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1 Root-Locus Analysis Chapter IV Root-Locus Analysis 2 Introduction 3 Introduction video camera system 4 Introduction video camera system Pole location as a function of gain for the system

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Page 1: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

1

Root-Locus Analysis

Chapter IV

Root-Locus Analysis

2

Introduction

3

Introduction

video camera system

4

Introduction

video camera system

Pole location as a function of gain for the system

Page 2: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

2

5

Introduction

video camera system

Pole plot from Table root locus

6

Introduction

การตอบสนองชวครกอนทระบบจะเขาสสภาวะคงตวของระบบปดนนมลกษณะเฉพาะซงจะเปนคณลกษณะของแตละระบบและตอบสนองกบอนพทแตละแบบกจะแตกตางกนไป อยางไรกตามเราทราบมาแลววาพฤตกรรมการตอบสนองของระบบสามารถทจะเชอมโยงกบต าแหนงของโพลของระบบในระนาบเชงซอนได

7

Introduction

ดงนนถาหากระบบม gain ทสามารถปรบเปลยนคาได จะท าใหระบบมต าแหนงของโพลของระบบเปลยนแปลงไปตามการปรบเปลยนคาของ gain ทเราเลอก จงมความจ าเปนอยางยงทผออกแบบจะตองทราบถงผลกระทบของการเปลยนแปลงการตอบสนองของระบบเมอต าแหนงของโพลในระนาบเชงซอน s-plane เปลยนแปลงคาไป อนเนองมาจากการเปลยนคา gain ของระบบ

8

Introduction

Ks

K

sR

sC

1

The closed-loop transfer function is

Page 3: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

3

9

Introduction

ส าหรบในทนเราจะพจารณา gain ของฟงกชนถายโอนยอนกลบเปนพารามเตอรทมการเปลยนแปลงคาจากศนยไปถงอนนต ในการใชวธ Root-Locus น ผออกแบบระบบสามารถทจะคาดเดาการเปลยนแปลงต าแหนงของโพลเมอพารามเตอรเปลยนไป หรอเมอมการเพม open-loop pole หรอเมอมการเพม open-loop zeros เขาไปในระบบ ดงนนผออกแบบจ าเปนตองมความเขาใจทดในวธการทจะสรางทางเดนจดของรากน ไมวาจะเปนการท าดวยมอหรอการใชคอมพวเตอรโปรแกรมเขาชวย

10

Root-Locus Plots

Angle and Magnitude conditions

sGH

sG

sR

sC

1

The closed-loop transfer function is

11

Root-Locus Plots

Angle and Magnitude conditions

01 sGH 1sGH

,2,1,0 12180 kksGH

The characteristic equation for this closed-loop transfer function is

Angle conditions

Magnitude conditions

1sHsG

or

12

Root-Locus Plots

Angle and Magnitude conditions

0121

21

n

m

pspsps

zszszsK

The characteristic equation may be written as

The root loci for the system are the loci of the closed-loop poles as the gain K is varied from zero to infinity

Page 4: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

4

13

Seven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus

Step Relative Equation or Rule 1. a) Write lie characteristic equation so that the

parameter of interest ,K appears as a multiplier. b)Factor P(s) in terms of n poles and m zeros. c) Locate the open-loop poles and zeros of P(s) in the s-plane with selected symbols. d) Determine the number of separate loci, SL. e) The root loci are symmetrical with respect to the horizontal real axis.

or

01 sGH

01 sKP

01

1

1

n

j

j

m

i

i

ps

zs

K

14

Seven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus

Step Relative Equation or Rule

2.

3.

Locate the segment of the real axis the root loci

The loci proceed to zeros at infinity along asymptotes centered at A and with angles A

Locus lies to the left of an odd number of poles and zeros

mn

zp ij

A

12,1,0

,18012

mnq

mn

kA

15

Seven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus

Step Relative Equation or Rule

4.

Determine the points at which the locus crosses the imaginary axis (if it does so)

Use Routh-Hurwitz criterion

16

Seven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus

Step Relative Equation or Rule

5.

Determine the breakaway point on the real axis

a) Set K=P(s)

b) Obtain c) Determine roots of 5 (b) or use graphical method to find maximum of P(s).

0

ds

sdP

Page 5: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

5

17

Seven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus

Step Relative Equation or Rule

6.

7.

Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles and the angle of locus arrival at

complex zeros, using the phase criterion. Complete the root locus sketch

ij zorps

ksP

at

360180

18

Pole at Real-axis

02

11

sK

19

Pole and Zero at Real-axis

03

11

s

sK

20

Pole and Zero at Real-axis

01

31

s

sK

Page 6: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

6

21

Poles and Zero at Real-axis

0

41

21

ss

sK

22

Poles and Zeros at Real-axis

021

5.031

ss

ssK

23

Poles at Real-axis

0

21

11

ssK

24

Poles at Real-axis Asymptote lines

0

21

11

ssK 0;2 mn

12,1,0,180

12

mnk

mn

kA Asymptote lines

From

0for ,90180

2

1021

kA

1for ,270180

2

1122

kA

For this system

Page 7: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

7

25

Poles at Real-axis

Asymptote lines

mn

zp ij

A

0

21

11

ssK 2;1 21 ppFrom

5.1

2

21

AFor this system

Asymptote center

26

Poles at Real-axis

0

21

11

ssK

27

Poles at Real-axis

0

321

11

sssK

28

Poles at Real-axis Asymptote lines

0

321

11

sssK 0;3 mn

12,1,0,180

12

mnk

mn

kA Asymptote lines

From

0for ,60180

3

1021

kA

1for ,180180

3

1122

kA

For this system

2for ,300180

3

1223

kA

Page 8: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

8

29

Poles at Real-axis

Asymptote lines

mn

zp ij

A

0

321

11

sssK 3;2;1 321 pppFrom

2

3

321

AFor this system

Asymptote center

30

Poles at Real-axis Determine the points at which the locus crosses the imaginary axis

0321 Ksss

321 sssK

11123 2 ssds

dK

0

321

11

sssKFrom

422.1;557.2 21 ss

31

Poles at Real-axis Determine the points at which the locus crosses the imaginary axis

0321 Ksss

06116 23 Ksss

06

06

6066

111

0

1

2

3

Ks

Ks

Ks

s

0

321

11

sssKFrom

The characteristic equation is

Using Routh-Hurwitz Criterion

6006

60

K

K

Eq.1

32

Poles at Real-axis Determine the points at which the locus crosses the imaginary axis

Instead K to eq.1

iss 3166.30;6 3,21

Page 9: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

9

33

Poles at Real-axis

0

321

11

sssK

34

Poles and Zero at Real-axis

0

25.0

31

ss

sK

35

Poles and Zero at Real-axis

0

25.0

31

ss

sK

36

Poles and Zeros at Real-axis

021

5.031

ss

ssK

Page 10: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

10

37

Poles and Zeros at Real-axis

021

5.031

ss

ssK

38

Complex Poles

033

11

2

ssK

39

Complex Poles

033

11

2

ssK

40

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis

053

11

2

ss

sK

Page 11: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

11

41

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis

053

11

2

ss

sK

42

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis

Asymptote lines

053

11

2

ss

sK 1;2 mn

12,1,0,180

12

mnk

mn

kA Asymptote lines

From

0for ,180180

1

1021

kA

For this system

43

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis

Asymptote lines

mn

zp ij

A

053

11

2

ss

sK 1;658.15.1 12,1 zjpFrom

Asymptote center

4

1

1658.15.1658.15.1

jjA

For this system

44

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis Determine the points at which the locus crosses the imaginary axis

01532 sKss

1

532

s

ssK

053

11

2

ss

sKFrom

1

32

1

53

1

532

22

s

s

s

ss

s

ss

ds

dK

2

2

2

2

1

22

1

13253

s

ss

s

ssss

ds

dK

Page 12: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

12

45

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis Determine the points at which the locus crosses the imaginary axis

0ds

dK0222 ss

732.0;732.2 21 ss

From

46

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis Determine the angle of departure (angle of arrival) of the root-

locus from complex pole (at a complex zero)

Angle of departure

Angle of departure from a complex pole = 180o –

(sum of the angles of vectors to a complex pole in question

from other pole)+ (sum of the angles of vector to a complex pole

in question from zeros)

Angle of arrival

Angle of arrival at a complex zero = 180o –

(sum of the angles of vectors to a complex zero in question

from other zeros)+ (sum of the angles of vectors to a complex zero

in question from poles)

47

Poles at Real-axis Determine the angle of departure

053

11

2

ss

sK

78.10678.1690180180 121

2

1

1

48

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis Determine the angle of departure

053

11

2

ss

sK

22.16322.253270180180 112

2

1

1

Page 13: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

13

49

Complex Poles and Complex Zeros

053

421

2

2

ss

ssK

50

Complex Poles and Complex Zeros

Asymptote lines

053

421

2

2

ss

ssK 2;2 mnFrom

732.11

658.15.1

2,1

2,1

jz

jp

Poles and zeros

51

Complex Poles and Complex Zeros Determine the angle of departure (angle of arrival) of the root-

locus from complex pole (at a complex zero)

Angle of departure

Angle of departure from a complex pole = 180o –

(sum of the angles of vectors to a complex pole in question

from other pole)+ (sum of the angles of vector to a complex pole

in question from zeros)

Angle of arrival

Angle of arrival at a complex zero = 180o –

(sum of the angles of vectors to a complex zero in question

from other zeros)+ (sum of the angles of vectors to a complex zero

in question from poles)

52

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis Determine the angle of departure

8.168.37639.9841.18890180180 2121

053

421

2

2

ss

ssK

2

11

2

Page 14: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

14

53

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis Determine the angle of departure

19.34359.1716.261270180180 2112

053

421

2

2

ss

ssK

2

11

2

54

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis Determine the angle of arrival

01.180906.8141.8180180 2211

053

421

2

2

ss

ssK

2

1

1

2

55

Complex Poles and Zero at Real-axis Determine the angle of arrival

97.17997.53927058.35139.278180180 1212

053

421

2

2

ss

ssK

2

1

1

2

56

Poles at Real-axis and Complex Zeros

0

23

421

2

ss

ssK

Page 15: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

15

57

Complex Poles and Complex Zeros

0

53

421

2

2

sss

ssK

58

Complex Poles and Complex Zeros

0

532

421

2

2

ssss

ssK

59

Typical pole-zero configurations and

corresponding root loci

60

Typical pole-zero configurations and

corresponding root loci

Page 16: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

16

61

Typical pole-zero configurations and

corresponding root loci

62

Typical pole-zero configurations and

corresponding root loci

63

Complex poles and

line of constant damping ratio

cos64

Example

Kss

K

sG

sG

sR

sC

21 2

0

0

Page 17: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

17

65

Example

7.0 428.17.0

1122

nn

03.22 nK

015.112,1 jp

34.33.0

1122

nn

11.112 nK

179.312,1 jp

3.0

If

03.22

03.22

sssR

sC

If

11.112

11.112

sssR

sC66

Example

0

2

11

ssK

67 68

The Root-Locus Procedure

0121

21

n

m

pspsps

zszszsK

1. จากสมการขางบน ท าการเขยนต าแหนง poles และzeroes ลงบน s-plane 2. จ านวนเสนของ root-locus เจาเทากบจ านวน poles 3. เสน root-locus จะวงออกจาก polesไปหา zeroes หรอ เสมอ

Page 18: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

18

69

The Root-Locus Procedure

กรณท 1. ม poles อยบน real axis •สมมตวา test point อยดานขวาสดของ real axis และอยบน real axis •จากนนท าการเลอน test point มาทางซายสด ในระหวางนนใหนบ จ านวน pole และ zero ทปรากฏอยทางขวามอของ test point •ถาจ านวน pole และ zero ทนบรวมกนเปนเลขค แสดงวา test point นนอยบนเสน root locus

70

Root-Locus Plots

4321

1

pspspsps

zsKsHsG

71

Root-Locus Plots

43211 sGH

4321

1

AAAA

KBsHsG

Angle conditions

Magnitude conditions

72

Root-Locus Plots

Page 19: Root-Locus Analysiseng.sut.ac.th/me/TiTle/ACS41.pdfSeven Steps to Sketching a Root-Locus Step Relative Equation or Rule 6. 7. Determine the angle of locus departure from complex poles

19

73

The Root-Locus Procedure

Step1: Begin by writing the characteristic equation as

01 sGH

We are usually interest in determining the locus of roots as K varies as

K0

74

Root-Locus Plots with MATLAB conv(a,b)

conv([….],[….])

rlocus(num,den)

rlocus(A,B,C,D,K)

sgrid( )

sgrid([…..],[…..])

[K,r]=rlocfind(num,den)

n ,