rhetorical considerations of philosophers about … · physical education and sport through the...

Physical education and sport through the centuries 2015, 2(1), 108-133 ISSN 2335-0598

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Originalresearcharticle

RHETORICALCONSIDERATIONSOFPHILOSOPHERSABOUTPHYSICALCULTURE:THEIMPORTANCEOFEXERCISEFROMANCIENT

GREECETOMODERNTIMES

DejanMilenković1,VesnaMilenković1аndSlavicaCvetković2

1Facultyofsport,University„Union‐NikolaTesla“,Belgrade,Serbia

2GymnasiumPirot,Serbia

DejanMilenković,VesnaMilenkovićаndSlavicaCvetković

UDK140.8.796

SUMMARY

Philosophersbegantospeakaboutsportduringthereignofrhetoric,atthetimeof oratory which means ability to speak eloquently, and to master the art ofpersuasion and of winning over the audience. While Greek culture promotedrelation to their own body, until then, the sport in modern times turned into alucrativejobsubordinatedtothewishesofviewers,becausewiththedevelopmentof themassmedia together with visual and communicative function of sport, itsentertaining function is themost prominent. Paper deals with the importance ofsportthroughtheanalysisofrhetoricalconsiderationsofphysicalculturefromtheancient Greece to the present days. With the use of descriptive, historical,comparative,analytical,interpretativemethodsandmethodoftheoreticalanalysis,this paper, as an illustration used excerpts from speeches and thoughts of thegreatest philosopher thinkers. The results showed that the greatest philosopherswere aware of importance of physical exercise they have written about. If thephilosophy of sports is viewed in relation to the philosophy of law, aesthetics,ethics, social philosophy, it can be said that the sport examines each of thesedisciplines through various philosophical positions, because it reflects historical,cultural, ideologicalandpoliticalcharacteristics. Itcanbeconcludedthatdifferentapproaches, resulting in dependence on the philosophical schools were animportantpartofdeterminingdiscourseonsportssuchasthinkingaboutwinning,success,determination,risk,physicalpredisposition,training,theideaofOlympism,thequestionofmasscultureandmedia,economicandpoliticalaspects.

CorrespondenceauthorDejanMilenković[email protected]


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Keywords:philosophicalthoughts,philosophyofsport,media,theimportanceofexercise.

1.INTRODUCTION

Throughoutthehistoryofcivilization,manhasstrivedforperfectionofthebodyandbeautyofthebodymovement.Ancientartislitteredwiththeexampleswhichare theconfirmation for that.Alongwith thedevelopmentofmankindontheculturallevel,arthasstronglyinfluencedthedevelopmentofphysicalculturethathasconstantlystrivedforenduranceofimpactoftherulingpoliticalconcepts,notonlyvisible,butalsotheindirectonesthatwerereflectedonconceptualandoperativeconceptofphysicalculture.Inrecenthistory,duringthe"coldwar"andthedivisionof theworld,physicalcultureandsportwereopenlyusedaspolicyinstruments, and some countries have invested vast amounts of money in thedevelopmentoftopsporttryingtoaffirmtheirownpoliticalsystemsthankstothesportsresults. "Thenumberofwonmedalsmeticulouslypublished in themediabythejournalists,accordingtothem,isthebest'evidence'ofhowmuchanationis worth, ie howmuch one nation is superior to the other one"1. Internationalcompetitionsareoften in serviceof showingandproving the superiorityofonenationovertheother,intheserviceofanideologicalsystemcomparedtoanotherwhich supports the construction of the political image of the state. The wellknownmotto"winordie",wasdesignedbypoliticiansandbusinessmeninordertotakeadvantageofsomeoneelse'ssuccess fortheirownpoliticalpointsorthefinancial gain2. Considering the fact that the image of a successful amateur,professionalandtopsportsgreatly improvesthecountry'spositionintheworldandcontributestothesuccessinotherfields,thephysicalculturehasalwayshadanimportantplaceinasocietywhichiscloselylinkedtoallformsofsportsasanagentofsocialization.

About physical education as an every person’s integral part of life,depending on the cultural context, from ancient Greece to the present day,different criteria of valueshavebeeb establishedbybuilding a relation to one’sown body and outward appearance. While Greek culture promoted relation toone’sownbody,andneglectedthethinkingabouttheoutwardappearance,whichmeantestablishingaharmonyofbodyandspiritandfavoringleisurewithouttheneed for nurturing the body for production purposes, a new century with its

1 Nenad Živanović, Appendix to Epistemology of Physical Education (Niš: Panoptikum, 2000), 319.

2 More about this in: Nenad Živanović, Apology of physical exercise (Niš: Panoptikum, 2010), 20-21.


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newly formed social relationships and division of labor, made the obviousdifferencebetweenthespiritualandthephysicalundertheinfluenceofideologyand religion. Due to a new perception of physical labor as the basis for themaintenance of existence, the notion of physical culture loses its significance ithadinthetimeofancientGreece,and,takenassatisfyingcertainculturalneeds,sportingactivitieshavebecomenecessary for the ideal of a successful life. „Thedesireforentertainmenthasmadethesportmovesfromthemarginstothecenterof thepeople’s 'new life', so the interest inpracticingandmonitoring thesportswas increased... Sports activities which had hitherto been the privilege ofrepresentativesoftherich,'high'circles,ithasbecomeeverydaylifeofmiddleandworkingclass”3.Afterthisone,therewasthestageofthedevelopmentofphysicalculturelinkedtothedevelopmentofmasssportsascompetitionsoftopathleteswhich were enjoyed by people around the world. Today, sports games havebecomelucrativebusinesssubordinatedtodesiresofviewers,sothatattheendofthe nineteenth century sport began attracting attention because of its manyfunctions. With the development of the mass media together with visual andcommunicativefunctionofsport,itsentertainingfunctioninwhichthespectatorsarealsoparticipantsofsportingeventshascometothefore4.Thephenomenonofspectacleasacritiqueof"modern,consumersociety"inwhichallthingsbecomecommodities, according to Guy Debord occurs in societies "in which modernconditions of production prevail, and life is presented as an immenseaccumulation of spectacles. Everything that was directly lived through hasreceded into a representation"5. Specific aesthetics is implemented in differentmanifestations of sports performances, starting from ancient forms of spectaclesuch as carnivals, games gladiator, acrobations of traveling minstrels, to thosealwaysintheongoinginmediacultureandsociety(themodernOlympicGames,WorldandEuropeanChampionships),wherethesocialpowerisrepresented.Thepowerofimagesinthemediaglobalsocietywhichisseeninthespectacle,greatlycontributes to the creation of aesthetics of 'bread and games' known even inRoman times6. Along with the reality show programs, movie events and news

3 Vesna Milenković and Dejan Milenković. „Media and development of communication in sports“ (the paper presented at Sport, Health, Environment. Belgrade, Serbia, 30-31. october, 2014).

4 More about this in: Vesna Milenković and Dejan Milenković. „Violence at sport fields and responsibility of media“ (the paper presented at Security management of sports competitions, Belgrade, Serbia, 23. april, 2014).

5 Guy Debord, Society of the Spectacle. (Belgrade: Family library, 2003), http://www.crsn.com/debord/// Drustvo_spektakla_Gi_Debor.pdf. (found 12.5.2009).

6 More about this in: Vesna Milenković and Dejan Milenković. „Violence at sport fields and responsibility of media“ (the paper presented at Security management of sports competitions, Belgrade, Serbia, 23. april, 2014).


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supported with images of violence and disasters, sporting events these days,apparently, have lost their original function, and they have become, withinentertainment industry,excitingemotionalperformanceswithvisual,mediaandaestheticfunction,becausesportcanrisepeopletoincrediblevictoryaswellastoan unfathomable downs (sporting and moral). Just because the sport is verycommunicativeactivity,oftenitsfunctionofmotortrainingofpeoplewhotodealwithitisputintothebackground,andthesportasapowerfulfactorofintegrationisabusedandusedforthecreationofvariousformsofsocialdisintegration.

Also, instead of sporting achievements, the results are directly related totherealizationofhigherprofits.Sportsvenuesareusedforproductplacement,soathletesarebecomingamerchandisethatcanprofitablysoldonthemarket7.

Observingchangesinthesportandtheproblemsitfacesinthecontextofthedevelopmentofsociety,paperdealswiththeimportanceofphysicalexercisethroughtheanalysisofrhetoricalconsiderationsoftheforemostphilosophersofancient Greece and Rome, through the Middle and New Ages thinking, toconsiderationofthephilosophersofmodernsociety.

2.ТHЕОRETICALBASIS

During thepreparationof thispaper, a combinationofdifferent scientificmethods and research techniqueswereused. Their choice is determinedby theselected theme of the paper, as well as relevant research goals. The aim ofscientificresearchinthisstudyistoprovideobjectiveandimpartialevaluationoftheresultsandresearchdata.Collectionofdatathatwererelevant for theworkwascarriedoutusingthefollowingresearchmethods:

Descriptive‐explicatory method, the first and basic scientificmethod consisted of collecting, analysing, interpretation of dataand generalization of results received by various razlichitihprocedures and instruments, it answers all questions on thecurrentstatusandstructureofperceivedphenomena.

Historicalmethod ‐ by surveing of available literature, and usingthismethod,thebeginningsofphysicalexerciseanditsmeaninginthe context of different cultures is determined. Through threephases: the collection of historical facts, analysis or criticism ofsourcesandexposurephase,itisledtodesiredresults.

7 Nenad Živanović, Apology of physical exercise (Niš: Panoptikum, 2010), 21.


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Themethod of theoretical analysis looks at different informationsourcessuchastechnicalliterature,scientific,technicalpapersandmaterialsavailablethroughtheInternet.

General‐scientific comparison method determines the essentialdifferences between cultures and their perception of physicalculturewithcomparingsystem.

Analytical‐interpretative method deals with interpretation ofresearchresultsinordertoformulateconclusions.

3.RESULTS

3.1.ConsiderationaboutphysicalactivityinthetimeofancientGreeceandRome

TheperiodofancientphilosophyisrelatedtotheancienthistorywhichtothegeneralopinionlastedforthelastfivecenturiesBCandthefirstfivecenturiesAD. It is said that Hellenic civilization is "an epoch of measures, an epoch ofsurroundingsinthehumanhistoricaldevelopment"8inwhichoccuredthegradualdevelopment of humanity from the barbarous to Human and civilized way ofthinkingandacting.Hellenicculture,moreproductive thancultures thatexistedbeforeandlastedlonger,canbeseenintheexampleofEgyptandMesopotamia.While contemplation about Eastern civilization is developed in the direction ofsubstantial,whenamanwasassociatedwithnatureandwithhimself,themodernWesternmindreliesontheindividualatthecenterofeventswhoturnstohisownexistence. Hellenic philosophy, developed on the basis of natural and spiritualelementswassetbetweenthesetwostreams.AstheGreekswerethefirstpeopletowhofeltfreeintheOldCentury,itwasagoodfoundationforthedevelopmentofhumanconsciousnessandtheemergenceofphilosophyasameansofspiritualdevelopment.Atatimewhenamanmanagedtoriseabovetheusualordinarylifeissues, he could deal with searching for the purpose of all existing and withseekinguniversalityofrealityitself9.

The same as the ancient period in all areasof society broughtprosperitycomparedtotheir formertimes in theOldCenturyandprehistoric times,sothephysical culture has experienced one of its first organized periods of existence.Since thebeginningofmankindthereweresomeformsofphysicalexercise,but

8 Milenko A. Perović, The History of Philosophy (3 revised ed). (Novi Sad: Department of Philosophy of Faculty of Philosophy, 2003/04), 47.

9 More about this in: Ibid.


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for the first time these forms of compulsory education of every freemanwereimplementedandalsoresultedinmassive,organizedcompetitionsintheformofPanhellenicgames in the regionofancientGreece.PhysicaleducationplayedanimportantroleinthedevelopmentofthepersonalityofeachindividualinGreece."Greekpalaestraandgymnasionswerebuilt inorder tomake itpossible for theyouth to learn and exercise regularly. First playgrounds and competition fieldsweremade in natural environment, out of town, near the spring, river or seanearbythewoods"10.ThesystemofphysicalexerciseorgymnasticswasdividedinDietetics (personaldevelopment)andagonistics (toachieve thebestpossibleresultsandattractiveness)whichwas further comprisedofpalestrics (exercisesfor the overall development of the body) and orcestrics (dance, music, gamesaccompaniedbymusic).

Subsequent to Greece, Rome held its tradition of compulsory physicaleducationforeachindividual.Physicaltrainingwasorganizedwithinpre‐militaryorganizations,andlatertheadultmalesmaintaintheirphysicalabilitiesbecauseoftheincreasingnumberofmilitaryconquests.TheRomanswerenotinterestedindirectparticipation in sportscompetitions like theGreekswere.Circusesandgladiatorial games were mostly reserved for slaves11. All the most prominentphilosophers of the time were thinking and writing about physical culture,wantingtodrawattentiontowhatitmeantandhowimportantphysicalexercisewas.

THALES:

"Thaleswas a sport events lover and at the question:Who is happy? Heanswered:Theonewhosebodyishealthy,whoisspirituallyagileandwell‐brednature"12.

PYTHAGORAS:

DescribingMilo’sparticipation inwar,the famousGreekathletePythagorassays:

"...andhewasthefirstwho,becauseofhisextraordinaryphysicalstrength,forced

theothercompetitorslinedupasforthebattletoflee.

10 Violeta Šiljak, The History of Sport. (Belgrade: Faculty for management in sport University “Braća Karić”, 2007), 44. 11 More about this in: Nenad Živanović, Appendix to Epistemology of Physical Education (Niš: Panoptikum, 2000).

12 Aleksandar Kerković, Philosophers on Body and Spirit (Niš: SX print copy, 2004), 5.


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Infact, it issaidthatthatwasttheman‐ six‐timeOlympicchampionandphysicallyendowedwithsomuchstrengthandcourage–whoenteredthebattle,crownedwith Olympicwreaths, like Hercules armedwith the lion's skin and abludgeon; and sincehebrought victory, he gained the admirationof thewholenation"13.

DEMOCRITUS:

"105.Physicalbeautyisonlysomethingbeastlyifthereisnosoundhumanmind.

179.Ifchildrenarenotallowedtowork,theywillneitherlearnhowtoreadorwrite,oranythingaboutmusic,ortoexercise...

187.Itsiappropriateforpeopletotakemorecareabouttheirsoulthanthebody,becausetheperfectionofsoulcorrectstheinvalidityofthebody,whilethestrength of the body, if it is without human mind, does not make soul anybetter."14.

SOCRATES:

Aboutphysicaltraining.

"Don’tyouknowthatthosewhosebodiesareweak,iftheytrainregularly,becomestronger in the fieldof their interest,andbear it easier than thosewhoalthoughphysicallythestrongestkeepneglectingtheirbodies.Inmyopinion,asIamtrainedtostandwhateverhappenstome,doyouthinkthatIwouldn’tbearitmoreeasilythanyouwhoarenottrained?"15.

"Socrates:

‐Thereisnotraceofbeingwell‐trainedinyourbody,Epigen!‐

Epigen:

‐Training,Socrates,isnotforme!‐

Socrates:

‐Yes,itis, justasitisforthosewhointendtocompeteintheOlympia.Oryouthinkitiseasytofightwiththeenemy...andyet,aren’ttherethosewhoare

13 Ibid, 20.

14 Ibid, 30,31.

15 Ibid, 40


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dyingbecauseofphysicalunderdevelopment inwardangersandtheyarebeingrescuedinfamously:butjustbecauseofthatmanyaretakenintocaptivity ...andmanyareembarrassedbecauseofphysicalweaknesssinceitseemsthattheyarecowards!"16.

PLATO:

Acontinuouscareandmovement.

"Letustake,then,asthebasisforoneortheother,thatis,forthephysicalandmentaldevelopmentofverysmallchildrenthattheyneedconstantcareandmovement asmuch as possible, day andnight, and that it is useful to everyoneespeciallytotheyoungestones..."17.

“Athenian:

Gamesare forchildren innate,whenever theygathertogether.Whentheyaresixyearsold,bothemaleandfemalechildrenshouldbeseparatedbygender,so from then on, the boys arewith boys, and girlswith girls. They both shouldcommit to learning: let theboyspractice riding,archery, javelin, shootingsling;girls,iftheywant,shouldlearnhowtouseweapons."18.

"Socrates:

‐ Apart from themusical, the youth should receive gymnastics educationtoo.‐"19.

ARISTOTLE:

"Alivingbeingisprimarilymadeupofbodyandsoul;soulbynatureistheone that controls and the body obeys. Therefore, you should examine themanwhosebodyandsoularebestharmonizedandinwhichitisobviousthatthesoulcontrolsthebody.Forthepeoplewhoarewickedandpronetoevilitoftenseemsthatthebodycontrolsthesoulbecausetheyareinanevilanti‐naturalstate."20.

"Forgoodphysicalqualities,whichcitizensshouldhavejustas,forhealthandchildbearing,athleticfigureisnotusefulnortheonethatrequirestoogreataconcern or the one that is tooweak, but the one between those two. The bodyshouldbehardened,butnotwithexcessiveeffortsandnotjustinonedirectionas

16 Ibid, 43,44.

17 Ibid, 70

18 Ibid, 72

19 Ibid, 50.

20 Ibid, 93.


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thebodyofanathlete,butforallactivitiesthatfallwithinthescopeoffreepeople.Thisshouldbevalidequallytobothmenandwomen."21.

MARCUSTULLIUSCICERO

Onthebeautyofbodyandmovement.

"For not only body movements that are in harmony with nature, causeaffectionandapproval,but thementalmovements, even toagreaterextent, arealso in harmony with nature. So there are two powers in the soul and humannature;thefirstisexpressedinwish...pullingamanhereandthere,andtheotheris in themindwhich teachesandexplainswhat todoandwhat toavoid.Hencearisesthatmindcontrols,andwishobeys..."22.

LUCIUSANNAEUSSENECA:

"Childrenshouldnotbeburdenedwithfoodbecauseitinflatesnotonlythebodybut thespiritaswell.Let thechildrenpracticeworking inorder toreducebutnottowastetheheat...Thegameswillcertainlybeaboon;moderatepleasuresoothesandrelaxesthespirits..."23.

3.2.Physicalcultureinthemedieval'darkness'

Creatorship of this period, which lasted more than a thousand years,certainly can not be characterized as an opportunity, unlike the antiquephilosophywhenthehumanthoughtexperienceditsboom.Moreover,thisisanunproductiveperiodinalmostallareasofhumancreativity24.TheMiddleAgesischaracterized by uniformity and with the pale glint of authenticity, whichoriginally adorned the antique times. The world experienced stagnation andregression inallaspectsof lifewhich led tooneof thedarkerperiodsofhumanhistory25.Itwasthetimewhenphilosophyputitselfintheserviceofreligionandtheology.Theendofmedievalphilosophycoincideswiththedisintegrationofthealliance between philosophy and God‐revealed theology, and the church, which

21 Ibid, 96.

22 Ibid, 114.

23 Ibid, 126.

24 More about this in: Ljubiša Mitrović, General sociology (Belgrade: Professional books, 2000).

25 More about this in: Veljko Korać i Branko Pavlović, Istorija filozofije (Belgrade. Institute for textbooks and teaching aids, 1996).


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passedonreligious,ethical, legalandsocialconseptionstoyoungEuropean,stilluncivilizednations,wasatthecenterofmedievalphilosophicalthought26.

HavingemergedfromthefirstChristianMunicipalityduringalongperiodoftime,thechurch,withitscasteofpriestsandeducatedbelievers,thecasteoftheclergybecameveryinfluentialinthereligiousaswellasinpoliticallife.Whilethewealthyclassordainedbecauseof fashion, fromtheneed toatone forsinsor tomakesomethinggreatintheirlives,forthelargenumberofthepoortobecomeamonk,eventhoughitmeantgivingupmanybenefitsofworldlylifewastheonlywayout.Unliketheancienttimeswhentheclassdivisioncontributedtoculturalandcivilizationriseofmankind,as freecitizenswiththehelpofslave laborhadplentyof time to createa spiritual,philosophical, scientific andartistic value, intheMiddleAges,feudallordsandserfsinleisuretimewenthunting,competinginchivarlous tournamentsandwent towar.Thus, the roleof thespiritual lifewastaken over by the Christian church and the clergy from whose ranks wereappointed the chiefpriests, popesandpatriarchs, philosophers, theologians andscientists.Pursuantto itspositionmonkspropagatedandpracticedphysicalandspiritual activities in accordance with their personal abilities, status in thefraternity,aswellasaccordingtotheirage27.

This period also reflected adversely to the area of physical education,especially in the first part of the Middle Ages (EarlyMiddle Ages) because thestrongestopponentofphysicalexercisewas,atthattime,averystrongChristianchurch. However, physical exercises survived andweremostly practiced in theknightly orderwhichbelonged to the aristocracy.Guildwayof upbringing gaveparticularattentiontothephysicalexercise,whiletheordinarypeople,peasants,were physically active the most often through physical labor and theirparticipationinruralfestivalsplayingvariousgames.LateMiddleAgescoverstheRenaissanceperiodandthetimeoftheReformation,whichmarkthebeginningofrenewalandrebirthofEurope ineveryaspect, includingphysicaleducationandupbringing.Newschoolsanduniversitieswherethephysicaleducationfounditsplacewereopened28.

26 More about this in: Genadij G. Majorov, Forming of medeival philosophy (Latin patrology) (Belgrade: Grafos, 1982).

27 More about this in: Ljubinko Milosavljević, Medieval thought of society (Niš: Facultu of Philosophy, 2002).

28 More about this in: Nenad Živanović, Appendix to Epistemology of Physical Education (Niš: Panoptikum, 2000).


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AURELIUSAUGUSTINUS:

"Thebodysometimesmovessmoothly,andsometimesitrests."29.

Onhumanbodyandmovement:

"That any body moves in time, is something I do understand and that’swhat you say; the bodymovement, therefore, differs fromwhat its duration ismeasured...Thebodysometimesmovessmoothly,andsometimesitrests.Inthiswaywemeasurenotonlyitsmotionbutitsstillnessaswell.Andbecauseofthattimeisnotthemotionabody.I,theTime,O,Lord,intheeImeasureprecisely.ThisispreciselythehabitatofGodwhichhasnothingearthly in itself,nothingwhichwouldcareaboutphysicalmatter,andthoughheavenlyitistotallyspiritual..."30.

THOMASAQUINAS

"St. Thomas said that beauty was what we liked when we saw it (quodvisiumplacet),ie.thatbeautywasinfactaformalcause"31.

Ontherelationofbodyandmind:

"Forinstance,whiletheMedievaleruditionwasbusyagainonthequestion‐arethereangelsandwhethertheirnatureisphysical,heretheanswerwouldbe,thattheyare‐buttheyaredisembodied"32.

GIORDANOBRUNO:

"Thenatureofthebody,whichinitselfisnotbeautiful,takesonbeauty,ifitis capable of doing so, because there is no beauty that is not made up of acharacterorform,andthereisnoformthatisnotproducedbyasoul.

Soul‐theactofalivingbody:

Theysaythatmanisactuallywhatcomesoutthecomposition,thatthesoulisactuallywhat iseitherperfectionand theactof the livingbody,orsomethingthat comes from some symmetry of organs and parts ... nature cries aloud andassuresus thatneither thebodynor the soul shouldbeafraidofdeathbecausematterandformareeternalprinciples.

Everythingchanges,nothingiswasted"33.


30 Ibid, 130,131.

31 Ibid, 132.

32 Ibid, 132

33 Ibid, 138,139.


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3.3.NewAge philosophers onphysicalculture

Thenewcenturybroughta revolutionary turn in the feudalworld,whichrequiredtheestablishmentofanewcivilerainWesterncivilization,whosecenterup to the XVII century was in Renaissance Italy, and after that it was movedfurther west, first to the Netherlands where the first bourgeois revolutionoccurred in 1609, and then to England. French bourgeois revolution in 1789broughtthemostsignificantchangesinEuropeofthattime34.

The modern image of the world, of the newly created civil society hasrejectedeverythingthatwastrueoftheMiddleAgesandtheChristian‐theologicalworldsetting.Lifewasdirectedtowardsthepracticalexperienceof theworkingman.God,asthefoundationofeverything,wassupersededbynature,itwasbeingaspiredtofreedomofanindividualmanandhisrighttoworkinallareasoflife:ethics, politics, economics, law, religion. Spiritual foundation of New Agephilosophy is basedon the view that onemust have confidence in oneself, takeresponsibility forone’s lifeandconquerone’sspirit.Thus,philosophicalthoughtandconsideration,hasfirstlytocheckitself,orhumanconsciousness,andthentomove on to consider the object (opinion is at first subjective and afterwardsobjective)35.

Social,political,economicandtechnologicalprogresswasunstoppable, sointhefieldofphysicaleducationbegantoappearmoreorlesssuccessfulsystems.The progress of this segment of people's lives, followed the general trend ofdevelopment.Peoplebegantocriticizetheattitudeofthechurchthatemphasizedthe study of theology, the history of the ancient times and ancient languages,Greek and Latin, and advocated for the release of science, history andmodernlivinglanguages36.

FRANCISBACON:

Onhealthandexercise.

"Nobodycanbehealthywithoutexercising,neither the individualnor thestate"37.

THOMASHOBBES:

34 More about this in: Milenko A. Perović, The History of Philosophy (3 revised ed). (Novi Sad: Department of Philosophy of Faculty of Philosophy, 2003/04).


36 More about this in: Nenad Živanović, Appendix to Epistemology of Physical Education (Niš: Panoptikum, 2000).



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"Naturehascreatedmenequalintermsofphysicalandmentalfaculties,sothat even though it may sometimes be encountered a man who is obviouslyphysicallystrongerorpossessesmorevibrantspiritthantheothers,though,wheneverythingistakenintoaccount,thedifferencebetweentheindividualsisnotsogreat..."38.

RENÉDESCARTES:

Whatisabody?

"Abodymeanseverythingthatcanbelimitedbyaform,definedbyaspotand thus fill in the space so that it excludes any other body, which can beperceived,touched,heard,tasted,smelt..."39.

JOHNLOCKE:

"Ahealthymindinahealthybody‐(Menssanaincorporesano).

Soundmindinasoundbodyisashortbutperfectdescriptionofhappinessinthisworld."40.

JEAN‐JACQUESROUSSEAU:

"Soifyouwanttoinfluencethespiritofyourprotégés,supporthiswishesandideas.Trainconstantlyhisbody,keepyourstudentstrongandhealthy,ifyouwanthimtobecomesmartandreasonable..."41.

IMMANUELKANT:

Onphysicaleducationofchildren.

"Playingballisoneofthebestchildren'sgames,becauseitincludesrunningwhich is healthy. Generally, the best games are those in which, in addition topracticingtheskillstheypracticetheirsensesaswell..."42.

38 Ibid, 149.

39 Ibid, 155

40 Ibid, 174,175

41 Ibid, 188

42 Ibid, 223


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FRIEDRICHHEGEL:

Reshapingthebody.

"Weseethattheinterest indecoratingwithHomericGreekshavealreadybeenhighlydeveloped...Butjewelryhasjustthepurposetodecoratethehumanbodywhichamanisinandwhichhehastoreshapeassomethingnatural..."43.

3.4.Physicaleducationincontemplatingofphilosophersofmodernsociety

ModernsocietyhasdevelopeditsphilosophyonthefoundationofHelleniccivilization.All areas of humanactivity are basedon the idea of freedomof thehumanself‐consciousnesswhichbrought civilizationmuch scientific knowledge,the development of the old and the emergence of new disciplines, thedevelopmentofmoderntechniquesandtechnologies.Withthedecayofthefeudalsystemthedevelopmentofmodernnationsandcountrieswithpoliticalsystemsthat make a distinction between civil and political society began. Unlike themedieval Christian Europe, which had and also recognized only a universalchurch, in themodernera theprocessofdifferentiationof religious sphereof asocietyoccurs.Splittingofmanonpublicandprivatebeingleadstomoralconflictwithin oneself, and the development of technology leads to subordinaterelationshipofnaturalandhumanresources44.

Formationofmodernstatesandofpoliticalsystemswithinthem, leadstonationalism and ideology of 'blood and soil'45, to political alienation of man,colonial divisions are taking place, the political, economic andmilitary conflictsandpolarizationoftheworldontheWesterncapitalistandEasterncommunist.

Development of physical culture in the modern age is only a logicalcontinuationoftheeventsintheNewcentury.Therewasalargenumberofnew,modernsportsandgames,andwhatiscertainlyamongthemostimportanteventsistheOlympicmovement,whichhastriedandafterawhilemanagedtorevivetheOlympic Games. One of the most deserving for the restoration of the OlympicMovement, was Pierre de Coubertin /Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin/, aFrench aristocrat who devoted his life to restore the Olympic Games46. ThemodernOlympic Games began in 1896 in Athens and has been held every four

43 Ibid, 243.

44 More about this in: Milenko A. Perović, The History of Philosophy (3 revised ed). (Novi Sad: Department of Philosophy of Faculty of Philosophy, 2003/04).


46 Dejan Milenković and Nenad Živanović, Paralympic Games (Niš: Panoptikum, 2010).


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"Every creature that is active, and especially every human being, can beexaminedinallitsphenomenaintwobasicviews,intermsofstaticanddynamicterms,thatis,ascapableofactingandastheonethatreallyacts"50.

ЈОHANHUIZINGA

Fitting the concept of the game in term of culture, JohanHuizinga in hisbook"HomoLudens","separatesthegameasanessentialcharacteristicofaman;accordingtohim,itrepresentsactivityrichbymeaningandagainstthereality,thegame is non‐reality; it's a free activity sufficient to itself. Embellishing life, it isnecessary, but it has its own space and time and it allows the possibility ofrepetition.Thegamecreatesorder,rules,itseparatesfromtheflowoflife,achild,a poet and originalman are in their natural state in it. Huizinga renews issuesraisedbyPlatobyputtingtheconceptsofgameandeducationincloseconnection(paidiaandpaideia)“51.

ROGERCAILLOIS

In his book "GamesPeople" Caillois puts an emphasis ondescription andqualificationof games. "Hepointsout that thegame is free, separate,uncertain,unproductive, prescribed and fictitious, distinguishing between the four maincategories of game: (1) agon, ie. games in a competition, as a fight with equalconditionsfortheopponents(sportingevents,billiards,chess);(2)Alea,oppositetoagon,gamesinwhichthedecisiondoesnotdependontheplayers,becauseisnotagamewithanopponent,butwithdestiny(roulette,gambling, lottery,bet);(3)mimikry,gamesinwhichtheplayerdiscardshispersonalityandimpersonatessomeone else (acting, performing arts, an imitation of someone else); (4) ilinx,games that rely on inducing vertigo, the disorder of perception (spinning incircles,climbing,walkingonrope).“52.

HANS‐GEORGGADAMER

"Underthegame,whetheritisseparatedfromthesubjectivemeaningasinKantandSchiller,Gadamerthinks"awayofbeingofaworkofart"andthusopensupcompletelynewperspectivesforphilosophicalreflectionofworkofartbeing.Asthegamehasitsownbeing, independentofconsciousnessofthosewhoplay,its subject is not a player, but itself, manifesting while using the player. Thepurpose of the game is shaping the movement of the game, and it is being


51 Milan Uzelac, „Game as a philosophical problem“ (the lecture was held on Spor Academy in Belgrade, Serbia, april, 2003), 10.

52 Ibid, 10,11.


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manifestedwhatitreallyis,justbeing.Thebeingofthegameisimplementation,fulfillment;itisaprocessofmovement,creation.Thegamethereforehasamedialsense: its way of being is close to the movement of nature… The game is freeimpulseandaman'slifeisunthinkablewithoutit.Wealsomeetitwherethereareno entities behaving as if they are playing, it has a being independent of theawareness of players andwe have the gamewhere being‐for‐itself subjectivitydoesnotlimitthematichorizonandwheretherearenoentitiesbehavingasiftheyplay“53.

ЕUGENFINK

"Themysteryofthegameworldisnotinitsseparationfromtherealworld:itdoesnothaveitsspaceanditstimeinrealspaceandrealtime,butithasitsownspaceanditsowntime;thisshowsthattheinterweavingoftherealworldandthegame world is not to explain with some familiar pattern space and timeneighboring"54.

"Thatiswhyplayandartprovideenjoymentinopportunitiesofrepetitionof lostopportunities.ThereforeEugenFinkwarns:"wecanchoosewhateverwewant,butnotreally, it isonlyasan illusion."Thegame isclearlya retreat fromrealityandtransmittothemodusofunreal"55.

"...perhaps the gameworld is showed as the artworld, orworld of sportunder the brightest spotlights, but the game is an essential root‐cause of entirehumanart,ieartistry,or,moreaccurately,theoverallhumansurvival;itisclearlyshowed as a creative overturn of open possibilities through the activity of thechildandtheartist"56.

LEVKREFT

" I define the radical criticismof the sport as critical theoryof sport thatputssportinthecontextoftheassumedagonistandtragiccrisisofhumanity.Inthatway,ifnottheoutermost,butatleastreallyimportantplaceofcauserofthecurrent situation, or the pole thatmaintains a state of crisis is belonged to thesport"57.

53 Ibid, 11,12.

54 Ibid, 13.

55 Ibid, 15.

56 Ibid, 17.

57 University of Belgrade, Institute of philosophy and social theory, „Radical critics of sport“ - Lev Kreft, http://instifdt.bg.ac.rs/lev-kreft-radikalna-kritika-sporta/ (found 11.9.2015).


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JÜRGENHABERMAS

Aboutsportandgame

"Thepoweroftheprofessionalsphereinitsfinalformclearlyshows,sofarasittriestoescapeintoitsapparentopposite....

...haslongbecomeafieldofrationalizationthatischaracteristicofwork...

...sport doubles the world of work under the illusion of game and freedevelopmentofpower,and individualsbecomesubstratesmassunityunderhishand"58.

Abouttrainingprocessofeliteathletes

"Itstartsasmanufacturingprocessinresearchlaboratories....

....doctorshaveavitalroleinachievingtheOlympicvictoryasengineersinachievingproductionplan"59.

Aboutsportgame

„To the extent that coach allows individual actions, 'pieces of skill' to histeam, to that extent sporthas todowith the gameat all.What it claimed tobegame, inreality, it isaprofessionalshowononesideand theconsumersontheother“60.

4.DISCUSSION

Asofamirrorofthetimesinwhichtheylive,philosophershavebeguntospeakaboutthesportduringthereignofrhetoric,originatedfromancientGreeceat the time of oration, which includes the ability of eloquent speech, the art ofpersuasionandwinningoverthelisteners."AccordingtoAristotle/Αριστοτέλης/,rhetoric is the finding all the possible means of persuasion, while Quintilian/Marcus FabiusQuintilianus/ defined it as the power of persuasion. Rhetoric isrelatedtothespokenwordalthoughotherelementsareoftenusedaswell,suchas the speaker himself, his looks, voice, manner of speech ..."61. While physicaleducationwasaprivilegeoftherulingclasswhichwasbroughtupfromitsearly

58 Ljubodrag Simonović, Sport, capitalism, destruction (Belgrade: copyright issue, 2014), 13,14.

59 Ibid, 14.

60 Ibid.

61 Violeta Šiljak, The History of Sport. (Belgrade: Faculty for management in sport University “Braća Karić”, 2007), 26.


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youth to develop by systematic practice physical abilities andmilitary skills inordertoacquireandpreservetheirlandsandtoparticipateinwars,andrhetoricasa sourceofwisdom,courageand integritywasadditionaleducationofyoungpeople. For in the time of ancient civilizations that "left a lasting impact abouttheirphysicalactivities,exercisesandcompetitions"62 itwasnotsufficient tobejustagoodwarrior,butalsoasuccessfulorator.

For ancient philosophers, physical exercise was synonymous withhappiness that one felt while built body and spirit, with force exerted on thebattlefield,withphysicalbeauty,characteraccuracyandperfectionofthesoul.

TheancientGreekswerebuildinguptheirbodyforthepurposeofathleticcompetitionandforthepurposesofwar.Athleticcompetitionhaveemergedasanalternative to war, in peacetime as a form of recreation. The war had greatlyinfluencedthedevelopmentandshapingofsportculture.Provingsuperioritywasthedrivingforce inanefforttocompetewithanopponent inthesportarenaorthewarpath.Inbothfieldssuccessbroughtfame,respectandsocialrecognition63.

Difficult situation of physical exercise during the dark Middle Ages, thepowerfulChristianChurchmadeitmoredifficult,andthefocusofdiscussionwasatthemotionofhumanbody,terrestrial,celestialanddivine.Thesoulasanactofthelivingbodyproducesaformthatischanging,butitiseternal,itisnotwasted.GiordanoBruno is binding beauty of body and spirit for it. Physical exercise inmedievalculturewasreduced toamereknightgamesofaristocracyandvillagefestivalsofordinarypeople.

By criticising theattitudeof theChurch,NewAgephilosophers reflectoninevitability of the exercise and its connectionwith health, commenting, at thesame time, the familiarmotto of Juvenal /Decimus Junius Juvenalis/ "A healthymind in a healthybody" (Mens sana in corpore sano).64. JohnLock spoke abouthealthybodyand spirit as thebiggest desire of everyman, because „the one towhom one of them is missing, he will not be much happier if he would haveanything else“65. Most of the attention to physical education of children wasdevoted by Kant, because he felt that the culture consisting ofmental strength

62 Ibid.

63 More about this in: Violeta Šiljak and Vojkan Selaković, „Syncretism of agon, athleticism and war in ancient Greece“, Physical Education and Sport through the centuries 1, 2 (2014): 117.

64 Juvenal, http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal (found 24. 1. 2015). This thought was isolated from context and it reads: '' It should pray for a healthy mind in a healthy body '' (Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano).

65 Aleksandar Kerković, Philosophers on Body and Spirit (Niš: SX print copy, 2004), 174, 175.


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practice, was a positive part of physical education, because this was anotherreasonwhyhumandiffered fromanimal. „The child shouldbe allowed to crawlalong the ground, until it learns to walk by itself... Throwing, whether it isthrowingaway,whetheritisaimingsomething,itistrainingofthesensesatthesametime,especiallymeasuringbytheeye“66.AccordingtoHegel/GeorgWilhelmFriedrichHegel/philosophyinitshistoricaldevelopmentcanbeseenasavarietyof social unrest, because philosophy in the passage of time is a long process offormationof the interior spirit and "its turn intoknowledge,"ofeverything thatwas"originallyfoundasasubstance,astheinneressence"67.Onlywhat’sspritualis real: the essence or what subsists by itself, what acts and what has beendetermined,whatinthatdefinitionorinitsrealityremainsinitself68.Thatbeingactuallyrepresentsaspiritualsubstance.Histhoughtsonthecultureofthebodyandspiritofthemovement,Hegelannouncedinhiswork‘Aesthetics’.Hebelievedthat "the attitude and posture must seem completely unaffected, becauseotherwise"itlookedasifthespiritandthebodyweresomethingdifferent“69.

Development of physical culture in the modern age is only a logicalcontinuation of the events in the New century.WhileMarx recommends youthphysicalactivityinordertogivethesportamassscale,sofarComtestudieslivingbeingsfromstaticanddynamicaspects.Amongotherthings,thephilosophersofmodern era speak about physical culture from the perspective of the game.Gadamer speaks of the game as "the free impulse human life is unthinkablewithout it"70. In his opinion, the game is alsomet "where there are no entitiesbehavingasiftheyareplaying,ithasitsbeingindependentlyoftheawarenessofplayers"71.AccordingtoFink,"perhapsthegameworldisshowedastheartworld,orworldofsportunderthebrightestspotlights,butthegameisanessentialroot‐causeofentirehumanart"72.ItshouldbenotedthecriticalreviewofthesportbyLevKreftwhoputs"sportinthecontextoftheassumedagonistandtragiccrisisof

66 Ibid, 222.

67 Friedrich Hegel, The History of Philosophy I (Belgrade: BIGZ, 1975), 39.

68 Friedrich Hegel, Phenomenology of Spirit (Belgrade: BIGZ, 1974), 13.


70 Milan Uzelac, „Game as a philosophical problem“ (the lecture was held on Spor Academy in Belgrade, Serbia, april, 2003), 11,12.

71 Ibid.

72 Ibid, 17


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humanity"73, while Habermas "reduces sport to an instrumental activity as areflectionofindustrialwork"74.

Fromclassicaltobigstadiumarenasinthemodernage,physicaleducationand sportshavealways caused theattentionofphilosophers.By studyingmanymeaningsphysicalexercisehadatvarioustimes, thegreatestphilosopherswereawareofimportanceofphysicalexercisetheyhavewrittenabout.Asanactivityofmanwho takes himself as a spiritual being, philosophy considers itselfworthyand powerful to open and highlight the hidden essence of the universe, topermeate it with its own knowledge and understanding in all of its essentialmanifestations75. If the philosophy of sports is viewed in relation to thephilosophyoflaw,aesthetics,ethics,socialphilosophy,itcanbesaidthatthesportexamines each of these disciplines through various philosophical positions,becauseitreflectshistorical,cultural,ideologicalandpoliticalcharacteristics.

5.CONCLUDINGREMARKS

In the course of its historical development, sport has "often reflected theeconomic, social and political dimension of society. Inmodern times, sport hastakenaverysignificantroleasaplanetaryphenomenon”76.Althoughtherootsofphysical culture can be found at the time of the original community when allhuman activity boiled down to survival andmaintenance of existence (hunting,fishing‐wrestling,running,jumping),developmentofsportactivitieswasrelatedtotheperiodofancientcitiesthathaddevelopedacultureofphysicalexerciseonathletic fields and gymnasiums, "where the bodywas hardened, and spirit waseducated with music and literature.”77. In today's global society, the mediapromoted lifestyle impliesappearanceofHollywooddiva.Beautiful, thinpeople,whoselife'sgreatestachievementistostayyoung,aremostlypresentedinmedia.Thatishowmediasendmessageswhich"impelpeople,youthandthosewhoarenot,notonlyingymsandvariousfitnesscenters,butalsoinaestheticsurgery“78.

73 University of Belgrade, Institute of philosophy and social theory, „Radical critics of sport“ - Lev Kreft, http://instifdt.bg.ac.rs/lev-kreft-radikalna-kritika-sporta/ (found 11.9.2015)).

74 Ljubodrag Simonović, Sport, capitalism, destruction (Belgrade: copyright issue, 2014), 13.

75 Milenko A. Perović, The History of Philosophy (3 revised ed). (Novi Sad: Department of Philosophy of Faculty of Philosophy, 2003/04).

76 Violeta Šiljak, The History of Sport. (Belgrade: Faculty for management in sport University “Braća Karić”, 2007), 11.

77 Ibid, 41.

78 Nenad Živanović, Apology of physical exercise (Niš: Panoptikum, 2010), 50.


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Inmoderntimes,sportactivitiesareundertheinfluenceofmarketingandextensivemediacoverage,which,thankstothedevelopmentofnewtechnologies(digital television, Internet, cell phone, iPod) strengthened the area of sports aswell. "Globalization has a very basic historical, economic, cultural, political, andsocial dimensions. Modern sports events such as the Olympic Games, illustratetheseaspects"79.Thus,sportasakindofsocialphenomenonofgreatinterestandimportance for the modern society has become a lucrative business that inadditiontosportscompetitions includes thepossibilityofmakingaprofit in thesports and entertainment industry. The relationship between sport andglobalization is reflected in the application of Robertson's model with fivehistoricalstagesthroughtheanalysisofclaims(Wallerstein’s/ImmanuelMauriceWallerstein/andSklair’s/LeslieSklair/claims)inthedomainofpoliticaleconomy,bypointingtohegemonizationandheterogeneityofcultureandissuesofpoliticalreform80. All this leads to a conclusion that large sporting events and sports ingeneral, viewed from an economic point of view ensure global income, culturaleffectsareseenthrough"theinteractionofdifferentsportsstylesandtechniques,modes of dressing and self‐expression"81, in political terms, the way theinternational elite manages the Olympic Committee, and socially, they meanmeetingofathletesandaudiencesallaroundtheworld.Whilecriticallyreflectingonissuesrelatedtosports,sportssociologistsaremostly interestedinthevaluestructureofaparticularsociety,theroleofthestateinthecreationoftopathletes,the impact of sport in the education and upbringing of the young generations,issuesoffairplayandviolenceingames,ontheotherhandphilosophyofsportsstrivestocreateimagesofsportwhichscienceandexperienceconfirmorreject82.Sport as an aesthetic sphere of social life, from the institutionalization of theancientgamesinOlympiatotheadvantagesandlimitationsofmodernsports,hasmanaged toachieve itsgoal.Thanks tonew formsof global communication, thewhole world knows about top athletes83 like Muhammad Ali, Pelé, NadiaComăneci,MichaelJordan,NovakDjokovićwhoareculturaliconsoftheirtime.

Therefore, considering the significance of sport through the analysis ofrhetorical considerationsof physical culture fromancientGreece to thepresent

79 Richard Giulianotti, Sport, a Critical Sociology. (Belgrade: Clio, 2008), 287.

80 Ibid.

81 Ibid.

82 More about this in: Vesna Milenković and Dejan Milenković. „Violence at sport fields and responsibility of media“ (the paper presented at Security management of sports competitions, Belgrade, Serbia, Srbija, 23. april, 2014).

83 More about this in: Graham Scambler, Sport and Society: History, Power and Culture (Belgrade: Clio, 2007), 7.


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days using excerpts from a speech of the greatest philosopher thinkers, it wasconcludedthatdifferentapproachesofthinkerswereassociatedwiththespecificphilosophicalschooltheybelonged,buttheywereallawareoftheimportanceofphysicalexerciseespeciallyamongyoungpeople.WhileGreekculturepromotedattitude towards own body, so far, today’s sport has turned into a lucrativebusiness subordinate to thewishesof viewers.However, inmodernsociety, thedevelopmentofmodernsports,rebuildingoftheOlympicMovement,contributedtopopularizationofsport,sothephilosophersofmodernsocietypaidmuchmoreattentiontophysicalcultureinordertopromotevariousformsofhumanactionsimprovingtheiruseofenergytofosterhygiene,theformationofaesthetics84andthehealthofbody.

6.REFERENCES

1. Božović,Ratko.„Symboliccultureandphysicalculture“.SociološkalučaII/1(2008):49‐61.

2. Debord, Guy. Society of the Spectacle. Belgrade: Family library, 2003.http://www.crsn.com/debord/// Drustvo_spektakla_Gi_Debor.pdf.(found12.5.2009).

3. Giulianotti,Richard.Sport,aCriticalSociology.Belgrade:Clio,2008.

4. Hegel,Friedrich.PhenomenologyofSpirit.Belgrade:BIGZ,1974.

5. Hegel,Friedrich.TheHistoryofPhilosophyI.Belgrade:BIGZ,1975.

6. Juvenal,http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juvenal(found24.1.2015).

7. Kerković, Aleksandar. Philosophers on Body and Spirit. Niš: SX printcopy,2004.

8. Korać,VeljkoandBrankoPavlović.TheHistoryofPhilosophy.Belgrade.Institutefortextbooksandteachingaids,1996.

9. Majorov, Genadij G. Forming ofmedeival philosophy (Latin patrology).Belgrade:Grafos,1982.

10. Milenković, Dejan and Nenad Živanović. Paralympic Games. Niš:Panoptikum,2010.

84 More about this in: Ratko Božović, Symbolic culture and physical culture, Sociološka luča II/1 (2008): 49-61.


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11. Milenković, Vesna and Dejan Milenković. „Media and development ofcommunication in sports“. The paper presented at Sport, Health,Environment.Belgrade,Serbia,30‐31.october,2014.

12. Milenković, Vesna andDejanMilenković. „Violence at sport fields andresponsibilityofmedia“.ThepaperpresentedatSecuritymanagementofsportscompetitions,Belgrade,Serbia,23.april,2014.

13. Milosavljević, Ljubinko. Medieval thought of society. Niš: Faculty ofPhilosophy,2002.

14. Mitrović,Ljubiša.Generalsociology.Belgrade:Professionalbooks,2000.

15. Nietzsche,Friedrich.ThusSpokeZarathustra.Belgrade:Grafos,1980.

16. Perović,MilenkoA.TheHistoryofPhilosophy (3 revised ed). Novi Sad:DepartmentofPhilosophyofFacultyofPhilosophy,2003/04.

17. Scambler, Graham. Sport and Society: History, Power and Culture.Belgrade:Clio,2007.

18. Simonović,Ljubodrag.Sport,capitalism,destruction.Belgrade:copyrightissue,2014.

19. ŠiljakVioletaandVojkanSelaković,„Syncretismofagon,athleticismandwar in ancient Greece“. Physical Education and Sport through thecenturies1,2(2014):117.

20. Šiljak,Violeta.TheHistoryofSport.Belgrade:FacultyformanagementinsportUniversity“BraćaKarić”,2007.

21. University of Belgrade, Institute of philosophy and social theory.„Radical critics of sport“ ‐ Lev Kreft. http://instifdt.bg.ac.rs/lev‐kreft‐radikalna‐kritika‐sporta/(found11.9.2015).

22. Uzelac,Milan.„Gameasaphilosophicalproblem“.ThelecturewasheldonSporAcademyinBelgrade,Serbia,april,2003.

23. Živanović,Nenad.Apologyofphysicalexercise.Niš:Panoptikum,2010.

24. Živanović,Nenad.Appendix to Epistemology ofPhysicalEducation.Niš:Panoptikum,2000.


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РИТОРИЧЕСКИЕСООБРАЖЕНИЯФИЛОСОФОВОФИЗИЧЕСКОЙКУЛЬТУРЫ:ВАЖНОСТЬФИЗИЧЕСКИХ

УПРАЖНЕНИЙСДРЕВНЕЙГРЕЦИИДОСОВРЕМЕННОСТИ

РЕЗЮМЕ

Философы начали говорить о спорте во время правления риторики, вовремя ораторского искусства, что означает способность говоритькрасноречиво, и овладетьискусством убеждениянад аудиторией. Греческаякультура способствовала отношению к собственному телу, а спорт в нашевремя превратился в прибыльную работу подведомственную пожеланиямзрителей, потому что с развитием средств массовой информации вместе свизуальным и коммуникативной функцией спорта, его развлекательнаяфункция является наиболее заметной. Статья рассматривает роль иважность спорта спорта на основе анализа риторических соображенийфизическойкультуры с древнейГрециидонашихдней.Прииспользованииописательных, исторических, сравнительных, аналитических методов иметода теоретического анализа, в этой статье, в качестве иллюстрацийиспользованы выдержки из выступлений и мыслей величайшихфилософовмыслителей. Результаты показали что философы были осведомлены оважностифизическихупражнений.Еслифилософияспортарассматриваетсявсвязи с философией права, эстетики, этики, социальной философии, можносказать,чтоспортрассматриваетсявкаждойизэтихдисциплинспомощьюразличных философских позиций, потому что она отражает исторические,культурные,идеологическиеиполитическиехарактеристики.Можносделатьвывод, что различные подходы, в зависимости от философских школявляются важной частью определения дискурса спортивных состязаниях,таких как мышление о победе, успеху, определении риска, физическойпредрасположенности, тренировки, идеи олимпизма, вопросе о культуресредствмассовойинформации,политическиеиэкономическиеаспекты.

Ключевыеслова:философскиемысли,философияспорта,средствмассовойинформации,важностьфизическихупражнений.

РЕТОРИЧКАРАЗМАТРАЊАФИЛОСОФАОФИЗИЧКОЈКУЛТУРИ:ЗНАЧАЈФИЗИЧКОГВЕЖБАЊАОДАНТИЧКЕГРЧКЕДО

САВРЕМЕНОГДОБА

САЖЕТАК

Философи су о спорту почели да говоре у време владавине реторике, увреме беседништва које подразумева способност елоквентног говора,вештину убеђивања и придобијања слушалаца. Док је грчка култура


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промовисала однос према властитом телу, дотле се спорт у модерно добапретворио у уносан посао подређен жељама гледалаца, jeр je, развојеммасовних медија уз визуелну и комуникативну функцију спорта, највишеизражена забавна функција. Рад се бави сагледавањем значаја спорта крозанализу реторичких разматрања физичке културе од античке Грчке доданашњих дана. Уз коришћење дескриптивне, историјске, компаративне,аналитичко‐интерпретативне и методе теоријске анализе, У раду су, каоилустрација употребљени изводи из говора највећих философа мислилаца.Резултати показују да су значаја физичког вежбања били свесни и највећифилософи који су о њему писали. Ако се философија спорта посматра сафилософијом права, естетиком, етиком, социјалном философијом, онда семоже рећи да свака од ових дисциплина спорт сагледава кроз разноврснефилософске позиције, јер се у њему одражавају историјске, културолошке,идеолошке, политичке карактеристике. Може се закључити да различитиприступи, настали у зависности од философских школа, представљајузначајан део одређивања дискурса о спорту као што су: промишљање опобеди, успеху, одлучности, ризику, телесним предиспозицијама, тренингу,идеји олимпизма, питање масовне културе и медија, економских иполитичкихаспеката.

Кључнеречи:философскапромишљања,философијаспорта,медији,значајвежбања.

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