Greetings And Welcome

Greetings and welcome

Title of study Dental caries and oral hygiene practice among the rural people in puthia Upazilla under Rajshahi District.

Acknowledgement

We , the students of BDS 24th batch , Dental Unit , Rajshahi Medical College , would like to express our gratitude and special thanks to Professor Dr. Abu Rayhan Khandakar ,principal , Rajshahi Medical College as identifying ourselves for the Residential Field Site Training Programme 2015 for Dental Unit , Rajshahi Medical College . We also extend our sincere thanks to Professsor Dr. Md. Jawadul Haque, Head of Department of community medicine , Rajshahi Medical College and also the Co-ordinator of the RFST programme -2015 for oraganizing and overall supervision of the programme .

we also very much thankful to Dr. Nahid Khurram Chowdhury , Associate professor , Head of Dental Unit , Rajshahi Medical College for his fatherly guardianship and hearty co-operation during the programme. Dr. Nishat Parvin , Assistant professor ,Head of Department of Paediatric Dentisrty , Dental Unit , Rajshahi Mediical College also helped us a lot . She monitored and supervised our activities very carefully . Special thanks for her motherly caring . We wanna also remember and express our gratefulness to Dr. Zoha M M Hossain and Dr. Md. Abdur Rashid , Lecturer , Department of Community Meicine , Rajshahi Medical College for their kind co-operation and guidence to carry out the total study programme at every step .

we are indebted to the upazilla Health and Family Planning Officer (UH&FPO) , Puthia for his warm hospitality and kind consideration .Again we want to give thanks to Dr. A.K.M. Asad palash , Dr. Shahina Shoheli Sweety and Dr. Rasel Bin Monsur for their help and guidance in the programme . At the last , but not the least we give thanks heartily to all the people of pachani para , puthia for their cordial hospitality and co-operation during data collection .

S.M. Zan-E-AlamOn behalf of 24th BDS, Dental UnitRajshahi Medical College

Introduction

Dental caries is the most common oral problem showing striking geographic variations, socio-economic patterns and severity of distribution all over the world. Though many studies are conducted in different parts of the world, the review of literature indicates there is a great deficiency in baseline data concerning the oral health of Bangladeshi rural people. There is lack of sufficient information regarding the frequency and prevalence of dental caries and oral hygiene status in many parts of Bangladesh, especially in the rural areas.

Bangladesh is a developing country with many people suffering from malnutrition and poor health, especially among the deprived sectors of the population. Dental caries is a common problem among rural people in Bangladesh and our country has very limited facilities for dental treatment and a high population to dental provider ratio (100,000/2). This could possibly contribute to further deterioration of the oral hygiene status of the rural people in Bangladesh. So an attempt has been made to determine the oral hygiene status and dental caries among the adult rural population of Puthia Upazilla under Rajshahi District.

Objectives

To assess dental caries and oral hygiene practice among the rural people in Puthia Upazilla under Rajshahi District.General Objective

Specific Objectivesi)To assess the oral hygiene practice of men and women of Puthia Upazillaii)To assess occurrence of dental caries among the rural people of Puthia.

iii) To determine the distribution of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene practice among the different socio-economic status of the people.

iv) To determine occurrence of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene practice among the male and female population groups.

v) To determine occurrence of Dental Caries and Oral Hygiene practice of the people in relation with their literacy status .

Rationale of the studyThere is lack of studies on dental health status in Bangladesh .There have been no population based survey done in the country over the past years and thus no statistics on dental health problems or seeking dental health care is available which again reminds us of the necessity of a study for informed planning of a preventive programme for different segments of the population

This exploratory study is expected to reduce this knowledge gap towards designing a preventive oral health intervention at primary health care level.

Variables a) Independent variables:AgeSexSocio-economic StatusEducation Occupation

b) Dependent variables: Practice of Oral Hygiene Dental caries of the respondents

Methodology

Type of Study Community based Cross-sectional descriptive type of study. Place of Study Puthia Upazilla health complex, Rajshahi. Study Population All the adult people of the previously selected village panchani para, puthia upazilla,Rajshahi, present at home at the time of data collection. Sample Size 350

Data collection procedure

Each BDS (24th batch) student took data from 7 respondents. So 50 students collected data from a total of 350 respondents. Informed consent had been taken before this. Data were collected by a semi-structured questionnaire by face to face interview and by physical oral examination.

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Data collectorsStudents of 24th BDS, Rajshahi Medical College Dental Unit (as part of their educational curriculum)Instrument and equipment:A pre-designed, semi-structured questionnaire Dental Mirror Dental Probe and A pencil torchDuration of study: 3 days (From 14 16 June, 2015).

Data analysis:Data were analyzed manually by preparing master sheet and from master sheet, result were revealed and presented by tables and charts.Ethical consideration:Verbal consent was obtained from the respondents

Results

RespondentsTotal(n)Percentage(%)Male16346.57Female18753.43Grand total350100

This study was carried out on 350 adult people of Panchani para ( ), Puthia, Rajshahi of which 163 (46.57%) were male and the rest 187 (53.43%) were female (Table 1).Table 1: Sex distribution of the respondents

Respondents of the study were divided into 18+ to 30, 30+ to 40, 40+ to 50, 50+ to 60 and above 60 years groups. The highest male and female respondents were found in the group of 18+ to 30 years and they were 39 (23.93%) and 77 (41.18%) respectively (Table -2).

Age in yearsMaleFemaleTotal18+ to 3039 (23.93%)77 (41.18%)116 (33.14%)30+ to 4034 (20.86%)50 (26.74%)84 (24.0%)40+ to 5032 (19.63)33 (17.65%)65 (18.57%)50+ to 6035 (21.47%)21 (11.23%)56(16.0%)60+ and above23 (14.11%)6 (03.21%)29 (08.29%)Total163 (46.57%)187 (53.43%)350 (100%)

Table 2: Age distribution of the respondents

33.14% male female respondents were found in 18-30 yrs of age group i.e. highest and 8.29% found in 60+ of age group which is lowest.

Monthly Family Income (BDT)Total (n)Percentage (%)Up to 1000020157.43 10001 - 2000012636.0020001 and above236.57Total350100

Table 3: Monthly family income of the respondentsTable 3 shows monthly family income of the respondents. Here we see 201 (i.e. 57.43%) families have monthly income up to 10,000 taka, 126 (i.e. 36.00%) families have monthly income between 10,001 to 20,000 taka and the rest 23 (i.e.6.57%) have monthly income above 20,000 taka in total 350 families.Majority i.e. 57.43% respondents were belongs upto 10,000 /-

The respondents were more or less educated (79.71%). 107 (30.56%) of them had high school level and 94 (26.86%) of them had primary level of education (Table 4).

Levels of literacyTotalPercentage (%)No literacy7120.29Up to PSC9426.86Up to SSC10730.56Up to HSC2908.29Above HSC4914.00Total350100

Table 4: Educational status of the respondents

There were a range of occupations among the respondents, of which three groups were prominent. House wives were 151 (43.14%), businessmen were 63 (18%) and students were 42 (12%) in this study (Table 5).

** Total percentage may exceed the cent-percent value due to multiple works

OccupationTotal (n)Percentage (%)Student4212.00Jobless0802.29House wife15143.14Farmer/Day labour3510.00Bussiness6318.00Service3510.00Others1604.57Total350100

Table 5: Occupations of the respondents

It was found that Dental caries was present in 46.01% of the male respondents. It was 42.78% in the female group (Figure 7). So it could be said that the occurrence of dental caries is higher in the male group.

RespondentsDental cariesTotal n(%)PresentAbsentMale75 (46.01%)88 (53.99%)163 (46.57)Female80 (42.78%)107 57.22%)187 (53.43)Total155 (44.29%)195 (55.71%)350 (100)

Table- 6: Dental caries among Both sexes of the respondentsTable -6 shows that 44.29% respondents had caries among both sexes out of this 75(i.e. 46.01%) male and 80(i.e. 42.78%) female respondent.

155 (44.28%) respondents brushed their teeth twice daily, whereas 143 (40.86%) not more than once. Only 20 (5.7%) respondents had the habit of tooth-brushing more than two times but 32 (9.14%) were irregular in their habit of tooth-brushing (Table 8).

Frequency of Tooth-BushingTotal (n)Percentage (%)Once Daily14340.86Twice Daily15544.28>2 Times2005.70Irregular3209.14Total350100

Table 8: Distribution of the respondents by frequency of tooth-brushing

Most of the respondents (62.57%) reported their technique of tooth-brushing as to and fro both surface. 26% said it to be up and down both surface. Only 11.43% did it only in the outer surface (Table 9).Table 9: Distribution of the respondents by techniques of tooth-brushingTechnique of Tooth-BrushingTotal (n)Percentage (%)To&Fro both surface21962.57Up&Down both surface9126.00Outer surface only4011.43Total350100

Regarding cleaning method, most of the respondents (280 ie 80%) used tooth-brush here . 55 (15.71%) used finger and only 13 (3.71%) used wood-stick (table 10).Table 10: Distribution of the respondents by cleaning methods.Types of cleaning methodTotal (n)Percentage (%)Tooth Brush28080.00Wood Stick1303.71Finger5515.71Others20.58Total350100

Tooth paste was used mostly as the cleaning material here. 249 (71.14%) people reported their material for tooth-brushing to be tooth-paste. Next to it was tooth-powder, used by 70 (20.00%) people. Charcoal and other materials were used by only a few (6.57% and 2.29% respectively) (Table 11).Materials usedTotalPercentageTooth paste24971.14%Tooth powder7020.00%Charcoal2306.57%Others0802.29Total350100%

Table 11: Distribution of the respondents by materials used for tooth-brushing

It was found that 99 (28.28%) respondents had the habit of chewing betel and Jorda (i.e. one kind of tobacco dust), 24 (6.86%) took Gul (another form of tobacco dust), 15 (4.29%) had other types of substances like chocolate, chewing gums etc and the rest 212 (60.57%) had no habit of chewing anything (Table 12).Table 12: Distribution of the respondents by chewing habits.Chewing HabitsTotal (n)Percentages (%)Betel and Jorda9928.28Tobacco Powder (Gul)2406.86Others1504.29None21260.57Total350100%

No. of caries Frequency of brushingTotal (n%)Once/DayTwice/Day>2/DayIrregularAt least 123 (31.94%)28 (45.90%)2 (25%)7 (50%)60 (38.71%)2 to 546 (63.89%)30 (49.18%)3 (37.50%)7 (50%)86 (55.48%)6 and more3 (4.17%)3 (4.92%)3 (37.50%)0 9 (5.81%)Total72 (46.45%)61 (39.35%)8 (5.16%)14 (9.04%)155 (100%)

Table-13: Relation between frequency of Tooth-Brushing and condition of caries:sTable 13: shows that 63.89% caries present those who brushed their teeth once daily and those who brushed the teeth twice daily had 49.18% caries present.

Fig 14: Condition of Dental cariesFigure 14 shows the condition of Dental caries among the respondents. Here we see that 60 people (i.e.38.71%) have at least 1 caries, 86 people(i.e.55.48%) have 2 to 5 caries and 9 people (i.e.5.81%) have 6 and more caries in total 155 people.

Table 15 reveals that 25.4% missing teeth found in those who brushed their teeth once daily and 12.2% missing teeth found who brushed twice daily.

Table- 15: Relation between Frequency of Brushing and condition of missing teethNo. of missing teeth Frequency of brushingTotal (n,%)Once/DayTwice/Day>2/DayIrregularAt least 115240443 (37.72%)2 to 529 (25.4%)14 (12.2%)2853 (46.49%)6 and more740718 (15.79%)Total 5142219114

Fig 16: Condition of missing teethFig 16 shows the condition of missing teeth . Here we see 43 people (i.e. 37.72%) have at least one tooth missing,53 people (i.e. 46.49%) have 2 to 5 teeth missing and 18 people (i.e. 15.89%) have 6 and more teeth missing.

Age in yearsDental cariesTotal PresentAbsent18-- 30288031--4038 (24.52%)3841--50303751--6040 (25.81%)2060+19 (12.26%)20Total155 (44.29%)195 (55.71%)350

Table-17: Dental caries among different age-groups of the respondents:

Table- 17: shows 44.29% had dental caries out of them 25.81% belonged to 50 to 60 yrs age group and 12.26% belonged to 60+s

Respondents Dental CariesTotal (n)PresentAbsenti)Illiterate383270ii)Upto PSC42 (12%)4284iii)Upto SSC 355792iV)Upto HSC 212445V) Above HSC19 (5.43%)4059Total155195350

Table -18 : Dental caries among different educational status of the respondents.It is found from Table 18 that 12% respondent had caries who had edu level upto PSC and 5.43% had caries who had edu level above HSC

Conclusion

Most of the people used tooth brush and tooth paste for cleaning their teeth.Among the respondent 44.29% had dental caries.32.57% respondent had missing teeth.

Limitations

The sample size was small.The time frame was very short , only 3 days which was not sufficient for a complete study3.The fund for the study was not sufficient to carry out the study on a large scale.

Recommendations

People should have the proper education about their oral hygiene. People should give health education about the problems of teeth and oral cavity . So that their awareness is raised.

Thank You