Review Sessionfor

Review Test #1

AP Psychology Forest Lake High School

Question #1Hartshorne and May conducted a famous set of experiments in which they tested children’s honesty. They found that virtually everyone was honest in some situations and dishonest in others. This type of finding presents the greatest challenge to what type of personality theorist?

A. Social cognitiveB. TraitC. PsychoanalyticD. HumanisticE. Behaviorist

B – Trait theorists describe personality with a set of characteristics that presumably should hold fairly constant across a wide variety of circumstances. If you say someone is conscientious, you typically don’t mean that the person works hard in some situations and not in others. The other approaches all embrace the idea that the environment plays some role in shaping behavior and personality.

Question #2Which of the following is one of the Big Five?

A. IdentificationB. NarcissismC. EgotismD. OpennessE. Temperament

D – The Big Five personality traits are: openness, agreeableness, conscientiousness, extraversion, and neuroticism.

Question #3Dimitri invents a new way to assess personality that involves describing the images one sees in a carefully selected set of photographs of clouds. Which type of psychologist is most likely to find such an assessment useful?

A. Humanistic B. CognitiveC. BehavioralD. TraitE. Psychoanalytic

E – Dimitri’s cloud test is an example of a projective test. Similar to the TAT and Rorshach tests, it is likely based on the idea that what people project onto ambiguous stimuli provide insight into their personalities.

Question #4Alarmed by her penchant for schoolyard fights, Cherry’s parents encouraged her interest in Tae Kwon Do. Now a college student, Cherry has a black belt, teaches at the local dojo and hasn’t had a fight in over a decade. This story could be seen as an example of

A. ProjectionB. SublimationC. DisplacementD. RegressionE. Rationalization

B – Sublimation is a Freudian defense mechanism that suggests that people take unacceptable feelings and desires (in this case a desire to be violent) and channel them into more socially acceptable pursuits.

Question #5According to Freud, during which stage is the superego formed?

A. OralB. AnalC. PhallicD. LatencyE. Genital

C – Freud asserted that the superego, essentially an individual’s conscience, formed during the phallic stage (ages 3-5), largely as the result of the Oedipal crisis.

Question #6Carl Jung is credited with introducing which of the following ideas?

A. Inferiority complexB. Womb envyC. Collective unconsciousD. Self-actualizationE. Factor analysis

C – Jung proposed that people inherit a kind of collective unconscious for the human species that is a repository for common important ideas that he called archetypes. The idea of an inferiority complex is credited to Alfred Adler; womb envy is a term coined by Karen Horney; self-actualization is associated with Abraham Maslow, and factor analysis is a statistical technique first developed by Charles Spearman.

Question #7Which of the following best describes the basic idea behind Bandura’s reciprocal determinism?

A. Personality is the result of the interplay between behavior, traits, and the environment.

B. Important things tend to happen in threes and have a cumulative impact on our lives

C. Exposure to uncontrollable situations results in a feeling of helplessness even when one can control ones circumstances

D. People tend to treat others in similar ways to how they have been treatedE. People often misdirect their emotions and take them out on people who do not

deserve them

A – Bandura suggested that personality results from a set of two-way influences between one’s behaviors, traits, and the environment. This idea is known as reciprocal determinism or triadic reciprocality.

Question #8Carl Rogers said that the ___________ is (are) an innate drive that

motivates all human behavior toward growth.

A. UnconsciousB. Central traitsC. Actualizing tendencyD. Wish fulfillmentE. Ego

C – Carl Rogers believed that people have an actualizing tendency that is an innate drive that guides behavior resulting in personality

Question #9Which brain structure most directly control the desire to eat and feelings of fullness?

A. sensory cortex B. thalamusC. hypothalamusD. ponsE. frontal lobe

C - The lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus control our desire to eat and the feeling of fullness that influences us to stop eating. Rats with lesions in either of these areas either never stop eating or never desire food unless food is removed.

Question #10Which management theory is most likely to help employees grow toward self-actualization?

A. Theory XB. Theory YC. Drive-reductionD. Opponent processE. Achievement motivation

B - The two management theories described by motivation psychologists are theory X and theory Y management theories. Theory X managers use rewards and punishments to coerce employees into working. Theory Y managers assume, like Maslow, that employees are intrinsically motivated and managers should work to inspire and enable employees to work.

Question #11One of the major variables that mitigates the harmful effects of stress is what?

A. homeostasisB. perceived controlC. achievement motivationD. primary drivesE. self-actualization

B - Many studies indicate that animals (including humans) who perceive that they have control over a situation experience fewer harmful effects from stress.

Question #12A drastic change in set-point would most affect which human behavior?

A. self-actualizationB. achievementC. eatingD. aggressionE. Arousal

C - Set-point theory describes the behavior of the hypothalamus in influencing our eating. This theory predicts that the hypothalamus tries to maintain a specific body weight, a set point, and when we are below that point it triggers hunger impulses and lowers our metabolic rate.

Question #13What is the major difference between the James-Lange, the Canon-Bard, and the two-factor theories of emotions?

A. the role stress plays in causing powerful emotionsB. each of the theories describes a different set-point for emotionsC. the sequence of environmental event, physiological reaction, and emotional

experienceD. the relative importance of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the cognitive experience

of emotionE. each of the theories predicts different brain areas as the origin of emotions

C - These theories primarily differ in how they describe the sequence of the emotional process. The James-Lange theory holds that physiological reactions occur first, the Canon-Bard theory holds that the emotional experience precedes the physiological reaction, and the two-factor theory explains the interactions between them as they occur simultaneously.

Question #14A basketball coach is interested in how excited or relaxed her team should be before a game. She wants their excitement level to be exactly right so that they perform their best during the game. Which psychological concept should this coach research?

A. Extrinsic motivatorsB. Two-factor theoryC. Drive reduction theoryD. Opponent-process theoryE. Yerkes-Dodson law

E - The Yerkes-Dodson law describes how physiological arousal impacts performance. Both very low and very high levels of arousal usually negatively impact performance.

Question #15Suzy has started to consume less and less food. She also spends three to four hours at the gym working out each day. The mention of food upsets her, and she won’t listen to anybody who suggests that she is not eating enough. Suzy may be suffering from

A. Anorexia nervosaB. Bulimia nervosaC. The misinformation effectD. Serial processingE. The egocentrism effect

A – Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by a lack of caloric intake, vigorous exercise, and a fear of gaining weight.

Question #16When Julie heard a noise outside her window, her heart started to

beat faster, and as a result she became scared. Which theory of emotion could best explain Julie’s response of fear?

A. Cannon-Bard theory of emotionB. James-Lange theory of emotionC. Two-factor theory of emotionD. Cognitive-Meditational theory of emotionE. Facial-feedback hypothesis

B – The James-Lange theory of emotion states that emotions are the result of physiological changes in the body.

Question #17Paulene typically experiences feelings of autonomic nervous system arousal. With which type or disorder is this symptom most closely associated?

A. SchizophrenicB. MoodC. AnxietyD. SomatoformE. Dissociative

C – Paulene seems to suffer from generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), a type of anxiety disorder. Autonomic arousal causes feelings of anxiety or nervousness.

Question #18According to a behaviorist, psychological disorders are largely caused by

A. Contingencies of reinforcementB. Neurochemical imbalances in the brainC. Maladaptive ways of thinkingD. Unmet psychological needsE. Repressed traumas from childhood

A – Behaviorists believe that the reinforcement contingencies to which one has been exposed shape one’s behaviors. A biopsychologist would link the source of the problem to neurochemicals, cognitive psychologists would fault maladaptive ways of thinking, humanistic psychologists would speak of psychological needs, and psychoanalysts would likely blame repressed childhood traumas.

Question #19Which of the following is an example of a delusion?

A. Hearing the neighbor’s dog talking to youB. Seeing people that you know are deadC. Imagining that you hold an important government positionD. Taking precautions to prevent people from tampering with your foodE. Talking to yourself

C – Delusions are false beliefs. Thus, imagining you hold an important government position is a delusion. Choices A and B describe hallucinations – perceiving sensory experiences that do not exist. D and E both represent behaviors one might take in response to a delusion, but they are not themselves delusions.

Question #20Which of the following disorders is thought to be the most highly heritable?

A. Panic disorderB. Unipolar depressionC. Dissociative identity disorderD. Borderline personality disorderE. Bipolar disorder

E – The term heritability refers to the percent of the variation in a trait due to genetic influences. Bipolar disorder, formerly known as manic-depression, is thought to highly heritable based on evidence from twin and other family studies.

Question #21Jethro frequently feels the need to check and double-check whether he has remembered to turn the oven off in the morning. This checking would best be described as an example of

A. An obsessionB. A personality disorderC. ParanoiaD. AnxietyE. A compulsion

E – Compulsions are repetitive, unwanted behaviors designed to relieve the anxiety caused by obsessions. Presumably, Jethro is worried that something bad will happen (for instance, a fire) because he has left the oven on each morning and feels driven to perform then checking behavior in order to alleviate that anxiety.

Question #22Enlarged brain ventricles are a symptom of what mental disorder?

A. SchizophreniaB. Conversion disorderC. OCDD. ADHDE. Anorexia nervosa

A – Schizophrenia has been shown to be linked to enlarged brain ventricles. Everyone has spaces in their brain called ventricles which are filled with cerebrospinal fluid, but scans have indicated that, in people who suffer from schizophrenia, these spaces are enlarged.

Question #23Psychologists often disagree about exactly what to include in the DSM. What argument is often made in favor of a more comprehensive listing?

A. Labeling a person’s problem is an important first step toward solving itB. Insurance companies will not cover treatment for something not listed in the DSMC. American society no longer stigmatizes those who have been classified as having a

mental illness.D. A more detailed manual will make the diagnostic process easier.E. People like to find descriptions in the book that match the problems they think

they have.

B – Without a diagnosis, insurance companies will not provide coverage for treatment. Therefore, many psychologists have argued that it is better to be overly broad in what is included in the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) than too narrow. Labeling and the stigma associated with having a label are often thought to be reasons against classifying more things as disorders.

Question #24Mental retardation would be listed on which axis of the DSM-IV-TR?

A. Axis IB. Axis IIC. Axis IIID. Axis IVE. Axis V

B – Personality Disorders and mental retardation are listed on Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR. Axis I lists major clinical disorders, Axis III is for general medical conditions, Axis IV is for relevant psychosocial or environmental factors, Axis V is a global assessment of functioning (on a scale of 1-100)

Question #25Dr. Sturge asks patients to blurt out whatever is on their minds and to describe their dreams. What is the likely purpose of these types of techniques?

A. To relieve feelings of anxiety in the short termB. To learn about the patients’ families and friendsC. To uncover repressed thoughtsD. To correct the patients’ irrational thoughtsE. To put the patients at ease

C – The techniques described are commonly used by psychoanalytic and psychodynamic therapists to reveal the threatening thoughts people have repressed into their unconscious. While a long term goal of such techniques is that they will lead to insight that will ultimately relieve anxiety and while the processes may also involve in the disclosure of information about a person’s family or friends, the immediate goal is to help the therapist to gain insight into what the client might be repressing.

Question #26Electroconvulsive shock therapy is most often employed to treat

A. AgoraphobiaB. Dissociative amnesiaC. Antisocial personality disorderD. Unipolar depressionE. Autism

D – Electroconvulsive shock therapy or ECT is most commonly used to treat people suffering from severe depression especially when the depression has not been alleviated by other types of less invasive treatments.

Question #27Mr. Mather’s kindergarten class is completely out of control. He can’t get the 5-year olds to sit in their seats long enough to teach them anything. One Monday, Mr. Ziller comes in with an enormous container of colored buttons and announces that every time he sees someone doing something good, the student will get a button. At the end of the week, buttons will be able to be exchanged at Mr. Mather’s Market. What technique is Mr. Mather using?

A. Reverse psychologyB. EclectismC. Token economyD. Aversive conditioningE. Group therapy

C – A token economy is a system in which generalized reinforcers (tokens) are used to quickly and easily reinforce desired behaviors. The value of these reinforcers comes from being able to trade them in at a later time for objects or privileges of an individual’s own choosing.

Question #28Ajay tells his therapist that he feels lonely and isolated. His therapist says, “So, you seem to be feeling alone. Tell me more about that.” This comment suggests that the therapist is most likely using what type of therapy?

A. PsychodynamicB. Person-centeredC. Implosive D. Cognitive therapyE. Psychoanalytic

B – Carl Rogers person- or client-centered therapy is a nondirective, humanistic, insight therapy that aims to help people identify their own problems. As such, the therapist’s job is mainly to listen actively and act as a mirror to reflect back what the client is saying and thereby help him/her recognize the issue.

Question #29Counterconditioning is a key part of which therapeutic approach?

A. PsychoanalyisisB. Systematic desensitizationC. Rational emotive behavior therapyD. Insight therapyE. Family therapy

B – Counterconditioning is the replacement of one type of learned response with another and is a key part of systematic desensitization, a common treatment for phobias. In using systematic desensitization with a phobic individual, the goal is to replace the anxiety felt in response to the feared object with a feeling of relaxation.

Question #30Many antidepressants work by

A. Increasing the amount of norepinephrine in the synapseB. Decreasing the amount of serotonin in the synapseC. Increasing the amount of dopamine in the synapseD. Decreasing the amount of acetylcholine in the synapseE. Increasing the amount of GABA in the synapse

A – Depression has been linked to low levels of both norepinephrine and serotonin. As a result, a number of antidepressants have been designed to elevate levels of these neurotransmitters in the synapse.

Question #31Which of the following drugs would be most likely be prescribed for a patient who suffers from manic episodes?

A. HaldolB. ChlorpromazineC. BenzodiazepinesD. BarbituratesE. Lithium

E – Lithium is often prescribed to treat bipolar disorder, especially the manic episodes that often occur as part of that disorder. Haldol and chlorpromazine are antipsychotic medications, and benzodiazepines and barbiturates are more often used as anti-anxiety medications.

Question #32Initially, Joey did not like watching Sesame Street. After his Dad put it on repeatedly, Joey came to love it. Joey’s change of heart is best explained to

A. Classical conditioningB. The mere exposure effectC. The fundamental attribution errorD. MaturationE. The law of effect

B – The mere exposure effect says that exposure breeds fondness. Thus, the more Joey watched Sesame Street, the more he came to like it.

Question #33Research has shown that people are more likely to complete a survey if they are given a token incentive along with the survey than a larger incentive that will be given to them upon the survey’s completion. Which phenomenon provides an explanation for this finding?

A. Norms of reciprocityB. Positive reinforcementC. Intrinsic motivationD. Foot-in-the-doorE. Prosocial behavior

A – When you give someone a gift – even one of very token value - you engage what seems to be a natural response to reciprocate in kind. This norm of reciprocity explains why the prepayment of an incentive seems to work better than a promised post-payment even of greater value.

Question #34Which experiment illustrated the power of the self-fulfilling prophecy?

A. Milgram’s experiment involving electric shock and learningB. Asch’s experiment on visual perceptionC. Rosenthal and Jacobson’s study of elementary childrenD. Darley and Latane’s good samaritan experiment E. Bandura’s Bobo Doll study

C – Rosenthal and Jacobson’s experiment illustrated that when elementary school teachers were told that some of their students would experience a big year in their academic development, they did, indeed, develop more rapidly than their peers. The power of one person’s expectations to cause behavioral confirmation in another person is known as a self-fulfilling prophecy.

Question #35The bystander effect most nearly states that

A. People are drawn to gape at other people’s misfortunesB. Bystanders are likely to imitate the behavior of other bystanders they can seeC. The fewer people present when someone needs help, the more likely any one

is to helpD. An excessive number of bystanders causes people to act in a dangerous and

unpredictable mannerE. The presence of bystanders causes heightened sensitivity to workers’ behavior

C – Darley and Latane were the first to show that the more people who observe someone who needs help, the less likely any one of them is to help; this idea is known as the bystander effect and is usually explained by the idea that there is a diffusion of responsibility amongst the bystanders.

Question #36Jeffrey often forgets something on his way to school – his glasses, his homework, his trumpet. When Jeffrey turns up without his permission slip for the class trip to the zoo, his teacher, Mr. Perkins, will most likely conclude that

A. Jeffrey had a very chaotic morningB. Jeffrey is a disorganized personC. Jeffrey doesn’t really want to go on the tripD. Jeffrey is likely sickE. Jeffrey is not very intelligent

B – Mr. Perkins is likely to make a person-stable attribution – an attribution that explains Jeffrey’s behavior as a logical outgrowth of something internal and fairly consistent within him. The only choices that fall into that category are B and E. It seems more logical that to blame Jeffrey’s lack of a permission slip on disorganization than on intelligence.

Question #37Will, who loves Shakespearean drama, vastly overestimates the number of people who share his love of the Bard. This is an example of

A. Self-serving biasB. A stable attributionC. ConformityD. A self-fulfilling prophecyE. The false consensus effect

E – The false consensus effect is the tendency to overestimate the number of people who agree with us. Therefore, Will’s fondness for Shakespeare is likely to lead him to overestimate the number of people who share this view.

Question #38Ms. Stern is a newly hired English teacher. Which of the following factors would make it most likely that she is embraced and accepted by the rest of the teachers in the department?

A. If she has a great deal of subject matter expertiseB. If her students like and respect herC. If the teachers have a common area in which they spend their free timeD. If she brings a unique set of qualities that complement those of the rest of the

departmentE. If she frequently expresses happiness with her new job

C – One of the best predictors of whether people will like each other is proximity – their opportunity to be close to each other. It is therefore more important that the teachers be given an opportunity to associate with Ms. Stern than how her students feel about her or what her personal qualities are.

Question #39All of the following are examples of factors that exacerbate the societal problem of prejudice EXCEPT

A. People seem to have a natural inclination to categorize othersB. Many biases are unconsciousC. From an early age, children model the behaviors of those around themD. People from different backgrounds are often attracted to one anotherE. People prefer their in-groups to out-groups

D – Contrary to much popular lore, people are typically more attracted to those who are similar to them as opposed to their “opposites.” In addition, if people were attracted to their opposites, this phenomenon would help deter rather than encourage prejudice.

Question #40While the entire class was singing “Happy Birthday” to Jared, Mica was moving his lips but was not singing. Because there were already 28 people singing, Mica didn’t feel that he needed to sing as well. This group phenomenon is known as

A. Cognitive dissonanceB. Social facilitationC. Social strivingD. Social loafingE. Social normation

D – Social loafing occurs when one person doesn’t put forth his full effort because there are other people that he assumes will compensate for his slacking off