review article uk journal of pharmaceutical and ... method of harvesting, revelation of the herbs to...

UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Vol. 4(1), 82-120, 2016 REVIEW ARTICLE

Approach to Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity Preeti Sen, Kamlesh Sahu, Pushpa Prasad*, Shashikant Chandrakar, Ram Kumar Sahu, Amit Roy

Columbia Institute of Pharmacy, Raipur- 493111 Chhatisgarh, India

Article Information Received 17 Nov 2015 Received in revised form 12 Jan 2016 Accepted 15 Jan 2016

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a global metabolic epidemic affecting essential biochemical activities in

almost every age group. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high

blood glucose level. When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not able to insulin

effectively or both leading to diabetes. Presently herbal drugs are widely used for the treatment of

diabetes in worldwide. India has a long list of native medicinal plants with confirmed blood sugar

lowering property. Some of these have proved remarkable for cure of diabetes and its

complications. In this paper an attempt has been made to give an overview of certain Indian

plants with their phytoconstituents and mechanism of action which have been studied for their

antidiabetic activity.

Keywords: Diabetes mellitus Phytoconstituents, Blood glucose, Insulin.

Corresponding Author: E-mail: [email protected] Mob.: 09907105687

1 Introduction

Diabetes is characterized in people having high blood glucose called

high blood sugar or hyperglycemia. It is one of the common

metabolic disorders, according to current survey on diabetes about

2.8% of the population suffers from diabetes throughout the world

and it may cross 5.4% by the year 2025. In India, the prevalence rate

of diabetes is estimated to be 1-5%1-3.

It was first perceived as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and

excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Blood glucose levels are

controlled by hormone insulin provoked by the pancreas. Insulin

lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates,

insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose

level.4,5 When the body failed to produce sufficient insulin or is not

able to insulin effectively or both leading to diabetes. Consequently,

if diabetes is not controlled commencing in acute or chronic

complication like ketoacidosis, microangiopathy, specialy eyes,

kidney, nerve, heart, blood vessals, failure of various organs,

dysfunctions, etc.6

Diabetes mellitus may present with classical characteristic features

such as blurring of vision, excessive thirst (polydypsia), excessive

feeding (polyphagia) excessive urination (polyuria), and weight loss.

In its most severe forms, ketoacidosis may develop leading to stupor,

coma and, in absence of effective treatment it causes death.7 Mostly

diabetes are two types namely Type I (Insulin dependent diabetes)

and Type II (Non-insulin dependent diabetes) diabetes. The

pathogensis of Type I and Type II diabetes are illustrated in Fig 1

and Fig 2, respectively8.

2 Herbal drugs

Many Indian plants have been investigated for their beneficial use in

Ayurveda. The numerous medicinal plants are reported for its

antidiabetes activity. The therapeutic activity of the medicinal plants

depends upon the nature of phytoconstituents present in the plants.

WHO estimates that 80% of the world populations currently use

herbal drugs for major healthcare9-21. WHO has listed 21,000 plants,

which are used for medicinal purposes around the world. Among

these 2500 species are in India, out of which 150 species are used

commercially on a fairly large scale. India is the largest producer of

medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the world.

Herbal products beneficial agents in antimicrobial, antidiabetic,

antifertility, antiageing, antiarthritic, sedative, antidepressant,

antianxiety, antispasmodic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV,

vasodilatory, hepatoprotective, treatment of cirrhosis, asthma, acne,

impotence, menopause, migraine, gall stones, chronic fatigue,

alzheimers disease and memory enhancing activities22,23.

UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences

Available at www.ukjpb.com ISSN: 2347-9442

Sen et al. Phytochemistry and Mechaniasm of Action of Plants having Antidiabetic Activity

UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 83



The use of herbal drugs in the correct way provides effective and

safe treatment for many diseases. The efficiency of the herbal drugs

is typically subjective to the patient. The strength of the herbal drugs

varies based on the genetic distinction, growing conditions, timing

and method of harvesting, revelation of the herbs to air, light and

dampness, and type of conservation of the herbs. These raw material

are further processed and prepare methods of preparation may differ

because of the nature of the plants active chemical constituents like

powder, decoction, hydroalcoholic tincture and fluid extracts24-29.

Diabetes is becoming the third “killer” of the health of mankind

because of its high prevalence, morbidity and mortality. The present

century has progressed diverted towards naturopathy. This play an

important role in treatment or management of lifelong prolonging

diseases like diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus alone is

accompanied with several other diseases infecting healthy

individuals. The treatment of each of such disease can be done by

exploiting the herbal integrity of India13,14. Plants have always been a

very good source of drug and many of the currently available drugs

have been derived directly or indirectly form them. India is the largest

producer of medicinal herbs and is called as botanical garden of the

world15.

The ethnobotanical information reports about 1000 plants that may

possess antidiabetic potential among namely Combretum

micranthum, Elephantopus scaber, Gymnema sylvestre, Liriope

spicata, Parinari excelsa, Ricinus communis, Sarcopoterium

spinosum, Smallanthus sonchifolius, Swertia punicea, Vernonia

anthelmintica etc. Some of the important anti-diabetic potential

herbal plants source and their active principles are given in the table

1.. Wide arrays of plant derived active principles representing

different type of biological activity, among these alkaloids,

glycosides, galactomannan gun, polysaccharides, peptidoglycans,

hypoglycans, guanidine, steroids, carbohydrates, glycopeptides,

terpenoids, amino acids and inorganic ions have demonstrated

activity including treatment of diabetes.

The current review is focus on use of herbal drug for the treatment of

diabetic mellitus. List of the medicinal plants producing antidiabetic

potential according to the different part used and mode of action are

presented in tables 130-101.

3 Conclusions

This review discussed selective herbal plants and showed that they

have antidiabetic activity. The medicinal plants produce antidiabetic

activity due to presence of tannin, saponins, alkaloid, glycoside,

polyphenol and flavonoids etc. It assists the researchers to

understand mechanism of action, structure and potential antidiabetic

activities of scientific evaluated plants.

4 Competing interest

Author claims no competing interests.

5 Author’s contributions

PS, KS and PP carried out literature review and draft the manuscript.

SC, RKS and AR participated in collection of data. All authors read

and approved the final manuscript.

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244. Abdl- zaher Ao, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel- Hady RH.

Teucrium polium antidiabetic activity and toxicity of

Zizyphus spina – Christi leaves. J Ethnopharmocolgy.

2005; 101(1-3): 129-138.

245. Kato A, Higuchi Y, Goto H, Kizu H, Okamoto T, Asano N.

Inhibitory effects of Zingiber officinale Roscoe derived

components on aldose reductase activity In-vitro and In-

vivo. J Agric Food Chem. 2006; 54(18): 6640- 6644.

246. Singh K, Verma B. Role of Ayurvedic Herbs on

Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus). International Journal of

Ayurvedic & Herbal Medicine. 2013; 3(2): 1136-1144.

247. Abdel-Zaher AO, Salim SY, Assaf MH, Abdel-Hady RH.

Antidiabetic activity and toxicity of Zizyphus spinachristi

leaves. J Ethnopharmacol. 2005; 101(1): 129-138.

248. Osadebe PO, Odoh EU, Uzor PF. The search for new

hypoglycemic agent from plants. African journal of

pharmacy and pharmacology. 2011; 8: 292-303.



Table 1: Medicinal plants reported antidiabetic activity along with active constituents and mechanism of action

Medicinal

plants Family Parts used Active constituents

Mechanism of action

(MOA)

Structure of chemical

constituent Ref

Acacia Arabica Rubiaceae Seeds Flavonoid Insulin secretagogue

activity OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,30,31,32,3

3,34

Abelmoschus

moschatus Malvaceae

Whole plant,

Aerial part of

plant

Ambrettolide,

essential oils,

myricetin (3,5,7-

trihydroxy

phenyl)chromen-4-

one.

Increasing the ability of

adipocytes & to uptale

glucose

OHO

OOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

35,248

Achinochloa spp. Poaceae Seeds Sugars, volatile oils,

rare alkaloids

Changes in hexokinase

activity CC

CC

OCCH2OH

HH

OH

OH

H

H

OH

OH

H

36

Aconitum

carmichaelic Ranuculaceae Roots Diterpenoid, alkaloids

Increase the

permeability of the

membrane for sodium

ion

CH3

H

H

H

O

H

O

H

O

OHCH3

37,38

Aconitum

carmichaeli Ranuculaceae Roots Glycan A,B,C,D

Stimulation of in vitro

insulin secretion

OHO

HO

HO OH

OHO O

OH

OO

HO

OH

NHAc

OO

HO NHAc NH

A

OH

O

HO

HO

HO

OHO

39,40,41

Adansonnia

digitata Bombacaeae Stem bark

Glycosides,

alkaloids,

semigossypal

MOA not available N

O N R2

R1

42

Abroma

augustum Malvaceae Roots

Abromine, its

hydrochloride and

phytosterol

Lowering blood sugar H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

H

H

HO

42

Abies pindrow Pinaceae Root,Leaf D-pinitol (3-o-mehtyl-

chiroinositol)

Insulin secretogouge

activity OH

CH3

H2CO

HO

CH3

6

5

1

4

2

3

OH

43

Adhtoda vasica

(justice

aadhtoda)

Acanthaceae leaves

Pegain-type alkaloid

volatile oil, vasicine,

vasicinone,v asicinol

MOA not available N

N

CH2

OH

42



Allium

cepa(Onion) Liliaceae

Bulbs(oil),

stems, tops

5-methy cysteine

sulfoxide (SMCE),

Diphenylamine,

Onion,

Sulphide

Lowering blood

glucose level,

Regulation of the

enzyme

hexokinase/glucokinas

e

CH3

S O

H2C

CH COOHH2N

44,45,46,47

Allium sativum Alliaceae Bulbs, cloves

Allyl propyl

Disulphide,allicin,5-

allyl

cysteine(SACE),Allici

n(diallyl thiosulfinate)

Antihyperglycemic and

antinociceptive effect CH2

S

S

CH2

O

48,49,50,51,5

2,53,54

Aloe vera (ab

ghiakwar) Liliaceae leaves

Pentosidesbarbaloin,i

sobarbaloin,aloin,Lop

henol(phytosterols),24

-methyene-

cycloartanol

Maintain glucose

homeostasis,

Stimulates insulin

release from pancreatic

β-cells

O

HO O OH

OH

HO

OH

OH

HO

55,56,57,58,5

9,60

Aloe

Barbadensis Liliaceae leaves

ArboranA,ArboarnB,

Aloesin

Stimulating synthesis

and/or release of

insulin

OCH3 OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

CH3

61,62,63,64

Althaea

officinalis Malvaceae

Leaves, whole

plants Mucilage MOA not available

N

H

COOH

COOH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

42

Ajuga spp. Labiatae Stem & roots Diterpenoid,ajugalact

one MOA not available

O

OH

OHH

CH3

O

CH3

CH3

O

O

OHH

OH

O

CH3

36,248

Allium spp. Liliaceae Onion & Garlic

cloves

Allicin, allylpropyl

disulphide & alliin

Stimulating effect on

glucose,

Utilaization and

antioxidant enzyme

CH2

S+ OH

O

O- NH2

36

Althaea spp. Malvaceae Stem & roots Isoquercitrin,

glycosides MOA not available O

OH

OH

O

OOH

O

OH

OHOH

OHOH

42



Amaranthus

spinosus Amaranthaceae Stem

Alkaloids, fixed oil

beta- sitosterol MOA not available Cl

Cl

NH CH3

CH3

OH

42

Anacardium

occident tale Anacardiaceae Cashew leaves

Phenolic compound

&tannins

Reduces diabetic

induce functional

OH

OH

OH

O

OH

36

Arctium lappa Compositae Burdock roots

Sesguiterpenes,

pyridine & pyrrolidine

tropane alkaloids

MOA not available

CH3

OH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

36

Andrographis

paniculata Acanthaceae Root

Flovones, glucosides

lactones

Increase glucose

metabolism

CH3

OH

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

65,66,67,68

Anemarrhena

asphodeloids Annoaceace Rhizomes Anemarans A,B,C,D. MOA not available

O

CH3OO

OHOH

HOH2C

OH

OH

OH

OH

42

Atractylode

japonica Compositae Rhizomes Atractans A,B,&C MOA not available

OO

O

OH

O

CH3

OH

O

CH3

OH 42

Argyreia cuneata Convolvulaceae Rivea leaves

Indole, Isoguinoline

pyrrolidine, tropane

alkaloide

MOA not available NH

36

Annona

squamosa Annonaceae Fruits

Liriodenine,

moupinamide

Hypoglycaemic and

antihyperglycemic

activities of ethanolic

NH

O

O

O

69,70,71,72,2

48

Atriplex halimus Chenopodiaceae Salt bush

leaves

Alkaloids,

oils MOA not available

N

O N R2

R1

36



Areca catechu Arecaceae Seed Arecaine & arecoline MOA not available

N

OH

CH3

O

73

Artemisia pallens Aseraceae Leaves &

flowers Germacranolide

Increased plasma

insulin lavel

Hypoglycemic,

increases peripheral

glucose utilization or

inhibits glucose

reabsorption

O

OH

O

O

74

Azadirachta

indica Meliaceae Leaves &seeds Azadirachtin & nimbin

Glycogenolytic effect

due to epinephrine

action was blocked Aco

O

CH3

CH3

O

CO2Me

O

H

O OH

CO2ME

OH

O

me

O

me

O

O+O

+O

OH

75,76,77,78,7

9,80,81,82,83

,84

Bamusa

arundinacea Gramineae Leaves & stem

Dimethoxybenzoquino

ne, allantoin MOA not available

NH

NH

O

O

NH NH2

O

36

Barleria lupulina Acanthaceae Aerial part

Alkaloids,tannins

Diterpinoids,cyanogen

etic compound,

saponin

MOA not available OHOO

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

42

Berberis

aristata(DARHAL

D)

Berberidaceae Stem bark root

Berberine, palmitine

jatrorrhizine

columbamine

MOA not available OH

CH3

O

42

Bhighia sapida Sapindaceae Unripe fruits &

seeds Hypogylcin A& C MOA not available

CH2

O

OH

NH2

42

Bhighia sapida Sapindaceae Akee apple

seeds Hypogylcin A& B MOA not available

OH

CH2

NH2

O

36

Bacooa monnieri Scrophulariaceae Aerial parts,

leaf

Hersaponin,

bacoside A MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

85,86

Balanites

aegyptiaca Zygophyllaceae

Mespcarp of

fruit

Pure saponin,

steroidal saponins MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

87



Bauhinia

candicans Fabaceae Leaf

Trigonelline,kaempfer

ol dirhamnoside

Reduce plasma

glucose level

N+

CH3

OH

O

88,248

Bauhinia

purpurea Fabaceae Leaf

Flavonoid containing

fraction MOA not available OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,89

Bauhinia

variegate

Caesalpiniaceae &

Fabaceae Bark, leaves

Flavonoids

,Roseoside MOA not available

O

OH

OH OH

OH

O

CH3

CH3CH3

OCH3

OH

90

Beta vulgaris Amaranthaceae Root Phenolics

,betacyanins

Lower blood glucose

level by regeneration of

β-cells

C

H

H

C HH

H

CH3

OH

C HH

H

C

H

H

C HHCH3

C H

H

H

OH

91,92

Berberis vulgaris Berberideceae Root bark Saponins MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

93

Bidens pilosa Asteraceae Whole plant,

leaf cytopiloyne MOA not available

CH3OG

OH

94

Bombax ceiba Bombacaceae Fruit, heart

wood, leaf

C-flavonol, glycoside

shaimimin MOA not available O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OH

O

OHOH

OH

OH

95

Boswellia serrata Burseraceae Gum resin Oleo-gum, resin MOA not available

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 H

HH

OH

O

OH

CH3

CH3

89

Bougainvillea

spectabilis

Rubiaceae &

nyctaginaceae Seeds

Alcohol, pinitol, D-

pinitol (3-o-methyl –

chiroinositol)

Increase glucose

uptake OH

CH3

H2CO

HO

CH3

6

5

1

4

2

3

OH

36,89

Bryonia alba Cucurbitaceae Root Trihydroxyoctadecadi-

enoic acids

Metabolic changes

induced in diabetic O

OH

OH

OH

O

O OHOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

96,97


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 100

Brassica oleracla Brassicaceae Cabbage

Mucilage

cardenolides & fixed

oils

MOA not available

NH

CH3

COOH

CH3

H

COOH

CH3

36,248

Bumelia

sartorum Saptoceae Root bark

Myricetin (3,4,7-

trihydroxy-2(3,4,5-

trihydroxy phenyl)

chromen -4-one

Increase plasma insulin

level OH

O

OOH

OH

OH

OH

OH

98

Caesalpinia

bonducella Rubiaceae Seed Tannins, alkaloids

Blocking of glucose

absorption

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

99,100,101

Caeseria

esculanta Caesalpinoideceae Root Tannins

Reduction in blood

glucose

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

42

Cannabis indica Cannabinaceae Whole plant,

leaves

Cannabinoids

cannabinol MOA not available

O

CH3

OH

CH3

CH3

H

CH3

OH

42

Capparis

sepiaria Capparaceae Leaves

Alkaloids-stachydrine

glucocapparin

flavinoide, sterols,

terpenes

MOA not available 10

5

1

4

2

3

8

7

9

6

13

14

12

1117

16

15

CH319

CH318

R20

42,248

Cassia

Auriculata Leguminosae Roots Sennoside mixture

Lowering blood

glucose

O O OH

COOHH H

R

OHOO

O

OHOH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

102,103,248

C.fistula Leguminosae Seeds Sennoside mixture MOA not available

O O OH

COOHH H

R

OHOO

O

OHOH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

42

Catharanthus

roseus Apocynaceae

Flower, leaves,

stem, root

Alkaloid

catharanthine,lochneri

ne,vindoline etc.

Increase metabolism of

glucose NH

NC2H5

O O

OH

104,105

Clematis

Montana Ranuculaceae Fruits

Ranucculin glycoside

& isoquinoline

alkaloids

MOA not available OOH

OH

OH

O

OO

OH

42


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 101

Cluytia

richardiana Euphorbiaceae Whole plant Saudin (diterpenoid) MOA not available

O

O

O

O

O

O

CH3H O

CH3

42

Ceiba pentandra Malvaceae Roots ,leaves Saponins,tannins MOA not available RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Centratherum

anthelminticum Asteraceae Seed Alkaloids MOA not available

N

O N R2

R1

36

Clerodendron

phlomoides Verbenaceae Whole plant Valeporiates MOA not available

R1

CH3

R2

CH3

36

Camellia

sinensis Theaceae Leaves Caffeine & catechins

Increase insulin activity

and prevent oxidative

damage,

Responsible for the

hypoglycemic activity

C

C

C

N

N

C

N

C

CH3

O

CH3

O CH3

H

106,107

Capparis

deciduas Capparidaceae Fruit

Spermidine,

Isocodono carpine

Hypoglycaemic,

hypolipideamic NH2 N NH2

H

108

Cinnamomum

zeylanicum Lauraceae Bark

Cinnamaldehyde,

eugenol MOA not available

CHO

109,110,111,

112,113

Combretum

micronthum Combretaceae Leaves Polyphenols MOA not available

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

114,115,116,

117,118

Camellia

sinensis Theaceae Leaf

Epigallocatechin 3-

gallate

Increases insulin

secretion

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

119,120


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 102

Cajanus cajan Fabaceae Leaves, seed,

fruit

Arginine, ascorbic

acid

Lowering plasma

glucose level

NH

NH

NH2 O

OH

NH2

121,122

Caesalpinia

ferrea Caesalpinaceae Fruit

Ellagic acid

(EA),2 (2,3,6-

trihydroxy-4carboxy

pheny)

ellagic acid (TEA)

MOA not available

O

O O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

89

Caesalpinia

digyna Fabaceae Root Bergenin MOA not available

O

O

O

CH3

OH

O

OHH

OH

OH

CH3

OH

89

Caesalpinia

bonducella Caesalpiniaceae Seed Caesalpin F MOA not available

O

O

CH3 OH

OH

89

Caesalpinia

Bonduc Caesalpiniaceae Seed, kernel Caesalpinianone MOA not available - 89

Coccinia spp.

Cucurbitaceae

Coccinia

root/Tvy gourd

Cucurbitacins

(triterpenoid),

α-elaterin

Stimulation of glycogen

synthatase activity OH

O

MeMe

Me

H H

OMe

OH

Me O

MeOH

Me

OH

Me

H

36

Coptis chinensis Ranunculaceae Whole plant Ranunculin glycoside,

isoquinolin alkaloid MOA not available O

OH

OH

OH

O

OO

OH

36

Corchorous

olitoris Tiliaceae Jute leave cardiac glycoside MOA not available

10

5

1

4

2

3

8

7

9

6

13

14

12

1117

16

15

OH

CH3

CH3R

OH

36

Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Cucumber fruit

Cucurbitacins

(terpenoids),

α-elaterin


O

MeMe

Me

H H

OMe

OH

Me O

MeOH

Me

OH

Me

H

36

Cuminus

cyminus Ambelifereae Cumin seed α-Pinene, α-terpinol MOA not available

CH3

CH3

123


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 103

Curcumo

domestica

valeton

Zingiberaceae Leaf

Curcumin, β-

pinene,camphene,

eugenol, β-sitesterol

MOA not available

OH

OCH3

O O

OH

O

CH3

124

Cuscuta reflexa

roxb Convolvuraceae Stem

Flavonoid,dulcitol,

bergenin, loumerins

glycoside, lactone

MOA not available OHO

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,124

Cryptostegia

grandiflora Asclepialaceae Arial part Triterpene alkaloids MOA not available

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

CH2

CH3

42

Cuminum nigrum

(zira siyah) Umbeliferae Flower, seeds Volatile oil MOA not available - 125,126

Cyamposis

tetragonolobus Leguminasae Fruit seeds Gaur gum MOA not available

O

CH2OH

H

OH

HH OH

H

O

H

OH

CH2

H

O

CH3 H

OH

H

OH H

O

OH

H

OH

H

OH

H

CH3

HOH2C

H

127

Cynodon

dactylon Roaceae Whole plant

Mucilage, arabinose,

xylose, ,uronic acid

derivetives

MOA not available

NH

COOH

COOH

CH3

H

COOH

CH3

42

Daucus carota

linn. Apiaceae Root

Carotenes,

carotenoids,

glycoside, flavonoids,

suger quarternary

base

MOA not available

CH3CH3 CH3

CH3CH3 CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3CH3

128

Dendrophthoe

memecylifolia Loranthaceae Whole plant

Glycoprotien,

Polypeptide lignans MOA not available NH2 C C NC C NC C N C

H

R O

H

R

H

O

H

R

H

O

H H

C

R

CH3

O

36

Diflocyclos

palmatus Cucurbitaceae Fruit

Cucurbitacins

(terpenoids) α-elaterin MOA not available OH

O

MeMe

Me

H H

OMe

OH

Me O

MeOH

Me

OH

Me

H

36

Dioscorrea spp. Dioscoreaceae Tubers Diosgenin MOA not available O

OH

CH3

H

H

H

CH3

CH3 O

CH3

36


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 104

Dipteracanthus

prostrates Acanthaceae Whole plant

Alkaloid, terpenoid,

diterpenoid, saponin MOA not available

N

O N R2

R1

36

Discorea batelus Discoraeceae Tubers Mucilage alkaloids MOA not available

NH

COOH

COOH

CH3

H

COOH

CH3

42

Dioscorea

Demetorum Discoraeceae Tuber

Mucilage, saponin,

alkaloids –discoretine,

dihydrodiscorine

To posses

hypoglycemic effect

NH

COOH

COOH

CH3

H

COOH

CH3

129,42,89

D.japonica Discoreaceae - Discorane A,B,C,D,E MOA not available OH

COOHCH3

NH

89

Echinops

echinatus Asteraceae Roots

Isobutylamide,

steroidal

glycoalkaloids

MOA not available O

OH

H H

H

H

H

H

CH3H

36

Eleuthrococus

senticosus Araliaceae

Siberian

ginseng

Saponins,

eleutharans MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Ephedra

dislachya Ephedraceae

Stem & Roots

arial stem

Ephedrin, ephedrans

A,B,C,D,E MOA not available

NH CH3

CH3

OH

130,131,132

Eucalyptus

globules Myrtaceae Leaves Calytosides

Increase insulin

secretion from clonal

pancreatic beta line

(BRIN-BD 11)

- 133

Eriobotrya

japonica Rosaceae Leaves

Merolidol glycoside &

ursolic acid MOA not available

O

CH3CH3

H

CH3

H CH3

H

CH3

CH3

O

H

CH3

O

36

Euphorbia

prostrate Euphorbiaceae Whole plant

Triterpenoids,

eupohol, euphorbol MOA not available

OH

CH3CH3

H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH2

42

Embelica

officenalis garth Euphorbiaceae Fruit

Vitc (L-ascorbic acid)

polyphenol, ellagic

acid, galic acid

MOA not available

OH

OH

CO2H

OH

134


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 105

tannins

Elephentopus

scarber Asteraceae Whole plant

Terpenoids, & 2,6,23-

Trienoloids

To reduce the blood

glucose level

O

CH3

OH

CH3 OH

O

OO

OH

CH3

OO

OHOH OH

OH

135

Eugenia uniflora Myrtaceae Leaf

Uniflorin A, uniflorin B

(+)-(3a,4a,5b)-L, 2-

methylpiperidine-

3,4,5-Triol

Regulation of the

enzyme


e

NH

OH

OH

HO

H

CH3

H

89

Erigenon

breviscapus Campositae Plant extract Scutellarin MOA not available O

O OOH

OH

OH O

OH

OH O

OH

OH

89

Eriobotrya

japonica Rosaceae Leaf

Corosolic acid,

3-epicorosolic acid,

methyl ester,

2-α-hydroxy-3-

3oxours-12-en-28-oic

acid,

turmeric acid methyl

ester,

ursolic acid


CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3O

OH

CH3

CH3

OH

89

Enicotema

littorale Gentianaceae Whole plant

Swertiamerin, ophelic

acid, tannins,alkaloids

Decrease glucosylated

hb & glucose 6

phosphates O

O

OHO

OH

OH

OH

H OH

O

CH3

136

Embelica

officinalis Euphorbiaceae Fruit, seed, leaf

Polyphenols,

Flavonoids,

Kaempferol,ellagic

acid,gallic acid


OH O

OH

OH

10,137,138

Eleusin coracana Poaceae Seed coat Polyphenols MOA not available OOH

OH O

OH

OH

OH

89

Eichhornia

crassipes Pontederiaceae Shoot rhizome

Terpenoids,

glycoside,

flavonoids,tannis,

alkaloids

MOA not available N

N

N

CH3 O

CH3

OH

CH3

89


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 106

Exostema

mexicanum Rubaceae Stem bark

4-phenylcoumarins

glycoside, chlorogenic

acid,ursolic acid

MOA not available

O OOH

OH

89

Exotema

caribecum Rubiaceae Stem bark

4-phenylcoumerins

glycosides,

chlorogenic acid,

ursolic acid

MOA not available

O OOH

OH

89

Eulipta alba Asteraceae Whole plant,

leaf

Coumestane like

eudelolactone,

tesmethylecedelol

acetone,

furanocoumarins

oleanane, taraxastane

glycosides

Regulation of the

enzyme


e CH3

CH3H

CH3

H

CH3

CH3

H

H CH3

CH3CH3

139

Ficus

bengelensis

(Anjir jangli,

katumani)

Moraceae Root Bark, bark

Bengalinoside,Phytost

eroine flavonoids,

glycosides, glycosidal

fraction,

Leucopelphinidin &

leucopepargonin

Inhibit insulin

degradative process CH3

OH

H

HCH3

CH3

CH3

H

CH3

CH3

140,141,142,

143

F. glomerata Mortaceae Bark Sitaosteryl glucoside MOA not available O

OH

HOH2C

OH OH

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

42

Ficus spp. Moraceae Leaves Nerolidol glycoside &

ursolic acid MOA not available

OH

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH3

CH3O

OH

CH3

CH3

OH

36

Foeniculum

valgare mill. Apiaceae Fruit oil

Volatile oil,

fenchone,anethole,lim

onene, anisaldehyde,

estragole

MOA not available

CH3

CH3

CH3

O

124

Fumeria

palviflora Papaveraceae Whole plant

Sanguinarine,

alkaloids MOA not available

NH

+O

O

O

O

CH3

42

Ficus erligiosa Moraceae Bark Β-sitosteryl-d-

glucoside MOA not available

OOH

HOH2C

OH OH

O

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

89


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 107

Ficus racemosa Moraceae Stem bark Β-sitosterol MOA not available CH3

NH CH3

OH

Cl

Cl 89

Fraxinus

excelsior Oleaceae

Seed, plant

extract

Iridoids-secoiridoids

glucosides,

excelsides A and B

MOA not available O

O H

C H 3

CH 3

144

Galega officinalis Leguminosae Gout’s rue

seeds, leave Berberin,alkaloids MOA not available

N+

O

O

CH3OH

CH3OH

42,36

Glycyrrhiza

glabra Leguminosae Roots

Glycyrhhizine,flavonoi

ds,liquirithin,

isoliquirithin,rhamnoliq

uirithin,2-

methylsoflavones


OOH

meO Ome

Om

36,124

Glycine max

(soya oil) Leguminosae Seeds

Fatty acid-linoleic,

oleic, palmitic,

linolenic, stearic acid

MOA not available CH3OH

O

145

Gymnema

sylvestre Asclepiadoceae

Leaf, roots,

whole plant

Dihydroxy gymnemic

triacetate, gymnemic

acid,glycosamine

glycan & protein

bound polysaccharide

Lower plasma glucose

level O

O

OH

O

OH

CH3

CH3CH3CH3

HOOC

OHOH

OH

CH2OHCH3

CH3 CH3

CH3OH

O

O

CH3

146,147,148

Gynandropsis

gynantra Capparidaceae Roots N,n-diethyltolumide MOA not available

N CH3

CH3

CH3

O

73

Ginkgo biloba Ginkgoaceae Leaf

Ginkgo-flavone

glycoside,fraction –

quercetin, kaempferol,

isorhamnetin

Inhibit β-amyloid

deposition

OH

OH O

OH

OH

149

Glycyrhhiza

uralensis Fabaceae Root Glycyrhhizin MOA not available

O

O

O

HOOC

OHOH

OH

HOOCOH

OH

O

COOHCH3

HO

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3CH3

H

HCH3

89

Gentiana olivieri Gentianaceae Plant extract

Alkanoids and

biflavonoid extract of

seeds

Lowers plasma glucose

level N

O N R2

R1

89


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 108

Hamada

salicornica Hamamelidaceae Whole plant

Hamamelitanin,

hamamelose MOA not available

O OH

OH

OH

OHOH

42

Humulus lupulus Cannabinaceae Sterobiles Humulon & lupulon MOA not available CH3

OH

CH3

CH3 OH OH

O

CH3

CH3

OH

CH3

42

Haldinia

cardifolia Rubaceae

Stem & roots

bark

Indole,

oxindole,quinoline,

purine alkaloids

MOA not available NH

36

Hippophae

rhamnoide Elaeagnaceae Thorn plant

Indole alkaloide ,

cyclitols MOA not available

NH

36

Hordueme

valgare Gramineae Barley sprouts

Volatile oil,alkaloids,

saponin, terpenoids MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Hydrostis

Canadensis Berberidaceae

Goldenseal

root

Hydrastine, berberin

& canadine alkaloids MOA not available

N+

O

O

CH3OH

CH3OH

36

Hygrophila

auriculata Acanthaceae

Berleria plant

root, seed Semidrying oil MOA not available

CH3CH3

CH3CH3

O

36

Hovenia dulcis Rhamnaceae Entire plant Flavonoids MOA not available OHO

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,89

Holostemma

adakodien Asclepiadaceae Root Flavonoids MOA not available OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,89

Hintonia

standleyana Rubiaceae Leaf Phenylcoumarins MOA not available

O O

150

Hintonia laciflora Rubiaceae Leaf, root Neoflavonoid,

coutareagenin MOA not available

O O

89


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 109

Harpagophytum

procumbens Pedalliaceae Root

Isovenillic acid-3

hydroxy-4-methoxy-

benzoic acid

MOA not available

OH

OO

CH3

OH

89

Hydnocarpus

wightiana Achariaceae Seed hulls

Acetyllbetulinic acid,

betulinic acid, ursolic

acid , acetyl ursolic

acid

MOA not available

O OOH

OH

89

Hypoxis

hemerocallidea Hypoxidaceae Root tuber Hypoxoside MOA not available

OH

O C

C

H

C CH CH

H H

H

OH

OH

151,152

Inula heleniam Campositae Elecampnae

root Inulin MOA not available

O

HOH2C

H

H OH

OHOH

O

H

H

CH2

OHH

OHH

OH

HOH2C

H

36

Inula rocemosa Asteraceae Root Volatile oil Lower plasma insulin

and glucose level - 153

Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Root, leaf AN acidic glycoprotein

Reduced insulin

resistance & blood

glucose level

- 154

Juniperus

communis Cupressaceae Dried berries Isocrupressic acid

Increase peripheral

glucose consumption &

induce insulin secretion

CH3H

O

OH

CH2CH3

CH3

OH

89

Juglans regia Juglandaceae Root, leaves,

unripe fruit

4-hydroxy α-tetralone-

4-0-β-D-E6’-0-

(3,4,5,trihydroxybenzo

il) glucopyranoside &

4 hydroxy- α-telralone

MOA not available - 155

Kalopanax pictus Araliaceae Stem bark Kalopanax, saponin A MOA not available RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Kalanchoe

pinnata Crossulaceae Leaf Bryophilin A MOA not available

O

OO

H

H

OH

H

OH

CH3

H

O

OCH3

O

36


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 110

Lantana camara Verbenacae Leaves Lantanoside,

lantanone MOA not available

OOH

OH

OH

OH

O

O O

O O

O O

O

O

CH3

CH3

OH

CH3

OH

H

H

O

OH

CH3

OCH3

CH3

H

156

Lagerstroemic

speciosa (jarul) Lythraceae

Bark, root,

seed, leave &

ripe fruits

Alkaloids,nephthaquin

olone,

lausone,gallotanins-

penta-o-galloyl-

glucopyranose (pgg)


O

O

157

Lathyrus spp Papilionoceae Whole plant Berberin, kaempferol,

quercetin MOA not available

OH

OH O

OH

OH

36

Launaea

nudicaulis Composite Roots Glycoside MOA not available

O

OHH

CH3

H

H

R1

R2

CH3

O

OH

42

Lepidium

ruderale Crucifarae Arial part Lepidine MOA not available

N

CH3

42

Leucena

leucocephala Leguminosae Seed Mimosine MOA not available N

O

OH

CH2

CH

HOOC

NH2

42

Larrea tridentate Zygophyllaceae Leaf

Masoprocal

nordihydroguaiaretic

acid

MOA not available CH3

CH3

OH

OH

OH

OH

89

Lithospermumery

throrhizon Boraginaceae Whole plant

Caffeine, ferulic p-

coumarin

lithosperman A,B,C

MOA not available C

C

C

N

N

C

N

C

CH3

O

CH3

O CH3

H

36

Lupines albus Leguminosae Lupin seed Linolinic & palmitic

acid

Lower serum glucose

level CH3

OH

O

36


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 111

Lupus albus Papilionaceae Stem, flower Lupelol MOA not available

OH

CH3CH3

H

CH3

H

CH3

CH3

H

CH3

CH3

CH2

42

Lythrum salicaria Lythraceae Stem, flower Alkaloide, tannins MOA not available OH

OH

OH

O

OH

42

Lyceum

barbarum Solanaceae

Box, thorn,

leaves

Withanolides, indole,

isoquinoline alkaloids MOA not available

OH

CH3

H

H

CH3

H

O

O

O

OH

CH3

O

CH3

CH3

H

158,159

Lycopus

virginicus Labiatae

Bugleueced

plant

Terpenoid,pyridine,

pyrolidine alkaloids MOA not available

N

36

Liriope spicata Liliaceae Root Beta-sitosterol,

stigmasterol

Decrease in the blood

glucose level CH3

NH CH3

OH

Cl

Cl

160,161,162,

163,164

Momordica

charantia linn. Cucurbitaceae &

meliaceae

Leave, root,

fruit,

seed

Charantin, sterol

polypeptide,plant

insulin stearic acid ,

triterpene glycosides

Reduce blood glucose

level 10

5

1

4

2

3

8

7

9

6

13

14

12

1117

16

15

CH319

CH318

R20

165,166,167,

168,169,170,

171,172,173,

174,175,176,

177

Morus alba Moraceae Leave, root

bark Morana

Increase glucose

uptake - 178

Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Seed l-dopa(1-by) Reduce blood glucose

level NH2

OHOH

OH

O

179

Murraya koienigii Rutaceae Leaves, fruit

juice

Quarcetin,

murrayacine,carbazol

e bis-indole alkaloide

Increase glycogenesis,

decrease

glycogenolysis &

gluconeogenesis NH

180

Musa

paradisiacal Musaceae Flower

Fructossan, phendic

acid, anthocynin

terpenoides,sterols

MOA not available 10

5

1

4

2

3

8

7

9

6

13

14

12

1117

16

15

CH319

CH318

R20

181

Mangifera indica

linn. Ancardiaceae Root, leaf, fruit

Cynogenetic

glycoside

polyphenols, vita+c

mangiferin, beta

Possibly acts through

intestinal reduction of

the absorption of

glucose as well as

OHO

OOH

OHOH

OH

182,183,184


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 112

sitosterol quercetin,

ellagic acid, gallic acid

pancreatic and

extrapancreatic

machanism

Melia azadirecta Meliaceae Pericarp of

fruit, leaf seed

Nimbin,nimbidin,nimbi

nin,azadirectinin MOA not available

O

O

CH3CH3

HH

HCH3

OCH3

O

O+

O

CH3

185,248

Marrubium

valgare Lamiaceae Leaf,root Marrubin,marrubiaol MOA not available

O

CH3

OCH3

O

CH3

H

186,187,188

Momordica spp. Cucurbitaceae Buglue seed

plant

Terpenoide, pyridine,

pyrolidine alkaloids


level N

NN

N

CH3

O

O

CH3

CH3

36

Marus spp. Maraceae Mulberry

leaves

Pyridine alkaloids,

cardenoloides MOA not available

O

RO

OH

CH3

O

36

Mucuna spp. Leguminosae Seed/fruit Kinotennic acid, kino

red & (-)epicatechin MOA not available

O

O

OH

OH

O

O

OHOH

OH

OHO

OH

36

Musa sapientum Musaceae Banana flower

root

Phenolic acid ,

sterols,

anthocynine,indole

alkaloids ,terpenoids


& glycosylated Hb 10

5

1

4

2

3

8

7

9

6

13

14

12

1117

16

15

CH319

CH318

R20

189

Nigella sativa Ranunculaceae Seed, oil seed Thymoquinone MOA not available

O

CH3

CH3

O

CH3

190,191

Nymphaea

nouchali Nymphaceae Roots Alkaloids,starch

Increase plasma

glucose level N

O N R2

R1

42

Nymphaea lotus Nymphacea Lotus root Alkaloids ,tannins MOA not available

N

O N R2

R1

36


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 113

Ocimum

sanctum linn. Lamiaceae Leaf

Volatile oil,

terpenoide,eugenol,

thymol,estragole,

pyridine,pyrolidine

alkaloids

Lowering blood sugar

level N

NN

N

CH3

CH3

O

CH3

O

192,193,194

Olea europoea Oleaceae Leaves

Sugar alcohol,

saponin tennin, olieve

oil

Potentiation of glucose,

induced insulin release,

& increase peripheral

uptake of glucose

O

HOH2C

H H

OH

HH

OHOH OH

H

195,196,197,

198

Oenothera

biennis Onagraceae

Evening

primrose

leaves

Gammo-linolenic acid MOA not available CH3OH

O

36

Opuntia spp. Cactaceae Prickly pear

stem & fruits

Isoquinoline alkaloide

cyanogenetic

glycoside

MOA not available N

36

Opuntia

sterptacanthus Cactaceae Sap

Isoquinoline

alkaloids,cynogenetic

glycoside

MOA not available N

42

Oryza saliva &

Oryza sativa Gramineae

Root, external

seed coat,

seed

Glycan-oryzanans

A,B,C,D MOA not available

OHO

HO

HO OH

OHO O

OH

OO

HO

OH

NHAc

OO

HO NHAc NH

A

OH

O

HO

HO

HO

OHO

42

Otholobium

pubescens Fabaceae Plant extract

Bakuchiol-4[-3-

ethenyl-3,7-dimethyl-

1,6-octadienyl)phenol]

MOA not available

CH2

CH3

CH3

OH

CH3

199

Opuntia dilenii Cactaceae Fruit Polysachharides MOA not available

OOH

OHOH

O

OOH

OHOH

O

OOH

OHOH

O

OOH

OHOH

O

O

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3

89


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 114

Ophiopogon

japonicas Asparagaceae Roots Polysachharides MOA not available

OOH

OHOH

O

OOH

OHOH

O

OOH

OHOH

O

OOH

OHOH

O

O

CH3 CH3

CH3 CH3

89

Panax spp. Araliaceae Ginseng root Panaxanes,ginseng &

oleanolic acid

Lowering blood sugar

level CH3

CH3

OH

CH3 CH3

CH3O

OH

CH3CH3

36

Peganum

harmala Rutaceae Seed Peganine alkaloids MOA not available

N

N OH 36

Phaseolus

valgaris Leguminosae

Pod, seed,

whole plant

Kinotennic acid,

kinored &

(-)epicathechin

Hypoglycaemic,hypolipi

demic,inhibit alpha

amylase activity,

antioxidant

O

OH

H

OH

OH

OH

36

Plantago spp. Plantaginaceae Step & roots

Aucubin,

globularinoleanolic

acid, luteolin

MOA not available O

OH

OH

OH

OH O

36

Polygonatum

multflorum Liliaceae

Solomon’s seal

root

Steroidal & purin type

alkaloids MOA not available

N

NN

NH

36

Primula

denticulate Primulaceae Flowers Flavonoids,saponins MOA not available OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,36

Pterocarpus

morsupium Leguminosae

Stem bark,

gum resin,

bark,

heartwood,

wood

Kinotanic acid,

kino red &

(-)epicatechin,

pyrocatechin,

pterocarpol,

pterostilben,

pterostilbine,

flavonoids


OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,200,201,2

02,203,204,2

05

Phylanthus

amarus Phylanthaceae

Leaf, whole

plant

Bitter,

lignans-phylanthin,

hypophylanthine,

bioflavonoids

MOA not available

R2

R6

R1

OR

7

R3

R21

A

R4

O

BR20

R5

206


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 115

Panax quinque

folius Arliaceae Root

Ginsenoside,

protopanaxadiol MOA not available

Gle2Gle-O

CH3CH3 H

CH3 CH3

CH3

OH

CH3

CH3

OHH

73

Parinari excels Chrysobalanaceae Bark Myricetin,quircetin MOA not available O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

73

Prunus

amygdalus Rosaceae Seed Amygdalin MOA not available

O

O

O

O

C

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

N

OH

73,248

Punica granatum Lythraceae Fruits Punicolagin,punicalin Lower blood glucose OH

OH

OH

O

O

O

OHOH OH

CH2

O

OH

OH

O

OOO

OH

OHOH

CH3

OH

207

Panax ginseng Araliaceae Roots Panaxans A,B,C,D Lowering blood sugar

level O

H

R1

CH3CH3

H

CH3

H

CH3

CH3H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3O R

2

HH

208,209,210

Phylanthus

fraternus Euphorbiaceae Leaves Flavonoids MOA not available OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

10,42

Pongamia pinnta Leguminoceae Bark Oil MOA not available - 42

Psoralea

corylifolia linn. Fabaceae Seed

Essential oil, fixed oil

resin,bakuchiol

(monoterpene phenol)

MOA not available O

O

O

O

OR1

R3

O

R2

124

Psidium guajava

(amrood

,guavava)

Myrtaceae Juice Triterpenoid,saponin Lower blood glucose RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

211,212

Poterium

ancisrodies Rosaceae Leaves

Triterpenoids,termenti

la acid MOA not available

OH

CH3CH3

H

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3 CH2

42

Pruns persica Rosaceae Leaves Amygdalin MOA not available

O

O

O

O

C

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

N

OH

42,248

Quercus

lancaefolia Fagaceae Stem bark

Shikimic acid &

terpenoids MOA not available

N

NN

N

CH3

O

O

CH3

CH3

36


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 116

Quercus

infectoria Fagaceae Leaf Quercetin MOA not available O

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OH

89

Quercus rubra Fagaceae Seed

Vanadium

manganese,

magnesium,copper,

chromium

MOA not available N

+N

+

Cr3+

N

O

O

O

O

O

O

89

Quercus alba Fagaceae Bark Quercetin MOA not available O

OH

OH

OH

OOH

OH

89

Roulofia

serpentine

Fagaceae &

Apocynaceae

Stem bark,

root, leaves

Shikimic acid &

terpenoids,

total alkaloids,ajmalin

MOA not available N

NN

N

CH3

O

O

CH3

CH3

42,36

Rhus typhina Anacardiaceae Staghorn

stomach

Phenolic compound

and tannin MOA not available

OH

OH

OHOH

O

36

Ricinus comunis Euphorbiaceae Caster been

root

Anthraquinone,

triterpenoids,

alkaloids,ricinoic acid

MOA not available

N

O N R2

R1

213,214,215,

216

Rhizophora

apiculata Rhizophoraceae Root Inositol,pinito MOA not available

OHOH

OH

OH OHOH

HHH H

HH

217,218,219

Santalum album

linn. Santalaceae

Heartwood

bark

Volatile oil,

santalol,α-santalol,β-

santalol,β-sinosterol

MOA not available CH3

NH CH3

OH

Cl

Cl 124

Solanum nigrum

linn. Solanaceae Leaf

Polyphenolic

compounds,flavonoid,

steroids


OOH

meO Ome

Ome

220,10

Salacia oblonga

wall Celastraceae Root bark Salcinol

Inhibits α-glucosidase

activity so3o-

OH

OH

S+

OHOH

OH

221


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 117

Sarcopoterum

spinosum Rosaceae Root

Catechin &

epicatechin MOA not available O

OH

OH

OH

OH

OH

222,223,224,

225,226

Sachharum

officinarum Gramineae Non sugar part Sachharin MOA not available

NH

Si2-

O

OO

36

Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Sweet broom

plant Bitter iroid glycoside

Decreased

glycosylated Hb &

inc.total Hb, insulin

secretagogue activity

O

O

CH3H

HCH3

227,228

Securinega

virosa Euphorbiaceae Fluggea seeds

Anthraquinone,

triterpenoids,

alkaloids

MOA not available

N

O N R2

R1

36

Sarbus

aucuparia Rosaceae Whole plant Sarbitol, D glucitol MOA not available OH OH

OH OH

OH OH

s R RR

36

Spinaceae

oleracea Chenopodiaceae Spinach leaves Volatile oil MOA not available - 36

Stephenia glabra Menispermaceae Tuber Alkaloids,terpenoids MOA not available

N

O N R2

R1

36

Stevia

rebaudiana Compasitea Whole plant Stevioside MOA not available CH3

CH3

O O

OH

OH

OH

OH

CH2O

O

OH

OH

OH

O

O

OH

OHOH

OH

229

Syzygium spp. Myrtaceae Fruit Phenol,essential

oil,tennin,alkaloids

Decrease blood

glucose level

OH

OH

OHOH

O

36

Sesamum

indicum Pedaliaceae Seeds

Lignum,sesamin,

Phenolic derivetives,

sesamol,sesmolin

MOA not available C

H

HOH

CH3

CH

CH3

H

C H

CH3

H

OH

C

OH

C CH3

H

H

CH

CH3

H

H

H

89

Semecarpus

anacardium Anacardiaceae Fruit, nut

Flavonoids,

phenolic compound MOA not available OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

89,10


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 118

Scrophularia

ningpoensis Scrophylaraceae Root Harpogoside MOA not available O O

+

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

CH3

OHOH

CH3

89

Scrophularia

desrti Scrophylaraceae

Arial part of

plant

Scropolioside-D,

harpagoside-B MOA not available O O

+

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

O

O

CH3

OHOH

CH3

89

Schisandra

chinensis Schisandraceae Fruit Schizandrin B MOA not available O

O

meo

meo ome

me

me

89

Salacia oblonga Cetastraceae Root

Mangiferin,salacinol,k

otalanol,kotalagenin

16-α-acetate

Inhibition of alpha

glucosidase activity

O OH

OH

OOH

OH

OOHOH

OH

OH

221

Sachharum

officinarum Poaceae Stalk

Glycans A,B,C,D,E,F,

from the non-sucrose

protein sachharin

MOA not available

OHO

HO

HO OH

OHO O

OH

OO

HO

OH

NHAc

OO

HO NHAc NH

A

OH

O

HO

HO

HO

OHO

89

Smallanthus

sonchifolius Asteraceae Leaves

Sochifolin,uvedolin

enhydrin,flunctanin MOA not available CH3

O

HCH3

O

O

HHCH3

CH3

CH3

O

H

OO

CH3

CH3

O

O

CH2

O

230

Sulertia punicea Gentianaceae Whole plant Methyl seletiunin &

bellidifolin MOA not available ….. 73

Tecoma stans Bignoniaceae Tronadora

leaves

Monoterpenes

alkaloids,techomine

techostanin

MOA not available

CH2

CH3CH3

CH2

36

Taraxacum

officinalis Asteraceaed Dendiolon root

Sisquiterpenoids,

lactone,insulin MOA not available

OHCH3

CH3

CH3CH3

OH

36

Thalictrum

foliolosum Ranunculaceae

Meadow reu

plant

Saponin &

triterpenoids MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 119

Tinospora

cordifolia Menispermaceae

Gulancha plant

root

Isoquinoline

alkaloids,tinosporin,

berberin,tinosporinon

e,tinosporic acid

Decreased blood

glucose & brain lipid N

231,232,233

Trichosanthes

dioica Cucurbitaceae Whole plant

Trichosanthin &

saponins MOA not available

RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

36

Trigonella

foenum graecum Papilionaceae

Fenugreek

seed & leaves

Saponin ,protein & oil

4-hydroxy isoluecine

Decreased blood

glucose concentration RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

234,235

Triticum sativum Gramineae Wheat leaves Alkaloids,terpenoids,s

aponin,flavonoids MOA not available OH

O

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

36,10

Urginia

indica/drimia

indica

Liliaceae Tuber ,leaves Allicin, allin MOA not available CH2 SS

CH2

O

36

Urtica dioica Urticaceae Stinging nettle

plant

Phenolic compounds,

lignans

Increase insulin

secretion C

H

HOH

CH3

CH

CH3

H

C H

CH3

H

OH

C

OH

C CH3

H

H

CH

CH3

H

H

H

236

Vaccinium

myrtillus Ericaceae Bilberry leaves

Phenolic

compound,ligans MOA not available C

H

HOH

CH3

CH

CH3

H

C H

CH3

H

OH

C

OH

C CH3

H

H

CH

CH3

H

H

H

36

Vernonia

anthelmintica Asteraceae Seed

Epoxy acid,vernolic

acid MOA not available

CH3 C

O

237,238,239,

240,241

Vinca rosea Apocynaceae Whole plant,

leaves, roots

Catharanthine,

locherine, vindoline,

luerosine, vindolinine

Β-cell rejuvenation,

regeneration &

stimulation

NH

N

O O

CH3

C2H5

242

Vernonia

amygdaline Asteraceae Leaves

Vernonioside B and

myricetin MOA not available O

OH

OH

O

OH

OH

OH

OH

243

Withania

somnifera dunal Solanaceae Leaf, root, seed

Somniferine,

withanine,

cuscohygrine,

chlorogenic

acid,withaferin A,

Decrease blood sugar

level

O

O

NH R

O

244


UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2016: 4(1); 120

cholin steroidal

lactone

Wedelia

paludosa Compositeae Stem, root

Hypoglycaemic

diterpen-kaurenoic

acid,

(ent-16-kauren-19-oic

acid)

MOA not available

CH3

O OH

CH2

89

Xanthium

strumarium Asteroceae Seed, fruit

Carboxyatractyloside

(cat)

Increase glucose

utilization

CH3

COOHCOOH

OO

HOOC

HOOC

HOOC OH

OH

CH3

HOOC

CH2

CH

CH3

CH3

89

Zea mays Gramineae

Plant, seed,

root, corn silk,

lob, leaf, oil

α-tocopherol,

quercetin, flavonoids,

terpenoids,

glucorono-xylo

oligosachharides


OOH

meO Ome

Ome

89,10

Zingiber

officinale Zingiberaceae

Juice of ginger,

fresh and dried

rhizome

[6]-gingerols,

tannins,polyphenolic

compound,

(eg.coumarins)

Flavonoids,

triterpenoids

Increase insulin level &

decrease fasting

glucose level

OHO

OOH

meO Ome

Ome

245,246,10

Zizyphus

spinachristy Rhamnaceae Leaves

Saponin glycoside-

christinin-A

Reduction in blood

glucose level RO

CH3 CH2OH

CH3 CH3

CH3

COOH

CH3 CH3

247

Zygophylum

gaetulum Zygophyllaceae

Arial part,

leaves

Triterpene acid,

Bistesmoside with

defferent sugar

residue at c3 & c8 of

the α-glycone

Glucose- lowering

effect CH2OH

CH3

CH3CH3

CH3

CH3

OH

CH2

CH3

89

review article uk journal of pharmaceutical and ... method of harvesting, revelation of the herbs to...

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