INTRODUCTION TO LIFE SCIENCE

SCIENCE

• The existing knowledge of the natural world, and the process of gathering this knowledge.

• El conocimiento existente sobre el mundo natural y el proceso de recopilación de este conocimiento.

LIFE SCIENCE

• The study of living things.

• El estudio de los seres vivos.

BIOLOGIST

• Scientists who study life science.

• Los científicos que estudian las ciencias de la vida.

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

• The scientific method is an organized endlogical way to solve a problem.

• El método científico es una manera lógica final organizada para resolver un problema.

SIENTIFIC METHOD’ STEPS

1. Identify a problem

2. State a hypothesis

3. Design and conduct an experiment

4. Gather and record data

5. State a conclusion

6. State new questions

HYPOTHESIS

• The suggested solution to a problem.

• La propuesta de solución a un problema.

EXPERIMENT

• The procedure scientists use to test a hypothesis.

• Los científicos utilizan el procedimiento para probar una hipótesis.

DATA

• The facts you obtain during an experiment.

• Los hechos que obtenga durante un experimento.

CONCLUSION

• About the results of the experiment.

• Acerca de los resultados del experimento.

MEASURE

• Means to use instruments to determine quantities such as distance and temperature.

• Los medios para utilizar los instrumentos para determinar cantidades tales como la distancia y la temperatura.

LENGTH

• The distance from one point to another. Tomeasure length, scientists sometimes use a ruler. The basic unit of length is the meter.

• La distancia de un punto a otro. Para medir la longitud, los científicos a veces usan una regla. La unidad básica de longitud es el metro.

VOLUME

• When you measure the amount of space an objectoccupies. Ex. Cube (shape)

Scientists, however, do not use hollow cubes to measurethe volume of liquid. They use an instrument called a graduated cylinder.1 liter = 1,000 ml.

• Al medir la cantidad de espacio que ocupa un objeto. Ej. Cubo (forma)

Los científicos, sin embargo, no utilizan cubos huecos para medir el volumen de líquido. Ellos usan un instrumento llamado un cilindro graduado.

MASS

• The amount of material an object contains is theobject’s mass. To measure mass, scientists use aninstrument called a triple bean balance. Thebasic unit for measuring mass is the kilogram.

• La cantidad de material que contiene un objeto es la masa del objeto. Para medir la masa, los científicos utilizan un instrumento llamado triple balance frijol. La unidad básica de medida para la masa es el kilogramo.

SCIENCE PROCESS SKILL1 Observing Gather information.

2 Measuring To make exact measurements usinginstruments.

3 Estimating Make an inteligent guess.

4 Calculating To perform a mathematical process tosolve a problem.

5 Organizing Careful planning.

6 Analyzing Gathered and organized your data.

7 Making a model Object that helps explain.

8 Predicting Design experoments to test a hypothesis.

9 Evaluating Answers to questions.

How Science and Technology Interact?

• Technology can improve the quality of life bysolving problems and by meeting people’sneeds.

• La tecnología puede mejorar la calidad de vida mediante la resolución de problemas y satisfaciendo las necesidades de las personas.

How Technology Affects People and their Surroundings?

• Unfortunately , a technology that solves oneproblem may create another problem like:

- The radiation cause severe side effects.

- Food preservatives may be harmful to health.

THE NATURE OF LIVING THINGS

ATOMS AND MOLECULES

• ATOM: is the basic unit of matter.

• ELEMENT: is a substance made of one kind of atom.

• MOLECULE: is made of 2 or more atoms thatare combined chamically.

COMPOUNDS AND LIVING THINGS

• Living things are made of inorganic and organic compunds.

• Organic compounds contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms.

• Los seres vivos están hechos de compundsinorgánicos y orgánicos.

• Los compuestos orgánicos que contienen carbono y átomos de hidrógeno.

CARACTERISTICS OF LIVING THINGS

1. All living things are made of cells. Cells are basic unit of living things.

2. All living things repond to stimuli in theirenviroment.

3. Each kind of organism is adapted for survivalin a particular enviroment, sucharctic, desert, or ocean enviroments.

4. Reproduction guarantees that life continuesthrough the production of new individuals.

VOCABULARYProcess in which oxygen combines with food to release. RESPIRATION

A charasteristic that helps an organism survive in itsenviroment.

ADAPTATION

Living things do this in order to react to changes in theinvoronment.

STIMULUS

A compound made of amino acids. PROTEIN

Some animals do this as the seasons change. MIGRATE

Process of producing more of one’s own kind. REPRODUCTION

Any change in the environment yo which a living thing willreact.

RESPOND

A living thing. ORGANISM

Organic molecule such as sugar or starch that stores energy. CARBOHYDRATE

The surroundings of an organism. ENVIRONMENT

CELLS

CELLS

1. The development of the microscope led tothe discovery of cells.

2. The cell theory states that the cell is thebasic unit of all living things. Every living thing is made of cells, which carry on thebasic life processes of the organism.

USING MICROSCOPES TO STUDY CELLS

1. Cells can be observed under the compoundmicroscope, using either low or high power.

2. You can measure microscopic specimens in microns. First, you measure the diameter of the microscopic field. Then you estimate theportion of the diameter taken up by the cell.

PARTS OF THE CELL

1. A cell contains many cell structures called organelles, thatcarry on life activities.

These organelles include:- The mitochondria- Robosomes- Golbi bodies- And the endoplasmic reticulum.2. Plant cells differ from animal cells in that they have a cell

wall and chloroplasts.3. Organisms made of one cell are called unicellular

organisms. Those made of many cells are calledmulticellular organisms.

VOCABULARY

• An instrument called the microscope enables biologists tosee the cell. According to the cell theory, every living thingis made of cells. Each cell contains structures calledorganelles, which carry on the life processes of theorganism. For example, the mithocondria carry on cellularrespiration. The ribosomes manufacture proteins. The cellmembrane surrounds and protects the cell. The control center of the cell is the nucleus. Inside the control center are threadlike structures called chromosomes. In recentyears, scientists have used a very powerful microscopecalled the electron microscope to observe cells. It has enabled biologists to observe cells with increasedmagnification.

REPRODUCTION

LIFE FROM LIFE

1. In the seventeenth century, Francesco Redidisproved spontaneous generation.

2. Scientists believe that living things come from other living things.

1. En el siglo XVII, Francesco Redi desmintió la generación espontánea.

2. Los científicos creen que los seres vivos provienen de otros seres vivos.

CELL REPRODUCTION

1. Mitosis is a kind of nuclear division that resultsin the production of new cells.

2. Mitosis keeps the chromosome numberconstant in the body cells of an organism.

1. La mitosis es un tipo de división nuclear que da como resultado la producción de nuevas células.2. Mitosis mantiene constante el número de cromosomas en las células del cuerpo de un organismo.

TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. During asexual reproduction, offspring ariseby mitosis from a single parent.

2. Some unicellular organisms reproduce bybinary fission or budding.

3. Molds reproduce by spore formation.

4. Many simple animals reproduce byregeneration.

5. Many plants reproduce by vegetativepropagation.

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

1. Most animals reproduce sexually.

2. Sperm and eggs are produced by a kind of nuclear division called meiosis.

3. Meiosis results in the production of gameteswith half the chromosome numbercharasteristic of the organism.

REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

1. In some fish and amphibians, fertilization and development take place externally.

2. In mammals, fertilization and developmenttake place internally.

1. En algunos peces y anfibios, la fertilización y el desarrollo se llevan a cabo desde el exterior.

2. En los mamíferos, la fertilización y el desarrollo se llevan a cabo internamente.

LIFE CYCLES

• The life cycle of an organism is the series of changes it goes through in its developmentand the reproduction of its own kind.

• El ciclo de vida de un organismo es la serie de cambios que atraviesa en su desarrollo y la reproducción de su propia especie.

VOCAULARY1. A stage in early development. Embryo

2. Section of a plant that can grow into a new plant. Cutting

3. Joining of sperm and egg to form a zygote. Fertilization

4. Organism that produces both male and female gametes. Hermaphrodite

5. Milk-producing structure in female mammals. Mammary Gland

6. Water-dwelling form of a frog. Tadpole

7. Reproductive structure in molds. Spore Case

8. Structure in which sperm are stored. Seminal Receptacle