Rise of Nationalism

The Age of Revolutions

Terminology

• What is a nation?– A nation often consists of an ethnic or cultural

community• What is a state?– A state is a political entity with a high degree of

sovereignty

Question

• Was the Iroquois confederacy a nation or a state prior to European arrival? What about now?– Prior to European arrival

the Iroquois were a nation state

– After European arrival they are just a nation as they lack complete sovereignty

Terminology

• What is nationalism?– the attitude that the members of a nation have

when they care about their national identity– the actions that the members of a nation take when

seeking to achieve (or sustain) self-determination• What is patriotism?– A devotion to a particular place and a particular way

of life, which one believes to be the best in the world

Do you agree? Why?

Political Conflict

• The 1800s in Europe saw three distinct groups with differing views:– Conservatives – Landowners and nobility who

desire traditional monarchies– Liberals – Wealthy merchants and business men

who want a limited democracy– Radicals – From various walks of life who want

liberty, equality, and universal male vote

Example of nationalism

France’s Influence

• The French revolutionaries saw it as their destiny to help other nations find the freedom and liberty that they had

• Students and educated middle class in other European cities began to set up Jacobin clubs

• French army began to spread France’s revolutionary ideas across Europe

Industrial Revolution

• Created an increasingly large and powerful middle class which was the base population for nationalism

• Dramatically improved transportation and communication systems spreading the ideas further and quicker

• As nations began to put up tariffs to protect their economies they inadvertently helped foster nationalism

AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

France

• After defeating Napoleon, and restoring the monarchy France should have been a stable environment

• In July 1830 Liberal revolutionaries overthrew the monarch and established a constitutional monarchy under Louis Philippe

• In 1848 high unemployment, high food prices and a poor crop would spark another revolution forcing Philippe to flee and the creation of a Republic with universal male suffrage

Other Revolutions

• “When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches a cold.” –Austrian Prince Metternich

• The July revolution would spark revolution in Brussels which would eventually lead to the nation of Belgium being independent from the Netherlands.

• Greece which had been fighting for independence from the Ottoman Empire since 1821 would eventually achieve it in 1832

The Empire Strikes Back

• The Austrian Empire would see a series of revolts in 1848:– Vienna saw students, workers and the middle class set

up an assembly– Budapest saw a movement for national autonomy– Prague saw the Czechs also rebel for national autonomy

• However in August 1848 the Austrian army crushed the various rebellions and returned the Conservatives to power

ITALY

Italy 1848

• The Italians also rebelled against the Austrians in 1848

• The Italians tried to achieve not only separation from the Austrians but unification of Italy

• In 1849 the Italians had succeeded to such a point that they attacked the Pope and established the republic of Rome

• This proved to be to much and France attacked to protect the Pope and restored Italy to its divided state

Italy 1850s• Italy’s only Italian leader

Count Cavour of Piedmont-Sardinia was able to get France to assist him

• With France’s help Cavour was able to unite much of northern Italy

• The final unification of Italy would take place under Garibaldi

Garibaldi• Garibaldi would take 1000

volunteers and invade Sicily where they would defeat every army the Austrians would send against them

• Once again however it was the French who did most of the significant fighting against the Austrians most notably at Magenta and Solferino

Italy

• By 1861 so much of the Italian peninsula was under the control of Garibaldi and his King that the Kingdom of Italy was declared

• Finally in 1870 the Italian army entered Rome and the Pope gave up the city in return for control over the Vatican which became an independent state

The End

To be continued with even greater consequences