residual stress measurement of electron beam welded copper

December 2013

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.

Markus Laakkonen

Stresstech Oy

Working Report 2011-96

Residual Stress Measurement ofElectron Beam Welded Copper Plates

Using Prism Hole Drilling Method

ABSTRACT

Eleven electron beam (EB) welded copper plates were measured in this investigation with Prism hole drilling equipment made by Stresstech Oy. All samples contained a linear weld in their center.

Two different sets of plates were measured in this investigation. The first set included five samples (X436, X437, X438, X439 and X440) which were welded using four different welding speeds. Samples X439 and X440 were welded with the same speed but X440 is the only sample of the set that received a cosmetic pass. The second set received heat treatments at four different temperatures. Samples X456 and X458 were annealed at the same temperature but sample X456 received a cosmetic pass while X458 did not. Samples X455 and X457 were both annealed at a different temperature, with (X455) or without (X457) the cosmetic pass.

Two areas were machined from the samples. About five millimeters was machined from the surfaces on the both of areas. Machined surfaces located on the top surfaces. The measurement points on the top surface are located on the weld and 20 mm and 120 mm from the weld on machined areas. Lower surface measurements are located -20 mm, 20 mm and 120 mm from the weld. All measurements were about 122 mm from the edges perpendicular to the weld.

The top surfaces of all samples were machined in two areas across the weld. About 5 mm were removed. Stress measurements on the top surfaces were performed in these two areas, on the weld and 20 mm and 120 mm away from the weld. Stresses were also measured on the back sides, at -20 mm, 20 mm and 120 mm distance from the weld. All measurement locations were about 122mm from the sample edges.

Most of the measurements give tensile strengths from 0 MPa to 30 MPa. Streses paraller to the weld were slightly higher than weld stresses in transverse direction. The machined surfaces have residual stress values above 30 MPa near the surface.

Keywords: Prism, Hole Drilling, Residual stress, Copper, EB-Weld.

Elektronisuihkuhitsattujen kuparilevyjen jäännösjännitysten mittaus Prism reiänporausmenetelmällä

TIIVISTELMÄ

Elektronisuihkuhitsauksen (EB-hitsauksen) aiheuttamia jäännösjännitystiloja tutkittiin yhdestätoista kuparinäytteestä. Kaikkiin yhteentoista kappaleeseen oli hitsattu suora-sauma. Tässä raportissa on esitetty jäännösjännitysmittausten tuloksia, jotka on tehty Prism reiänporauslaitteistolla.

Tutkitut kappaleet voitiin jakaa kahteen eri sarjaan. Ensimmäisessä sarjassa oli viisi näytettä (X436, X437, X438, X439 ja X440), jotka oli hitsattu neljällä eri hitsaus-nopeudella. Näytteet X439 ja X440 oli hitsattu samalla hitsausnopeudella, mutta näytteessä X440 oli kosmeettinen hitsi ja näytteessä X439 ei ollut, kuten ei ollut myöskään näytteissä X436, X437 ja X438. Toisen sarjan kuudelle näyteelle oli tehty lämpökäsittely neljällä eri lämpötilalla. Näytteet X456 ja X458 oli käsitelty samalla lämpötilalla, mutta näytteessä X456 oli kosmeettinen hitsi ja X458 ei ollut kosmeettista hitsiä. Myös kappaleet X455 ja X457 olivat käsitelty samalla lämpötilalla, mutta näytteessä X455 oli kosmeettinen hitsi, mutta näytteessä X457 ei ollut kosmeettista hitsiä.

Kaikkista näytteistä oli koneistettu noin viisi millimetriä pintaa pois kahdesta eri kohtaa, joista jäännöjännitykset mitattiin. Koneistetut pinnat sijaitsivat hitsikuvun puolella vastakkaissuuntaisesti hitsi vasten. Mittaukset suoritettiin kolmesta eri kohtaa molem-milta koneistuspinnoilta. Mittaukset tehtiin hitsin keskikohdalta sekä 20 ja 120 milli-metrin päästä hitsin keskilinjalta. Lisäksi näytteille X438, X453, X454, X455, X456, X457 ja X458 tehtiin mittaukset myös juurien puolilta. Nämä mittauspisteet sijaitsivat 20 millimetrin päässä molemmilla puolilla hitsin keskilinjaa. Kolmas mittauspiste sijaitsi 120 millimetrin päässä hitsin keskilinjalta. Juurien puolilla oli yhteensä kuusi syvyysprofiilia, koska mittaukset suoritettiiin vastakkaisilta korkeuksilta kuin kuvun-puolella.

Suurimmassa osassa hitsejä oli jäännösjännitykset noin 0-30 MPa vedonpuolella, kun otetaan huomioon pinnan jäännösjännitykset.

Avainsanat: Prism, Reiänporaus, Jäännösjännitys, Kupari, EB-hitsi.

PREFACE

This report is one part of the residual stress evaluation of the EB-welded nuclear waste canister made of copper. Target of the residual stress evaluation is to assess level of the residuals stresses of the weld and also effect of the welding parameters and stress relief on residual stresses. Evaluation can be divided on following parts:

- Evaluation deformations and residual stresses on EB-welds using numerical modeling (finite element method, FEM)

- Residual stress measurements of the EB-welds using different measurement methods: hole drilling, contour method and deep hole drilling

- Destructive testing of the weld to assess residual stresses. Destructive testing methods like hardness and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) methods have been used for evaluate work hardening and plastic deformation of welds

Residual stresses have been measured on electron beam welded copper plates using Prism hole drilling method. These measurements and results are reported in this report.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ PREFACE

1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 3

2 EXPERIMENTAL ..................................................................................................... 5

2.1 Plate specimens ............................................................................................... 5

2.2 Prism hole drilling method ................................................................................ 6

2.2.1 Preparation of copper samples and measurement locations .................... 9

3 PRISM HOLE DRILLING MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS ............................ 11

4 RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 13

4.1 Effect of welding speed and the cosmetic pass on residual stresses ............. 13

4.2 Effect of annealing and the cosmetic pass on residual stresses .................... 22

5 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 41

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 43

APPENDIX measurement results ................................................................................ 45

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1 INTRODUCTION

The final disposal of spent nuclear fuel is based on the use of cast iron inner containers which are enclosed by copper canisters. The copper canister is manufactured from a hollow cylinder to which the bottom and the lid are electron beam welded. The construction is designed so that cast iron gives the structural strength and copper gives the corrosion resistance. The aim of this study was to find residual stress differences related to various welding parameters.

The residual stress measurements were performed at Sresstech Oy by Prism hole drilling instrument. The measurement program was designed in cooperation with Posiva Oy. The practical and analytical work was done at Stresstech Oy.

This report includes residual stress results from eleven welded copper plates.

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2 EXPERIMENTAL

Eleven electron beam (EB) welded copper plates were submitted to Stresstech Oy for residual stress measurement and analysis. Residual stresses were measured with Prism hole drilling equipment made by Stresstech Oy. A total of 108 measurements were done on copper samples. Measurements were performed on the weld, 20 mm and 120 mm from the weld, to get an overview of residual stresses and see the effect of the welding speed, cosmetic pass and annealing temperature on residual stresses.

2.1 Plate specimens

Two different types of plate series were measured. The first set of samples was welded with different welding speeds to see effect of welding speed and cosmetic pass, see Table 1. The second set of samples was selected to evaluate the effect of annealing and the pass, see Table 2. Fabrication of the plates had been done by welding two copper plates having the same dimension with a through-thickness EB-weld. Following the welding procedures, the top surface of the plates was machined to give the surface a smooth finish. Measured samples were named X436, X437, X438, X439, X440, X453, X454, X455, X456, X457 and X458, see Figure 1. All measurements were performed at Stresstech Oy in Vaajakoski at room temperature (about 20 ºC). The measurement arrangement is shown in Figure 6.

Table 1. Effect of welding speed and the cosmetic pass on residual stresses.

Sample Welding speed Cosmetic pass Number of Measurement points

ID v [mm/s] Top surface Lower suface

X436 4.0 no 6

X437 3.2 no 6

X438 2.5 no 6 6

X439 2.1 no 6

X440 2.1 yes 6

Table 2. Effect of annealing and the cosmetic pass on residual stresses.

Sample Annealing

temperature Cosmetic pass Number of Measurement points

ID [°C] Top surface Lower suface

X456 0 yes 6 6

X458 0 no 6 6

X453 170 yes 6 6

X454 250 yes 6 6

X455 200 yes 6 6

X457 200 no 6 6

6

Light blue = difference between plate size

Blue = effect of welding speed

Red = effect of annealing temperature

Green background = effect of the cosmetic pass

Yellow background = full factorial design: anneal on/off and cosmetic pass on/off

Figure 1. Copper plate sample X437. The weld line is marked with red line.

2.2 Prism hole drilling method

The hole drilling technique is one of the most commonly used methods for stress measurement. By removing a volume of material, residual stresses are removed and the stress equilibrium in the part is changed. The stresses in the remaining material rebalance and the surface, especially near the hole, distorts slightly. In the traditional technique with strain gages, this surface distortion is measured as a change in electrical resistance.

Prism measures surface distortion optically using laser light (ESPI – Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry; see schematic in Figure 2. Images from before drilling are compared with those after each drilling increment. Every condition is described by a set of four images, each taken with the reference beam phase-shifted a different amount: 0°,

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90°, 180° and 270°. The reference beam interferes with the object beam on the CCD, Figure 2. This allows measuring surface displacements as a phase shift. Illumination and observation directions can be adjusted by the user to accommodate a variety of measurement conditions. Thus, the sensitivity direction of the measurement can vary, Figure 3.

Data analysis includes all pixels in a ring-shaped area around the hole, described by the inner and outer integration radius. The area immediately next to the edge does not provide useful information because the drilling process always disturbs this part of the surface. The analysis area can be modified in the software; an inner radius of twice the hole radius and an outer radius 4 times the hole radius are typical.

The combination of all pixel intensities yields a phase map ,

Figure 2. Prism schematic /1/.

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Figure 3. Illustration of the sensitivity vector /1/.

which is then treated with an unwrapping algorithm to produce the experimental displacement map. This map is fitted using model displacement maps for each of the three variables of the planar stress state. Together with the elastic material parameters, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio, this generates the stress values. The fitting also considers three variables describing all possible types of rigid-body movements (to account for sample movement between the image sets). The stress profile calculation includes an option for Tikhonov regularization, which binds the individual depth values together and leads to a smoothing of the curve.

Prism typically is used with end mills from about 0,8 mm to about 3,2 mm (1/32” – 1/8”) diameter. But the limitation for hole diameter is only that of the hardware; that is, the actual size of the drill bit, and the capability of the zoom lens to image the hole. The zooming function is affected by the distance between camera and sample.

The maximum useful hole depth is dependent on hole diameter. In fact, instead of separating depth and diameter, the parameter of interest is the depth to diameter ratio, h/d. It is generally considered that the maximum h/d ratio should not exceed 0.6. The reason for this is apparent; with increasing drilling depth the distortion of the surface decreases even if the stress level is constant. From a certain depth onward the specimen will not produce any noticeable change at the surface, which is where the displacement measurement is taking place. The numerical models developed for Prism support drilling between 0.1<h/d<0.6. /1/

A second hole/depth dependency is the state of stress, that is, for lower stress levels, a larger amount of material must be removed by the drill in order to produce a measurable amount of surface displacement. On the other hand, if stresses are large, even small

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drilling increments may produce good data. This also means that a smaller diameter bit may be used successfully for the same depth increment.

The end mills provided with the instrument produce a hole very close to cylindrical. The holes end in an inverted cone. For shallow depths the hole shape still may significantly deviate from the cylindrical shape assumed in the stress model. This may lead to a relatively poor fit of the stress state, making near-surface results less accurate. A possible remedy is to use a smaller diameter bit for cases where surface-near measurements are critical.

Type of drill, type of drill bit, the actuated stage and the setup of the components all affect the accuracy of hole diameter and depth and subsequently the accuracy of the result. In general, the drill system provided with Prism should produce diameter accuracies with less than 1 % impact on stress results. Relative depth accuracy is also a function of the depth drilled since most error sources have absolute magnitudes (not relative to the depth value). Thus, shallow holes are affected more. In general, if a full error analysis is required, measurements will have to be made of hole depth and diameter, in the particular material of interest, and with the drilling equipment to be used.

2.2.1 Preparation of copper samples and measurement locations

Measurement areas were cleaned with ethanol and pressurized air before painting. Maston Colormix series paint (silver, number 996) was used for painting the measurement areas to increase diffuse light scattering.

The measurement points on the top surface are located on the weld and 20 mm and 120 mm from the weld. Lower surface measurements are located -20 mm, 20 mm and 120 mm from the weld. All measurements were about 122 mm from the edges perpendicular to the weld, see Figures 4 and 5.

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Figure 4. Measurement locations on front side of the plates (top surface). Measurement points were named weld (start weld), weld (weld end), 20 mm (start weld), 20 mm (weld end), 120 mm (start weld) and 120 mm (weld end). Measurement points are marked with red circles.

Figure 5. Measurement locations on back side of the plates (lower surface). Measurement points were named -20 mm (start weld), -20 mm (weld end), 20 mm (start weld), 20 mm (weld end), 120 mm (start weld) and 120 mm (weld end). Measurement points are marked with red circles.

weld120 mm

20 mm

weld

20 mm

120 mm

20 mm

120 mm‐20 mm

120 mm

20 mm

‐20 mm

start weld

weld end

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3 PRISM HOLE DRILLING MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS

The cylindrical holes were machined step by step using a high-speed steel end mill (2-fluted, TiNcoated), with a nominal diameter of Ø 1,59 mm (1/16”) which was driven by a high-speed drill; 30 000 rpm was used. The drilling rig was programmed to reach the final depth of 1,0 mm in 10 steps (50 µm, 100 µm, 150 µm, 200 µm, 300 µm, 400 µm, 500 µm, 600 µm, 800 µm and 1000 µm). The drilling feed rate was 0,05 mm/s, and after every drilling step, the drilling was stopped for about 60 seconds before taking a first set of images; a second image set was taken about 30 seconds after that. Illumination alpha rotation angle was -50° and video alpha rotation angle was -30° for all measurements. The measurement setup can be seen in figure 6.

Stresses were calculated using a Poisson’s ratio of 0.35 and a Young’s modulus of 117 000 MPa. The inner integration radius was 2.0 times the hole diameter and the outer integration radius 4.0. Measurement details can be seen in table 3.

Table 3. Prism residual stress measurement details.

Drill Bit Size 1.59 mm (1/16”) Illumination Angle -50°

Drill Bit Type 2-fluted, TiN-coated Observation Angle -30°

Drilling Speed 30,000 rpm Analysis Range from 2.0 to 4.0

Material Copper x hole size)

Young's Modulus 117 GPa Orientation: XX = Transverse to the weld

Poisson's Ratio 0.35 Regularization factor 0.05

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Figure 6. Measurement setup. Measurement directions σ xx and σ yy are marked with red arrows.

σyy

σxx

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4 RESULTS

All results are given graphically form in the following. xx is the stress in horizontal, yy in vertical direction, Figure 6. The measurement positions can be seen in Figures 4 and 5. All stress calculations reported here used regularization, typically with a small factor of 0.05.

4.1 Effect of welding speed and the cosmetic pass on residual stresses

Figure 7. Sample X436. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the top surface. Welding speed 4.0 mm/s was used, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 8. Sample X436. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the top surface. Welding speed 4.0 mm/s was used, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 9. Sample X436. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Welding speed 4.0 mm/s was used, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 10. Sample X437. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the top surface. Welding speed 3.2 mm/s, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 11. Sample X437. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the top surface. Welding speed 3.2 mm/s, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 12. Sample X437. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Welding speed 3.2 mm/s, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 13. Sample X438. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the top surface. Welding speed 2.5 mm/s, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 16. Sample X438. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the lower surface. Welding speed 2.5 mm/s, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 17. Sample X438. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the lower surface. Welding speed 2.5 mm/s, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 18. Sample X438. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the lower surface. Welding speed 2.5 mm/s, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 19. Sample X439. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the top surface. Welding, speed 2.1 mm/s, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 22. Sample X440. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the top surface. Welding speed 2.1 mm/s, cosmetic pass.

Figure 23. Sample X440. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the top surface. Welding speed 2.1 mm/s, cosmetic pass.

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Figure 24. Sample X440. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Welding speed 2.1 mm/s, cosmetic pass.

4.2 Effect of annealing and the cosmetic pass on residual stresses

Figure 25. Sample X453. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 170 ºC, cosmetic pass.

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Figure 26. Sample X453. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 170 ºC, cosmetic pass.

Figure 27. Sample X453. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 170 ºC, cosmetic pass.

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Figure 28. Sample X453. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 170 ºC, cosmetic pass.

Figure 29. Sample X453. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 170 ºC, cosmetic pass.

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Figure 30. Sample X453. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 170 ºC, cosmetic pass.


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Figure 33. Sample X454. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 250 ºC, cosmetic pass.

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Figure 36. Sample X454 Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 250 ºC, cosmetic pass.


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Figure 39. Sample X455 Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 200 ºC, cosmetic pass.

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31



32


Figure 45. Sample X456 Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 0 ºC, cosmetic pass.

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34


Figure 49. Sample X457. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 200 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 50. Sample X457. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 200 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 51. Sample X457. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 200 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 52. Sample X457. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 200 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 53. Sample X457. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 200 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 54. Sample X457. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 200 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 55. Sample X458. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 0 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 56. Sample X458. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 0 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 57. Sample X458. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the top surface. Annealing temperature 0 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 58. Sample X458. Residual stress profiles of the weld transverse directions (σ xx) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 0 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

Figure 59. Sample X458. Residual stress profiles of the weld longnitudinal directions (σ yy) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 0 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

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Figure 60. Sample X458. Residual stress profiles of the shear stress (τ xy) on the lower surface. Annealing temperature 0 ºC, no cosmetic pass.

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5 SUMMARY

Measurements were performed using the Prism hole drilling instrument made by Stresstech Oy.

Eleven specimens were analyzed in this investigation. Measurements show that annealing heat treatment and the cosmetic pass do not have a big influence on residual stresses. Most of the measurements give tensile strengths from 0 MPa to 30 MPa. Stresses parallel to the weld were slightly higher than weld stresses in transverse direction. The machined surfaces have residual stress values above 30 MPa near the surface. It is very typical that machining changes surface-near stress values.

There are few distributions in which stresses are clearly over 40 MPa yield strength of the material as Figures 31 and 32. There are most probably something wrong in these measurements. Also high values in the higher depth are wrong. This is due to that sensitivity is less deaper ie went.

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REFERENCES

/1/ Stresstech Oy. Prism Technical Guide V. 2.0. 19 p.

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APPENDIX

All results are given in tabular form in the following. xx is the stress in horizontal, yy in vertical direction, Figure 6. 1 and 2 are the calculated principal stresses and angle θz describes the principal stress direction. The measurement positions can be seen in Figures 4 and 5. All stress calculations reported here used regularization, typically with a small factor of 0.05.

Table 4. Residual stress results on the sample X436, 120 mm from the weld, start weld, top surface.

Depth xx yy xy θz mm MPa MPa MPa MPa MPa °

0.050 ‐25 ‐53.8 ‐22.4 ‐12.8 ‐66 ‐28.63

0.100 ‐11.4 ‐35.7 ‐25.8 5 ‐52.1 ‐32.39

0.150 ‐13.1 5.2 ‐8.7 8.7 ‐16.6 ‐68.18

0.200 12.7 7 ‐9.4 19.7 0 ‐36.58

0.300 15.6 12.5 ‐2.3 16.8 11.3 ‐27.9

0.400 14.9 12.1 ‐2.1 16 11 ‐27.9

0.500 11.2 19.6 ‐6.3 22.9 7.9 ‐61.95

0.600 25.3 12.4 1.2 25.4 12.3 5.36

0.800 26.4 25.9 7.6 33.8 18.5 44.06

1.000 30.1 23.9 7.1 34.7 19.3 33.18

Table 5. Residual stress results on the sample X436, 120 mm from the weld, weld end, top surface.


0.050 ‐43.8 13.5 0.5 13.5 ‐43.8 89.49

0.100 ‐36.9 28.6 17.6 33 ‐41.3 75.87

0.150 ‐5.9 22.3 23.6 35.7 ‐19.3 60.42

0.199 ‐10.9 42.8 14.6 46.5 ‐14.6 75.73

0.300 18.9 23.5 8.6 30.1 12.3 52.52

0.400 15.4 28.6 10.2 34.1 9.9 61.45

0.500 20.2 15.7 9.5 27.7 8.2 38.34

0.600 14.2 15.9 ‐0.7 16.1 14 ‐70.71

0.800 24.4 21.1 1.1 24.7 20.8 17.08

1.000 33.3 32.8 ‐0.7 33.8 32.3 ‐34.73

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0.050 ‐28.9 ‐66 ‐27.2 ‐14.5 ‐80.4 ‐27.85

0.101 ‐11.5 ‐32.5 ‐15.7 ‐3.1 ‐40.9 ‐28.11

0.150 ‐0.4 4.4 ‐16 18.2 ‐14.2 ‐49.31

0.200 6 20.1 ‐6.6 22.7 3.4 ‐68.47

0.300 11.6 17.6 ‐0.9 17.7 11.5 ‐81.45

0.401 12.4 21.4 2.2 21.9 11.9 76.92

0.500 9.1 25.6 8 28.9 5.8 67.94

0.600 11.9 24.2 9.6 29.5 6.6 61.31

0.800 7.4 28.9 10.2 33 3.4 68.23

1.000 10.9 33.8 15.3 41.5 3.2 63.4



0.050 ‐36.2 7.6 ‐30.6 23.3 ‐51.9 ‐62.8

0.100 ‐32.8 9.5 ‐9.6 11.6 ‐34.9 ‐77.82

0.149 ‐21.8 16.2 4.5 16.7 ‐22.3 83.37

0.200 ‐4.3 23.3 4.7 24.1 ‐5.1 80.68

0.300 5.8 28 5.5 29.3 4.5 76.93

0.400 11.7 35.7 7.2 37.7 9.7 74.54

0.500 12.5 41.2 2 41.3 12.4 86.11

0.600 15.7 33.8 ‐11.6 39.5 10 ‐63.98

0.800 14.8 38.5 1.2 38.6 14.7 87.01

1.000 25.4 29.8 ‐18.8 46.5 8.7 ‐48.34

Table 8. Residual stress results on the sample X436, in the weld, start weld, top surface.


0.050 ‐23.1 ‐38.8 ‐1.6 ‐22.9 ‐39 ‐5.83

0.100 2.7 ‐14.1 ‐27.8 23.4 ‐34.7 ‐36.58

0.150 16.7 14.5 ‐30.5 46.1 ‐14.9 ‐43.97

0.199 26 23.2 ‐12.3 37 12.2 ‐41.75

0.300 33 16 ‐13.1 40.1 8.9 ‐28.51

0.400 29 10 ‐11.7 34.6 4.4 ‐25.46

0.501 13 14.3 ‐9.4 23 4.3 ‐46.99

0.600 19 8.7 ‐8 23.3 4.3 ‐28.56

0.800 18.7 24.4 ‐6.9 29 14.1 ‐56.25

1.000 34.1 37.5 ‐9.7 45.6 26 ‐49.99

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Table 9. Residual stress results on the sample X436, in the weld, weld end, top surface.


0.050 ‐29.1 0.4 ‐4.5 1.1 ‐29.8 ‐81.46

0.100 ‐27.6 ‐5.1 0.9 ‐5.1 ‐27.6 87.64

0.150 ‐32.8 17.9 8.3 19.2 ‐34.1 80.95

0.200 ‐9.1 14.8 4.7 15.7 ‐9.9 79.35

0.300 9.1 21.1 3.9 22.2 7.9 73.63

0.400 13.3 44.8 8 46.7 11.4 76.58

0.500 30.9 38.6 7.6 43.3 26.2 58.42

0.600 11.5 37.2 3.9 37.8 10.9 81.48

0.800 19.6 21.8 ‐1.2 22.3 19.1 ‐66.86

1.000 33.5 51.4 2.8 51.8 33.1 81.4


Depth xx yy xy θz mm MPa MPa MPa Mpa MPa °

0.050 ‐30.2 ‐50.7 ‐13.7 ‐23.3 ‐57.6 ‐26.6

0.100 ‐15.4 ‐37.5 ‐13.4 ‐9.1 ‐43.8 ‐25.25

0.150 ‐4.5 ‐13.6 ‐8.6 0.7 ‐18.8 ‐31.07

0.200 2.9 3 1.7 4.6 1.3 45.95

0.300 6 7.8 ‐0.1 7.8 6 ‐88.22

0.400 10.8 11.2 ‐0.5 11.5 10.5 ‐56.77

0.500 17.1 22.6 1 22.8 16.9 80.42

0.600 12.6 31.3 0.9 31.3 12.6 87.36

0.800 22.5 18.9 8.3 29.2 12.2 38.87

1.000 29.7 20.2 6.3 32.8 17.1 26.51



0.050 ‐31.5 5.4 ‐5.4 6.2 ‐32.3 ‐81.8

0.100 ‐31.4 14.4 0.1 14.4 ‐31.4 89.91

0.150 ‐13.3 14.6 ‐3 14.9 ‐13.6 ‐83.91

0.200 ‐14.7 33.3 1.2 33.3 ‐14.7 88.63

0.300 2.5 28.1 7.6 30.2 0.4 74.64

0.400 8.1 26.3 7.1 28.7 5.7 71.05

0.500 17.6 18.9 6.7 24.9 11.6 47.79

0.600 13.3 25.5 6.4 28.3 10.5 66.75

0.799 15.8 19.6 3 21.3 14.1 61.13

1.000 17.8 10.8 ‐2.3 18.5 10.1 ‐16.43

48



0.050 ‐46.2 ‐8.2 ‐15 ‐3 ‐51.4 ‐70.87

0.101 ‐29.3 ‐12.3 ‐7.5 ‐9.5 ‐32.1 ‐69.25

0.150 ‐3.5 ‐14.7 ‐1.9 ‐3.1 ‐15 ‐9.51

0.200 ‐8.8 16.2 ‐2.1 16.4 ‐9 ‐85.23

0.300 6.8 19 5.4 21 4.7 69.26

0.400 8.1 22.7 11.3 28.9 2 61.42

0.499 11.2 23.5 12.9 31.6 3.1 57.74

0.599 9 31.2 14.9 38.7 1.5 63.32

0.800 4.7 26.7 16.8 35.8 ‐4.4 61.59

1.000 ‐10.1 24.2 25.4 37.7 ‐23.6 62.01



0.050 ‐25.4 0.1 ‐12.8 5.4 ‐30.7 ‐67.43

0.100 ‐34.7 18.1 ‐9.1 19.6 ‐36.2 ‐80.53

0.150 ‐26.4 28.3 ‐0.7 28.3 ‐26.4 ‐89.3

0.201 ‐4.3 25.3 0.4 25.3 ‐4.3 89.16

0.300 8.7 26.6 11.7 32.4 2.9 63.74

0.400 12 31.6 11.4 36.8 6.8 65.34

0.500 16.2 32.7 6.1 34.7 14.2 71.83

0.600 14.1 36.3 ‐2.1 36.5 13.9 ‐84.59

0.800 17.7 35 2.5 35.3 17.4 82.09

1.000 14.8 34.9 0.2 34.9 14.8 89.55



0.050 ‐30.7 ‐24.7 ‐6.9 ‐20.2 ‐35.2 ‐56.75

0.100 ‐24.3 ‐15.3 ‐4.3 ‐13.6 ‐26 ‐68.12

0.151 ‐11.1 ‐3 ‐5.6 ‐0.2 ‐14 ‐62.86

0.200 ‐11.1 24.6 ‐3.4 24.9 ‐11.4 ‐84.69

0.300 15.4 16.2 ‐1.1 17 14.6 ‐54.99

0.399 11.9 22.5 0.1 22.5 11.9 89.58

0.500 5.7 21.9 ‐0.9 21.9 5.6 ‐86.97

0.600 16.1 4.2 2.9 16.8 3.5 12.85

0.800 6 23.1 0.4 23.1 6 88.74

1.000 19.2 19.6 4.2 23.6 15.2 46.35

49



0.049 ‐8.5 11.3 ‐8.1 14.2 ‐11.4 ‐70.35

0.100 ‐23 23.2 6.3 24 ‐23.8 82.38

0.150 ‐24.7 22 10.8 24.4 ‐27.1 77.59

0.199 ‐10.6 9.3 11.8 14.8 ‐16.1 65.08

0.300 ‐8.8 17.8 12.4 22.7 ‐13.7 68.51

0.400 4 14.6 10 20.6 ‐2.1 59.02

0.500 6.2 25 7.1 27.4 3.8 71.43

0.600 10.8 24.1 5 25.7 9.2 71.67

0.800 7.2 22.3 4.7 23.6 5.8 74.07

1.000 12 22.9 8 27.1 7.8 62.18



0.050 ‐27.2 ‐32.9 ‐15.2 ‐14.6 ‐45.5 ‐39.69

0.100 ‐6.3 ‐36.9 ‐14.9 ‐0.2 ‐42.9 ‐22.1

0.149 0 ‐13.4 ‐5.1 1.7 ‐15.1 ‐18.6

0.200 3.4 8.2 ‐7.3 13.5 ‐1.9 ‐54.09

0.300 7.9 12.6 ‐2 13.3 7.1 ‐69.88

0.400 11.1 10.6 ‐2.6 13.4 8.3 ‐42.21

0.500 9.1 16.1 ‐0.6 16.2 9.1 ‐84.85

0.600 13.5 5.9 ‐2.7 14.4 5 ‐17.9

0.800 19.2 13.2 4.9 22 10.4 29.29

0.999 32.6 37.2 12.4 47.5 22.3 50.25



0.050 ‐57.2 18.8 ‐0.4 18.8 ‐57.2 ‐89.7

0.100 ‐42.6 26.1 19.5 31.2 ‐47.7 75.21

0.149 ‐12.3 21.3 18.7 29.6 ‐20.6 65.97

0.200 ‐2.4 25 12.1 29.6 ‐6.9 69.25

0.300 13.7 7.6 6.5 17.8 3.5 32.33

0.400 4.6 6.4 5.9 11.4 ‐0.4 49.53

0.500 12.1 ‐1.1 20.5 27 ‐16 36.1

0.600 9.2 11.3 2.6 13.1 7.4 55.78

0.800 21.7 14.6 2.3 22.4 13.9 16.24

1.000 17.4 19.1 4.6 22.9 13.6 50.23

50



0.050 ‐43.4 ‐47.8 ‐25.2 ‐20.3 ‐70.9 ‐42.51

0.101 ‐46 ‐14.7 ‐16.4 ‐7.7 ‐53 ‐66.83

0.150 ‐14.5 ‐6.6 ‐12.7 2.7 ‐23.9 ‐53.63

0.200 4.8 7.9 ‐5 11.5 1.1 ‐53.71

0.301 ‐0.8 33.1 2.2 33.2 ‐0.9 86.25

0.400 9.2 25.6 6.5 27.9 6.9 70.76

0.501 9.2 23.1 16.8 34.3 ‐2 56.22

0.600 9.8 28.6 16.5 38.2 0.2 59.82

0.800 13.5 32.6 18.6 44 2.1 58.59

1.000 18.5 39.9 20 51.9 6.5 59.07



0.050 ‐53.3 ‐7.3 1 ‐7.3 ‐53.3 88.7

0.100 ‐46.3 12.7 33.9 28.1 ‐61.7 65.52

0.150 ‐26.9 20.3 32.4 36.8 ‐43.4 63.03

0.200 ‐7.6 17.4 6.9 19.2 ‐9.4 75.5

0.300 9.6 16.2 15.2 28.4 ‐2.7 51.14

0.400 12.6 29.8 12 36 6.4 62.81

0.500 19.2 26.7 6 30 15.9 61.05

0.600 26.1 27.1 9 35.6 17.6 46.6

0.800 21.8 37.7 5.8 39.6 19.9 71.94

1.000 16.8 34.4 7.1 36.9 14.3 70.51



0.050 ‐13.3 ‐44.9 ‐5.8 ‐12.3 ‐45.9 ‐10.06

0.100 ‐8.2 ‐27.3 ‐14.8 ‐0.1 ‐35.4 ‐28.57

0.149 4.8 ‐9.4 ‐5 6.4 ‐11 ‐17.6

0.200 8.2 13.5 ‐1 13.7 8 ‐79.92

0.300 16.3 18.7 ‐9 26.6 8.4 ‐48.81

0.400 23.9 18.1 ‐10.5 31.9 10.1 ‐37.28

0.499 19.4 16.2 ‐0.1 19.4 16.2 ‐2.07

0.600 17.7 11.8 ‐4 19.7 9.8 ‐26.62

0.800 14.4 18.8 1.2 19.1 14.1 76

1.000 18.8 26.6 ‐0.4 26.6 18.8 ‐87.03

51



0.050 ‐35.2 ‐19.5 ‐26.3 0.1 ‐54.8 ‐53.31

0.100 ‐34.4 10 27.4 23.1 ‐47.5 64.51

0.150 ‐24.9 31.5 30.9 45.1 ‐38.5 66.19

0.200 7.8 18.8 13 27.4 ‐0.8 56.44

0.300 5.2 41.4 20.9 50.9 ‐4.4 65.46

0.400 18 34.2 28.7 55.9 ‐3.7 52.88

0.500 7.1 10.7 9.8 18.8 ‐1.1 50.27

0.600 ‐16.3 ‐10.3 ‐5.2 ‐7.3 ‐19.3 ‐59.92

0.800 ‐20.3 ‐15.8 15.3 ‐2.6 ‐33.5 49.18

1.001 49.7 ‐37.9 ‐95.2 110.7 ‐98.9 ‐32.65

Table 22. Residual stress results on the sample X438, 120 mm from the weld, start weld, lower surface.


0.050 46.5 97.3 ‐77.3 153.3 ‐9.5 ‐54.1

0.100 30.5 58.9 ‐97.8 143.5 ‐54.1 ‐49.13

0.150 28.1 0.7 ‐65.3 81.1 ‐52.3 ‐39.07

0.200 ‐6.2 11.5 ‐19.5 24.1 ‐18.8 ‐57.2

0.299 2.7 1.8 ‐26.7 28.9 ‐24.5 ‐44.5

0.399 0 ‐3.1 ‐43.3 41.8 ‐44.9 ‐43.96

0.500 4.5 ‐1.9 ‐24.3 25.8 ‐23.2 ‐41.24

0.600 10.5 3.6 ‐11.2 18.8 ‐4.7 ‐36.45

0.800 16.6 5.3 ‐38.7 50.1 ‐28.2 ‐40.85

1.000 15.5 12.5 ‐22 36.1 ‐8.1 ‐43.05

Table 23. Residual stress results on the sample X438, 120 mm from the weld, weld end, lower surface.


0.050 72.4 113 65 160.8 24.6 53.67

0.100 49.5 77.7 101 165.6 ‐38.4 48.97

0.150 29.9 31.2 76.8 107.4 ‐46.3 45.24

0.200 19.2 ‐4.3 30.1 39.8 ‐24.8 34.35

0.300 0.4 3.5 28.4 30.4 ‐26.5 46.55

0.400 5.2 6.9 55.6 61.7 ‐49.6 45.45

0.499 11.1 2.2 35.1 42 ‐28.7 41.4

0.600 2.6 12.6 35.1 43.1 ‐27.8 49.04

0.800 11 9 37.3 47.3 ‐27.3 44.22

1.000 10.3 16.1 47.4 60.7 ‐34.3 46.75

52



0.050 ‐122 5.1 ‐62.9 31 ‐147.9 ‐67.65

0.100 ‐92.2 14.3 ‐79.1 56.4 ‐134.3 ‐61.97

0.150 ‐28.3 ‐4.6 ‐47.1 32.1 ‐65 ‐52.06

0.200 ‐54.2 42.5 ‐37.4 55.3 ‐67 ‐71.14

0.300 ‐17.5 12.8 ‐24.5 26.5 ‐31.2 ‐60.87

0.400 ‐24.8 14.8 ‐30.5 31.4 ‐41.4 ‐61.5

0.500 ‐21.6 5.9 ‐28.6 23.9 ‐39.6 ‐57.82

0.600 ‐18.1 17.2 ‐26.7 31.6 ‐32.5 ‐61.73

0.800 ‐8.6 27.6 ‐32.4 46.6 ‐27.6 ‐59.59

1.000 ‐13.4 25.1 ‐43.3 53.2 ‐41.5 ‐56.98



0.049 ‐137 111 73.6 131.2 ‐157.2 74.65

0.100 ‐82.2 53.8 80.9 91.5 ‐119.9 65.02

0.150 ‐47.3 19.9 67.9 62.1 ‐89.5 58.16

0.199 ‐63 40 47.8 58.8 ‐81.8 68.57

0.299 ‐42.4 22.9 37.3 39.8 ‐59.3 65.6

0.400 ‐38.8 22.1 52 51.9 ‐68.6 60.18

0.500 ‐3.8 4.6 26.6 27.3 ‐26.5 49.48

0.600 ‐31.2 28.1 37.2 46 ‐49.1 64.28

0.799 ‐23.4 12.8 31.1 30.7 ‐41.3 60.1

1.000 ‐29.1 12.6 30.5 28.7 ‐45.2 62.18

Table 26. Residual stress results on the sample X438, -20 mm from the weld, start weld, lower surface.


0.049 ‐110 41.7 23.6 45.3 ‐113.6 81.36

0.100 ‐104 18 63.2 44.8 ‐130.8 66.99

0.150 ‐81.9 ‐8.3 57.7 23.3 ‐113.5 61.26

0.200 ‐47.9 ‐28.5 28.1 ‐8.5 ‐67.9 54.52

0.300 ‐56.2 11.2 37.8 28.1 ‐73.1 65.86

0.401 ‐23.9 12.8 27.7 27.7 ‐38.8 61.76

0.500 ‐12.5 15.3 24.3 29.4 ‐26.6 59.89

0.599 ‐29.2 25.5 22.3 33.4 ‐37.1 70.4

0.799 ‐23 18 24.8 29.7 ‐34.7 64.79

1.000 ‐16.7 33.2 26.7 44.8 ‐28.3 66.53

53

Table 27. Residual stress results on the sample X438, -20 mm from the weld, weld end, lower surface.


0.050 ‐69.6 21 ‐66.5 56.2 ‐104.8 ‐62.13

0.100 ‐47.4 41.8 ‐87.4 95.3 ‐100.9 ‐58.52

0.150 ‐29.8 45.8 ‐54.7 74.5 ‐58.5 ‐62.32

0.200 ‐25.8 1.8 ‐38.8 29.2 ‐53.2 ‐54.78

0.300 ‐26.3 16.4 ‐37.4 38.1 ‐48 ‐59.86

0.400 ‐19.1 15 ‐37.5 39.1 ‐43.2 ‐57.22

0.501 ‐11.7 20.8 ‐33.6 41.9 ‐32.8 ‐57.9

0.600 ‐11.3 6.1 ‐34.7 33.1 ‐38.4 ‐52.02

0.801 ‐15 29.3 ‐29.3 43.9 ‐29.6 ‐63.54

1.000 ‐12.3 18.2 ‐29.7 36.3 ‐30.4 ‐58.59



0.050 ‐87.5 ‐17.6 ‐31.5 ‐5.5 ‐99.6 ‐68.99

0.100 ‐39.9 ‐19.1 ‐15.5 ‐10.8 ‐48.2 ‐61.93

0.149 ‐27 26 ‐6.8 26.9 ‐27.9 ‐82.81

0.200 0.2 35.4 ‐2 35.5 0 ‐86.7

0.300 16.7 24.1 ‐9.1 30.3 10.5 ‐56.03

0.400 10.3 24.2 ‐8.5 28.2 6.3 ‐64.6

0.500 5 18.2 ‐7.7 21.7 1.5 ‐65.29

0.600 6.4 14 ‐7.9 19 1.4 ‐57.88

0.800 14.9 17.8 ‐9.3 25.7 7 ‐49.45

1.000 21.3 23.2 ‐6.9 29.3 15.2 ‐48.9



0.049 ‐24.6 7.5 ‐19.4 16.6 ‐33.7 ‐64.8

0.101 ‐34.1 22 ‐10.5 23.9 ‐36 ‐79.74

0.150 ‐26.6 26.6 ‐2.7 26.7 ‐26.7 ‐87.09

0.200 ‐16.4 27.3 ‐4.1 27.7 ‐16.8 ‐84.75

0.299 ‐1.4 18 8.6 21.3 ‐4.6 69.22

0.400 7.5 19.3 8.8 24 2.8 61.97

0.500 15.7 16.5 10 26.1 6.1 46.15

0.600 13.7 21.1 4.8 23.4 11.4 63.96

0.800 19.4 24.8 11.2 33.6 10.6 51.78

1.000 29 32.1 15.2 45.8 15.3 47.91

54



0.050 ‐35.8 ‐2.6 21.8 8.2 ‐46.6 63.63

0.100 ‐43.3 24.5 17.2 28.6 ‐47.4 76.55

0.150 ‐10.9 12.8 9 15.8 ‐13.9 71.39

0.199 0.5 12.1 18.4 25.6 ‐13 53.72

0.300 2.5 16.7 3.6 17.5 1.6 76.69

0.400 2.8 34.5 ‐9.8 37.3 0 ‐74.07

0.500 6.3 33.3 ‐11 37.2 2.4 ‐70.43

0.600 7.3 24.8 ‐16.1 34.4 ‐2.3 ‐59.26

0.800 3.3 26 ‐19.2 36.9 ‐7.7 ‐60.31

1.000 2.3 27.2 ‐16.8 35.7 ‐6.1 ‐63.26



0.049 ‐32.3 4.5 ‐17.2 11.3 ‐39.1 ‐68.46

0.100 ‐36.2 15.4 ‐8.6 16.8 ‐37.6 ‐80.78

0.150 ‐27 17.5 ‐2.3 17.6 ‐27.1 ‐87

0.200 ‐13.3 18.7 4.2 19.3 ‐13.9 82.58

0.300 1.1 21.4 0.2 21.4 1.1 89.35

0.400 ‐1.2 30.7 ‐3 31 ‐1.5 ‐84.69

0.500 18 10.3 6.1 21.3 7 28.79

0.600 6.7 38.5 3.5 38.9 6.3 83.84

0.799 24 26.4 2.2 27.7 22.7 59.53

1.000 16 39.8 2.5 40 15.8 84.18



0.050 ‐10.7 ‐37.5 ‐15.4 ‐3.7 ‐44.5 ‐24.49

0.100 ‐4.4 0.3 ‐21.4 19.5 ‐23.6 ‐48.09

0.150 10.4 22.4 ‐11.1 29 3.8 ‐59.2

0.200 23.4 18.6 13.6 34.8 7.2 40

0.300 20.6 10.4 ‐18.5 34.7 ‐3.7 ‐37.29

0.400 18.3 ‐9.9 ‐20.2 28.8 ‐20.5 ‐27.53

0.500 4.1 ‐0.9 0.7 4.2 ‐1 8.34

0.600 13.9 ‐4 ‐6.7 16.1 ‐6.2 ‐18.42

0.800 38.3 51.1 ‐3.8 52.1 37.3 ‐74.78

1.000 113 121 ‐16.2 133.7 100.3 ‐51.93

55



0.050 ‐49 ‐24.6 5.6 ‐23.4 ‐50.2 77.73

0.100 ‐36.6 ‐4.1 7.3 ‐2.5 ‐38.2 77.85

0.150 ‐12.4 15 1.4 15.1 ‐12.5 87.08

0.200 2.8 28.6 5.2 29.6 1.7 79.06

0.300 25 17.5 19.3 40.9 1.6 39.5

0.400 17.5 22.2 14.5 34.5 5.2 49.6

0.500 13.6 11.1 13.1 25.5 ‐0.8 42.27

0.599 23.1 ‐3.3 8.8 25.8 ‐6 16.82

0.800 12.1 30.7 10.4 35.4 7.4 65.9

1.000 31.5 35.1 14 47.4 19.2 48.66



0.050 ‐18.3 ‐40.1 ‐17.9 ‐8.2 ‐50.2 ‐29.33

0.101 9 ‐35.5 ‐23 18.8 ‐45.2 ‐22.97

0.150 0.6 13 ‐23.5 31.1 ‐17.5 ‐52.38

0.200 19.8 21.9 ‐21 41.9 ‐0.2 ‐46.43

0.299 25.9 10.5 ‐16.4 36.3 0.1 ‐32.42

0.399 9.3 15.3 ‐9.6 22.4 2.2 ‐53.64

0.500 20.3 15.5 ‐4.2 22.7 13.1 ‐30.1

0.600 23.6 18.9 ‐0.7 23.7 18.8 ‐8.06

0.800 21.9 26.8 ‐2.3 27.7 21 ‐68.47

1.000 40.1 35.7 3.2 41.8 34 27.87



0.050 ‐42.5 26.6 ‐27.6 36.3 ‐52.2 ‐70.69

0.100 ‐47.3 36.6 ‐21.2 41.7 ‐52.4 ‐76.59

0.150 ‐14.1 20.7 ‐8 22.4 ‐15.8 ‐77.72

0.199 ‐6.5 28.1 ‐7.4 29.6 ‐8.1 ‐78.42

0.300 14.9 26.3 ‐0.8 26.4 14.8 ‐85.92

0.400 8.9 28 ‐4.1 28.8 8 ‐78.35

0.500 10.4 11.4 ‐3.8 14.7 7.1 ‐48.77

0.600 10.4 24.1 ‐5.8 26.2 8.3 ‐69.95

0.800 24.2 21.6 ‐6.9 29.9 15.9 ‐39.65

1.000 25.2 32.9 ‐6 36.2 21.9 ‐61.32

56



0.050 ‐29 ‐45.2 ‐18.1 ‐17.3 ‐56.9 ‐32.95

0.100 ‐16.3 ‐29.5 ‐23.5 1.5 ‐47.3 ‐37.16

0.150 1.2 ‐10.1 ‐12.3 9.1 ‐18 ‐32.65

0.200 13.2 6.8 ‐8.2 18.8 1.2 ‐34.38

0.300 5.5 33.4 ‐9.7 36.5 2.5 ‐72.55

0.399 10.3 27.7 ‐2.1 27.9 10.1 ‐83.37

0.500 2.9 30.8 ‐0.3 30.8 2.9 ‐89.43

0.600 8 38.1 0.2 38.1 8 89.57

0.801 11.5 47.2 ‐1.2 47.2 11.5 ‐88.11

1.000 18.8 52.9 3.8 53.3 18.4 83.77



0.049 ‐42.2 ‐3.6 ‐11.1 ‐0.6 ‐45.2 ‐75.06

0.100 ‐44.8 13.5 ‐19.6 19.5 ‐50.8 ‐73.04

0.150 ‐24.8 16.3 ‐11.3 19.2 ‐27.7 ‐75.6

0.200 ‐3.6 14.8 0.3 14.8 ‐3.6 89.1

0.300 2.4 29.9 ‐3.6 30.4 2 ‐82.67

0.400 13.4 35.9 0.3 35.9 13.4 89.34

0.500 19 36.8 ‐2.6 37.2 18.6 ‐81.86

0.600 20.6 42.4 ‐1.8 42.6 20.4 ‐85.23

0.800 24.3 45.1 3.2 45.6 23.8 81.5

1.000 26.8 55.1 2.6 55.3 26.6 84.75



0.050 5.9 ‐45.3 ‐12.2 8.6 ‐48.1 ‐12.75

0.100 ‐2.4 1.7 ‐27.9 27.7 ‐28.3 ‐47.1

0.150 6.5 18.1 ‐24.7 37.7 ‐13.1 ‐51.62

0.200 12.7 20.2 ‐4.8 22.6 10.3 ‐63.91

0.300 23.3 20.7 ‐17.3 39.3 4.7 ‐42.85

0.399 25.9 28 ‐22.7 49.7 4.2 ‐46.32

0.500 12.8 31.5 ‐5.4 32.9 11.4 ‐75.02

0.600 18.9 30.1 ‐18.4 43.7 5.3 ‐53.46

0.800 26.9 48.7 ‐2.9 49.1 26.5 ‐82.55

1.000 50.6 81.3 ‐10 84.2 47.7 ‐73.52

57



0.050 ‐37.5 35 ‐28.5 44.9 ‐47.4 ‐70.91

0.100 ‐40.1 31.1 ‐3.9 31.3 ‐40.3 ‐86.9

0.149 ‐22.2 14.8 12.6 18.7 ‐26.1 72.87

0.200 ‐4.5 10.7 0.2 10.7 ‐4.5 89.14

0.300 8.4 37.2 ‐2.5 37.4 8.2 ‐85.03

0.400 17.4 42 1.1 42 17.4 87.42

0.499 16.6 44.8 10.5 48.3 13.1 71.66

0.600 24.1 51.6 ‐6 52.8 22.9 ‐78.27

0.799 33.6 61.7 1.7 61.8 33.5 86.55

1.000 50.4 78.3 3.1 78.6 50.1 83.76



0.050 0.5 ‐5.6 ‐31.7 29.3 ‐34.4 ‐42.24

0.100 4.3 2.9 ‐24.8 28.4 ‐21.2 ‐44.21

0.150 ‐1.4 12.9 ‐16.9 24.1 ‐12.6 ‐56.45

0.200 4.4 5 ‐10.6 15.3 ‐5.9 ‐45.82

0.300 8 0.9 ‐1.3 8.2 0.7 ‐9.89

0.400 10.1 18.6 ‐4.6 20.6 8.1 ‐66.37

0.501 22.9 19.2 7.9 29.2 12.9 38.41

0.600 27.2 19.2 ‐9.2 33.2 13.2 ‐33.26

0.800 18.2 23.7 1.6 24.1 17.8 74.9

1.000 18.2 15.6 5.4 22.4 11.4 38.17



0.050 ‐19.9 13.6 ‐31.5 32.5 ‐38.8 ‐59

0.100 ‐48.5 44.7 ‐14.8 47 ‐50.8 ‐81.19

0.149 ‐14 18.6 ‐8.8 20.8 ‐16.2 ‐75.86

0.200 ‐3.5 21.6 ‐0.5 21.6 ‐3.5 ‐88.76

0.300 14.7 17.6 5.3 21.6 10.7 52.66

0.399 2.4 34.4 ‐2 34.5 2.3 ‐86.42

0.500 12.4 1.9 4.7 14.2 0.1 20.71

0.600 5.4 14.6 1.9 15 5 78.89

0.800 26.9 28.6 ‐2.2 30.1 25.4 ‐55.48

1.000 32.6 57.3 5.4 58.4 31.5 78.17

58



0.049 ‐1.1 ‐41.8 ‐26.9 12.3 ‐55.2 ‐26.44

0.100 ‐16 ‐3 ‐15.8 7.6 ‐26.6 ‐56.2

0.150 ‐2.6 2.1 ‐12.8 12.7 ‐13.3 ‐50.18

0.200 12.2 2 ‐5 14.2 0 ‐22.19

0.300 ‐1.3 30.1 ‐5.7 31.1 ‐2.3 ‐80.01

0.400 9.5 21.2 ‐0.2 21.2 9.5 ‐88.83

0.499 ‐1.1 45.4 ‐0.2 45.4 ‐1.1 ‐89.71

0.600 7.4 38.5 3.4 38.9 7 83.8

0.799 12.3 47.9 7.4 49.4 10.8 78.78

1.000 16.4 54.7 12.6 58.5 12.6 73.33



0.050 ‐18.6 14.6 ‐0.1 14.6 ‐18.6 ‐89.8

0.100 ‐32.7 23.4 ‐9.2 24.9 ‐34.2 ‐80.88

0.149 ‐23.6 22.3 ‐5.3 22.9 ‐24.2 ‐83.51

0.200 ‐1.5 24.9 2.2 25.1 ‐1.6 85.28

0.300 8.5 39.6 ‐2.5 39.8 8.3 ‐85.4

0.400 13.2 45.4 0.8 45.4 13.2 88.57

0.500 13.8 55.5 8.4 57.1 12.2 79.06

0.600 15 60 5.3 60.6 14.4 83.42

0.800 20.7 47.9 4.3 48.6 20 81.3

1.000 11.2 52.4 7 53.6 10 80.62



0.050 ‐46.7 3 ‐11.4 5.5 ‐49.2 ‐77.67

0.100 ‐12.5 ‐2.8 ‐16.9 10 ‐25.2 ‐53.04

0.150 ‐1.8 23.3 ‐20.5 34.8 ‐13.3 ‐60.75

0.200 23.9 17 ‐10.5 31.5 9.4 ‐35.91

0.300 16.3 25.7 ‐10 32 10 ‐57.59

0.400 9.5 29.4 ‐2.8 29.8 9.1 ‐82.29

0.500 19.7 30.1 ‐1.8 30.4 19.4 ‐80.65

0.599 22.9 44.8 ‐14.1 51.7 16 ‐63.92

0.801 22.2 57.9 ‐12.9 62.1 18 ‐72.07

1.001 20.3 49.8 4 50.3 19.8 82.49

59



0.050 ‐11.1 ‐1.6 ‐9.5 4.3 ‐17 ‐58.31

0.100 ‐24.9 14.3 ‐7.8 15.8 ‐26.4 ‐79.21

0.150 ‐8.2 7.3 ‐2.1 7.6 ‐8.5 ‐82.55

0.199 ‐18.1 29.6 2.1 29.7 ‐18.2 87.53

0.300 10.8 18.2 ‐1.5 18.5 10.5 ‐79.1

0.400 17.6 34.5 ‐3 35 17.1 ‐80.23

0.500 26.7 41.1 ‐2.6 41.5 26.3 ‐80.21

0.600 15.7 46.1 ‐4.9 46.9 14.9 ‐81.13

0.800 17.4 28.5 ‐3.6 29.6 16.3 ‐73.37

1.000 15.1 31.9 ‐2.3 32.2 14.8 ‐82.31



0.050 73.5 62.4 7.5 77.3 58.6 26.77

0.099 62.3 28.5 ‐16.1 68.7 22.1 ‐21.81

0.150 27.5 6 ‐21.6 40.9 ‐7.4 ‐31.75

0.200 21.7 ‐15.6 ‐16.6 28 ‐21.9 ‐20.84

0.300 8.3 ‐2.4 ‐18.9 22.6 ‐16.7 ‐37.13

0.400 13.9 ‐5 ‐17.5 24.3 ‐15.5 ‐30.8

0.500 9.2 ‐1.8 ‐17.3 21.9 ‐14.4 ‐36.18

0.600 12 ‐4.8 ‐7.1 14.6 ‐7.4 ‐20.03

0.800 9.5 4.8 ‐12.3 19.7 ‐5.4 ‐39.56

1.000 13.4 6.4 ‐16.3 26.6 ‐6.8 ‐38.94



0.050 114 97.8 48.9 155.5 56.3 40.3

0.100 80.3 53.2 63 131.2 2.3 38.93

0.150 23.1 27.2 57.2 82.4 ‐32.1 46.03

0.200 17.3 ‐16.7 34.6 38.9 ‐38.3 31.92

0.299 0.9 ‐10 29.9 25.8 ‐35 39.85

0.399 ‐0.7 0.9 17 17.1 ‐16.9 46.32

0.500 11.4 5.4 28.4 36.9 ‐20.2 41.98

0.600 28.5 7.2 28 47.8 ‐12.1 34.57

0.799 17.3 18.1 21.6 39.3 ‐3.9 45.53

1.000 22.3 16.5 21.8 41.4 ‐2.6 41.21

60



0.050 43 23.2 9.9 47.1 19.1 22.5

0.100 56.1 1.8 5.6 56.7 1.2 5.87

0.152 35.2 9.6 ‐0.3 35.2 9.6 ‐0.74

0.200 20.5 5.3 ‐1.9 20.7 5.1 ‐7.06

0.300 11.3 ‐7.3 2.8 11.7 ‐7.7 8.36

0.400 4.6 ‐7.7 ‐0.1 4.6 ‐7.7 ‐0.3

0.500 ‐1.6 1.3 ‐1.8 2.2 ‐2.4 ‐64.16

0.600 6.9 ‐7.1 ‐1.3 7 ‐7.2 ‐5.3

0.800 9.2 1.7 0.8 9.2 1.6 6.1

1.000 22.4 13.3 ‐1.4 22.6 13.1 ‐8.38



0.050 ‐27.9 ‐46.6 14 ‐20.4 ‐54.1 28.13

0.101 ‐45.3 ‐0.5 8.5 1 ‐46.8 79.67

0.150 ‐11.8 ‐0.3 2.3 0.2 ‐12.2 79.26

0.200 ‐10.8 15.7 8.5 18.2 ‐13.3 73.64

0.300 ‐1.8 13.9 7.5 16.9 ‐4.8 68.2

0.400 ‐11 3.5 ‐1.3 3.6 ‐11.1 ‐84.94

0.499 ‐13.3 1.5 ‐1 1.6 ‐13.4 ‐86.31

0.599 ‐10.2 11.9 4.5 12.8 ‐11.1 78.97

0.800 ‐8.8 22.2 0.6 22.2 ‐8.8 88.83

1.000 ‐4.6 11.3 2.9 11.8 ‐5.1 79.97



0.049 23.7 62.5 ‐16.9 68.8 17.4 ‐69.47

0.100 16.3 53 ‐12.4 56.8 12.5 ‐72.98

0.150 17.9 28 ‐8.7 33 12.9 ‐60.1

0.200 17.9 26.6 ‐3.8 28 16.5 ‐69.39

0.300 15 38.8 ‐7.4 40.9 12.9 ‐74.08

0.400 15.4 34.8 ‐5.2 36.1 14.1 ‐75.99

0.500 19.1 25.3 ‐6.6 29.5 14.9 ‐57.53

0.600 17.9 36.7 ‐3.6 37.4 17.2 ‐79.47

0.800 29 47.2 ‐12 53.2 23 ‐63.59

1.000 43.7 54.3 ‐5.2 56.4 41.6 ‐67.77

61



0.050 12.1 15 ‐23 36.6 ‐9.5 ‐46.8

0.100 ‐2.7 10.6 ‐19 24.1 ‐16.2 ‐54.62

0.150 ‐14.3 ‐1.3 ‐5.6 0.7 ‐16.4 ‐69.67

0.200 ‐17.7 ‐8.6 2.5 ‐7.9 ‐18.3 75.56

0.300 ‐13.5 ‐12.1 ‐4.8 ‐8 ‐17.6 ‐49.16

0.400 ‐3.3 ‐11.3 1.7 ‐2.9 ‐11.6 11.55

0.500 ‐1 3.3 ‐3.4 5.2 ‐2.9 ‐61.21

0.600 ‐1.5 1.4 3.4 3.7 ‐3.8 56.66

0.800 ‐3.2 3.5 ‐4.1 5.5 ‐5.1 ‐64.65

1.000 3.2 5 ‐3 7.2 0.9 ‐53.4



0.049 25.7 ‐17.4 ‐21.9 34.9 ‐26.6 ‐22.73

0.099 ‐31.4 35.5 ‐32.8 48.9 ‐44.8 ‐67.78

0.150 47.5 ‐54.4 ‐5.4 47.8 ‐54.7 ‐3.01

0.200 ‐1.8 2.1 ‐12.5 12.8 ‐12.5 ‐49.42

0.299 5.9 17.8 ‐8.6 22.3 1.4 ‐62.43

0.400 7.9 23.8 2 24 7.7 83.04

0.500 11.1 1.8 ‐4.4 12.8 0.1 ‐21.62

0.600 13.6 2.7 ‐11.4 20.8 ‐4.5 ‐32.18

0.800 31.1 31.5 ‐5.9 37.2 25.4 ‐45.97

1.000 84.6 57.4 ‐35.8 109.3 32.7 ‐34.6



0.050 1.3 28.5 ‐3.8 29 0.7 ‐82.24

0.101 ‐27.7 51.1 2.2 51.2 ‐27.8 88.42

0.150 ‐23.2 35.5 8.2 36.6 ‐24.3 82.16

0.200 12.6 ‐8.7 ‐9.3 16.1 ‐12.2 ‐20.57

0.300 3.9 9.1 ‐15.7 22.4 ‐9.4 ‐49.71

0.400 6 31.6 2 31.8 5.8 85.47

0.500 20.9 26.2 9.6 33.5 13.6 52.75

0.600 20.8 10.6 ‐8.1 25.3 6.1 ‐28.9

0.800 20.5 13.7 2.2 21.1 13.1 16.21

1.000 5.4 29.8 7.1 31.7 3.5 74.98

62



0.050 5.1 ‐6 ‐5.4 7.3 ‐8.2 ‐22.16

0.100 ‐13.2 8 ‐13.8 14.8 ‐20 ‐63.75

0.150 ‐1.9 ‐8.1 ‐4.4 0.4 ‐10.4 ‐27.35

0.200 ‐4.9 ‐0.9 ‐9.1 6.5 ‐12.2 ‐51.23

0.300 3 9.8 ‐12.9 19.8 ‐6.9 ‐52.35

0.400 ‐5.6 55.4 ‐6 56 ‐6.1 ‐84.41

0.500 11.7 48.9 ‐17.3 55.7 4.9 ‐68.54

0.600 11.6 48.6 ‐16.8 55.1 5.1 ‐68.88

0.800 50.8 66.3 ‐8.5 70 47.1 ‐66.2

1.000 109 198 ‐47.1 218.3 88.7 ‐66.69



0.049 ‐4 6.7 17.6 19.7 ‐17 53.39

0.100 ‐12.7 20.6 ‐4.3 21.2 ‐13.3 ‐82.7

0.149 ‐14 31.6 ‐14.2 35.7 ‐18.1 ‐74.04

0.200 0.4 19.3 ‐30 41.3 ‐21.6 ‐53.74

0.300 7.5 16.9 2.6 17.6 6.8 75.36

0.400 16.1 26.9 ‐2.8 27.6 15.4 ‐76.21

0.500 25 42.8 1.5 42.9 24.9 85.22

0.600 32.9 88.8 ‐7.9 89.9 31.8 ‐82.08

0.800 49 99.7 ‐19.7 106.5 42.2 ‐71.07

0.999 38.5 42.6 3.4 44.5 36.6 60.58



0.050 ‐12.6 ‐12.1 ‐5.5 ‐6.9 ‐17.8 ‐46.31

0.100 ‐2.7 ‐14.1 ‐5.7 ‐0.3 ‐16.4 ‐22.4

0.150 ‐9.6 2.8 ‐2.2 3.2 ‐10 ‐80.18

0.200 8.6 ‐5.4 ‐2.9 9.1 ‐6 ‐11.15

0.300 2.2 11.9 ‐8 16.4 ‐2.3 ‐60.54

0.400 5.5 19.2 ‐6.4 21.8 3 ‐68.35

0.500 10.4 20 ‐5.3 22.4 8 ‐65.98

0.600 9.4 32.6 ‐8.8 35.5 6.5 ‐71.47

0.800 12.9 29.4 ‐4.7 30.6 11.7 ‐75.16

1.000 7.9 40.3 ‐4.4 40.9 7.3 ‐82.4

63



0.050 ‐4.8 0.1 13 10.9 ‐15.6 50.32

0.100 ‐17 29 7.6 30.2 ‐18.2 80.89

0.150 8.2 10.9 8.7 18.4 0.7 49.48

0.200 ‐3.1 22.4 3.4 22.9 ‐3.6 82.48

0.300 9.2 6.8 6.7 14.8 1.2 40.03

0.400 1.6 1.9 3.5 5.3 ‐1.7 46.23

0.500 4.1 3.8 3.8 7.8 0.1 44.14

0.600 32.3 14.1 8 35.3 11.1 20.71

0.799 19.3 41.3 ‐0.1 41.3 19.3 ‐89.65

1.000 14.5 16.2 ‐0.9 16.6 14.1 ‐66.79



0.050 27.9 52.1 ‐14.6 59 21 ‐64.83

0.099 9.9 22.7 9.9 28.1 4.5 61.39

0.150 6.2 ‐5.4 13.4 15 ‐14.2 33.36

0.200 ‐6.6 ‐4.8 7.2 1.5 ‐12.9 48.43

0.300 4 ‐10.2 8.9 8.3 ‐14.5 25.77

0.400 15.8 ‐15.2 20.4 25.9 ‐25.3 26.39

0.500 ‐1.5 10 9.1 15.1 ‐6.5 61.04

0.599 14.3 8.4 9.2 21 1.7 36.1

0.800 26.6 21.7 13.9 38.3 10 40

1.000 44 18.1 29.1 62.9 ‐0.8 33.01



0.050 22.7 44 ‐48.3 82.8 ‐16.1 ‐51.22

0.100 ‐12.3 44.5 ‐61.5 83.8 ‐51.6 ‐57.39

0.150 ‐2.8 ‐6 ‐37.3 32.9 ‐41.8 ‐43.78

0.200 ‐7.2 ‐14 ‐33.2 22.8 ‐44 ‐42.08

0.299 ‐3.3 ‐3 ‐14.7 11.6 ‐17.8 ‐45.31

0.400 0.5 6.2 ‐18.2 21.7 ‐15.1 ‐49.4

0.500 12 8.5 ‐20.8 31.1 ‐10.6 ‐42.58

0.600 11.5 13.5 ‐25.8 38.3 ‐13.3 ‐46.11

0.800 10.1 13.2 ‐17.8 29.5 ‐6.2 ‐47.49

1.000 12.4 4.5 ‐12.5 21.6 ‐4.6 ‐36.27

64



0.050 5.8 49.9 ‐3.2 50.1 5.5 ‐85.85

0.100 20.5 31.1 ‐9 36.2 15.4 ‐60.26

0.150 16.6 33.9 ‐15.3 42.8 7.7 ‐59.74

0.200 20.8 32.2 ‐13.4 41.1 11.9 ‐56.52

0.300 20.7 35.7 0.1 35.7 20.7 89.69

0.400 29.1 18.5 ‐10.8 35.8 11.8 ‐31.93

0.500 15.3 27.6 ‐2 27.9 15 ‐81.12

0.600 34.8 23 ‐11.2 41.6 16.2 ‐31.11

0.800 33.9 37.7 ‐2.7 39.1 32.5 ‐62.67

1.000 31.2 32.7 ‐10 42 21.9 ‐47.15



0.050 ‐79.8 23.2 ‐32.6 32.7 ‐89.3 ‐73.83

0.100 ‐74.1 24.2 ‐25.2 30.3 ‐80.2 ‐76.43

0.150 ‐35 6.9 ‐4 7.3 ‐35.4 ‐84.6

0.200 ‐18.3 9.8 ‐5.5 10.8 ‐19.3 ‐79.35

0.300 ‐11.1 12.7 ‐7.7 15 ‐13.4 ‐73.56

0.401 ‐9.3 29.9 ‐7.1 31.1 ‐10.5 ‐80.08

0.500 ‐5.5 30.8 ‐6.6 32 ‐6.6 ‐80.03

0.600 1.4 23.4 ‐1.9 23.6 1.2 ‐85

0.800 ‐3.2 34.8 ‐7.8 36.3 ‐4.7 ‐78.89

1.000 9.6 37.4 ‐2.5 37.6 9.3 ‐84.85



0.050 ‐35.8 ‐68.7 2.9 ‐35.5 ‐69 5.07

0.100 ‐41.3 ‐58.5 36.9 ‐12 ‐87.8 38.44

0.150 ‐27.4 ‐58 44.9 4.7 ‐90.1 35.59

0.201 ‐19.6 ‐25.1 21.6 ‐0.6 ‐44.1 41.37

0.299 ‐3.3 1.9 6.2 6 ‐7.4 56.36

0.400 10.2 10.6 7.9 18.3 2.5 45.73

0.500 11.2 26.9 10.1 31.8 6.3 63.93

0.600 33.1 27.1 5.8 36.6 23.6 31.28

0.800 40.9 53.2 8.8 57.8 36.3 62.49

0.999 50.2 59 7.1 63 46.2 60.86

65



0.049 ‐99.1 96.6 23.8 99.5 ‐102 83.16

0.100 ‐28.4 16.9 18.2 23.3 ‐34.8 70.61

0.150 ‐48 31.3 17.1 34.8 ‐51.5 78.34

0.201 ‐15.4 14.7 3.1 15 ‐15.7 84.16

0.300 ‐24.4 36.7 10.9 38.6 ‐26.3 80.18

0.400 ‐18.4 24.5 16.1 29.9 ‐23.8 71.55

0.500 ‐27.5 34.8 15.3 38.4 ‐31.1 76.92

0.600 ‐25.2 41.9 16.1 45.6 ‐28.9 77.18

0.799 ‐11.2 27.7 13.9 32.2 ‐15.7 72.22

1.000 ‐23.8 38.4 19.8 44.2 ‐29.6 73.76



0.050 ‐2.5 ‐28.4 ‐26.3 13.8 ‐44.8 ‐31.91

0.100 0.7 ‐11.8 ‐14.8 10.5 ‐21.6 ‐33.59

0.151 8.3 ‐0.8 ‐4.2 9.9 ‐2.5 ‐21.31

0.200 ‐1 13.4 ‐9.5 18.1 ‐5.7 ‐63.62

0.300 0.7 11.4 ‐0.4 11.4 0.7 ‐87.92

0.399 10.7 14.6 3.9 17 8.3 58.37

0.499 13.5 15.5 ‐0.5 15.6 13.4 ‐77.39

0.600 26.4 4.4 6.8 28.3 2.4 15.83

0.799 21.4 25 4.8 28.3 18.1 55.34

1.000 29.1 20.2 13.7 39.1 10.2 36 Table 65. Residual stress results on the sample X455, 120 mm from the weld, weld end, top surface.


0.050 ‐30 ‐0.8 0.4 ‐0.8 ‐30 89.25

0.100 ‐29.1 19.9 14.2 23.7 ‐32.9 74.95

0.150 ‐22.2 22.3 21.7 31.1 ‐31 67.86

0.200 ‐3.4 12.4 13.9 20.5 ‐11.5 59.81

0.300 15.8 11.9 9.6 23.6 4.1 39.24

0.400 9.6 28.5 11.8 34.2 3.9 64.33

0.500 21.5 6.7 1 21.6 6.6 3.87

0.600 9.7 19.9 3.4 20.9 8.6 73.22

0.799 26.8 22.3 3.6 28.8 20.3 29.07

1.000 44.7 42.1 3 46.7 40.1 33.39

66



0.049 ‐11.2 ‐35.3 ‐25.3 4.8 ‐51.3 ‐32.27

0.100 ‐6.1 ‐20.6 ‐9.7 ‐1.3 ‐25.4 ‐26.58

0.150 ‐4.9 ‐3.5 ‐4.6 0.4 ‐8.8 ‐49.59

0.200 ‐8.8 16.4 ‐2.2 16.6 ‐9 ‐85.08

0.300 1.7 19.9 3.8 20.7 0.9 78.62

0.400 5.1 24.6 ‐0.6 24.6 5.1 ‐88.1

0.500 3.1 40.7 8.2 42.4 1.4 78.19

0.600 17.1 43.8 9 46.6 14.3 73.01

0.800 12.4 50.7 6.4 51.7 11.4 80.77

1.000 9.4 52 7.4 53.3 8.1 80.4



0.050 ‐23.3 18.9 ‐16.6 24.6 ‐29 ‐70.9

0.099 ‐43.8 43.8 1.2 43.8 ‐43.8 89.19

0.150 ‐7.9 15.6 4.9 16.6 ‐8.8 78.73

0.200 ‐17.3 30 ‐3 30.2 ‐17.5 ‐86.39

0.300 9.6 13.4 8.2 19.9 3.1 51.62

0.400 16.6 26 2.8 26.8 15.8 74.56

0.500 5.6 56.3 1.4 56.3 5.5 88.41

0.600 21 48 4.9 48.8 20.2 80.1

0.800 19.4 47.4 3.9 47.9 18.9 82.2

1.000 16.9 47.8 ‐3.8 48.3 16.4 ‐83.11 Table 68. Residual stress results on the sample X455, in the weld, start weld, top surface.


0.050 ‐21.2 ‐6 ‐20.9 8.7 ‐35.8 ‐55.02

0.100 ‐0.9 ‐16.8 ‐11.8 5.4 ‐23.1 ‐27.98

0.150 ‐12.4 0.9 ‐6.4 3.5 ‐15 ‐68.11

0.200 ‐1.9 ‐4.4 ‐5.9 2.9 ‐9.2 ‐39.17

0.300 1.4 7.5 ‐6.4 11.5 ‐2.7 ‐57.89

0.400 16.6 17.3 1.7 18.6 15.3 50.95

0.500 9.4 20.3 2.3 20.8 9 78.71

0.600 5.5 21.4 ‐1 21.5 5.4 ‐86.39

0.800 11.9 26.8 1.2 26.9 11.8 85.42

1.000 12.2 40.1 0.8 40.1 12.2 88.27

67



0.049 5.2 28.2 ‐8.6 31 2.3 ‐71.64

0.100 ‐14.6 36.6 2.7 36.7 ‐14.7 86.96

0.150 ‐6.5 19.6 3.7 20.1 ‐7 82.16

0.200 ‐19.5 39.9 7.6 40.9 ‐20.5 82.79

0.300 7.4 24.2 2.5 24.6 7 81.59

0.400 9.3 19.9 5.5 22.2 7 67.09

0.500 3.7 21.4 2.9 21.9 3.2 80.96

0.600 7.1 30.3 6 31.7 5.7 76.39

0.800 28.4 30 ‐0.2 30 28.4 ‐84.38

0.999 19.8 32.6 1.2 32.7 19.7 84.56



0.050 45 62.7 ‐78.8 133.1 ‐25.4 ‐48.2

0.100 39.2 16.6 ‐51.7 80.8 ‐25 ‐38.84

0.150 14.1 ‐3.8 ‐30.9 37.3 ‐27 ‐36.93

0.200 ‐1.4 ‐3.9 ‐22.7 20.1 ‐25.4 ‐43.4

0.300 9.9 ‐8.6 ‐21.3 23.9 ‐22.5 ‐33.29

0.400 6.1 1.4 ‐14.3 18.2 ‐10.8 ‐40.31

0.500 13.4 ‐8.3 ‐16.4 22.2 ‐17.1 ‐28.27

0.600 7.6 ‐0.1 ‐8.5 13 ‐5.5 ‐32.83

0.800 8.3 ‐2.1 ‐12.7 16.8 ‐10.6 ‐33.88

1.000 11.2 ‐1.2 ‐10.1 16.9 ‐6.8 ‐29.27



0.050 46.9 86.3 ‐19.8 94.5 38.7 ‐67.43

0.100 36.5 38.8 5.2 43 32.3 51.21

0.150 ‐7.5 20.9 14.9 27.3 ‐13.9 66.8

0.200 ‐7.8 ‐9.1 18.4 10 ‐26.8 44.01

0.300 ‐6.9 ‐11.7 14.8 5.7 ‐24.3 40.39

0.399 ‐4 ‐1.5 22.1 19.4 ‐24.9 46.64

0.499 5.5 11.9 21 29.9 ‐12.6 49.36

0.600 10.5 26.3 16.9 37.1 ‐0.3 57.53

0.799 9.9 12 9.6 20.5 1.3 48.2

0.999 ‐1.7 5.7 18 20.4 ‐16.3 50.78

68



0.050 21.5 47.6 ‐4.5 48.4 20.7 ‐80.51

0.100 23.9 37.5 8.9 41.9 19.5 63.63

0.150 20.7 36.3 9.6 40.8 16.2 64.61

0.200 19.5 36 ‐1.6 36.2 19.3 ‐84.51

0.300 20.8 36 9.9 40.9 15.9 63.71

0.400 12.9 35.7 7.5 37.9 10.7 73.38

0.500 16.9 22.7 6.5 26.9 12.7 56.97

0.600 21 24 5.1 27.9 17.1 53.13

0.800 24.4 39 8.7 43 20.4 65.05

1.000 29.6 52.9 4 53.6 28.9 80.46



0.051 ‐33.4 48.7 8.1 49.5 ‐34.2 84.44

0.100 ‐70.5 72.9 13 74.1 ‐71.7 84.86

0.149 ‐74.8 64.7 9.3 65.3 ‐75.4 86.21

0.200 ‐15.4 12.3 7.8 14.3 ‐17.4 75.35

0.300 ‐30.4 45 11 46.6 ‐32 81.87

0.400 ‐11.5 25.9 13 30 ‐15.6 72.6

0.501 ‐30.9 36.3 7.3 37.1 ‐31.7 83.85

0.600 ‐21.4 22.1 16.1 27.4 ‐26.7 71.75

0.800 ‐9.1 33.3 8.4 34.9 ‐10.7 79.16

1.000 ‐17.2 53.3 8.8 54.4 ‐18.3 82.97



0.049 25.7 43.8 ‐8 46.8 22.7 ‐69.33

0.100 15.1 42.9 2 43 15 85.89

0.150 15.1 26.8 ‐6.2 29.5 12.4 ‐66.6

0.200 11.6 24.6 ‐3 25.2 11 ‐77.72

0.300 18 23.1 ‐1.4 23.5 17.6 ‐75.7

0.400 16.4 25.8 ‐5.8 28.6 13.6 ‐64.51

0.500 13.7 30.3 ‐2.2 30.6 13.4 ‐82.48

0.600 21 28.8 ‐7.7 33.5 16.3 ‐58.49

0.800 24.8 36.5 ‐6.1 39.1 22.2 ‐66.95

1.000 27.9 36.3 ‐3.7 37.7 26.5 ‐69.16

69



0.049 32.2 6.8 4.4 32.9 6.1 9.48

0.100 24.5 2.5 ‐7.6 26.9 0.1 ‐17.26

0.150 18 ‐4.6 ‐2.1 18.2 ‐4.8 ‐5.26

0.200 ‐1.2 6.7 ‐2.4 7.3 ‐1.8 ‐74.56

0.300 1.5 1.4 ‐4.2 5.6 ‐2.8 ‐44.49

0.399 ‐0.6 2.2 3.7 4.8 ‐3.1 55.14

0.500 8.9 ‐9.3 ‐1.5 9 ‐9.4 ‐4.53

0.600 ‐9.1 8.7 ‐2.9 9.2 ‐9.6 ‐81

0.800 0.8 ‐4 ‐3.2 2.4 ‐5.5 ‐26.45

1.000 2.2 ‐11.7 ‐4.7 3.7 ‐13.1 ‐17.02



0.050 ‐0.6 ‐23.6 ‐5.5 0.6 ‐24.8 ‐12.7

0.100 ‐8 ‐16.3 ‐25.8 14 ‐38.3 ‐40.44

0.150 ‐6.3 ‐8.3 ‐27.7 20.4 ‐35 ‐43.95

0.200 ‐2.2 8.8 ‐23 26.9 ‐20.4 ‐51.74

0.300 5.1 19.6 ‐17.6 31.4 ‐6.7 ‐56.22

0.400 12.8 15.9 ‐12.6 27 1.7 ‐48.51

0.500 15 17.6 ‐8.3 24.7 7.9 ‐49.46

0.600 21.8 18.5 ‐8.5 28.8 11.5 ‐39.48

0.800 23.9 28.3 ‐7.1 33.5 18.7 ‐53.67

0.999 27.7 30.8 ‐6.4 35.8 22.7 ‐51.82



0.049 ‐14.2 57.1 ‐27.3 66.4 ‐23.5 ‐71.28

0.101 ‐23 42.5 ‐21.4 48.9 ‐29.4 ‐73.42

0.150 ‐16.9 17 ‐8.3 18.9 ‐18.8 ‐76.9

0.200 ‐16.2 23.3 ‐7.4 24.6 ‐17.5 ‐79.72

0.300 ‐1.7 32.5 ‐5.8 33.4 ‐2.7 ‐80.68

0.399 7.3 30.2 ‐2.9 30.6 6.9 ‐82.98

0.500 11.8 20.5 ‐0.2 20.5 11.8 ‐88.51

0.600 17.3 17.6 0.3 17.8 17.1 58.55

0.800 17 28.9 ‐4.2 30.2 15.7 ‐72.49

1.000 20.8 31.3 ‐5 33.3 18.8 ‐68.17

70



0.050 ‐19.3 ‐10.9 ‐26.5 11.7 ‐41.9 ‐49.5

0.100 ‐22 ‐5.5 ‐43.3 30.3 ‐57.8 ‐50.38

0.150 ‐9.8 0 ‐29.7 25.2 ‐35 ‐49.66

0.200 ‐7 22.3 ‐12.2 26.7 ‐11.4 ‐70.12

0.300 6.6 37.8 1 37.8 6.5 88.26

0.399 8.1 40.8 ‐3.4 41.2 7.7 ‐84.08

0.500 4.3 34.6 ‐7.3 36.3 2.6 ‐77.18

0.600 4.7 36.3 0.4 36.3 4.7 89.31

0.800 8.2 49.8 ‐0.8 49.8 8.2 ‐88.87

1.000 19.8 57.9 8.1 59.6 18.1 78.43



0.050 ‐21.1 17.3 ‐33.4 36.6 ‐40.4 ‐59.95

0.100 ‐50.5 44.1 ‐14.4 46.2 ‐52.6 ‐81.53

0.150 ‐20.9 21.9 1.9 22 ‐21 87.48

0.200 5.2 17.9 ‐0.1 17.9 5.2 ‐89.41

0.300 6.9 26.8 ‐3.2 27.3 6.4 ‐80.99

0.400 3 33.4 ‐0.6 33.4 2.9 ‐88.78

0.500 ‐4.1 46 ‐1.9 46.1 ‐4.1 ‐87.84

0.600 26.6 26.6 ‐0.4 27 26.2 ‐45

0.800 22.9 62.1 1.1 62.1 22.9 88.36

1.000 33.3 64.5 ‐1 64.5 33.3 ‐88.19



0.050 ‐2.6 ‐14.7 ‐14.6 7.1 ‐24.5 ‐33.78

0.100 ‐3.9 ‐8.3 ‐19.4 13.4 ‐25.6 ‐41.79

0.150 ‐14.8 17.5 ‐30.6 36 ‐33.3 ‐58.91

0.200 ‐4.9 28.9 ‐26 43 ‐19 ‐61.5

0.300 6.6 28 ‐10.7 32.4 2.1 ‐67.53

0.400 9.5 21.5 ‐0.3 21.5 9.5 ‐88.71

0.500 9.1 19.4 ‐0.1 19.4 9.1 ‐89.68

0.600 12.1 24.9 ‐8.6 29.2 7.8 ‐63.33

0.800 16 43.6 ‐15.5 50.6 9 ‐65.84

1.000 17.9 44.3 ‐14.3 50.6 11.6 ‐66.35

71



0.050 ‐23.8 15.3 ‐20.4 24 ‐32.5 ‐66.89

0.100 ‐30.7 32.7 ‐12.8 35.2 ‐33.2 ‐79.01

0.150 ‐13.1 26.9 ‐8.5 28.6 ‐14.8 ‐78.46

0.200 2.8 20.8 ‐2.8 21.2 2.4 ‐81.46

0.300 2 23.3 ‐5.4 24.6 0.7 ‐76.5

0.401 12.9 15.3 ‐5.1 19.3 8.9 ‐51.62

0.500 7.2 14.5 ‐4.5 16.6 5.1 ‐64.5

0.600 14.4 18.8 1.4 19.2 14 74.14

0.799 23.8 35.1 ‐3.2 35.9 23 ‐75.31

1.000 23.7 38.1 ‐4 39.1 22.7 ‐75.56



0.050 35.8 40.1 ‐59.8 97.8 ‐21.9 ‐46.03

0.100 31.7 8 ‐46.8 68.1 ‐28.5 ‐37.88

0.150 6.6 0.3 ‐27.6 31.2 ‐24.4 ‐41.74

0.200 ‐5 ‐0.3 ‐24.6 22.1 ‐27.4 ‐47.7

0.300 2.5 ‐6.4 ‐14.3 13 ‐16.9 ‐36.41

0.400 1.9 ‐6.5 ‐12.9 11.3 ‐15.8 ‐36.03

0.500 0.7 ‐5.6 ‐11 9 ‐13.9 ‐37.03

0.600 4.7 2.5 ‐12.8 16.5 ‐9.2 ‐42.49

0.800 6.9 1.9 ‐10.9 15.6 ‐6.8 ‐38.57

1.000 0.7 ‐4.2 ‐16.8 15.3 ‐18.7 ‐40.88



0.049 52.1 48.8 ‐37 87.5 13.4 ‐43.72

0.100 25.7 26.5 ‐14.4 40.5 11.7 ‐45.8

0.150 4.6 ‐4.5 ‐1.7 4.9 ‐4.8 ‐10.24

0.200 ‐6.7 ‐7.4 ‐0.1 ‐6.7 ‐7.4 ‐8.92

0.299 0.1 3.7 11.1 13.1 ‐9.3 49.5

0.401 ‐2 17.6 11.1 22.6 ‐7 65.73

0.500 3.8 3.4 12.7 16.3 ‐9.1 44.59

0.600 2.5 7.1 12.7 17.7 ‐8.1 50.14

0.800 12.9 15.3 9.9 24.1 4.1 48.45

1.000 18.5 25.5 14.2 36.6 7.4 51.92

72



0.050 54.2 24.7 16.3 61.4 17.5 23.93

0.100 36.9 22.8 18.1 49.3 10.4 34.36

0.150 32.4 9.2 14.7 39.5 2 25.83

0.200 16.1 2.8 12.3 23.4 ‐4.5 30.79

0.300 3 ‐5.6 12 11.5 ‐14 35.2

0.400 ‐8.6 ‐7.1 5.4 ‐2.4 ‐13.3 48.99

0.500 ‐6.7 ‐6.1 6.8 0.4 ‐13.2 46.33

0.601 ‐1.9 ‐1.4 3.5 1.9 ‐5.1 47.04

0.800 7.1 13.8 5.4 16.8 4.1 60.78

1.000 20.5 21.3 2.1 23 18.8 50.52



0.049 ‐53.5 36.5 ‐16.7 39.5 ‐56.5 ‐79.82

0.100 ‐83.9 71.9 ‐23.3 75.3 ‐87.3 ‐81.67

0.150 ‐30.3 27.1 ‐10.8 29.1 ‐32.3 ‐79.69

0.200 ‐0.4 6.5 6.5 10.3 ‐4.3 59.02

0.300 ‐29.1 38.3 ‐10 39.7 ‐30.5 ‐81.77

0.400 ‐9.2 12 ‐5.4 13.3 ‐10.5 ‐76.46

0.500 ‐27.2 35.1 ‐14.4 38.3 ‐30.4 ‐77.59

0.600 ‐3.8 17.6 ‐4.7 18.6 ‐4.8 ‐78.17

0.800 ‐9.2 38.5 ‐5.3 39.1 ‐9.8 ‐83.69

1.001 0.9 42.7 ‐5 43.3 0.3 ‐83.33



0.050 52.6 17.2 6.1 53.6 16.2 9.57

0.100 46 ‐2.3 17.2 51.5 ‐7.8 17.73

0.150 35.4 ‐16.2 8.7 36.8 ‐17.6 9.28

0.200 15.7 ‐2.4 ‐4.1 16.6 ‐3.2 ‐12.18

0.300 18.3 ‐1.7 ‐4.1 19.1 ‐2.5 ‐11.13

0.400 20.1 ‐1.5 3.2 20.6 ‐2 8.22

0.500 13.2 8.3 ‐1.4 13.5 8 ‐14.43

0.600 14 13.2 3.5 17.1 10.1 41.76

0.799 7.4 1.2 ‐3.1 8.7 ‐0.1 ‐22.66

1.000 ‐11.1 ‐1.1 1.8 ‐0.8 ‐11.4 80.06

73



0.050 200 98.6 ‐4.4 200.2 98.4 ‐2.47

0.100 159 83.4 ‐21.9 164.9 77.5 ‐15.04

0.150 99.7 72.6 ‐14.1 105.7 66.6 ‐23.07

0.200 60.8 63.8 ‐13.9 76.3 48.3 ‐48.08

0.300 59 42.8 ‐9.9 63.7 38.1 ‐25.33

0.400 49.8 54.3 ‐11.4 63.7 40.4 ‐50.58

0.500 58.6 43.7 ‐10 63.6 38.7 ‐26.59

0.599 25.6 32.7 ‐2 33.2 25.1 ‐75.18

0.800 18.5 19.8 ‐9.5 28.7 9.6 ‐46.95

0.999 1.6 11.5 ‐1.1 11.6 1.5 ‐83.67



0.050 ‐10.7 ‐26.9 ‐18.1 1 ‐38.6 ‐32.95

0.100 6.9 ‐28.8 ‐19.6 15.6 ‐37.5 ‐23.83

0.150 2 ‐4.4 ‐12.8 12 ‐14.4 ‐38.05

0.200 9.3 5.4 ‐5.4 13.1 1.6 ‐35.08

0.300 10.3 16.1 ‐8.6 22.3 4.1 ‐54.29

0.400 12.7 15.4 ‐7.8 22 6.1 ‐49.89

0.500 14 6.1 ‐8.3 19.2 0.8 ‐32.26

0.600 12.2 12.3 ‐9.4 21.6 2.9 ‐45.15

0.800 22.1 14.3 ‐10.9 29.8 6.6 ‐35.16

1.000 19.9 8.1 ‐8.7 24.5 3.5 ‐27.94



0.050 ‐22.9 2.9 7.7 5 ‐25 74.64

0.100 ‐42.3 43 ‐18.7 46.9 ‐46.2 ‐78.16

0.150 6.3 22.5 ‐15.9 32.3 ‐3.4 ‐58.48

0.200 ‐0.2 34.9 ‐1.7 35 ‐0.3 ‐87.24

0.300 6.2 20.5 ‐1 20.6 6.1 ‐85.86

0.400 4.6 12.2 ‐12 21 ‐4.2 ‐53.83

0.500 1.5 10.1 ‐4.4 12 ‐0.4 ‐67.12

0.600 2.8 20.4 0.7 20.4 2.7 87.62

0.800 11.2 22.8 ‐2.1 23.2 10.8 ‐80

1.000 21.4 22.5 3.8 25.8 18.1 49.15

74



0.049 ‐17.3 ‐47.7 ‐20.5 ‐7 ‐58 ‐26.72

0.100 ‐19.6 ‐14.7 ‐19 2 ‐36.3 ‐48.67

0.149 9 ‐10.1 ‐16 18.1 ‐19.2 ‐29.59

0.200 2.7 13.8 ‐10.2 19.9 ‐3.4 ‐59.31

0.300 3.6 21.1 ‐10.8 26.2 ‐1.6 ‐64.51

0.400 12.5 26.6 ‐11.6 33.1 6 ‐60.64

0.500 4.6 45.2 ‐14.1 49.6 0.2 ‐72.62

0.600 22.2 31.6 ‐12.1 39.9 13.9 ‐55.61

0.799 12.8 38 ‐13.2 43.6 7.2 ‐66.83

1.000 14.2 44.9 ‐21.5 56 3.1 ‐62.76



0.050 0.7 82.6 ‐30.2 92.5 ‐9.2 ‐71.79

0.100 2.8 31.4 ‐2.5 31.6 2.5 ‐85.05

0.150 ‐12.9 10.4 6.3 12 ‐14.5 75.84

0.201 ‐22.5 19.5 ‐2.8 19.7 ‐22.7 ‐86.22

0.300 2.4 9.4 4 11.2 0.5 65.58

0.400 ‐3.7 24.3 1.6 24.4 ‐3.8 86.82

0.500 ‐2.8 28 0.9 28 ‐2.8 88.4

0.600 1.3 34.2 ‐0.8 34.2 1.3 ‐88.62

0.800 4.4 39.1 ‐2.1 39.2 4.3 ‐86.48

1.000 ‐8.3 24.6 ‐1.6 24.7 ‐8.4 ‐87.29



0.050 ‐6.6 4.4 ‐14.5 14.4 ‐16.6 ‐55.32

0.100 1.4 ‐6.4 ‐7.4 5.8 ‐10.8 ‐31.23

0.150 ‐2.8 ‐1.2 ‐7.7 5.8 ‐9.7 ‐47.88

0.200 2.3 ‐0.1 ‐0.3 2.4 ‐0.2 ‐7.76

0.300 5.2 0.1 ‐4.4 7.7 ‐2.5 ‐29.96

0.400 ‐3.5 18.8 ‐13.3 25 ‐9.7 ‐64.97

0.500 12.8 13.8 ‐1.4 14.8 11.8 ‐54.7

0.600 21.6 12.8 ‐2.4 22.2 12.2 ‐14.15

0.799 10.1 31.2 ‐0.1 31.2 10.1 ‐89.78

1.000 16.5 25.4 ‐4.9 27.6 14.3 ‐66.09

75



0.050 3.4 21.6 ‐3.5 22.2 2.8 ‐79.58

0.100 ‐11.9 33.7 10.1 35.8 ‐14 78.05

0.150 ‐7.7 19.6 3.4 20 ‐8.1 82.98

0.200 0.2 7.2 6 10.7 ‐3.3 60.22

0.300 2 13.3 4.4 14.8 0.4 71.11

0.401 7.1 22.2 ‐2.1 22.5 6.8 ‐82.1

0.499 14.3 17.6 1.8 18.4 13.5 66.41

0.600 14 17.3 ‐4.2 20.2 11.1 ‐55.68

0.799 20 24.3 0.1 24.3 20 89.32

1.000 25.9 35.4 ‐0.2 35.4 25.9 ‐89.05



0.050 92.7 92.9 42 134.8 50.8 45.07

0.100 43.2 47.2 45.1 90.3 0.1 46.27

0.150 4.7 ‐6.4 41.8 41.3 ‐43.1 41.22

0.200 4 ‐33.5 38.5 28.1 ‐57.6 32.02

0.300 10.4 ‐14.8 23.7 24.6 ‐29 31

0.400 26.4 ‐5.6 27.8 42.5 ‐21.7 30.05

0.500 8.4 21.4 19.2 35.2 ‐5.4 54.33

0.600 24.2 ‐2.9 17.7 32.9 ‐11.6 26.28

0.800 16.4 3.9 18.9 30.1 ‐9.8 35.84

0.999 18.1 2.5 28.7 40 ‐19.4 37.4 Table 95. Residual stress results on the sample X457, 120 mm from the weld, weld end, lower surface.


0.050 88.9 76.4 ‐1 89 76.3 ‐4.33

0.100 66.5 37.2 11.1 70.2 33.5 18.58

0.150 25 9 9.5 29.4 4.6 24.97

0.200 1 ‐7.1 ‐2.2 1.6 ‐7.7 ‐14.21

0.300 ‐5.7 ‐10.7 ‐10.3 2.4 ‐18.8 ‐38.15

0.400 ‐3.4 ‐12.8 ‐19.2 11.7 ‐27.9 ‐38.1

0.500 7.1 ‐14.5 ‐19.3 18.4 ‐25.8 ‐30.39

0.600 12.1 8 ‐17 27.2 ‐7.1 ‐41.55

0.799 11.9 6.7 ‐19.8 29.3 ‐10.6 ‐41.29

1.000 9.4 2.6 ‐19.6 25.9 ‐13.9 ‐40.09

76



0.050 ‐9.8 14.7 32.7 37.4 ‐32.5 55.28

0.100 ‐16.2 15.1 42.3 44.6 ‐45.7 55.15

0.150 ‐19.6 14.1 47.7 47.8 ‐53.3 54.73

0.200 ‐15.9 10.1 42.9 41.9 ‐47.7 53.43

0.300 ‐14.2 12.8 38 39.6 ‐41 54.78

0.399 ‐11.7 13.3 30.9 34.1 ‐32.5 56.01

0.500 ‐8.3 20.2 37.7 46.3 ‐34.4 55.35

0.600 ‐0.9 32.3 30.2 50.2 ‐18.7 59.38

0.800 11.4 38 22.7 51 ‐1.6 60.18

1.000 7.2 32.5 30.9 53.2 ‐13.5 56.13 Table 97. Residual stress results on the sample X457, 20 mm from the weld, weld end, lower surface.


0.050 ‐59.4 26.5 ‐18.6 30.4 ‐63.3 ‐78.29

0.100 ‐75.3 14.9 0.4 14.9 ‐75.3 89.72

0.150 ‐73.2 ‐4.9 6.2 ‐4.3 ‐73.8 84.83

0.200 ‐83 2.9 ‐1.2 2.9 ‐83 ‐89.19

0.300 ‐67.6 2.5 4.8 2.8 ‐67.9 86.13

0.400 ‐57.7 16.9 2.7 17 ‐57.8 87.95

0.500 ‐29.7 12.3 1.7 12.4 ‐29.8 87.74

0.600 ‐47.1 29.7 1 29.7 ‐47.1 89.27

0.800 ‐29.4 18.1 3.9 18.4 ‐29.7 85.34

1.000 ‐41.4 20.7 2.4 20.8 ‐41.5 87.8 Table 98. Residual stress results on the sample X457, -20 mm from the weld, start weld, lower surface.


0.050 4.7 12.8 4.9 15.1 2.4 64.87

0.100 5.8 20.1 ‐18.3 32.6 ‐6.7 ‐55.68

0.150 3.4 30.9 ‐24.1 44.9 ‐10.6 ‐59.84

0.200 5.5 28.5 ‐19.2 39.4 ‐5.4 ‐60.49

0.300 ‐0.3 30.9 ‐25.3 45 ‐14.4 ‐60.84

0.400 ‐1 27.2 ‐22.2 39.4 ‐13.2 ‐61.21

0.500 ‐2.6 27.1 ‐19.2 36.5 ‐12 ‐63.87

0.600 ‐3 30.3 ‐21.8 41.1 ‐13.8 ‐63.68

0.800 0 30.5 ‐24.4 44 ‐13.6 ‐61.02

1.001 3.4 26.7 ‐20.9 39 ‐8.8 ‐59.55

77



0.049 7.4 9.2 ‐25.2 33.5 ‐16.9 ‐46.01

0.100 ‐9.8 0.2 ‐1.1 0.3 ‐9.9 ‐84.05

0.150 ‐23 ‐7.5 9 ‐3.4 ‐27.1 65.41

0.200 ‐16.9 ‐17.7 6.9 ‐10.4 ‐24.2 43.34

0.300 ‐22.7 ‐7.8 2.9 ‐7.2 ‐23.2 79.35

0.400 ‐28.5 ‐6.2 6.1 ‐4.6 ‐30.1 75.63

0.500 ‐28.5 ‐3.5 3.7 ‐3 ‐29 81.7

0.600 ‐36.7 ‐0.8 ‐2.9 ‐0.5 ‐36.9 ‐85.49

0.800 ‐35.8 ‐9 4.3 ‐8.3 ‐36.5 81.12

1.000 ‐47.3 ‐13.1 ‐3.4 ‐12.8 ‐47.6 ‐84.31 Table 100. Residual stress results on the sample X458, 120 mm from the weld, start weld, top surface.


0.050 ‐4.6 1.3 ‐13.7 12.4 ‐15.6 ‐51.05

0.100 11.6 ‐14.7 ‐20.9 23.1 ‐26.2 ‐28.91

0.149 5.6 ‐3.9 ‐26.5 27.8 ‐26 ‐39.91

0.199 ‐1.5 11.3 ‐17.3 23.3 ‐13.6 ‐55.17

0.300 12 6.5 ‐18 27.5 ‐8.9 ‐40.67

0.400 9.2 21.7 ‐10.1 27.3 3.6 ‐60.87

0.500 6.1 22.8 ‐16.1 32.6 ‐3.7 ‐58.73

0.600 13.1 9.9 ‐10.5 22.1 0.9 ‐40.67

0.800 11.1 7.5 ‐10.8 20.2 ‐1.6 ‐40.27

1.000 17.9 1.4 ‐4.5 19.1 0.2 ‐14.42 Table 101. Residual stress results on the sample X458, 120 mm from the weld, weld end, top surface.


0.050 ‐19.3 13 ‐12.4 17.2 ‐23.5 ‐71.24

0.100 ‐25.4 26.6 ‐12.2 29.3 ‐28.1 ‐77.43

0.150 ‐36.4 50.9 ‐3.6 51 ‐36.5 ‐87.68

0.201 ‐3.6 25.6 ‐3.9 26.1 ‐4.2 ‐82.53

0.300 ‐5 27.4 ‐5 28.2 ‐5.8 ‐81.38

0.400 3.1 24.6 ‐0.3 24.6 3.1 ‐89.09

0.500 6.2 20.6 ‐1.9 20.9 5.9 ‐82.48

0.600 14 10.9 ‐5.4 18 6.9 ‐36.95

0.800 12.7 30.2 ‐0.7 30.2 12.7 ‐87.86

1.000 23.9 37.9 ‐5.4 39.7 22.1 ‐71.25

78



0.049 ‐7.9 ‐31.1 ‐16.2 0.4 ‐39.4 ‐27.2

0.100 ‐8.8 ‐14.4 ‐31.6 20.1 ‐43.3 ‐42.48

0.150 ‐8.7 ‐2.3 ‐21.8 16.5 ‐27.5 ‐49.2

0.200 7.7 ‐5.3 ‐12.5 15.3 ‐12.9 ‐31.24

0.301 2.4 13.6 ‐3.5 14.6 1.4 ‐73.92

0.400 9.8 22.6 ‐3.7 23.6 8.8 ‐75.09

0.500 4.7 32.5 1.1 32.5 4.6 87.72

0.600 10.8 28.5 3.4 29.1 10.2 79.46

0.800 7.4 36.1 3.1 36.4 7 83.93

1.000 11 31.6 13 37.9 4.7 64.2

Table 103. Sample X458, 20 mm from the weld, weld end, top surface.


0.050 ‐54.1 ‐8.2 21.4 0.2 ‐62.5 68.49

0.100 ‐34 ‐7.8 15 ‐1 ‐40.8 65.56

0.150 ‐8.5 ‐5.2 11.4 4.7 ‐18.3 49.06

0.200 ‐4.9 13.5 11.6 19.1 ‐10.5 64.24

0.301 6.5 13.2 3.5 14.7 5 66.95

0.400 9.2 17.4 8 22.3 4.3 58.61

0.500 8.2 19.1 3.6 20.2 7.1 73.23

0.600 7.3 22.1 3.8 23 6.4 76.46

0.801 5.3 31.3 1.5 31.4 5.2 86.65

1.000 6.5 33.7 5 34.6 5.6 80



0.050 ‐15.2 ‐33.4 ‐0.5 ‐15.2 ‐33.4 ‐1.42

0.101 ‐10.8 ‐13.1 ‐21.5 9.6 ‐33.5 ‐43.47

0.150 18.8 ‐10.2 ‐28.4 36.2 ‐27.6 ‐31.48

0.200 3.5 15.5 ‐19.7 30.1 ‐11.1 ‐53.45

0.300 7 12.3 ‐19.3 29.1 ‐9.8 ‐48.92

0.400 12.7 19.3 ‐13.9 30.3 1.7 ‐51.68

0.500 22.3 18.7 ‐5.1 25.9 15.1 ‐35.3

0.600 16.5 37.3 ‐19.3 48.8 5 ‐59.16

0.800 33.8 28 ‐7.4 38.8 23 ‐34.27

1.001 20 28.1 ‐2.3 28.7 19.4 ‐75.1

79



0.050 ‐9.3 6.1 ‐17.9 17.9 ‐21.1 ‐56.59

0.100 ‐23.5 13.4 ‐9.5 15.7 ‐25.8 ‐76.39

0.150 ‐14.1 6.7 ‐2 6.8 ‐14.3 ‐84.57

0.200 ‐16.4 22.7 ‐4.3 23.2 ‐16.9 ‐83.84

0.300 ‐4.2 30 ‐4.4 30.6 ‐4.7 ‐82.8

0.400 9.7 28 ‐2.3 28.3 9.4 ‐82.86

0.500 14 20.9 ‐1.1 21.1 13.8 ‐81.23

0.600 10 19.5 ‐5.7 22.1 7.4 ‐65

0.799 15.1 26.6 ‐3 27.3 14.4 ‐76.42

1.000 26.3 31.1 0.5 31.1 26.3 84.37 Table 106. Residual stress results on the sample X458, 120 mm from the weld, start weld, lower surface.


0.050 68.4 35.2 12.4 72.5 31.1 18.38

0.100 67.9 14.8 ‐6.9 68.8 13.9 ‐7.27

0.150 39.2 4.3 ‐17.7 46.6 ‐3.1 ‐22.71

0.200 21.8 ‐9.1 ‐20 31.6 ‐18.9 ‐26.14

0.300 12 ‐9.3 ‐20.6 24.5 ‐21.8 ‐31.34

0.399 19.5 ‐9.8 ‐24.7 33.6 ‐23.9 ‐29.65

0.500 20.4 ‐3 ‐22.3 33.9 ‐16.5 ‐31.18

0.600 10.1 3.2 ‐16.4 23.4 ‐10.1 ‐39.06

0.801 7.3 ‐4.8 ‐19.3 21.5 ‐19 ‐36.32

1.000 6.7 ‐2.6 ‐21.8 24.3 ‐20.3 ‐38.94 Table 107. Residual stress results on the sample X458, 120 mm from the weld, weld end, lower surface.


0.050 82.3 71.1 31.7 108.9 44.5 39.99

0.099 79.7 19.4 40.3 99.9 ‐0.8 26.6

0.150 26 0.8 39.1 54.5 ‐27.7 36.08

0.200 9.3 ‐20.7 40.1 37.1 ‐48.5 34.75

0.299 5.8 ‐17.9 21.9 18.9 ‐30.9 30.79

0.400 2.6 ‐6.7 12.4 11.2 ‐15.3 34.68

0.500 4.1 ‐3.7 25.4 25.9 ‐25.5 40.67

0.600 8.1 ‐7 11.3 14.1 ‐13 28.15

0.800 6.8 2.8 17.8 22.7 ‐13.1 41.84

1.000 6.3 ‐0.2 16.8 20.1 ‐14.1 39.52

80



0.050 2.2 54 ‐9.4 55.6 0.6 ‐80.07

0.100 ‐14.5 58.4 ‐33.1 71.2 ‐27.3 ‐68.88

0.150 ‐10.3 37.1 ‐38.7 58.8 ‐32 ‐60.74

0.200 ‐5.3 27.1 ‐29.2 44.3 ‐22.5 ‐59.52

0.300 ‐9.1 38.5 ‐35.5 57.4 ‐28 ‐61.91

0.400 ‐1.1 34.5 ‐20.9 44.1 ‐10.8 ‐65.22

0.500 ‐2.1 38.4 ‐28.8 53.4 ‐17.1 ‐62.56

0.600 ‐1.8 30 ‐15.8 36.5 ‐8.3 ‐67.59

0.800 ‐5.4 25.6 ‐19.5 35 ‐14.8 ‐64.22

1.000 ‐14.2 27.5 ‐31.1 44.1 ‐30.8 ‐61.92 Table 109. Residual stress results on the sample X458, 20 mm from the weld, weld end, lower surface.


0.050 ‐37.9 7.7 ‐15.4 12.4 ‐42.6 ‐72.97

0.100 ‐77.4 25.8 ‐2 25.8 ‐77.4 ‐88.89

0.150 ‐76.6 12 ‐3.3 12.1 ‐76.7 ‐87.85

0.200 ‐73.2 17.3 ‐11.2 18.7 ‐74.6 ‐83.05

0.300 ‐41.6 13.6 ‐5.1 14.1 ‐42.1 ‐84.75

0.400 ‐25.1 17.4 0.8 17.4 ‐25.1 88.9

0.500 ‐20.9 13.4 0.2 13.4 ‐20.9 89.7

0.600 ‐27.9 18.8 ‐4.2 19.2 ‐28.3 ‐84.89

0.800 ‐23.2 8.7 ‐1.9 8.8 ‐23.3 ‐86.6

1.000 ‐28.5 22.3 ‐0.8 22.3 ‐28.5 ‐89.13 Table 110. Residual stress results on the sample X458, -20 mm from the weld, start weld, lower surface.


0.050 ‐17.6 ‐1.4 20.8 12.8 ‐31.8 55.63

0.100 ‐16.6 16.4 30.9 34.9 ‐35.1 59.05

0.149 ‐8.6 30.1 26.6 43.6 ‐22.1 63.01

0.200 ‐1.2 32.2 24 44.7 ‐13.7 62.42

0.300 ‐2.4 33.2 31.3 51.4 ‐20.6 59.82

0.400 0.8 27.6 19.1 37.5 ‐9.1 62.51

0.501 8.3 33.6 17.8 42.8 ‐0.9 62.72

0.600 11.8 49 24 60.8 0 63.89

0.800 9.1 46.7 30.3 63.6 ‐7.8 60.91

1.000 1.7 12.1 7.9 16.4 ‐2.6 61.71

81



0.050 ‐73.1 31.8 ‐4.3 32 ‐73.3 ‐87.67

0.100 ‐81.9 26.5 ‐4.9 26.7 ‐82.1 ‐87.42

0.150 ‐73.1 15.4 ‐6.7 15.9 ‐73.6 ‐85.68

0.200 ‐60.8 23.2 2.8 23.3 ‐60.9 88.11

0.300 ‐44.8 26.4 ‐0.8 26.4 ‐44.8 ‐89.33

0.400 ‐39.3 20.7 ‐0.2 20.7 ‐39.3 ‐89.77

0.501 ‐29.8 8.8 ‐2 8.9 ‐29.9 ‐87.07

0.600 ‐30.4 17.3 ‐4 17.6 ‐30.7 ‐85.3

0.800 ‐27.1 11.9 1.7 12 ‐27.2 87.54

1.000 ‐44.5 29.2 ‐3.4 29.4 ‐44.7 ‐87.36

residual stress measurement of electron beam welded copper

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