Islam and Increased Contacts

Reunification of ChinaSui, Tang and Song Dynasties

After the HanCenturies of disunity after fall of Han589; Sui, Tang then Song dynasties centralize & revitalize China.II. Sui Dynasty - 589A. Ruler Wendi reestablished centralized state1. Repaired Great Wall2. Revolts due to high taxes ended Sui dynasty- Tang dynasty emerged

III. Tang Dynasty Golden Era of Chinese HistoryA. Expanded influence1. Established tributary system (payment by subjects) w/ Vietnam & Korea = spread Chinese institutions- foreign envoys performed Kowtow before the emperor

5B. Strengthened Central Govt1. Empress Wu (one of few female rulers)Reduced powers of landlordsRemoved their tax power; state taxed peasants directly.Accurate censuses = fair & reliable taxationC. Civil Service Exam Revived1. Stricter2. Education counting more than birthright3. Aristocrats role faded in favor of scholar-bureaucrats

Empress Wu 625-705

6Write a CCOT thesis:

Analyze the changes and continuities in the attitudes toward Buddhism in China between the Han and Song dynasties.D. State Practices & Infrastructure = Commercial Growth1. Regulate trade2. Roads & canals Grand Canal linking southern rice fields to pop. Centers in the north3. Flying Money = early currencyCredit instrument = redeemed at end of voyageReduced danger of robberyLed to paper money

8

E. Attack on Buddhism1. Revival of Confucianism Neo-Confucianism2. Buddhism = potentially subversive elementFavored early on; rejected later as alien.Thousands of shrines, monasteries destroyed.Remained important minority butPeriod of growth halted3. Tang felt right and duty to regulate beliefs of subjects

F. Tang Decline - Late 700s1. Poverty, taxes, nomadic invasions = protest2. 906 - civil war3. 960 - Song comes to power

IV. Song DynastyA. Controlled less land than Tang1. North dominated by nomads; - Jurchens = Jin Dynasty2. Control focused on southern regions

B. Economically Dynamic1. Tax revenues up; focused on merchants not peasants; revolts down2. Domestic (in China) trade increased = tea, cotton3. Foreign trade flourisheda. Highly developed manufacturing sectorsophisticated ships/tech.; Junks

4. Imports limited mostly to raw materialsa. full consumer society does not developb. Why? clashed w/ Confucian ideals ofself-reliance & no excesses

13

Chinese Junks14Critical IntroOne sentence describing the cultural connection between Hangzhou China and Mombasa E. Africa.C. Improved Ag. Productivity & Coal & Iron Output1. Quick-growing Champa rice from Vietnam & fertilizers = more harvests & yields 2. Massive pop. growth; 100 mill. +3. Expansion of urban life; Big Cities! - Hangzhou

16

17

D. Expanded Manufacturing for Export1. Iron & steel2. textiles & porcelain

E. Chinese Diasporic Merchant Communities in SE Asia1. Facilitate Chinese trade in those areas

F. Arts & Culture During Tang and Song1. Art, architecture, literature reflected Buddhist, Daoist influencea. Pagoda introducedb. Art & lit. reliance on natural subjectsc. Traditional order of Neo-Confucianism combined with love of nature inspired by Daoists & Buddhists

E. Scientific Advancement of Tang and Song1. Govt-sponsored map making & astronomical observationa. expanded knowledge of universe

222. Diffusion of Scientific & Technological Traditionsa. Gunpowder powder - 1st for fireworks- Then weaponry

23 b. Wood-Block then movable-type printing- By 10th cent. - books of all types & every classic in print- paper currency & playing cards followed

24 G. Gunpowder & printing spread from East Asia into the Islamic Empires & Western Europe

Islamic EmpiresMongol EmpireW. EuropeGunpowder & Printing 1. Tech. & cult. transfers specifically between Tang China & Abbasid Empire H. Impact of Neo-Confucianism during Song Era1. Revival of Confucian ideologya. Emphasis on traditionb. Less receptive to outside ideas; solutions drawn from pastc. Limited long-term innovationd. Reinforced role of patriarch; submissive/inferior role of womene. Worsened conditions for women by Later song Era

26

27

Foot binding Song Dynasty to early 20th centuryI. Song Dynasty Replaced by Mongols1. Yuan Dynasty forms under Kublai Khana. China regains control under Ming dynasty

29

Chineseculture30Critical Intro:Describe the most significant difference between Japanese and European Feudalism.31Rise of Japan

32II. Taika Reforms Adopt Chinese cultureShotoku initiated Chinese assimilation1. Buddhist & Confucian values2. Position of Japanese women declined3. Architecture & urban planning4. Ag. & manu. techniques spurred Japanese econ.5. Chinese dance & musical forms

Buddhist inspired Todaiji Temple in Japan

33I. Selective Borrowing from ChinaImitate superior culture1. Buddhism2. Confucian valuesa. Impact = Position of Japanese women declined3. Arch. & urban planning4. Ag. & manu. techniques spurred Japanese eco

Buddhist inspired Todaiji Temple in Japan

Rise of Japan34B. While maintaining Japanese traditions1. Shintoism2. Nobility/Aristocracy

35II. Limits to BorrowingA. Fall of Tang China made Chinese model less attractiveCentralized rule failed in Japan; emperor remained but decentralized Feudal System Emerged

36

Buddhist inspired Todaiji Temple in Japan37Rise of JapanIII. Japanese Middle Ages 600-1450600s -900s1. Emperor led, centralized rule2. Confucian-based governing, adopted from Chinese

38Rise of JapanB. Civil war between ruling families 1100s1. End of centralized, imperial ruleNew Form of Governance - feudalismDecentralized feudal govtComparable to European feudal systemBoth have Coerced Labor system serfs- (add this to Venn)

39Rise of JapanD. Shogunate period beginsShogunate = Centralized feudal govtShogun = Supreme military and political leaderEmperor = figurehead only

40

41IV. Heian Period Japan The Golden Age in JapanHeight of Imperial court, art & lit.The Tale of the Genji- life in Heian courtBuddhist, Daoist, Chinese influence peakedDecentralized feudal periodE. Yamato Emperors = figureheadsF. Real power with Fujiwara (ruling noble family)G. From 858-1160s - Fujiwara clan ruled Japan1. peaceful, prosperous, culturally brilliant2. Religious life influenced by Buddhism3. Heian/Fujiwara period destroyed by warring clans.

42V. Shogunate Period BeginsTaira-Minamoto War 1156-1185Minamoto wins established bakufu (military govt)Create new government ShogunateShogunate = centralized feudal govtBegins period of ShogunatesShogun = Supreme military and political leaderKamakura & Ashikaga Shogunates43

Chinese Dynasty Song (Tune ---- Frre Jacques / Are You Sleeping / Where is Thumbkin.)

Shang Zhou (Joe) Qin (chin) Han (Repeat) ( ------------------- 400 years of Disunity ------------------) Sui - swayTang Song (Repeat) Yuan ------ MongolMing Qing (ching) --------Manchu Republic -------- Republic of China (Repeat) Mao Zedong ---------Peoples Republic of China / Communist China 1949-76Deng! ----- Deng Xiaoping -1978-92 (Repeat) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7XtD5u3AkQ45

Reemergence of the Civil Service ExamTang DynastyWhat values do these tales hold to be more important than passing the civil service examination? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2. What do the aspirants hope to gain by passing the examination? ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What do these passages tell us about the structure of Chinese government in the eighth and ninth centuries? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4. What was the role of status in Chinese society? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 46Chinese Influences on Korea, Vietnam and JapanKoreaJapanVietnam471. What did Polo find noteworthy in Hangzhou?4. What were the authorities worried about?3. What clues do you find regarding the system of governance in Hangzhou?2. What parts of Polos description seem clearly wrong or exaggerated?5. In Polos report on Hangzhou, do you detect an implied comparison with European cities, such as with his hometown? Explain

Marco Polo in the City of Hangzhou China6. On your own paper: Use your class materials to write an essay (one page minimum) that describes the main features of the network of trade and cultural exchange stretching from Hangzhou to the Swahili states like Mombasa & Mogadishu. 48

Reemergence of the Civil Service ExamTang Dynasty49Civil Service Exam50Malacca51Angkor Wat52Buddhism53Swahili54Luxury goods55Champa rice56Mombasa or Mozambique57Bantu58Great Zimbabwe59Kowtow60Grand Canal 61Flying Money62Tribute63Sui Dynasty64Scholar-gentry orscholar bureaucrat65Neo-Confucianism66Junks67Domestic68Hangzhou69porcelain70Diasporic community71gunpowder72Raw goods73footbinding74Mongols75Shinto76Selective Borrowing77Feudalism78Shogunate79Southernization80monsoons81compass82Korea83Vietnam84Marco Polo85Samurai86