revisi ein 3

8/19/2019 Revisi Ein 3

1/18

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

The sentence is an important and fundamental point in the study of language.

Because the intermediary of sentences, students can submit a complete and

clear intent. The units form of language that we have known before arriving at

the level of the sentence is the word or group of words and phrases. Words and

phrases can not express a complete and clear intent, unless the words and

phrases that were instrumental in the minor sentence or an answer to a

statement. Type the phrase also serves so that we can express our intent to beexpressed clearly and in full. Therefore, in order that we can express a

sentence well then we must understand the basic structure of a sentence and

the type of sentence.

1.2 Purpose

1.2.1 General Purpose

To demonstrate and explain about the sentence structure in English

1.2.2 pec!"!c Purpose

1. tudents can understand the concept of understanding written

English

!. tudents can understand the concept of understanding written

information

1.# Bene"!$s

tudents know and understand penggunaam sentence structure in English and

understanding written English

CHAPTER 2


2/18

Type of

clause

Independen

t Clause

Dependent

Clause

Verb ClauseNoun

Clause

Adjective

Clause

Adverb

Clause

PREENTATION TOPIC

A. en$ence $ruc$ure and Clause

1. Clause" clause is a group of related words containing a sub#ect and a verb. "

clause may be either a sentence $an independent clause% or a sentence like

constructionwithin another sentence $dependent clause%.

&onsider the following sentence'

Tom married Amy when he was 19.

The string Tom married Amy could be a complete sentence on its own(

the additional clause, when he was 19, could not be a complete sentence on

its own. )t is a clause. " clause is a sentence*like construction contained

within a sentence. The construction when he was 19 is +sentence*like+ in the

sense that we can analyse it in terms of the ma#or sentence elements

$sub#ect,verb, etc%. )t has its own sub#ect $he%, it has a verb $was%, and it has

a sub#ect complement $19%. )n addition to these ma#or sentence elements, it

has the subordinating con#unction when, which tells us that the clause is

asubordinate clause

1.1 T%pe o" Clause

1.2 &unc$!on o" Clause

1. erb &lause

http://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/verbterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/complterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/subordconj.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/subclterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/tz/g/verbterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/complterm.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/subordconj.htmhttp://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/subclterm.htm


3/18

erb clauses perform verbal function, verbal function correspond

to the forms of sentences in English'

• -eclaration tatement $declarative sentence%

• uestion $interrogative sentence%

• &ommand $imperative sentence%

"ll sentences contain at least one verb clause. erb clauses are

also referred to as main clauses.

!. /oun &lause

/oun clauses are defined as subordinate clauses formed by a

subordinating con#unction followed by a clause. The subordinating

con#unctions in English that introduce noun clauses

are that , if ,whether , wh- words, and wh-ever words.

0or example, the following italicied clauses are examples of

noun clauses'

• The library will send a bill to whoever damaged this book .

• Whether you will pay for the damage is not even a 2uestion.

• The #udge has given that you behaved well after your

arrest some consideration.

/oun clauses perform nominal functions, or functions

prototypically performed by noun phrases. The nine

main functions of noun clauses in English grammar are'

1. ub#ect

!. ub#ect complement

3. -irect ob#ect

4. 5b#ect complement

6. )ndirect ob#ect

7. 8repositional complement

9. "d#ective phrase complement

:. /oun phrase complement

;. "ppositive

/oun clauses are also referred to as content clauses.

http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/grammatical-forms-of-english-noun-clauses/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-dependent-clause/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/grammatical-functions-of-english-noun-clauses/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-subjects/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-subject-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-direct-objects/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-object-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-indirect-objects/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-prepositional-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-adjective-phrase-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-noun-phrase-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-appositives/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/grammatical-forms-of-english-noun-clauses/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-dependent-clause/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/grammatical-functions-of-english-noun-clauses/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-subjects/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-subject-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-direct-objects/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-object-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-indirect-objects/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-prepositional-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-adjective-phrase-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-noun-phrase-complements/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-noun-clauses-as-appositives/


4/18

3. "d#ective &lause

"d#ective clauses are defined as subordinate clauses formed by a

subordinating con#unction followed by a clause. The subordinating

con#unctions in English that introduce ad#ective clauses

are who,whom, that , which, whose, when, and where. 0or example,

the following italicied clauses are examples of ad#ective clauses'

• The woman that works in the bakery is my neighbor.

• The car you hit belongs to the man whose daughter is my

classmate.

• The restaurant where you left you purse is known for its

uni2ue pasta dishes.

The primary grammatical function of ad#ective clauses is noun

phrase modifier . /oun phrase modifiers are defined as words,

phrases, and clauses that describe or modify a noun phrase.

"d#ectives clauses may also, although rarely, function as verb

phrase modifiers, prepositional phrase modifiers, and noun clause

modifiers.

"d#ective clauses are also referred to as relative clauses. The

subordinating con#unctions that introduce ad#ective clauses are also

called relative pronouns.

4. "dverb &lause

"dverb clauses are defined as subordinate clauses formed by a

subordinating con#unction followed by a clause. ome of the more

common subordinating con#unctions in English that introduce

adverb clauses include'• after

• although

• because

• before

• even though

• if

•

once

http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/grammatical-forms-english-adjectives-clauses/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-dependent-clause/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/grammatical-functions-of-english-adjectives-and-adjective-phrases/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-noun-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-noun-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/the-noun-phrase-modifier-in-english-grammar/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-verb-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-verb-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-prepositional-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-noun-clause-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-noun-clause-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/the-english-relative-pronoun-system/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-dependent-clause/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/grammatical-forms-english-adjectives-clauses/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-dependent-clause/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/grammatical-functions-of-english-adjectives-and-adjective-phrases/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-noun-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-noun-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/the-noun-phrase-modifier-in-english-grammar/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-verb-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-verb-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-as-prepositional-phrase-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-noun-clause-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/using-adjective-clauses-noun-clause-modifiers/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/the-english-relative-pronoun-system/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-dependent-clause/


5/18

• since

• so that

• though

• unless

• until

• when

• whereas

• while

0or example, the following italicied clauses are examples of

adverb clauses'

• After she gave the baby a bath, she decided to take a nap.

• The girl cannot usually eat beef stew because she is allergic

to carrots.

• The couple has been saving money so that they can go on a

vacation.

"ll adverb clauses perform the grammatical function of ad#unct

adverbial. "d#unct adverbials are words, phrases, and clauses that

modify or describe an entire clause by providing additional

information about time, place, manner, condition, purpose, reason,

result, and concession.

1.# T%pes o" u' ord!na$or

http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-adjunct-adverbial/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-adjunct-adverbial/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-adjunct-adverbial/http://www.linguisticsgirl.com/linguistic-definition-of-adjunct-adverbial/


6/18

2. en$ence $ruc$ure

entence structure is the order and arrangement of the clauses in a

sentence, which is a group of words that express a complete thought.

entence structure is the way a sentence is arranged, grammatically. entence

structure depends on the language in which our writing or speaking. )t


7/18

The sub#ect names the noun or pronoun doing the action or being written

about, such as Mary in the sentence above. The predicate, fried the eggs

includes the verb and any of its complements or modifiers.

The simple sentence has other names' )ndependent clause is the most

commmon, althought simple clause is fre2uently used.

2. Co(ple, en$ence

"ny combination of independent clauses and dependent clauses such as,

*ar% "r!ed $+e eggs -+!c+ +er son +ad 'roug+$ "ro( $+e (arke$

*ar% "r!ed $+e eggs -+en +er "a(!l% "!nal% ca(e do-ns$a!rs

*ar% kne- $+a$ $+e% all ere /er% +ungr%

Because +!s essa% -as la$e0 +e los$ (arks

is known as a complex sentence. )t is important to keep in mind the effect

and importance of subordination in writing. ubordinate clauses carry a

great deal of information and meaning, and yet allow the sub#ect and verb

named in the independent clause to remain dominant and visible as the

main idea.

)ndependent &lauses -ependent &lause $"d#ective &lause%

)ndependent &lauses -ependent &lause $"dverb &lause%

)ndependent &lauses -ependent &lause $/oun &lause%

-ependent &lauses )ndependent &lause

Formula

Independent Clause + Dependent Clause

!r

Dependent Clause + Comma "#$ + Independent Clause


8/18

When the dependent clause comes first, asin the last example above , it is

separated from the independent clauses with comma. When the sentences

begins with the independent clause, there is no need to separate the

clause with a comma.

#. Co(pound en$ences

The compound sentences consist of at least two simple sentence #oined

by means of a coordinating con#unction like and but for so or and yet.

)ndependent &lauses #oined in this manner are given e2ual emphasis, a

process which is called coordination, example'

*ar% "r!ed $+e eggs0 and s+e se$ ou$ grea$ garn!s+ a$ +er pla$e

T+e essa% -as la$e0 so +e los$ (arks

. Co(pound Co(ple, en$ences

-ifferent types of sentences can be combined to form compound*complex

sentences. The central independent clause combines two sentences type. )t

serves as both the ending of the complex sentences an the begining of the

compound sentence, example'

+en cons!der!ng o-n!ng a pe$0 %ou (us$ calcula$e $+e cos$0

)ndependent &lause-ependent &lauses

&om lex sentence

Formula

Independent Clause + Comma "#$ + Conjunction + Independent

Clause

!r

Formula

Comple% Sentence + Conjunction+ Compound Sentence


9/18

or $+e an!(al (a% sur"er

when punctuating a compound*complex sentences, apply the rules for

both compound and complex sentence. The example above begins with a

dependent clause separated from the central clause by a comma, as in the

rule for complex sentence. "t the end of the sentence the independent

clause is #oined by a comma and the word or , as in the rule for the

compound sentences.

2.2 Independen$ Clause

"n independent clause is a clause that can stand on its own, by

itself. )t does not need to be #oined to any other clauses, because it contains

all the information necessary to be a complete sentences.

)ndependent clauses have three components'

1. They have a sub#ect * they tell the reader what the sentence is about.

!. They have an action or predicate * they tell the reader what the sub#ect

is doing.

3. They express a complete thought * something happened or was said.

"n independent clause can be as simple as a sub#ect and a verb'

• ?im reads.

)ndependent &lause

&om ound sentence

Formula

Subject + Verb


10/18

?im is the sub#ect. @eads is the action or verb. " complete thought was

expressed * something was said, and the reader now knows that ?im

likes to read.

)ndependent clauses can also be #oined to other independent clauses, if

the independent clauses are related. Aowever, they CT be #oined

using the proper punctuation.

• ?im reads a book( he really en#oyed the book.

The first clause is an independent clause. ?im is the sub#ect, read is the

action, book is the ob#ect.

The second clause is an independent clause. Ae is the sub#ect, en#oyed

is the action and the book is the ob#ect.

The independent clauses are related, so they can be #oined to create a

complex sentence. They are correctly #oined by a semicolon.

• ?im read a book, he really en#oyed the book.

"gain, we have two independent clauses, but the independent clauses

are not #oined properly. When two independent clauses are #oined only

be a comma, it is a grammatical error called a comma splice. They

dont need #oin by comma

)ndependent clauses can be 2uite complex, but the important thing to

remember is that they stand on their own and make sense alone.

2.# Dependen$ Clause

• The clause that he had made is not complete, grammatically correct

sentences in English.

• " dependent clause is a group of words that also contains a sub#ect and

a verb, but it is not a complete thought. Because is not a complete

thought, a dependent clause cannot stand on its own as a sentences( it is


11/18

dependent on being attached to an independent clause to form a

sentence

• " clause can be dependent because of the presence of a'

1. ubordinator' Before, after, because, since, in order to, althought,thought, whenever, whereever, whether, where, while, even though,

even, if

!. &on#unction' "nd, or, nor, but, yet

• -ependent &lauses must be #oined to another clause, in order to avoid

creating a sentence fragment, example'

Because I "orgo$ (% +o(e-ork

ubordinat DD&omplement

This is a sentences fragment. We have a =because> but not a =why>

or anything accompanying and following what happened.

Because ! "orge$ (% +o(e -ork0 ! go$ anger "ro( (% $eac+er

-ependent &lause "nother clause

Aere is correct, =) got anger from my teacher> is an independent

clause. This sentence is complete senteces who have a complete

thought.• There are three types of dependent clauses'

1. /oun clauses, which function gramatically as nouns

+e$+er -e are go!ng +as no$ %e$ 'een dec!ded

The clause which underline have a functions as the sub#ect of the

verbs in the main clause

He $old (e $+a$ +e -ould -r!$e ne,$ -eek

the clause which underline have a functions as the direct ob#ect of

the verb

!. "d#ective clauses, which function grammatically as ad#ective

@emember that ad#ective modify $or describe% nouns, 0or

example the ad#ective blue in the phrase a blue car tells us

something about the noun car

)n the same way, an ad#ective clause gives additional

information about a noun, example'

Is $+a$ $+e -o(an -+o( %ou $old (e a'ou$3

The clause which underline gives additional information about the

noun woman

Please g!/e (e $+e le$$er $+a$ +e le"$ !n +!s 'r!e"case

Formula

Subordinat + Independent Clause


12/18

The clause which underline modifies the noun letter

3. "dverb clauses, which function grammatically as adverbs

"dverbs usually answer 2uestions such as how., when., and

why., or they give constractive information. 0or example, !uickly

in the sentence =Ae walked 2uickly> tell us how the man walked.

)n the sentences, =she arrived on time = the adverbial on time tells

us when she arrived. Aere are examples'

As soon as +e arr!/es0 $ell +!( $o -a!$ !n $+e lo''%

The adverb clause which underline tells when wil be told to wait

He -!l n!$ (ee$ +er 'ecause s+e +as !nsul$ed +!(

The adverb clause which underline tells why he will not meet her

Al$+oug+$ $+e c+!ldren +ad +eard $+e s$or% se/eral $!(es0 $+e%

al-a%s 'egged $+e!r gran"a$+er $o repea$ !$The adverb clause which underline gives a contrast to the idea that

the children begged their grandfather to repeat a story


13/18

8

=

T

T

&

8

8F

ᴓ

o

W0

B. Correc$!on %('ols

4*BO5 *EANING INCORRECT CORRECT

8 8unctuation

) live work, and go to school in

Walnut.

) live, work, and go to school

in Walnut.

G &apitaliation

/eeded The dodgers play in los angeles.

The -odgers play in Fos

"ngeles.

T erb Tense

) never work as a cashier until )

got a #ob there.

) never worked as a cashier

until ) got the #ob there.

H ub#ect*verb

"greement The manager work hard.

The manager worksI hard.

IThis is #ust one correct tense

that can be used. -epending on

the time of the action,

con#ugate accordingly.

T Tense hift

"fter ) went to the store, ) eat

the ice cream ) bought.

"fter ) went to the store, ) ate

the ice cream ) bought.

&lose pace

Every one works hard.

Everyone works hard.

H pace /eeded

Joingto class is awesome.

Joing to class is awesome.

8 pelling

The maneger is woman.

The manager is a woman.

8F 8lural

"pple are the most nutritiousfruit.

"pples are the most nutritious

fruit.

ᴓ Cnnecessary

Word The student she studies all the

time.

The student studies all the time

ᴏ issing Word

8lease don


14/18

WW

WW

8/

@5

0rag.

0orm Aer voice is delighted.

WW Wrong Word

The food is delicious. Besides,

the restaurant is always

crowded.

The apple is delighted.

The food is delicious.

Therefore, the restaurant is

always crowded.

The apple is delicious.

Wrong Word

5rder 0riday always is our busiest day.

0riday is always our busiest

day.

8/ 8ronoun

@eference

Error

The restaurant


15/18

8rep.

"rt.

"rt.

KK

&oll

&oll

-

yn.

"wk.

writing. improve their writing.

ub#ect

/eeded

)s open from 7 p.m. until the last

customer leaves.

The restaurant is open from 7

p.m. until the last customer

leaves. erb /eeded

The employees on time and

work hard.

The employees are on time and

work hard.

8rep. 8reposition

/eeded We start serving dinner 7.p.m.

We start serving dinner at 7

&on#. &on#unction

/eeded

The garlic shrimp, fried clams,

broiled lobster are the most

popular dishes.

The garlic shrimp, fried clams,

and broiled lobster are the most

popular dishes."rt. "rticle /eeded

-iners expect glass of water

when they first sit down at table.

-iners expect a glass of water

when they first sit down at the

table.

KK 0aulty

8aralleism

Ae en#oys watching movies,

riding his bike, and to go to

-isneyland.

Ae en#oys watching movies,

riding his bike, and going to

the movies.

&oll langK&ollo2ui

alism ) am going ! class right now.

y daughter love 8B?

sandwiches.

) am going to class right now.

y daughter loves peanut

butter and #elly sandwiches.

- -angling

odifier Joing to the store, the traffic

was unusually heavy.

Joing to the store, ) noticed the

traffic was unusually heavy.

5@

) realied the traffic was

unusually heavy as ) went to

the store.

yn. yntax

) to the store with -an went.

) went to the store with -an.

"wk. "wkward y mother


16/18

The house of my brother is

always clean.

clean.

4*BO5 *EANING T4PE O& ERROR HO TO CORRECT

ERROR

@ep. @epetitive This error occurs, often times,

when a writer repeats the same

idea, word$s%, concepts, ets.

Take out repetitive material and

revise accordingly.

&onfusing

8assage

)deas are not clear to the reader. &larify ideas and revise

accordingly.

&or(a$$!ng Correc$!on %('ols

Begin a /ew

8aragraph

8aragraph covers unrelatedKnew

topic.

Fook for a break in

thoughtsKideas and revise

accordingly

L )ndent The beginning of each paragraph

should be indented.

Ait the =tab> button on the

keyboard.

CHAPTER #

C5OING

#.1 Conclus!onentence structure are the order and arrangement of clauses in sentences,

which is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. the structure of

the sentence is a way of phrasing and grammar regulated. as a beginner would

be a writer in complete sentences, it is important to be able to use different

types of sentences are correct.

The sentence consists of clauses' a group of words that expresses a single idea.

There are two types of clauses' independent clauses and dependent clauses.

independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence, clause depending

on the needs of independent clause to complete its meaning.


17/18

arious types of sentences made up of different combinations of the two types

of clauses, and there are different types of sentences

#.2 ugges$!on

0rom this paper, we hope that the students can understand and know about

the structure of a sentence in English

RE&ERENCE

"nker, usan. !MM;. @eal Essay with @eadings with !MM; F" Cpdate' Written

8ro#ects for &ollege, Work, and Everyday Fife. /ew Nork

"priyanti, )da -kk. !M14. ymbols )n Teacher


18/18

t8rhRvF"hE&N4RAemJBrk7"E)AT""HvGonepageQ2GaS!Mpaper

S!MaboutS!McomplexS!MsentenceS!MwithS!MadverbsQfGfalse access at

11'11 march 7, !M17U

Burton, Barbara .,". !MM1. English Jrammar &omprehension dwibahasa.

?akarta. Jrasindo

EnglishJrammar.!M11.available on http'KKwww.englishgrammar.orgKforming*

complex*sentence*adverb*clauseK. Fast update #uly 31,!M11. "ccessed at

11'M1 arch 7,!M17U

Aopper, 8aul ?. 1;;;. " short course in grammar. /ew Nork' W. /orton Q

&ompany

http'KKgrammar.yourdictionary.comKgrammar*rules*and*tipsKindependent*and*

dependent*clauses.html

http'KKgrammarthewriteway.comKthe*complex*sentence*with*an*adverb*clauseK

http'KKwww.aims.eduKstudentKonline*writing*labKgrammarKindependent*vs*

dependent

http'KKwww.grammar2uies.comKpdfK&orrectionVymbols.doc*

http'KKwww!.le.ac.ukKofficesKldKresourcesKwritingKgrammarKgrammar*

guidesKsentence

https'KKwww.cnm.eduKdeptsKtutoringKtlcKresK"ccu8lacerVEnglishK!74*

)ndepV-ep&lauses*&.pdf

Auddleston, @odney. 1;:4. )ntroduction to the grammar of English. &ambridge'

&ambridge Cniversity 8ress.

5brecht, 0red. !MMM. inimum Essential of English second edition. &hicago.Barron

revisi ein 3

Documents