review of species which may warrant further consideration...

UNEP-WCMC technical report

Review of species which may warrant further

consideration in

preparation for CoP17

(Version edited for public release)

2 Review of species which may warrant further consideration in preparation for CoP17

Prepared for The European Commission, Directorate General Environment, Directorate E - Global & Regional

Challenges, LIFE ENV.E.2. – Global Sustainability, Trade & Multilateral Agreements, Brussels,

Belgium

Published June 2015

Copyright European Commission 2015

Citation UNEP-WCMC. 2015. Review of species which may warrant further consideration in preparation

CoP17. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge.

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3 Review of species which may warrant further consideration in preparation for CoP17

As a major importer of wildlife, the EU is considering potential engagement with range States to support their preparation for the upcoming CITES CoP17. To define priorities, the European Commission compiled a selection of species, based largely on Altherr (2014), and initially requested UNEP-WCMC to provide high-level information on these taxa (see UNEP-WCMC, 2015).

Based on the information provided in UNEP-WCMC (2015), the Scientific Review Group (SRG)

selected a number of these taxa for further review, and Member States identified additional taxa

that may warrant further consideration in this context (Paroedura masobe, Gonatodes daudini,

Bitis parviocola, Capra caucasica, Tylototriton spp., Nautilus spp., Allonautilus spp., Anguilla

rostrata, and Anguilla japonica).

Preliminary overviews of relevant data for those species that have been selected for a basic review

at this stage are presented in Table 1. Trade information was compiled by TRAFFIC and UNEP-

WCMC and provides an overview, but not exhaustive information, of the availability of the

species in trade within the European Union (see methodology section). TRAFFIC provided

overviews for Nautilus spp. and Allonautilus spp. and provided input to Anguilla japonica and

Anguilla rostrata overviews, both of which are primarily based on the IUCN Red List assessments.

Member States are invited consider whether any of these taxa may merit further consideration in

preparation for the upcoming CoP17.

4 Table 1: Review of species for consideration in preparation for CoP17

Scientific name

(Common name)

Distribution Population status and trends

Biology Trade Previous CITES/EU discussions

Protection status

Mammalia

Bovidae

Capra caucasica

(West Caucasian Tur) Western Great Caucasus Mountains of Georgia and Russia (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011).

Smallest range in Capra genus: estimated at 250 km in length and 70 km in width (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011).

Categorised as Endangered by the IUCN in 2008 (Weinberg, 2008).

Population estimated at 5,000-6,000 animals in 2004 (Weinberg, 2004 in Weinberg, 2008), but likely to have decreased since then; population decline estimated at >50% over the last three generations (Weinberg, 2008).

Classified as Critically Endangered on the national Red List in Georgia (Kopaliani and Gurielidze, 2009).

Occurs in the subalpine and alpine zones between 800 and 4,000 m asl, and undertakes seasonal movements, with herd densities varying in summer and winter (various authors in Weinberg, 2008). Males start mating at six years of age while females reproduce at three to four years (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011). Sex ratio in favour of females; one young born per year (various authors in Weinberg, 2008).

Overharvesting for food considered a threat and caused population declines (Weinberg, 2008). High levels of poaching in Georgia (Avaliani et al., 2007).

Trophy hunting trips offered on U.S. and Russian sites, at prices around $10,000-12,500/trophy.

Licenced hunting permitted in some areas (Weinberg, 2008). Georgia: Species does not appear to be protected (Georgia, 2014), though hunting of the species is reported to be prohibited (Avaliani et al., 2007; Kopaliani and Gurielidze, 2009). It is included in National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (Kopaliani and Gurielidze, 2009).

Russia: national protection status unclear. Protected in Russia’s Caucasus Nature Reserve (Bannikov, 1977 in Weinberg, 2008) and a number of other reserves (Wilson and Mittermeier, 2011).

Reptilia

Agamidae

Calotes nigrilabris

(Black cheeked lizard)

Endemic to Sri Lanka (central highlands) (Thasun Amarasinghe et al., 2011).

Not yet assessed by IUCN.

Classified as ‘Endangered’ on the national Red List, with an extent of occupancy estimated at less than 500 km2 (Ministry of Environment Sri Lanka, 2012). Smaller area of occupancy (about 300 km2) estimated by Bahir

Clutches of 2-4 eggs (Thasun Amarasinghe et al., 2011).

Occurs in tropical moist montane forest sites and grasslands between 1000 and 2400 m above sea level (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005).

No information was found reporting trade as a threat.

Offered for sale online in the EU (Altherr, 2014). Adult pairs offered on German website by Italian vendor without price details; one person noted having kept the species in the past.

- In addition to the protection provided in Nature Reserves and Sanctuaries, the species is protected, which makes it illegal to kill, take or trade the species (Sri Lanka, 2009).

5 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Calotes nigrilabris

(Black cheeked lizard) (cont.)

and Surasinghe (2005). Common but restricted to 5 isolated mountain-top sites (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005); population declining (Karunarathna et al., 2011).

Ceratophora stoddartii

(Rhino-horned lizard)

Endemic to Sri Lanka (central highlands) (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005).


Classified as ‘Endangered’ on the national Red List, with an extent of occupancy estimated at less than 500 km2 (Ministry of Environment Sri Lanka, 2012). Smaller area of occupancy (about 200 km2) estimated by Bahir and Surasinghe (2005). Uncommon and restricted to >10 isolated mountain-top sites (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005).

Clutch size of 6-13 eggs (Pethiyagoda and Manamendra-Arachchi, 1998).

Restricted to tropical moist montane forest sites between 1200 (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005) and 2200m above sea level (Bambaradeniya, 2006).


Offered for €2200-2500/pair (Altherr, 2014). Juveniles (reportedly captive bred in Germany) offered for $430 (price includes shipping to U.S.); young adults offered for €200 on German website from Italian vendor; also offered for sale without price information; interest expressed by one Danish buyer.


Cophotis ceylanica

(Pygmy lizard)

Endemic to Sri Lanka

(central highlands) (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005)).


Classified as ‘Endangered’ on the national Red List, with an extent of occupancy estimated at less than 500 km2 (Ministry of Environment Sri Lanka, 2012). Rare and restricted to 4 isolated mountain-top sites (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005).

Viviparous (Manamendra-Arachchi et al., 2006) and considered rare (Altherr, 2014).

Restricted to tropical moist montane forest sites between 1300 and 2200 m above sea level (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005); according to Manamendra-Arachchi et al. (2006) restricted to forest above 1700 m.


Offered for sale online in the EU (Altherr, 2014). Reportedly captive-bred specimens offered for sale on French and two German websites without price details.


Lyriocephalus scutatus

(Hump snout lizard)

Endemic to Sri Lanka

(southwest wet zone) (Somaweera and de Silva, 2010)).

Categorised as Near Threatened by the IUCN in 2009 (Somaweera and de Silva, 2010).

Clutches of 2-4 eggs (Suranjan Karunarathna and Thasun Amarasinghe, 2013).

Use in pet trade reported (Suranjan Karunarathna and Thasun Amarasinghe, 2013), and considered a threat which

- In addition to the protection provided in Nature Reserves and Sanctuaries, the species is protected, which makes it

6 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Lyriocephalus scutatus

(Hump snout lizard) (cont.)

Classified as ‘Vulnerable’ on the national Red List, with an extent of occurrence estimated at less than 5000 km2 (Ministry of Environment Sri Lanka, 2012). Extent of occurrence estimated at less than 17400 km2 by IUCN (Somaweera and de Silva, 2010). Much smaller area of occupancy (about 800 km2) estimated by Bahir and Surasinghe (2005). Uncommon and restricted to >10 sites (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005). Unknown population trend (Somaweera and de Silva, 2010).

Occurs in tropical moist lowland forest up to 1650 m above sea level (Bahir and Surasinghe, 2005).

is reducing population numbers (Somaweera and de Silva, 2010).

Offered for sale online in the EU (Altherr, 2014). Care sheets available in German; two people indicating interest in buying the species; Sri Lankan website highlighting that trade is illegal yet specimens are being advertised online.

illegal to kill, take or trade the species (Sri Lanka, 2009).

Gekkonidae

Cnemaspis psychedelica

(Psychedelic rock gecko)

Endemic to Viet Nam (Hon Khoai Island) (Grismer et al., 2014).


Endemic to Hon Khoai Island off south coast of Viet Nam, about 8 km2 (Grismer et al., 2014).

Gravid females of with two eggs and clusters of eggs in rock cracks reported (Grismer et al., 2014).

Public access to island where it occurs is restricted (Altherr, 2014), but Grismer et al., (2014) reported poaching and sale of illegally collected specimens.

Offered for €2500-3000/pair (Altherr, 2014). Breeding pair offered for $2300 incl. shipping to U.S. by German vendor.

- Species does not appear to be protected, as not included in Decree No. 32/2006/ND-CP (Viet Nam, 2006).

Goniurosaurus kuroiwae

(Okinawan ground gecko)

Endemic to Japan

(Ryuku Islands)

(Ota, 2010).

Various subspecies found on Kumejima, Tokunoshima, Tonakijima, Akajima, Tokashikijima Iheyajima Okinawajima, Sesokojima

Categorised as Endangered by the IUCN in 2009 (Ota, 2010).

Five subspecies recognised; one, G. k. toyami, considered

‘Critically Endangered’, three ‘Endangered’ and one ‘Vulnerable’

Clutches of 1-2 eggs, with 1-3 clutches per breeding season (Ota, 2010).

Illegal collection for pet trade reported (Ota, 2010).

Offered for €120/individual (Altherr, 2014). Juveniles offered for £100/individual, apparently captive bred in UK; one person reported

- Species designated as a Prefectural Natural Monument of Okinawa (since 1978) and of Kagoshima (since 2003) (Kanari and Xu, 2012). The Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties prohibits activities that “change the existing state” of Natural Monuments (Ota, 2010).

7 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Goniurosaurus kuroiwae

(Okinawan ground gecko)

(cont.)

and Kourijima islands [within Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures] (Grismer et al. 1994 in Ota, 2010).

nationally (Ota, 2000). One extinct subspecies recently described (Nakamura et al., 2014). Restricted distribution with extent of occurrence of approximately 1600km2 (Ota, 2010). Many populations believed to decline (Ministry of Environment, 2000 in Ota, 2010).

importing the species into Germany in 2006 and someone on a German website reported having acquired wild-sourced specimens in Japan.

Paroedura masobe Madagascar (Bora et al., 2011) and Comoros (Rosa et al., 2011).

Categorised as Endangered by the IUCN in 2011 (Bora et al., 2011).

Extent of occurrence estimated no greater than 410 km2

; population severely fragmented (Bora et al., 2011). Range restricted to low elevation primary forests of Zahamena (Glaw and Vences, 2007) and Betsampora, central eastern Madagascar (Rosa et al., 2011).

Largest species in the genus Paroedura (Rosa et al., 2011) and considered unique in terms of coloration and form compared to other Malagasy geckos, but little known about its biology (Glaw et al., 2003).

Subject to legal and illegal collection (Bora et al., 2011) and possibly threatened by collection (Rosa et al., 2011).

Considered highly attractive for pet trade and large numbers imported into Europe, although with poor survival in captivity (Glaw and Vences, 2007).

Male offered for £200 in UK; captive bred pair offered for €900; kept by a number of people in Europe and interest expressed.

- Madagascar: Species is fully protected (Category I, Class I); take and trade are prohibited, except under licence for scientific purposes, breeding or exhibitions (Madagascar, 2006).

Annual export quota of 10 individuals reported (Bora et al., 2011). Protected in the Zahamena-Ankenigeny protected area and Réserve Naturelle Intégrale de Betampona (Bora et al., 2011).

Comoros: Gekkonidae are partially protected – any take and trade requires permits (Comores, 2001).

Iguanidae

Ctenosaura pectinata

(Mexican spiny-tailed iguana)

Mexico; introduced in Florida and Texas (Lever, 2003).


Considered to be ‘Threatened’ nationally (Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, 2010). The identity of specimens from Guatemala referred to under this name needs to be verified (Buckley et

Annual reproductive cycle, with an average clutch size of 31 eggs (Castro-Franco et al., 2011). Longevity of up to 12 years reported (Aguirre-Hidalgo, 2008).

Commercial exports prohibited (Altherr, 2014); hunted for food in some regions (Aguirre-Hidalgo, 2008).

Offered for €1500/pair (Altherr, 2014). Captive born young specimens offered for £200/individual; reports from keepers of species

- Mexico: Categorised as Threatened in of NORMA Oficial Mexicana NOM-059-of-2010 (Secretaria de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, 2010) although protection status unclear. Commercial exports prohibited (Altherr, 2014) and hunting reported to be prohibited (Reynoso et al., 2007).

8 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Ctenosaura pectinata

(Mexican spiny-tailed iguana) (cont.)

al., 2011). Population densities in Oaxaca estimated to be 21-102 specimens/km2 (Zurita-Carmona et al., 2009).

on websites; mainly offered for sale on U.S. websites.

Scincidae

Tiliqua gigas

(Giant bluetongue skink)

Indonesia,

Papua New Guinea (Noel, 2014).


Three subspecies identified from New Guinea and adjacent islands (Noel, 2014). Inhabits remote areas; population status not well known (Noel, 2014), but in the 1980s reported to be widespread in lowland areas all over mainland New Guinea and some surrounding islands (Mys, 1988), in the 1990s described as “uncommon” (Shea, 1990 in Austin et al., 2008).

Viviparous, with 5-25 neonates (O’Shea and Halliday, 2002).

Captive females of related species reported to reach maturity in 18-24 months, gestation lasts 3-4 months; 5-22 young per litter (Noel, 2014).

Indonesian 2014 MEP figures include a production figure of 1730 animals from five facilities.

Offered for sale online in the EU (Altherr, 2014). Pair for sale for £4500 (‘caramel’ specimens); many other specimens for sale on many sites, with prices of £50-300/individuals.

Imports of 348 wild-sourced and source unspecified live specimens mainly for commercial purposes into the EU-28 reported over the period 1997-2005; Indonesia reported exporting 395 captive-bred specimens to the EU-28 over the same period.

Listed on EU Annex D in 1997 but removed from the Annexes in 2005.

Indonesia: Protected species (Republic of Indonesia, 1999); take and trade is prohibited

(Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Papua New Guinea: Not included in the list of protected fauna of (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1996; in Van-Helden, 2001).

Sphaerodactylidae

Gonatodes daudini

(Grenadines Clawed Gecko)

Endemic to Union Island, St. Vincent and the Grenadines (Powell and Henderson, 2005).

Categorised as Critically Endangered by the IUCN in 2011 (Powell and Henderson, 2011).

Area of occupancy of 0.5 km2, population trend stable (Powell and Henderson, 2011). Total population estimated at 6,562 individuals, based

Discovered in 2005 (Powell and Henderson, 2005). Very small geckonid, restricted to dry mature upland forest (Powell and Henderson, 2005).

No information on life history.

Some illegal trade and commercial demand reported, with IUCN recommending CITES listing (Powell and Henderson, 2011). Any collection thought to destroy its already very limited microhabitat (Powell and Henderson, 2005).

- Not included in the Schedules of protected species in the Wildlife Protection Act of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Act 16 of 1987, Amended by Act 42 of 1988 and Act 16 of 1991) (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, 1991).

9 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Gonatodes daudini

(Grenadines Clawed Gecko) (cont.)

on extrapolations, which may be an overestimation (Bentz et al., 2011).

Wild-sourced pair offered in Germany for $1450 and single male for $500 (incl. shipping to U.S.); one male offered by Dutch vendor without price details; unspecified animal for sale for £420/individual; some expressions of interest; noted to be kept by one person.

Viperidae

Atheris desaixi

(Mt Kenya bush viper)

Endemic to Kenya (Spawls et al., 2002).


Endemic species to forest patches around Mt. Kenya, where two isolated populations were known (Ashe, 1968), with possible further populations reported (Spawls et al., 2002). Habitat reported to be under threat (Spawls et al., 2002).

No information available on population sizes, but decreasing trend inferred (CITES CoP13 Prop 30).

Female reported to have given birth to 13 young (Spawls et al., 2002). Reported to have been bred in captivity (Meidinger, 1998).

Illegal trade in the species reported, with capture of specimens for trade cited as a primary threat (CITES CoP13 Prop 30).

Imported specimens offered for €60 by Swedish vendor; specimen also offered without price details; one person stated to have bought species at Hamm reptile show and one person expressed interest in buying species.

A CoP13 proposal by Kenya to list the species in Appendix II (CoP13 Prop. 30) was withdrawn.

Protected; all activities involving specimens of listed species require a permit (Republic of Kenya, 2013).

Atheris mathildae

(Matilda's horned viper)

Endemic to a restricted area in Tanzania (Wallach et al., 2014).


Described in 2011 from forest in Southern Highlands of Tanzania and likely to have a small extent of occurrence and small area of occupancy (Menegon et al., 2011).

No published information on life history but establishment of a breeding programme in Tanzania reported by Menegon et al. (2011).

Collection from the wild considered a potential threat to this species (Menegon et al., 2011).

Slovakian vendor offering female without price details; female stated to have been bought in Austria for €100-200.

Does not appear to be protected (Tanzania, 2013).

10 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Atheris mathildae

(Matilda's horned viper) (cont.)

Menegon et al. (2011) proposed categorising the species as Critically Endangered according to the IUCN guidelines on the basis of its small extent of occurrence.

Bitis parviocula

(Ethiopian mountain adder)

Endemic to south-western Ethiopia (Böhme, 1977).


Apparently rare viperid (Maritz et al., 2013) with an altitudinal range of 1700-2800m asl (Wallach, Williams, and Boundy, 2014). Occurs in montane grasslands and adjacent forests or human plantations (Hoser, 2013). Little known about its biology (Maritz et al., 2013).

Pet trade mentioned by Sánchez et al. (2011). Two instances of people expressing interest; discussion on legality of imports on one website; one person suggested that very expensive in Europe; interest expressed by some people but also difficulty in acquiring specimens; subadult pair offered for £6000 in Holland.

- Any trade activity in all wildlife requires a permit (Ethiopia, 2007).

Bitis worthingtoni

(Kenyan horn viper)

Endemic to the central rift valley in Kenya (Spawls et al., 2002).


Restricted distribution on the slopes of central Rift Valley (Spawls et al., 2002), but no population estimates are available (CoP13 Prop. 31).

Viviparous, 7-12 young (Spawls et al., 2002).

Trade was considered to be a primary threat to the species and illegal trade from Kenya was reported (CoP13 Prop. 31).

Captive bred specimen offered for €1000/individual by German vendor; captive bred juveniles thought to cost €500-700/individual; some people reported keeping the species, with one reporting successful captive reproduction.

CoP13 Prop. 31 by Kenya was withdrawn.

Does not appear to be protected (Republic of Kenya, 2013). Some protection possibly offered by its likely occurrence in Gate National Park and possible occurrence in Lake Nakuru National Park (Spawls et al., 2002).

Chelidae

Elseya novaeguineae

(New Guinea snapping turtle)

Indonesia, Papua New Guinea; introduced into Palau (Van Dijk et al., 2014).

Categorised as Lower Risk/least Concern by IUCN in 2000, based on 1994 categories/criteria (Asian Turtle Trade Working Group, 2000).

Clutches of 6 eggs (Bonin et al., 2006).

Harvested for pet trade under synonym E. schultzi (Lyons et al., 2013). Regularly caught for food (Bonin et al., 2006) and smuggled for

Assessed as potential candidate for listing for CoP12 at AC19, but although it was believed that “all the remaining non-CITES listed species of Asian

Indonesia: Protected species (Republic of Indonesia, 1999).

Law No. 5/1999 prohibits the capture, killing, possession, transport and trade of protected animals and their

11 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Elseya novaeguineae

(New Guinea snapping turtle) (cont.)

Assessed as ‘Least Concern’ by the IUCN Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group in 2011 (Van Dijk et al., 2014). Widely distributed in Papua New Guinea (Bonin et al., 2006).

the pet trade (Moll and Moll, 2004).

Indonesian 2014 MEP figures include production figure of 2096 animals from three facilities.

Damaged individual offered for €75 (Altherr, 2014). Adults offered for €160 and juveniles for €90 on German site; German breeder noting that offspring regularly available; offered (for free?) by German vendor and for €40 by other German vendor.

turtles should be listed under the Appendices of CITES”, as it was not considered at risk, it was one of the species that was not put forward in the interest of time (AC19 Doc15.1).

nests and eggs (Republic of Indonesia, 1990).

Papua New Guinea: Not included in the list of protected fauna (Papua New Guinea Department of Environment and Conservation, 1966; in Van-Helden, 2001).

Palau: protection status unclear.

Amphibia

Salamandridae

Tylototriton spp.

Nineteen species recognised by Frost (2015) and 13 by Frost (2013).

Widely distributed from the eastern Himalayas, Indochina to central and southern China (Nishikawa et al., 2013a). No overlap in species ranges recorded (Le et al., 2015).

Eight species assessed by the IUCN (2015). One categorised as Least Concern, four as Near Threatened, two as Vulnerable and one as Endangered (IUCN, 2015). Population trend decreasing for seven species and trend unknown for one (IUCN, 2015).

Most species reported to inhabit forested areas and breed in small waterbodies.

Low reproductive potential (Gascon et al., 2005).

Pairs offered for £60-80; specimens reported to be kept.

Collection of Tylototriton spp. reported to have increased strongly and that the pet trade posed a threat to the species involved; high level of mortality during transport reported (Bakkers and Beukema, 2008).

No reported trade into the EU-28 2009-2013 at genus level.

Genus listed on EU Annex D since 22/05/2009.

Bhutan: protection status unclear.

China: T. asperrimus, T. kweichowensis, T. taliangensis, and T. verrucosus are protected species (Li, 2010; People’s Republic of China, 2004).

India: T. verrucosus is listed as protected species (India, 1972).

No Tylototriton species appear to be protected in Lao PDR (Lao PDR, 2003); Nepal (Nepal, 1973); Myanmar (Myanmar, 1994); or Viet Nam

(Viet Nam, 2006).

12 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Tylototriton spp. (cont.)

Thailand: only T. verrucosus appears to be protected (Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, 2003).

Tylototriton anguliceps (Angular-headed Newt)

Recognised by Frost (2015).

Thailand, Viet Nam, (likely also China and Lao PDR) (Frost, 2015).

Not yet assessed by the IUCN.

Described in 2015; geographic limits of the species not resolved; no population estimates (Le et al., 2015).

Found in or near waterbodies in forest; unknown clutch size (Le et al., 2015).

No reported trade into the EU-28 2009-2013.

See Tylototriton spp. See Tylototriton spp.

Tylototriton asperrimus (Black Knobby Newt)

Recognised by Frost (2013; 2015).

China, Viet Nam (Frost, 2015).

Categorised as Near Threatened by the IUCN (van Dijk et al., 2008).

Formerly common but population considered to be in decline (van Dijk et al., 2008).

Reported to breed in shallow temporary pools in forested areas (van Dijk et al., 2008).

The major threat in China reported to be harvesting for use in traditional medicine (van Dijk et al., 2008).

Offered for sale by German vendor without price details.

Imports of 247 source unknown, 70 source unspecified and 120 wild-sourced live specimens mainly for commercial purposes into the EU-28 reported over the period 2009-2013.


Tylototriton broadoridgus (Sangzhi Knobby Newt)


Endemic to China (Frost, 2015).


Described in 2012 (Shen et al., 2012); known only from type locality (Frost, 2015).

Reported to be found in bamboo groves in mountain areas where it breeds in pools (Shen et al., 2012).



Tylototriton dabienicus (Dabie Knobby Newt)




Described in 2010; only known from type locality in Henan province (Frost, 2015).



13 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Tylototriton hainanensis (Hainan Knobby Newt)



Categorised as Endangered by the IUCN (Haitao and Chan, 2008).

Uncommon with a decreasing population trend (Haitao and Chan, 2008).

Reported to breed in pools and seepages in forests (Haitao and Chan, 2008).

Trade not cited as a threat (Haitao and Chan, 2008).



Tylototriton kweichowensis (Red-tailed Knobby Newt)



Categorised as Vulnerable by the IUCN (Datong et al., 2004).

Severely fragmented population and believed to be in decline (Datong et al., 2004).

Reported to breed annually and produce clutches of 122 ± 8 eggs with a rate of hatch of 44% (Yingzhou et al., 1998).

It was reported to be collected for use in traditional Chinese medicine and a small number of individuals are also traded in the international pet markets (Datong et al., 2004).

One person reported buying several specimens in the UK; juveniles are offered for sale for £70 by an online trader (with an indication that they were sold out).

Imports of 858 live source unknown specimens for commercial purposes into the EU-28 reported over the period 2009-2013.


Tylototriton liuyangensis




Described in 2014; only known from two localities in one Nature Reserve (Frost, 2015).



Tylototriton lizhenchangi (Mangshan Crocodile Newt)




Described in 2012; only known from type locality in southern Hunan Province (Frost, 2015).



14 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Tylototriton notialis


Lao PDR, Viet Nam (Frost, 2015).


Described in 2010 (Stuart et al., 2010); known from two localities (Stuart et al., 2010; Nishikawa et al., 2013b).

Reported from mixed deciduous and pine forest; breeding in shallow streams (Stuart et al., 2010).

Trade cited as a potential threat (Stuart et al., 2010).



Occurs in Nakai-Nam Theun National Protected Area (Stuart et al., 2010).

Tylototriton panhai


Endemic to Thailand (Frost, 2015).


Described in 2013; reported to occur in three protected areas (Nishikawa et al., 2013a).

Reported from moist forest with pools and streams (Nishikawa et al., 2013). Probably terrestrial in non-breeding season (Nishikawa et al., 2013).


Occurs in three protected areas (Nishikawa et al., 2013a).

Tylototriton pseudoverrucosus (Southern Sichuan Crocodile Newt)




Described from the Daliang Shan mountains in 2012 (Frost, 2015).



Tylototriton shanjing (Yunnan Newt)

Recognised by Frost (2015) but considered synonym of T. verrucosus by Frost (2013).

China, Thailand (likely also Lao PDR and Myanmar) (Frost, 2015).

Categorised as Near Threatened by the IUCN (Ohler et al., 2004).

Very common in some parts of range but has undergone a significant decline (Ohler et al., 2004).

Reported to occur in forest and to breed in pools, ponds, ditches and artificial waterbodies (Ohler et al., 2004).

Over-collecting for traditional medicine considered major threat; small numbers exported for pet trade (Ohler, 2004).

One person reported buying several specimens in the UK; three specimens for sale for €170 in Norway; juveniles offered for £70 by an online trader (with an indication that they were sold out).



Tylototriton shanorum


Endemic to Myanmar (Frost, 2015).


Reported to have been sold in pet shops in


15 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Tylototriton shanorum

(cont.)

Described in 2014; only known from type locality (Nishikawa et al., 2014).

Japan (Nishikawa et al., 2014).

Tylototriton taliangensis (Taliang Knobby Newt)



Categorised as Near Threatened by the IUCN (Fei and Xie, 2004).

Common but with decreasing population trend (Fei and Xie, 2004).

Reported to breed in pools, ponds and paddy fields (Fei and Xie, 2004).

Over-collection for traditional medicine, with small numbers also exported to supply the international pet trade (Fei and Xie, 2004).



Tylototriton uyenoi


Endemic to Thailand (Frost, 2015).


Described in 2013; populations reported from Chiang Mai Province (Nishikawa et al., 2013a).

Adults thought to be semiaquatic; occur in ponds, slow streams and ditches even out of breeding season (Nishikawa et al., 2013a).



Tylototriton verrucosus (Himalayan Newt)


Bhutan, China, Nepal, India, Thailand (taxonomy is not clearly resolved) (Frost, 2015).

Categorised as Least Concern by the IUCN (van Dijk et al., 2009).

Uncommon but with a large, widespread population which was not considered to be in decline (van Dijk et al., 2009).

Common in Darjeeling although breeding pools prone to drainage (Seglie et al., 2013).

Clutch size reported to be 117 ± 45 (Roy and Mushahidunnabi, 2001).

Age at maturity 2.5 years in males and 3.2 years in females; maximum age for males seven years and ten years for females (Seglie et al., 2010).

Reported to have been used as fishing bait in Myanmar, as traditional medicine in India, and to be in the international pet trade (van Dijk et al., 2009).

Interest expressed by Hungarian buyer; captive bred juveniles for sale for £15/individual in UK; juveniles offered for £15 and adults for £25 by trader (sold out).



Tylototriton vietnamensis


Reported from Viet Nam and presumed to also occur in China (Frost, 2015).

Categorised as Near Threatened by the IUCN (Nguyen, 2008).

Collecting for the pet trade or traditional medicine not considered


Occurs in Tay Yen Tu Nature Reserve and Xuan Son

16 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Tylototriton vietnamensis

(cont.)

Categorised as Endangered nationally (Viet Nam, 2008).

Uncommon, with a decreasing population trend (Nguyen, 2008).

to be serious problems (Nguyen, 2008).


National Park (Nguyen Quang Truong pers. comm. to Nguyen, 2008).

Tylototriton wenxianensis (Wenxian Knobby Newt)



Categorised as Vulnerable by the IUCN (Fei and Ye, 2004).

Known from four locations, declining population trend (Fei and Ye, 2004).



Conservation action plan reported to be in progress (Li, 2010).

Tylototriton yangi (Tiannan Crocodile Newt)




Described in 2012 (Hou et al., 2012).



Tylototriton ziegleri (Ziegler's Crocodile Newt)


Endemic to Viet Nam (Frost, 2015).


Described in 2013 from north Viet Nam but geographic limits of the population unclear (Nishikawa et al., 2013b).

Breeding in pools in bamboo forest (Nishikawa et al., 2013b).

Trade cited as a potential threat by (Nishikawa et al., 2013b).



Actinopterygii

Anguillidae

Anguilla japonica

(Japanese Eel)

Southern Pacific coast of Japan, south to Hainan Island, China, Taiwan and the Republic of Korea (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014).

Categorised as Endangered by IUCN in 2014 (Jacoby and Gollock., 2014).

Decline in abundance of mature eels estimated at 50% over the last 30 years (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014).

Larvae develop in pelagic ocean areas and drift to their estuarine recruitment areas over 5-6 months, where they metamorphose into glass eels (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014). A proportion of the glass eels moves upstream to feed and grow as yellow eels, while some remain in saline waters to mature (Jacoby

Overfishing, particularly of glass eels to stock fish farms, considered a threat (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014). Recruitment varies year by year, and when A. japonica is not available, other Anguilla species are sourced, although A. japonica is always the preferred choice

East Asian countries/territories are trying to implement regional measures to avoid potential CITES listing (see e.g. China et al., undated).

Japan: capture of glass eels for aquaculture or research permitted for certain months of the year only and requires a licence; capture of silver eel prohibited or restricted since 2013 in three of the main glass eel-fishing prefectures (Miyazaki, Kumamoto and Kagoshima) (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014).

17 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Anguilla japonica

(Japanese Eel) (cont.)

and Gollock, 2014). Matured silver eels migrate back to their spawning area, the region along the western side of the seamount chain of the Mariana Ridge (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014).

(Shiraishi and Crook, 2015).

China: Not protected (People’s Republic of China, 2004). Number of licences for take restricted (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014). Taiwan: glass eel harvesting season reduced to 4 months for 2014 (Shiraishi and Crook, 2015) and take of eels larger than 8cm TL prohibited in most major rivers (Jacoby and Gollock, 2014).

Export restrictions in place for several eel commodities in East Asian countries/ territories, (see Shiraishi and Crook, 2015).

Anguilla rostrata

(American Eel)

West Greenland southwards along the Atlantic coast of Canada and the Eastern USA, down to the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean coast of Central America, and some West Indian Islands (various authors in Jacoby, et al., 2014).

Categorised as Endangered by IUCN in 2014 (Jacoby et al., 2014).

Decline in silver eel escapement estimated at ~50% and decline in yellow eel recruitment at 50-60% over three generations (Jacoby et al., 2014).

Egg hatch in the Sargasso Sea and the larvae drift with the currents to the continental coasts to metamorphosise into glass eels within the first year (Jacoby et al., 2014). Glass eels enter estuaries and a proportion of these move upstream to mature into yellow eels while the others complete their yellow phase in estuaries (Jacoby et al., 2014). Yellow eels take 3-30 or more years inland or in coastal waters to mature to silver eels, which migrate back to their spawning area (Jacoby et al., 2014).

Exploitation and trade of eels (glass, yellow and silver) considered a threat (Jacoby et al., 2014). Trade data shows dramatic changes in “source” regions of live eel fry imported into East Asia (EA) over past decade, especially increase from Americas (USA, Canada and Dominican Republic): 2004-2010, <10% EA imports from Americas (5-10 tonnes per year), 2011-2014: >30% (20-47 tonnes per year) (Shiraishi and Crook, 2015). EU imports of live eel (most >20 cm) from US, 2008-2011: 200-300 tonnes per year, 2012-2014:130-160 tonnes per year (most to Belgium, EUROSTAT data).

Considered for listing at CoP16 by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Jacoby et al., 2014).

Canada: Categorised as “Threatened” in 2012; Classified as ‘Endangered’ under the Ontario Endangered Species Act (Jacoby et al., 2014). U.S.: Review under way to consider listing as ‘Threatened’ under the Endangered Species Act (Jacoby et al., 2014).

Dominican Republic: seasonal glass eel fishing/export restrictions and maximum quota of 1800 kg for 2014 fishing season (CODOPESCA, 2014).

Protection status in other range states not identified.

18 Scientific name

(Common name)



Protection status

Cephalopoda

Nautilidae

Allonautilus spp. and Nautilus spp.

Generally 6 accepted species: Allonuatilus scrobiculatus, Nautilus belauensis, N. macromphalus, N. pompilius, N. repertus, and N. stenomphelus (also possibly A. perforatus)

Nautilus pompilius - throughout Indo-Pacific region; other species more narrowly distributed: Nautilus macromphalus - Southwestern Pacific Ocean; Nautilus

belauensis - Palau,

Western Caroline Islands; Nautilus repertus - Rottnest Island and Pelsart Island, Western Australia; Nautilus stenomphalus - Great Barrier Reef, eastern Australia; Allonautilus scrobiculatus - Tropical western Pacific (Freitas et al., 2015)

Declines reported in areas where intensive fisheries exist/existed, incl. the Philippines and New Caledonia (Freitas et al., 2015). Intensive Nautilus fisheries in the past have been short-lived, lasting a decade or two before becoming commercially non-viable (Aguiar, 2000). For example, in the

Philippines, catch in 2014 at 0-3 individual per trap, while 10 years ago <7 per trap; in Indonesia in 2014, average catch 1-3 per night, while in 2009, 10‐15 (Freitas et al., 2015). In comparison, at Osprey Reef, an isolated, undisturbed, unfished

Nautilus population in Australia shows no evidence of decline (USFWS, 2015).

Little known about nautilus reproduction in the wild, nearly all information obtained in captivity: Females produce low numbers of eggs, lay only one egg at a time that require up to a year to develop (USFWS, 2015).

Highly vulnerable due to low fecundity; slow growth; late maturity (after decade); live as geographically distinct populations and adults do not disperse widely; poor colonists as do not have larval phase, do not swim

in open water and limited by depth; (USFWS, 2015).

N. pompilius is the most common species in trade (mostly shells), but experts are more concerned for endemic species (USFWS, 2015).

Illegal harvest and trade of N. pompilius reported from in Indonesia and substantial harvest and trade in the Philippines. U.S. is a large market, EU less so (based on internet survey): mainly websites in France, Germany and the UK. Shells sold individually, or as parts of ornaments, such as jewellery, with the stock usually made up of only a few pieces. In 2014, prices ranged from EUR 12 to 110, depending on size (~5-20 cm), quality and rarity of the species involved (Freitas et al. 2015).

Public requested U.S. to consider listing at CoP15, CoP16 and CoP17. National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service (FWS) gathering biological and trade data, held expert workshop in June 2014.

Indonesia: prohibition on harvest and sale of N. pompilius since 1999 (but products still available both domestically and for export (Freitas et. al. 2015).

Philippines: fishery and trade mostly unregulated (Freitas et. al. 2015).

China: N. pompilius listed as protected Class I species, harvest is prohibited (Freitas et. al. 2015).

19 Methodology In the absence of trade statistics, an internet survey was conducted between the 1st and 19th of

June 2015 by TRAFFIC and UNEP-WCMC, in order to investigate whether the selected taxa were

being traded into and within the EU, and to assess the demand for the taxa. A list of pet retailers,

classifieds websites, fora or online marketplaces within a variety of EU countries was compiled

(Table 2) and each website was checked for advertisements relating the selected taxa, using the

scientific name as well as local names of the taxa. Google searches were also conducted in a

number of EU languages (English, French, German, Hungarian and Spanish), using search terms

such as ‘for sale’, ‘buy’, ‘pets’, ‘price’ and ‘wanted’ for all languages, as appropriate, combined with

the species’ scientific and local common names.

Where readily available, other legal and illegal trade information was also included, from

literature, seizures information and studies carried out by TRAFFIC. Any other indications that

this species was being kept as a pet, or that there was demand for it, were also noted. Where a

species is already listed in the EU Annexes, this is noted and an indication of the trade levels is

provided (trade data exported from the CITES Trade Database on 22/06/2015). Results of this

trade assessment are include in Table 1 as summarised overviews (trade column).

Information on the protection status of individual taxa within their range states was identified

from available legal resources. However, this information should be verified by the countries

concerned, particularly where legislation has been translated from the original language.

Table 2: Websites accessed to investigate the trade in and demand for the selected taxa within the European Union.

Website Country Type of site

www.tieranzeigen.at Austria Site for advertising

www.willhaben.at Austria Site for advertising

http://reptilienforum.at Austria Forum

http://www.mikesreptipark.be Belgium Pet shop

http://www.poilsetplumes.be Belgium Pet shop

http://rc-reptiles.forumactif.com Belgium Forum

http://www.bebesaurus.com France Pet shop

http://www.exotus.fr France Pet shop

http://www.animaux.fr/ e/vends+differentes+races+reptiles+cambrai-30645.htm

France Pet shop

http://scales.kazeo.com France Pet shop

http://reptimagine-cie.fr France Breeder

http://phelsuma-france.forum-actif.net/ France Forum

http://lapassiondesreptiles.forumactif.com/ France Forum

http://www.aft.asso.fr/ France Forum

http://kleinanzeigen.ebay.de Germany Site for advertising

www.dhd24.com Germany Site for advertising

http://aquaterra-shop.de Germany Pet shop

www.terraon.de Germany Forum

www.quoka.de Germany Site for advertising

www.geckoz.de Germany Forum

www.terra-dom.de Germany Pet shop

www.reptilien-forum.info Germany Forum

www.terraristik.de Germany Reptile breeders’ site

www.markt.de Germany Site for advertising

www.reptilia.hu Hungary Forum

http://www.jofogas.hu/#xtatc=INT-75 Hungary Site for advertising

www.bichosfera.com Spain Pet shop

www.harkitoreptile.com Spain Pet shop

http://www.mercafauna.com/app/ Spain Pet shop

http://www.tieranzeigen.at/

http://www.willhaben.at/

http://reptilienforum.at/

http://www.mikesreptipark.be/

http://www.poilsetplumes.be/

http://rc-reptiles.forumactif.com/

http://www.bebesaurus.com/

http://scales.kazeo.com/

http://reptimagine-cie.fr/

http://phelsuma-france.forum-actif.net/

http://lapassiondesreptiles.forumactif.com/

http://www.aft.asso.fr/

http://kleinanzeigen.ebay.de/

http://www.dhd24.com/

http://aquaterra-shop.de/

http://www.terraon.de/

http://www.quoka.de/

http://www.geckoz.de/

http://www.terra-dom.de/

http://www.reptilien-forum.info/

http://www.terraristik.de/

http://www.markt.de/

http://www.reptilia.hu/

http://www.bichosfera.com/

http://www.harkitoreptile.com/

20 Website Country Type of site

www.euroreptiles.com Spain Pet shop

www.aqualand-scp.com Spain Pet shop

http://lacuevadeldragon.tripod.com Spain Pet shop

http://www.mundotortuga.com Spain Pet shop

http://www.reptilmadrid.com/coleccion.html Spain Breeder

http://www.tritonreptiles.com Spain Breeder

www.tropicalmanises.com Spain Pet shop

www.animalcenter.es Spain Pet shop

http://dnatecosistemas.com/ Spain Pet shop

www.mascotasdelvalle.es Spain Pet shop

www.directoriomascotas.com.es Spain Forum

www.milanuncios.com Spain Forum

http://www.terrariofilia.com Spain Forum

http://tuatera.com/foro Spain Forum

www.reptileforums.co.uk United Kingdom Forum

www.warringtonpetsandexotics.com United Kingdom Pet shop

www.preloved.co.uk United Kingdom Site for advertising

www.reptiletrader.co.uk United Kingdom Site for advertising

www.exotic-pets.co.uk United Kingdom Pet shop

www.pets4homes.co.uk United Kingdom Site for advertising

www.cityreptiles.com United Kingdom Pet shop

www.captivebredreptileforums.co.uk United Kingdom Forum

www.bluelizardreptiles.co.uk United Kingdom Pet shop

http://www.euroreptiles.com/

http://www.aqualand-scp.com/

http://lacuevadeldragon.tripod.com/

http://www.mundotortuga.com/

http://www.reptilmadrid.com/coleccion.html

http://www.tritonreptiles.com/

http://www.tropicalmanises.com/

http://www.animalcenter.es/

http://dnatecosistemas.com/

http://www.mascotasdelvalle.es/

http://www.directoriomascotas.com.es/

http://www.milanuncios.com/

http://www.terrariofilia.com/

http://tuatera.com/foro

http://www.reptileforums.co.uk/

http://www.warringtonpetsandexotics.com/

http://www.preloved.co.uk/

http://www.reptiletrader.co.uk/

http://www.exotic-pets.co.uk/

http://www.pets4homes.co.uk/

http://www.cityreptiles.com/

http://www.captivebredreptileforums.co.uk/

http://www.bluelizardreptiles.co.uk/

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review of species which may warrant further consideration...

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