathnapura
Keggalle
2016 Jul
Rs.
4132
4295
4290
4183
4125
4150
4168
3994
3969
3806
4074
4268
4223
4087
4189
4183
4100
4132
3992
4128
3909
4075
3961
3755
4015
4172
Minimum Expenditure per person per month to fulfill the basic needs
Estimated Distribution of the Poor, Sri Lanka - 2005
Estimates of Poverty Headcount Ratio by District, Sri LankaProvince District 1990/91 1995/96 2002
(%) (%) (%)______________________________________________________________________Western Colombo 16 12 6
Gampaha 15 14 11Kalutara 32 29 20
Central Kandy 36 37 25Matale 29 42 30Nuwara Eliya 20 32 23
Southern Galle 30 32 26Matara 29 35 27Hambantota 32 31 32
North Western Kurunegala 27 26 25Puttalam 22 31 31
North Central Anuradhapura 24 27 20Polonnaruwa 24 20 24
Uva Badulla 31 41 37Monaragala 34 56 37
Sabaragamuwa Ratnapura 31 46 34Kegalle 31 36 32
Accessibility Index, Sri Lanka
The accessibility index is calculatedfor every point as the sum of the population of surrounding cities and towns, inversely weighted by the travel time on the road network to each town.
Poverty Accessibility
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Child Poverty – Sri Lanka
• Child Population( below 19 yrs.): approx. 7.2 mn (36.3%)
• Child Population 0-5 years: approx. 1.7 mn.• Children attending pre-schools: around 80%• Completion % of primary schools: over 95%
(both boys and girls)• Secondary enrolment % is 82.6 %• Disabled children 0 -19 yrs – 55,500 (2001)• Infant mortality rate 11.7 per 1000 live-births• Under 5 mortality rate 13 per 1000 live-births
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Child Poverty – Sri Lanka
• Under-nutrition of children varies from 19- 29% for wasting, stunting and underweight
• Immunization rate 96.5• Maternal mortality rate – 18 per 100,000 live-births• Internally displaced children living with parents
with friends & family (43,689 families) and in temporary shelter (7,800 families) (UNHCR 2008)
Children in voluntary homes (22,000 children) Child domestic labour– Approx. 25,500 children
between 5-14 years engaged in economic activity (ad hoc studies)
Street Children about 10,000
POVERTY AND HEALTH
Poverty and ill-health: the vicious circle
Characteristics of the poorInadequate service utilization, unhealthy sanitary, dietary practice, etc.
Caused by;Lack of income&knowledge,Poverty in community-social norms, weak institutions and infrastructure, bad environment;Poor health provision-inaccessible, lack of key inputs, irrellevant services, low quality;Excluded from health finance system-limited insurance,co-payments
Poor health outcomes
Ill healthMalnutritionHigh fertility
Diminished income
Loss of wagesCosts of health careGreater vulnerability to catastrophic illness
• Most of the illnesses associated with poverty are infectious diseases, such as diarrhoeal illness, malaria, and tuberculosis.
• All of them are associated with the lack of income, clean water and sanitation, food, and access to medical services and education with characterise poor countries and communities.
• The diseases are linked to undernutrition and children are most susceptible to them .
• The environmental, social, and dietary changes produced by industrialisation and urbanisation are leading to higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, and respiratory illness among both the urban poor and not so poor.
• Poor countries and poor people suffer from multiple deprivations that translate into high levels of ill health and disability.
• Poverty is an absolute barrier to good health. It impacts health by influencing all other factors adversely.
• The poor are more vulnerable to disease owing to, their lack of access to promotive, preventive and curative health care, nutritious food and financial resources.
• In addition, poor people are also more vulnerable to environmental threats to health, such as polluted air and water, which undermine the quality of their lives.
• Preventable and treatable diseases therefore take an enormous toll on the poorest people.
• Primarily in developing countries, people die from eight vaccine-preventable diseases.
• An estimated 1.7 million people in developing countries die annually from diseases linked to unsafe water and sanitation and poor hygiene.
• The vicious cycle of ill health has a greater impact where poor people are generally not covered by adequate health insurance the covered that protects their access to health services.