was a classical Greek(Athenian) philosopher

has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics.

most important contribution to Western thoughts his dialectic method of inquiry, known as the Socratic method or method of "elenchus“(a logical refutation, especially the Socratic method of eliciting truth by Question and answer)

To solve a problem, it would be broken down into a series of questions, the answers to which gradually distill the answer a person would seek

To illustrate the use of the Socratic method; a series of questions are posed to help a person or group to determine their underlying beliefs and the extent of their knowledge.

Socrates frequently says his ideas are not his own, but his teachers'. He mentions several influences. Xenophon, he

was a teleologist

so-called Socratic Paradoxes:

No one desires evil.

No one errs or does wrong willingly or knowingly.

Virtue—all virtue—is knowledge.

Virtue is sufficient for happiness.

PoliticsIt is argued that Socrates believed "ideals belong in a world only the wise man can understand",makingthe philosopher the only type of person suitable to govern others.

"Socratic paradox" can also refer to a self-referential paradox, originating in Socrates' utterance, "what I do not know I do not think I know, often paraphrased as "I know that I know nothing.“

Virtue

Bust of Socrates in the Palermo Archaeological Museum.

Socrates believed the best way for people to live was to focus on the pursuit of virtue rather than the pursuit, for instance, of material wealth. He always invited others to try to concentrate more on friendships and a sense of true community, for Socrates felt this was the best way for people to grow together as a populace.

Politics

It is argued that Socrates believed "ideals belong in a world only the wise man can understand", making the philosopher the only type of person suitable to govern others.

Greek philosopher Disciple of Socrates Author of more than 30

philosophical dialogues Founder of the objective idealism Was active defending the idealistic

world outlook against the teachings of the Materialism

Knowledge is concrete and practical

Doctrine of Platonism-means theory of general terms, such as justice peace, and knowledge

Social justice pertains to giving credit where credit is dues

he formulated the theory of the existence of immaterial forms of objects

He believed in Goodness-his core philosophy is a theory of "form "or "idea", this explains that knowledge is innate.

Anything in this world has a corresponding form is goodness. therefore goodness is absolute permanent, and unchangeable’;

He was Socrates student, and founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world.

The role of dialectic in Plato's thought is contested but there are two main interpretations: a type of reasoning and a method of intuition. Simon Blackburn adopts the first, saying that Plato's dialectic is "the process of eliciting the truth by means of questions aimed at opening out what is already implicitly known, or at exposing the contradictions and muddles of an opponent's position.

Platonic epistemologyMany have interpreted Plato as stating—even having been the first to write—that knowledge is justified true belief,an influential view that informed future developments in epistemology. This interpretation is partly based on a reading of the Theaetetus wherein Plato argues that knowledge is distinguished from mere true belief by the knower having an "account" of the object of her or his true belief

whose name means "the best purpose",[8] was born in 384 BCE in Stagira, Chalcidice

Founder of science of Logic

was a Greek philosopher and scientist born in Stagirus, northern Greece

His writings cover many subjects –including physics, biology, zoology, metaphysics, logic, ethics, aesthetics, poetry, theater, music, rhetoric, linguistics, politics and government – and constitute the first comprehensive system of Western philosophy.

Teaching Alexander the Great gave Aristotle many opportunities and an abundance of supplies. He established a library in the Lyceum which aided in the production of many of his hundreds of books.

VIRTUE IS A STATE OF MIND

God is the first cause and the source of change

Reality and Performance

Are the highest functions

The goal of human life is Happiness

The greatest good for human being is the exercise of rational faculties

1. the theoretical aspect as dealing with being, its components, causes, and origin

2.The practical as dealing with human activity

3.The poetic as dealing with creativity

He recognizes prime causes:

1.Matter

2.Form

3.The beginning of motion

4.aim

According to him

Knowledge comes from perception

-one has to experience something in order to acquire knowledge

Natural evil is due to Satan’s misuse of his freewill.

All men are born in sin and redemption is possible with the grace of God.

Man is a great mystery

He advocated the figurative interpretation of the bible

Devotion to God is the greatest devotion

Italian theologian and a philosopher

A priest who became the Archbishop of Canterbury.

He believed that God exist by priori argument. God exists in reality the understanding of men but not physically.

Natural theology and science have no connection.

God’s existence is not to discover God’s existence by reason but just to use reason to understand what one believes in.

Monologion (Sololiguz) and Proslogion(Discourses) –these are various arguments proving God’s existence

Quality of perfection is an only attribute that applies to God.

A distinction between philosophy and theology

There are no innate but knowledge must proceed from senses

The dependence of the universe on a Supreme God

reason and faith can lead to truth

Born in Florence

A political adviser, was exiled when the republic failed

His works the “prince”, exposed the ruthless strategy to obtain, maintain, sustain, and extend power.

Never show humility arrogance is more effective

Morality and Ethics are for the weak.

It is better to be feared than to be loved

Born in France

a Philosopher and mathematician

He introduced analytical geometry

He was famous for his Evil Genius Hypothesis ( he distinguished spirit from matter)

He discovered the law of refraction in optic

Meditation , a work on epistomologicalscepticism

German Philosopher

An epistemologist and a moral philosopher.

Believed the Gospel as the proper guide to life.

Had a high regard for moral duties and human dignity.

Moral responsibilty is a common knowledge.

British moralist and famous proponent of Aristotle’s ideas.

Claimed that intuitions enable people recognize prima facie duties unless a supreme one overrules them.

He maintained that our moral insights provide us information to stand on something .

A French philosophical thinker.

Built his “phenomenological ontology” on a radical antithesis of being and consciousness. The separation of being from consciousness leads to dualism.

Expounded on existentialism which tells that man has radical freedom to create himself.

Claimed that man is responsible not only for himself but for all men.

Believes that one can only have a political freedom if he enjoys personal liberty.

Influential philosopher and political thinker.

Science should proceed from trying by disconfirming its hypotheses than trying to confirm them

Contributions:

-”those who promise us paradise on earth never produce anything but hell”.

-“ We must plan for freedom, and not only freedom can make security secure.

- Our knowledge can only be finite, while our ignorance must be necessarily be infinite