The rise of Militant Nationalism from 1914-

1939

Theme of the period

• The post WWI Period diminished the European imperialists ability to control their colonies and led to a loss of their global power.

WWI and the Attack and the Nationalist Assault on

European Colonial Order

• India• Egypt• Middle East• Africa

Corrosion of European power 1918- 1939

• Before WWI, Europeans preached that they had the “White Man’s Burden” to civilize their colonies

Shift in perception of Europeans

• Senselessness of WWI

• “Has not the truth of already come home to you now when this cruel war has driven its claws into the vitals of Europe?” R.Tagore

The“Colonial

”Fronts

The“Colonial

”Fronts

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Sikh British Soldiers in India

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

British Sikh Mountain Gunners

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Black Soldiers in the German

Schutztruppen[German E. Africa]

Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa

3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

Fighting in Salonika, Greece

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916

The Indian National CongressThe Indian National Congress

1885 1885 The Indian National The Indian National CongressCongress was founded in Bombay. was founded in Bombay.

swarajswaraj “independence.” “independence.” ** the goal of the movement. the goal of the movement.

Bal Gangadhar TilakBal Gangadhar Tilak

1856 - 19201856 - 1920

Jawaharlal NehruJawaharlal Nehru

1889 - 19641889 - 1964

The Muslim LeagueThe Muslim League

1905 1905 partition of Bengal based on partition of Bengal based on religions and languages. religions and languages.

1906 1906 creation of the Muslim creation of the Muslim League.League.

Mohammed Ali JinnahMohammed Ali Jinnah

1876 - 19481876 - 1948

Young Mohandas K. Young Mohandas K. Gandhi, Gandhi,

18761876

1869 - 19481869 - 1948

Gandhi with the LondonGandhi with the Londonvegetarian society, vegetarian society,

18901890

Gandhi as a Young Gandhi as a Young Barrister in NatalBarrister in Natal

Gandhi as a Lawyer Gandhi as a Lawyer in in

Johannesburg, So. Johannesburg, So. AfricaAfrica

Gandhi and His Gandhi and His Wife, Kasturba, Wife, Kasturba,

19151915

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

• British occupied• Indirect, corrupt rule

by Turco-Egyptian and ayan, or landlords

• Nationalist leaders from effendi- urban middle class

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

• 1916 -Dinshawi incident

• British hunting party shot wife of prayer leader

• Violence broke out• British executed

villagers

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism in the Middle East

• 1913- Egyptian nationalist gained constitution and representation in parliament

Europeans Carve Up the Ottoman Empire After WW1

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (1881-1938) Republican People’s Party Goals:

republicanism (National Assembly).

nationalism (“Turkification”).

populism (for the benefit of the people).

statism (state-controlled economy).

secularism (free from religious control).

reformism.

1924 abolished the caliphate.

Atatürk’s Reforms1. “Turkify” the Islamic faith

Translate the Qur’an into Turkish.

Secular education.

Ministry of Religious Affairs abolished.

Sharia courts closed newsecular courts.

2. Western-style clothing Forbid the wearing of the fez

Western-style men’s suits.

Attacked the veiling of women.

ZionismZionism

Theodore Herzl1860-1904

Theodore Herzl1860-1904

GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.

Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.

Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

First Zionist Conference, 1897

First Zionist Conference, 1897

Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.

Met in Basel, Switzerland.

Creates the First Zionist Congress.

Becomes an international Jewishorganization.

“Next Year in Jerusalem!”

Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.

Met in Basel, Switzerland.

Creates the First Zionist Congress.

Becomes an international Jewishorganization.

“Next Year in Jerusalem!”

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

The Middle East in 1914

The Middle East in 1914

T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]

T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]

“Lawrence of Arabia,”

The Legend Begins

“Lawrence of Arabia,”

The Legend Begins

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915

....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca....

Hussein ibn Ali,

Sharif of Mecca

Hussein ibn Ali,

Sharif of Mecca

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

The Allied Advance Against

the Ottoman Turks

The Allied Advance Against

the Ottoman Turks

Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby

Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby

The British & Arab Armies Meet

The British & Arab Armies Meet

British ForcesBritish Forces

Lawrence

& Faisal’s Forces

Lawrence

& Faisal’s Forces

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,

1917

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,

1917

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914 1922

Erzerum 215,000 1,500

Van 197,000 500

Kharbert 204,000 35,000

Diarbekir 124,000 3,000

Bitlis 220,000 56,000

Sivas 225,000 16,800

     

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

   

Western Anatolia 371,800 27,000

Cilicia and Northern Syria 309,000 70,000

European Turkey 194,000 163,000

Trapizond District 73,390 15,000

Total: 2,133,190 387,800

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918

Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918

Arab Disappointment!Arab Disappointment!

The League of Nations Mandates

The League of Nations Mandates

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!

Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.

Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].

The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.

The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.

Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.

Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].

The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.

The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.

Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923

Modern Turkey Is Born.Modern Turkey Is Born.

Essential Question: Essential Question:

How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after

1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs

in the Middle East today?

How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after

1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs

in the Middle East today?

Palestine Was Part of the

Ottoman Empire

Palestine Was Part of the

Ottoman Empire

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz SystemJewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System

First one founded in 1908.

Communal living.

“Make the DesertBloom!”

First one founded in 1908.

Communal living.

“Make the DesertBloom!”

1929 Arab Riots 1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD!

[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]IZBAH AL-YAHUD!

[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]

Jewish

1919 1,806

1920 8,223

1921 8,294

1922 8,685

1923 8,175

1924 13,892

1925 34,386

1926 13,855

1927 3,034

1928 2,178

1929 5,249

1930 4,944

Immigration

1931 4,075

1932 12,533

1933 37,337

1934 45,267

1935 66,472

1936 29,595

1937 10,629

1938 14,675

1939 31,195

1940 10,643

1941 4,592

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj

Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj

Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

Their Goals:Their Goals:

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa

• Educated Africans initially loyal to Brits/French

• War changed all that• a. Rebellions due to forced

recruitment/labor• b. Starvation to feed soldiers• c. Merchants suffer from

shipping shortages

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa

Britain doesn’t come through on all promises after war –

jobs and public honors

The Beginnings of the Liberation Struggle in Africa

• Attempts to create pan-African Movement

• But…started by African Americans or West Indies

• At least pushed anti-colonial spirit

• W.E.B. Du Bois