review for final – mis2101 may 7, 2014 copyright © 2013 pearson education, inc. publishing as...

Review for Final – MIS2101

May 7, 2014

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6-1

Question

• Applications that integrate business activities across departmental boundaries are often referred to as ________ systems.– A) computer-integrated manufacturing – B) capacity requirement planning– C) enterprise resource planning– D) manufacturing resource planning– E) materials requirement planning

Enterprise System Approach• An integrated suite of business applications for virtually every department, process,

and industry, allowing companies to integrate information across operations on a company-wide basis using one large database.

• Helps to improve accuracy and timeliness of shipments, anticipate shortages, minimize costs, increase customer satisfaction and company profitability

Question

• ________ occur(s) when data are isolated and replicated in separated information systems.– A) Metadata publishing – B) Encapsulation– C) Information silos – D) Automation

8/22/2011 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6-4

What Problem Does an ERP System Solve?

• Information Silo Problem– Data isolated in separate information systems– Leads to inconsistent, stale and incomplete data– Difficult to make decisions rapidly

• Solutions– Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)– Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)


EAI software: acts as an interface between the information silos so they can communicate and share data:Connects information silos via a new layer of softwareEnables existing applications to communicate and share dataProvides integrated dataLeverages existing systems, leaving departmental information systems as is, but providing an integration layer over the topEnables a gradual move to ERP

6-6

What Problem Does an ERP System Solve?Data sharing across processes and departments

6-7

Integrates data and supports processes across departmental areasUses a single databaseIs a single information system

8/22/2011 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 8

What Problem Does an ERP System Solve?

• The left hand knows what the right hand is doing• ERP Systems standardize processes and bring the data from the

company’s processes into one place into one single information system• By consolidating data about customers, suppliers, products, machinery,

facilities, production schedules, finances, managers:– Make decisions with real time data– Make accurate sales forecasts – Save time because information is at their disposal– Speed up production– Address problems as they arise– Save money

Question

• The customization of ERP software to meet different customer requirements without changing the program code is called ________.– A) automation – B) configuration– C) modularity – D) process blueprinting


ERP System includes applications that integrate:

– Supply Chain Management –inventory management, supplier management

– Manufacturing – scheduling, capacity planning, quality control, Bill of Materials

– CRM – sales prospecting, customer management, marketing, customer support, call center support

– Human Resources – payroll, time and attendance, HR management, commission calculations, benefits admin

– Accounting – GL, AR, AP, cash management, fixed-asset accounting


What Are the Elements of an ERP System?• Five Components of an ERP System:

– IS Components• Software• Hardware• Data

– Procedures– People

• To create an ERP product, software and databases are installed on hardware; people are trained on ERP procedures


What Are the Elements of an ERP System?• Hardware

– ERP Hardware Dilemma:• Use of smartphones for business activity• Should private smartphones be used to interact with

ERP applications and data?

• People– Users: directly interact with the system– Business or Systems Analysts: analyze to maintain

and adapt the system post implementation– Consultants: multiple roles from training, to PM

to configuration Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 6-12

What Are the Elements of an ERP System?

Inherent Business Processes in ERP known as process blueprints:

– System specified business processes– These are pre-defined– Organizations are often forced to adapt existing

processes to these inherent business processes.– Organizations that prefer not to do this are forced

to customize the ERP system to meet their requirements


What Are the Benefits of an ERP System?Example Measures of the Benefits of ERP


Who Are the Major ERP Vendors?• ERP Vendor Market Share


What are the fundamentals of a procurement process?• Three basic components or activities: Order; Receive; Pay• Individuals in the purchasing unit within the organization, notably the purchasing

manager, can perform this function. • The order for procurement is sent to the supplier who then delivers materials

and/or services to the organization. • Materials and/or services must be received by the organization to take ownership • This step in the process is generally handled in the warehouse by the warehouse

manager (usually only for materials, not services). • Ownership of the materials and/or services results in a liability or an obligation to

compensate the supplier with payment. • The accounting department is responsible for settling this liability by sending

payment to the supplier.

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 7- 16

Figure 7-1 Main Procurement Process Activities and Roles

What are the fundamentals of a procurement process?

• Supporting the Inbound Logistics Process in the Value Chain– Procurement of raw materials needed for production– Ensures availability of raw materials


How does the Procurement process work at CBI after SAP?

• Maintained same three major activities– Order; Receive; and Pay

• Benefits of SAP for CBI’s procurement process– Single database– Shared information in real time– Reduction of errors– Improved financial controls– Increased responsiveness


8/22/2011 Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall 7- 19

Three-Way Match done by accounting after goods received before the invoice is paid

How does CBI implement SAP?

• To address their problems, CBI had to reexamine and refocus their strategy

• Involved three activities– Determine industry structure– Commit to a specific competitive strategy– Develop objectives and measures for processes

• To help determine the industry structure, CBI turned to Porter’s Five Forces Model. – Using this model, CBI discovered the wholesale bike industry has

strong rivalry with low switching costs. – For CBI, this means a retailer could easily switch from one bike maker

to another.Copyright © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.

Publishing as Prentice Hall 7- 20

What Are the Fundamentals of a Sales Process?

• Sales: An exchange of goods or services for money• Main Activities of the Sales Process:

– Selling, Shipment and Payment

Figure 8-2Sales Process Within the ValueChain of CBI


What Are the Fundamentals of a Sales Process?


“For a business, sales is the most important process.Without sales, no one gets paid and buildings go dark”

Sub-activities of the sales process with actors in roles:-Sue creates sales orders as part of the selling activity-Wally then is responsible for picking, packing and shipping the products to the customer-Ann in Accounting sends invoices for the sales order to the customer and perform the receipt.

How Does CBI Implement SAP?

• CBI implements to overcome problems and to achieve business strategies• Reassessed their competitive strategy; focus is now on differentiation with high

end bikes and excellent customer service as the target• Therefore objectives are on efficiency and effectiveness• Efficiency Standpoint: CBI wishes to reduce the number of cancelled sales orders • Effectiveness: more responsive to customers; increased sales of 1st year products


What Is a Supply Chain?

• A supply chain is a collection of companies and processes moving a product:– suppliers of raw materials– suppliers of intermediate components– final production– to the customer

• Upstream—flow from sources of raw materials and components• Downstream—flow to customers• Suppliers have their own supply chain• A more accurate name: supply network

Benefits and Problems with Supply Chains

• Potential benefits (the well oiled machine!)– Process innovations– Just-In-time Production (JIT) – Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI)

• Potential problems (with primitive supply chains)– Distorted information– Excessive inventories– Inaccurate manufacturing capacity plans– Missed product schedules

Just-in-Time Production (JIT)

• Keeping inventory is costly (storage, capital, missed production schedules).

• JIT optimizes ordering quantities.– Parts and raw materials arrive when needed for production.

– As orders arrive in smaller quantities, but at higher frequency, investment in

storage space and inventory is minimized.• The approach was pioneered by Toyota.• It is used extensively by computer manufacturers to avoid

component obsolescence (Moore’s law).– Example: Dell keeps only two hours of inventory in stock

• JIT requires tight cooperation between all partners in the supply network.

Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI)

• VMI is a business model in which suppliers manage the manufacturer’s (or retailer’s) inventory levels based on pre-established service levels.

• Supplier monitors stock levels and sales data.• VMI requires manufacturer (retailer) to share real-time data.• Benefits

– Cost savings– Minimized stock-out situations– Accurate forecasts– Reduced errors– Prioritized goods shipments

The Bullwhip Effect:

• Definition: Large fluctuations in suppliers’ forecasts caused by small fluctuations in demand for the end product and the need to create safety buffers

• Ripple effects in which forecast errors and safety stocks multiply when moving up the supply chain

• Happens when businesses include safety buffer to prevent stock-outs

• Small end-product demand fluctuations cause large fluctuations further up the supply chain.

• Small forecasting errors at end of supply chain cause large errors further up the supply chain.

• Integrated business processes help mitigate the bullwhip effect.

Integrating SCM with ERP and CRM

• ERP systems are primarily used to optimize business processes within the organization.

• SCM is used to improve business processes that span organizational boundaries.

• Tight ERP/CRM/SCM integration reaps great benefits.

• SCM uses data about customer orders (from CRM) and payments (from ERP).

Question

• System efficiency is the extent to which a system ________.– A) allows firms to reach their operational targets– B) allows employees to reduce the risks associated

with tasks– C) enables people to accomplish goals or tasks well– D) enables people to do things faster or at lower

cost– E) allows people to plan tasks that are achievable

The Productivity Paradox

• Measurement Problems– Effectiveness vs.

efficiency– Too often the

measure is based on efficiency.

B-2-B Portals

Supplier Portal

Multiple Suppliers Single Buyer

Customer Portal

Single Supplier Multiple Buyers

Example: B2B Customer Portal – aka the Distribution Portal

• An enterprise portal designed to automate the business processes that occur before, during and after sales between a supplier and multiple customers.

• Business customers can manage all phases of the purchasing cycle

Example: Procurement Portal- aka the Supplier Portal

Supplier Portals- A subset of an organization’s extranet designed to automate the business processes that occur before, during and after sales have been transacted between a single buyer and multiple suppliers. -Also referred to as sourcing portal or procurement portal.

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)

• Organizations must work harder than ever to attract and retain customers where comparison shopping is the norm and competitors are just a click away.

• Customers have the power.• Economic transformation is

taking place; i.e., from transactions to relationships.

• Keeping customers satisfied is key.


Involves managing all aspects of a customer’s relationship to increase customer loyalty and retention and profitability

CRM Applications focusing on downstream information flows which have 3 objectives:•Attract potential customers•Create customer loyalty •Portray a positive corporate image

Managers need to be able to monitor and analyze factors driving customer satisfaction.


CRM is not just technology, but a strategy, that an organization must embrace on an enterprise-wide level.

CRM can enable an organization to:

•Identify types of customers•Design individual customer marketing campaigns •Treat each customer as an individual•Understand customer buying behaviors


A successful CRM implementation takes into consideration:•Data collection analysis and sharing•Policies and business processes•Documentation•Employee Training

Architecture of a CRM Environment

Operational CRM: fundamental business processes: Marketing,

Sales, Support • Systems for customer

interaction and service– Enables direct

interaction with customers

– Personalized and efficient customer service

– Access to complete information about customers

Sales Force Automation - SFA

• Component of operational CRM• Supports day-to-day sales activities:

– Order processing and tracking– Account and contact management– Opportunity management– Sales management– Territory management– Customer history preferences, (product and

communication) management– Sales forecasting and performance analysis

Examples of Sales Measures Tracked by SFA

• Sales pipeline for each salesperson, including rating and probability

• Revenue per sales person, per territory, or as a percentage of sales quota

• Margins by product category, customer segment, or customer

• Number of calls per day, time spent per contract, revenue per call, cost per call, ratio of orders to calls

• Number of lost customers per period or cost of customer acquisition

• Percentage of goods returned, number of customer complaints, or number of overdue accounts

Enterprise Marketing Management (EMM)

• Third component of an operational CRM is Enterprise Marketing Management (EMM)

• Improve management of promotional campaigns– Make sure right messages are sent to the right people

through the right channels• Customer lists need to be managed carefully• Individualized attention to each potential customer

– Extensive analytical capabilities that can help to analyze effectiveness of campaigns

Analytical CRM – one goal: a 360 degree view of the customer tomaximize the outcomes of sales and marketing campaigns and

to find the most profitable customers

• Analysis of customer behavior and perceptions• Customized marketing

– Up-selling, cross-selling more profitable products and more profitable bundles of products or services tailored to specific customers

– Zip code, state, and regional analysis– Customers’ preferred communication channels – Retaining customers

• Key technologies used to create predictive models for acquisition and retention: – Data mining– Takes into account: customer demand, product usage as well as

competitors: price, quality, and satisfaction• Continuous data collection and analysis is necessary

Making a Successful Business Case

• Three common types of arguments in a business case for an IS:– Faith– Fear– Fact


• Faith– Arguments are based on

beliefs about organizational strategy, competitive advantage, industry forces, customer perceptions, market share, and so on

– Firm’s mission and objectives, strategy for achieving them, and types of IS needed should be clearly described.


• Fear– Arguments are based on

the notion that if the system is not implemented, the firm will lose out to the competition or, worse, go out of business.

– Key factors are the competitive forces in the environment, based on Porter’s Five Forces Model


• Fact– Arguments are based

on data, quantitative analysis, and/or indisputable factors.

– Provide a detailed cost-benefit analysis as proof.

Presenting the Business Case

• Know the audience.– People from different areas of the firm typically hold very different

perspectives.

• Convert benefits to monetary terms.– Example: Convert time savings into dollar figures.

• Devise proxy variables.– Alternative measures of outcomes– Example: Reduction in administrative tasks, more customer contact

• Measure what is important to management.– Concentrate on the issues senior business managers care about.– Hot-button issues: Cycle time, regulatory and compliance issues, customer

feedback, employee morale

Steps in the Systems Development Process

• Systems development life cycle (SDLC)– Systems development goes through a cycle– Once completed, a system moves into an ongoing maintenance phase

that parallels the initial development process.

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Phase 1: Systems Identification, Selection and Planning

• Identify, plan, and select a development.

• Possible approaches-Formal information systems planning process-Ad hoc process for identifying potential projects

• Use evaluation criteria for classifying and ranking potential projects.

• Analyst works with potential users and managers.

• Analyst builds the business case.

53

Phase 2: Systems Analysis

Designers gain understanding of current processes and needs

Tasks:Collecting Systems RequirementsModeling DataModeling Processes and Logic

Analysts develop one or many possible designs.

Analysts evaluate alternative system design approaches.

JAD Session – Joint Application Design

55

Phase 3: System Design

The details of the chosen approach are elaborated.

The elements that must be designed include the following:

Human–computer interfaceDatabases and filesProcessing and logic

Phase 4: System Implementation:Transformation of design into a working information system

Testing

Improving Business Processes Through Enterprise Systems

• Packaged software aka Off the Shelf Software– Written by third-party vendors– Used by many different organizations– Useful for standardized, repetitive tasks– Cost effective– Example: Microsoft Office, Intuit Payroll & QuickBooks

• Custom software– Developed exclusively for a specific organization– Designed for particular business needs– Higher development costs– Example: used in hospitals, schools, billing, construction

Customized Vs. Off-the-Shelf Software

• General purpose systems typically are purchased off-the-shelf.

• Specific needs often cannot be met by off-the shelf software.

• Companies capitalizing on a first-mover advantage often cannot purchase existing systems.– Examples: online retailing (Amazon.com) and Budget air

travel (Southwest Airlines)

Off-the-Shelf Software

• Packaged software• Supports common business processes that do

not require any specific tailoring• Advantages

– Less costly– Easy to procure– Require no specific tailoring

Customized Software

• Developed in-house or contracted/outsourced to a specialized vendor

• Advantages of customized software– Customizability

• Fit with business operations, culture, and so on– Problem specificity

• Company only pays for features actually needed.

Vanilla Versus Customized Software

• Vanilla version– This version contains features and modules that an

enterprise system comes with out of the box.– Certain processes might not be supported.

• Customization– This version contains additional software or changes to

vanilla version.– It always needs to be updated with new versions of vanilla.

Licenses• Shrink Wrap Licenses:

– Primarily used on consumer products– Contract is activated when the shrink wrap on the package is removed

• Click Wrap Licenses:– Primarily used for downloaded software– Computer user must accept the license terms by clicking a button before installing the

software

• Enterprise Licenses: AKA Volume Licenses– Usually negotiated between the vendor and the purchasing company– Contracts include permissions and rights– Liability and warranty disclaimers included to protect the software vendor from being

sued

• Freeware or Shareware– Freely available – Copyright owners usually retain their rights– Vendors usually do not provide access to the source code


Application Service Providers (ASP)Problems

Managing the software infrastructure is a complex task. High operating costs Scalability issues

ASPs provide software as a service (SaaS); benefits are: Reduced need to maintain or upgrade software Eliminates technical support in house for those applications Use a pay-as-you-go plan to charge customers Ability to rely on a provider’s expertise

Software as a service (SaaS) The provider owns the software The provider runs software on their hardware or in the cloud The provider must keep up to date on versions

Steps in External Acquisition

• Competitive bid process—find the best system for lowest possible price.

1.Systems planning and selection2.Systems analysis3.Development of a request for proposal4.Proposal evaluation5.Vendor selection

• The first two steps are similar to SDLC.

Development of a Request for Proposal (RFP)

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• RFP—documentation detailing system requirements sent to prospective vendors– Invitation to present

bids for the project

Areas covered in an RFP

Proposal Evaluation

• Proposal evaluation—An assessment of proposals received from vendors.– May include system demonstrations– System benchmarking – evaluation method

• Standardized tests to compare different proposed systems

• Common system benchmarks– Response time given a specified number of users– Time to sort records– Time to retrieve a set of records– Time to produce a given record– Time to read in a set of data

Vendor Selection

• Usually more than one system will meet the criteria.• Determine the best fit• Need to prioritize/rank the proposed systems

– Best ranking system is chosen.– Formal approach—devise a scoring system for the criteria;

multi-layer criteria with weighting – Less formal approaches:

• Checklists• Subjective processes

Computer Crime• Computer crime—The act of using a computer to commit an illegal act.

– Targeting a computer while committing an offense.– Using a computer to commit an offense.– Using computers to support a criminal activity.

• Overall trend for computer crime has been declining over the past several years (CSI, 2011).

• IS Risk Management, gaining an understanding of the interplay between:

– Threats: undesirable event that can cause harm– Vulnerabilities: weakness in an organization’s systems or security policies – Impact: Severity of the consequences if a threat causes damage by

exploiting a vulnerability

Hacking and Cracking• Which one is the “bad guy”?

– Hackers:• Someone who is knowledgeable enough to gain access to

computer systems without authorization• Done out of curiosity and not with the desire to harm

– Crackers• Those who break into computer systems with the

intention of doing damage or committing a crime

– Hacktivists• Those who attempt to break into systems or deface Web

sites to promote political or ideological goals (free speech, human rights, and antiwar campaigns)

Cybersquatting• The practice of registering a domain name and later

reselling it for $$$• Some of the victims include:

– Eminem– Panasonic– Hertz– Avon

• Anti-Cybersquatting Consumer Protection Act in 1999– Fines as high as $100,000– Some companies pay the cybersquatters to speed up the process

of getting the domain– Regardless, dealing with cybersquatting takes up valuable time and

money

Cyber Harassment and Stalking• Cyber harassment—

– Crime that broadly refers to the use of a computer to communicate obscene, vulgar, or threatening content.

– Against a group or person to express hatred or seek revenge

• Cyber stalking– Making false accusations that damage reputation of another– Gaining information on a victim by monitoring online

activities– Using the Internet to encourage others to harass a victim– Attacking data and equipment of a victim by sending e-mail

viruses or other destructive code– Using the Internet to place false orders for goods or services

Cyberwar

• Cyberwar—Military’s attempt to disrupt or destroy another country’s information and communication systems–Goal is to diminish opponent’s communication

capabilities.–It is used in concert with traditional methods.

Cyberterrorism

• Governments are not involved.• Attacks can be launched from anywhere in the

world.• Goal is to cause fear, panic, and destruction.• Cyberterrorism will likely become weapon of

choice.

Information Systems Security

• All systems connected to a network are at risk.– Internal threats– External threats

• Information systems security– Precautions to keep IS safe from unauthorized access and

use

• Explicit need for good computer security with global use of the Internet

Biometrics

• Form of authentication– Fingerprints– Retinal patterns– Facial features and so on

• Fast authentication• High security

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

• RFID tags will soon replace standard bar codes.– RFID is the use of electromagnetic energy to

transit energy between a reader (transceiver) and the tag (antenna).

– Line-of-sight reading is not necessary.

– RFID tags can contain more information than bar codes.

• Tags are programmable, so there is a vast array of potential uses.

• Scanning can be done from greater distance.– Passive tags—inexpensive, range of few feet.

– Active tags—more expensive, range of hundreds of feet.

Source: METRO AG.

Disaster Planning

• Disasters can’t be completely avoided. Need to be prepared.• Business continuity plan

– describes how a business resumes operation after a disaster• Disaster recovery plan

– Subset of business continuity plan– Procedures for recovering from systems-related disasters– Two types of objectives

• Recovery time objectives (Maximum time allowed to recover)• Recovery point objectives (How current should the backup material

be?)– Mission critical data should have complete redundancy, e.g. transactions– Data mining could wait longer without disrupting primary business processes

Audits

• Organizations periodically have an external entity review the controls so as to uncover any potential problems in the controls. This process is called an information systems audit


Other Areas to focus on

• Supply Chain Sequence• Steps in the procurement process• Procurement Terms and sequencing • The value of Information Systems


review for final – mis2101 may 7, 2014 copyright © 2013 pearson education, inc. publishing as...

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