reshaping urban space in the ottoman balkans - a study on the architectural development of edirne,...

7/30/2019 Reshaping Urban Space in the Ottoman Balkans - a Study on the Architectural Development of Edirne, Plovdiv, an

1/15

32

Centresandperipheries

inOttomanarchitecture:rediscoveringaBalk

anheritage

The author discusses early Ottoman urban development strategies through architectural foundations, with specialregard to what appears to be a model common to late medieval Anatolia and the Balkans, and a number of Ot-tomanized cities. This is demonstrated by a comparative study of urban transformation in three early Ottomantowns Edirne, Plovdiv, and Skopje with attention paid to the location and functions of communal mosquesYHUVXVWKH7VKDSHGKRVSLFHVDW\SHVSHFLFWRWKHthand 15thcenturies and found in all three cities. For Skopjescase he argues that we have before us an example of a dynasty of frontier gentry applying the same principles asVXOWDQLFSDWURQVLQWKHLUUHVSHFWLYHVSKHUHRI LQXHQFH

$XWRUGLVNXWXMHRUDQLMLPRVPDQVNLPVWUDWHJLMDPDXUEDQRJUD]YRMDNUR]DUKLWHNWRQVNH]DGXELQHVDSRVHE-QLPRVYUWRPQDRQRWRNDVQLMHSRVWDMH]DMHGQLNLPRGHONDVQRMVUHGQMRYMHNRYQRM$QDGROLMLL%DONDQXLPQRJLPosmaniziranim gradovima. Ovo je predstavljeno komparativnom studijom urbanih transformacija na primjeru triUDQDRVPDQVNDJUDGD(GLUQH3ORYGLYL6NRSOMHVDSDQMRPQDORNDFLMHIXQNFLMDPMHVQLKGDPLMDQDVXSURWNRQDLWLPD7REOLNDWLSVSHFLDQ]DLYLMHNLSURQDHQXVYDWULJUDGD8VOXDMX6NRSOMDRQWYUGLGDLPDPRSUHGVRERPSULPMHUGLQDVWLMHSRJUDQLQLKSOHPVWDYDNRMLSULPMHQMXMXLVWLSULQFLSNDRLQMLKRYLVXOWDQVNLpokrovitelji u njihovoj uticajnoj sferi.

Grigor Boykov (Sofia)

Reshaping urban space in the Ot tomanBalkans: a s tudy on the archi tec tura ldeve lopment of Edi rne, P lovdiv, andSkopje (14th -15th centur ies )

Trans formaci ja urbanog pros torana osmanskom Balkanu: s tudi ja oarhi tek tonskom razvoju Jedrena, P lovdivai Skopl ja (od 14. do 15.vi jeka)


2/15

THEMONGOLINVASIONof Anatolia in the mid-th century undermined the centralized author-ity of the Seljuk sultans, replacing it with thatof the emerging local aristocratic elites, who ac-cumulated in their hands large landed propertiesand acted to a great extent as independent rul-

ers. Scholars like Howard Crane or Ethel SaraWolper have argued that the dramatic changesLQSROLWLFDOSRZHURIWKHPLGth and early 14th-FHQWXU\$QDWROLDUHVXOWHG LQD VLJQLFDQW VKLIWin patronage patterns, in which powerful localemirs replaced the sultans as principal sponsorsof architecture.1 Furthermore, the types ofinstitutions supported changed: the local lords,UDWKHU WKDQ EXLOGLQJ IRUWLFDWLRQV PRVTXHVor caravanserais, focused their patronage onmedreses, tombs, and most notably dervishlodges.2 They sought to transform the hierarchy

of city space and to modify the existing spatialorder through a conscious attempt to shift theurban core away from the Seljuk centre. Theinstrument of this urban transformation wasthe patronage of dervish lodges built near citygates or market areas. They manifested the al-liance between the local rulers and the itiner-ant Anatolian dervishes, who had enormous

1 The research for this paper has been made possiblethanks to generous grants by the Andrew W. MellonFoundation and the Turkish Cultural Foundation.&UDQH +RZDUG 1RWHV RQ 6DOGMT DUFKLWHFWXUDO SDWURQDJH LQWKLUWHHQWK FHQWXU\$QDWROLD LQJournal of the Economic and SocialHistory of the Orient9RO;;;9,1RSS:ROSHUEthel Sara. &LWLHVDQGVDLQWV6XVPDQGWKHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQRI XUEDQVSDFHin Medieval Anatolia. University Park: Pennsylvania State University3UHVV

:ROSHU (WKHO 6DUD 3ROLWLFV RI SDWURQDJH SROLWLFDO FKDQJH DQGWKHFRQVWUXFWLRQRIGHUYLVKORGJHVLQ6LYDVLQMuqarnas,Vol. XIISS

,ELGSS

LQXHQFHRYHUWKHORFDO7XUFRPDQSRSXODWLRQalienated from the Sunni practices promoted bySeljuk central power.4

7KH 2WWRPDQ VWDWH ZKLFK DSSHDUHG DW WKHedge between Christian and Muslim worlds,emerged as a symbiosis between frontier elite

warriors, who embracedgazaas their leading ide-ology, the ahibrotherhoods, and the wanderingdervishes, who dominated the spiritual life ofthe Turcoman subjects under the leadership ofWKHKRXVHRI 2VPDQ7KH2WWRPDQUXOHUV OLNHthe former Seljukemirs or beys of the surround-LQJSULQFLSDOLWLHVKDGWRQGDmodus vivendiwithdifferent layers of the border society (includingthe local non-Muslim population), while try-ing to strengthen and legitimize their claim forlordship.52QFHWKHUVWVL]DEOH%\]DQWLQHFLWLHVIHOOLQWRWKHKDQGVRI2VPDQ*D]LV\RXQJVRQ2UKDQ he began commissioning two distinctivetypes of buildings that were meant to embodythe symbols of ideology, power, and legitimacyof the new ruling dynasty. The newly conquered

4 Ibid., pp. 40-1. QDOFN+DOLO 3HULRGVLQ2WWRPDQKLVWRU\VWDWHVRFLHW\HFRQRP\

in: Ottoman civilization.(GV+DOLOQDOFNDQG*QVHO5HQGD$QNDUD0LQLVWU\RI&XOWXUHSS.DIDGDU&HPDO Between twoworlds: the construction of the Ottoman state. Berkeley: University of&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV

QDOFN KDV SURGXFHG D QXPEHU RI VWXGLHV RQ WKH ORQJ ODVWLQJblockade and subsequent conquest of the principal Bithynian cities,1LFDHDDQG3URXVD+LVODWHVWLGHDVDUHSUHVHQWHGLQQDOFN+DOLO7KHVWUXJJOHEHWZHHQ2VPDQ*D]LDQGWKH%\]DQWLQHVIRU1LFDHDin: ]QLNWKURXJKRXWKLVWRU\(GV,O$NED\JLOHWDO,VWDQEXO7UNL\H%DQNDVSSLGHP2VPDQOVXOWDQ2UKDQ$YUXSDGD\HUOHPHLQBelleten9RO/;;,,,1RSS 6HH DOVR WKH ZRUNVRI /RZU\ +HDWK: 2WWRPDQIznik (Nicaea): through the eyes of travelers and as recorded inDGPLQLVWUDWLYH GRFXPHQWV LQ ]QLN WKURXJKRXW KLVWRU\,SS DQG Ottoman Bursa in travel accounts. Bloomington,,QGLDQD8QLYHUVLW\RI,QGLDQD2WWRPDQ0RGHUQ7XUNLVK6WXGLHV3XEOLFDWLRQV


3/15

34



anheritage

XUEDQ VSDFH ZDV WR EH 2WWRPDQL]HG E\ RQthe one hand, the appearance of a communalmosque, either a converted church or a newbuilding, situated at a focal point of the city, andon the other by a complex centered around a T-shaped multifunctional imaret/zaviye outside thewalled part of the city.7

The T-shaped buildings, the form of whichis claimed by some scholars to architecturallyderive from Central Anatolian dervish lodges8,combined in a single structure an elevated prayerhall in an either vaulted or domed eyvan, a centralspace, and two to four side-rooms (tabhanes) pro-YLGHGZLWKUHSODFHV In contemporary sourcesthey are simultaneously referred to as imaretandzaviye. As a rule these buildings never stoodalone, but were part of complexes usually includ-ing a medrese, hamam, soup kitchen, and in many

cases the tomb of the person who commis-sioned its construction. The exact functions ofthese buildings are still debated in the scholarlyliterature, but one could safely assert that thesebuildings were meant to provide shelter for im-SRUWDQWGHUYLVKOHDGHUVVXFKDV3XVWLQSX%DEDor Geyikli Baba), and to accommodate variouswandering dervishes, important travellers, andwarriors of the faith. Moreover, these complexesalways provided other important social servicessuch as providing food free of charge to the poor

7KH VWDQGDUG UHIHUHQFH ZRUNVRQ ]QLN DQG %XUVDVDUFKLWHFWXUDOdevelopment are Gabriel, Albert. Une capitale turque Brousse-Brusa.3DULV ( GH %RFFDUG DQG $\YHUGL (NUHP+DNN2VPDQOmimrsinin ilk devri, 630-805 (1230-1402,VWDQEXO%DKD0DWEDDV SS DQGSS RQ]QLN 6HH DOVR2WWR'RUQKatharina. Das islamische Iznik%HUOLQ'W$UFKlRORJ,QVW$VODQDSD2NWD\7XUNLVK$UFKLWHFWXUHDW,]QLNLQ]QLNWKURXJKRXWhistory, SS $OLROX )VXQ (UNHQ2VPDQO G|QHPLQGH]QLNNHQWLQLQ]LNVHOJHOLLPLLQEssays in honour of Aptullah Kuran,(GV dLGHP.DIHVoLROX DQG /XFLHQQH 7K\VHQRFDN ,VWDQEXO


4/15

after, commercial buildings such as bedestens, aras-tas, or hans surrounded the mosque, and in theso-formed commercial area several smaller singledomed communal mosques appeared too. As al-ready pointed out, depending on the importanceand magnitude of the city, one or more T-shapedimaret/zaviyecomplexes were placed in suburbs at

these cities entrances. A very similar pattern ofurban transformation, the product of the fron-tier milieu RI 2UKDQV VWDWH ZDV WUDQVIHUUHG WRWKH%DONDQVIROORZLQJWKH2WWRPDQDGYDQFHLQWRthe region. Furthermore, the semi-independentdynasties of Balkan raider commanders (DNQFucbeyiVZKRPDGHWKHLUOLYLQJRQWKH2WWRPDQ

marches, employed the same pattern when theyneeded to transform the conquered cities oftheir own domains or established new towns.12

,QWKLVVKRUWFRQIHUHQFHSDSHU,ZLOOEULH\examine the urban transformation of threemajor Byzantine centres in the Balkans, lookingfor similarities in their development: 1) Edirne,WKHVHFRQG2WWRPDQFDSLWDO3ORYGLYWKHPH -tropolis of Upper Thrace like Edirne situatedon the medieval Balkan highway known as theVia MilitarisDQG6NRSMHWKHSULQFLSDOFLW\RIwestern Macedonia, dominated by the mightyG\QDVW\RI WKHVKDNRXOODU

12 The dynasty of Gazi Evrenos Bey and its decisive role in thedevelopment of several important cities on the Via Egnatia was

recently studied in a series of publications by Lowry, Heath W.The shaping of the Ottoman Balkans, 1350-1550: the conquest, settlement& infrastructural development of Northern Greece,VWDQEXO%DKoHHKLU8QLYHUVLW\ 3UHVV /RZU\ +HDWK : DQG VPDLO (UQVDOThe Evrenos dynasty of Yenice Vardar: notes & documents. Istanbul:%DKoHHKLU8QLYHUVLW\3UHVV0DMRU

WKFHQWXU\2WWRPDQPRQXPHQWVLGHQWLHGRQDWKFHQWXU\SODQRI(GLUQH


5/15

36



anheritage

Edirne (Adrianople)We know very little about the changes that

took place in Adrianople (Edirne) immediatelyDIWHU0XUDG , WRRN SRVVHVVLRQ RI LW LQ Moreover, all the buildings he commissioned hadan unfortunate fate and did not make it to the

present day. We could assert however, that likehis father, Murad converted a church located inthe walled part of the city into the mosque ofAya Sofya, thus displaying the victory of Islamand providing the Muslim community with aFriday mosque. Promulgating Edirne as capital,Murad ordered the construction of a royal palace

QDOFN +DOLO 7KH FRQTXHVW RI (GLUQH LQArchivumOttomanicum 9RO ,,, SS )RU RWKHU RSLQLRQV

DUJXLQJIRUODWHUGDWHRI$GULDQRSOHVIDOOLQWR2WWRPDQKDQGVFI%HOGLFHDQX6WHLQKHUU ,UqQH /D FRQTXrWH G$QGULDQRSOH SDU OHVTurcs: la pntration turque en Thrace et la valeur des chroniquesRWWRPDQHV LQ Travaux et Mmoires 9RO , SS =DFKDULDGRX (OL]DEHWK 7KH FRQTXHVW RI $GULDQRSOH E\ WKH7XUNVLQStudi Veneziani9RO;;,,SS

and a number of service buildings, which in factPXVWKDYHEHHQWKHUVW2WWRPDQEXLOGLQJVRXW-side the walls of the old Byzantine Adrianople.Unfortunately neither the converted Aya Sofya,SKRWRJUDSKHGLQWKHth century,14 nor MuradsSDODFHSXOOHGGRZQLQWKHth century in orderWRRSHQURRPIRUWKHPDJQLFHQW6HOLPL\HDUHextant today.15The expansion of the city con-tinued under Murads successor Bayezid I who,LQD%XUVDPDQQHUSODFHGD7VKDSHGimaret/zaviye a considerable distance from the citysZDOOV VWUHWFKLQJWKH2WWRPDQSUHVHQFHEH\RQG

14 The converted Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia stood in the walledpart of Edirne until the early 20 th c. Recent study on this buildingand a reprint of the 1888 photograph taken by Gh. Lchine, RussianFRQVXOLQWKHFLW\LQ2XVWHUKRXW5REHUWDQG&KDUDODPERV%DNLUW]LV7KH%\]DQWLQHPRQXPHQWVRI WKH(YURV0HULo5LYHU9DOOH\Thessaloniki:

European Center for Byzantine and Post-Byzantine Monuments,SS.XUDQ6SDWLDOVWXG\RI WKUHH2WWRPDQFDSLWDOVp. 120.

15 +EUv$EGXUUDKPDQ(QvVOPVkPvULQ(GLUQHWDULKLEd.5DWLS.D]DQFJLO(GLUQH7UN.WSKDQHFLOHU'HUQHL


6/15

citys natural border the Tunca River. Sultan%D\H]LGV(GLUQHHGLFH LOO FHUWDLQO\ ODFNHGthe grandeur of his Bursa complex, built a few

years earlier, but he set an important trend. InWKHIROORZLQJWR\HDUVIRXUPRUH7VKDSHGimaret/zaviye-centred complexes commissionedby Gazi Mihal,17 the beylerbeyi


7/15

38



anheritage

patronized by the rulers or their dignitaries sur-rounded the city. The transfer of the symbols of2WWRPDQOHJLWLPDF\RQWR%DONDQVRLODORQJZLWKWKHFRPSRQHQWVRI WKHERUGHUVRFLHW\UHPRG-elled Edirne in such a way that it truly deservedWKHODEHOVHUKDWWDNLSD\WDKWRUFDSLWDODWWKHIURQWLHUXVHGDVDWLWOHRIDYROXPHGHGLFDWHGWRcitys history. The Balkan lords of the marches,

who in most cases were the driving force behindWKH2WWRPDQ DGYDQFH LQ(XURSH DWWUDFWHG WKHFHQWULIXJDO IRUFHV LQ WKH2WWRPDQ VWDWH ZKLFK

took a slow, but persistent direction towardsFHQWUDOL]DWLRQDQGJUDGXDOVXQQLFDWLRQ0DUJLQ-DOL]HGJURXSVVXFKDVWKHLWLQHUDQWKHWHURGR[dervishes sought alliance with, and protection of,the powerful raider commanders, who in manyinstances commissioned for them T-shaped ima-

OLDQG.R](GLUQHVHUKDWWDNLSD\WDKW

ret/zaviyes. Looking for examples one could pointWRWKHEXLOGLQJVRIWKH0LKDORXOODULQ(GLUQHDQGKWLPDQ(YUHQRV%H\V imarets along the ViaEgnatiaVKDN%H\VDQGKLVVRQVDVHGLFHVLQSkopje, or a number of vanished buildings com-missioned by other famous families. Sultans, onthe other hand, offered their patronized com-plexes to dervish orders of their choice. TheMuradiye in Edirne, which served for many yearsas a mevlevihane, provides an excellent example inthis respect.

%H\OHUEH\L6LQDQHGGLQ


8/15

Plovdiv (Fil ibe)The post-conquest years of our second case,

the city of Philipopolis (Filibe), are even moreREVFXUHWKDQ(GLUQHVUVWGHFDGHVLQ2WWRPDQhands.24 7KHHDUOLHVW VWDQGLQJ2WWRPDQPRQX-ment there is the multi-domed great mosque built

E\0XUDG,,LQWKHPLGVLOO25

which wasDOPRVW\HDUVDIWHUWKHFLW\VXUUHQGHUHGWR/DODDKLQ3DD It is hard to believe that for moreWKDQKDOIDFHQWXU\WKH2WWRPDQVGLGQRWOHDYHtheir imprint on an important Byzantine city likePlovdiv, which was the Rumelian beylerbeyis placeof residence too. I would like to put forward ahypothesis as speculative as plausible. Certainly,WKH0XUDGL\HZDVQRWWKHHDUOLHVW2WWRPDQEXLOG -ing in the city. Constantine the Philosopher, alsoNQRZQDV.RVWHQHNLZKLOHGHVFULELQJWKHVWUXJ-gle between Bayezids two sons, the princes Sl-

eyman and Musa in the early 1400s, mentions ahamamin Filibe used by Sleyman for his feasts.27Undoubtedly the bath did not stand alone, butmust have been a part of a complex. Keeping inmind the tradition according to which the con-TXHURUV2UKDQDQG0XUDGFRQYHUWHGDFKXUFKwithin the stronghold into a mosque while si-multaneously starting construction outside thewalls, one could assume that the case of Plovdivwas not much different. There is a good chance

24 1RWHVRQ3ORYGLYVSRVWFRQTXHVWSHULRGLQ.LHO0DFKLHO8UEDQdevelopment in Bulgaria in the Turkish period: the place of TurkishDUFKLWHFWXUHLQWKHSURFHVVLQInternational Journal of Turkish Studies,9RO,91RSSSOXVSODWHVVHHSS%R\NRY*ULJRU(WQRUHOLJLR]QLDWREOLNQDRVPDQVNLDJUDG)LOLEHNUD\DQD;9QDFKDORWRQD;9,YHNLQBalkanski identichnosti, Vol. III. Eds.(YJHQL5DGXVKHYDQG6WHIND)HWYDGMLHYD6RD)RQGDWVLD2WYRUHQRREVKWHVWYRSS

25 I will deal with the dating of the mosque in a future study. The proceedings of the conference devoted to Muradiye mosque

in Plovdiv, held in 2008 after the restoration of the mosque wascompleted, were recently published in a limited number by theIstanbul Metropolitan Municipality. The volume Filibe (Plovdiv)&XPD&DPLL.RQIHUDQV%LGLULOHUL)LOLEH3ORYGLY&XPD0RVTXH&RQIHUHQFHPapers(GV&HODOHGGLQ.oNDQG10LQH


9/15

40



anheritage

0XUDGL\H&XPD\D0RVTXHPLGVSKRWRIURPWKH

HDUO\VFRXUWHV\RI9ODGLPLU%DOWFKHY3ORYGLY

WKDW WKH WRZQV FRQTXHURU /DOD DKLQ EXLOW DT-shaped imaret/zaviye complex, part of whichwas the bath mentioned by Constantine the3KLORVRSKHU,WLVGLIFXOWWRSLQSRLQWWKHH[DFWlocation of the complex, but the logical guess, asalso implied by the text of Constantine, would beEHORZWKHZDOOVRIWKHIRUWLHGFLWDGHO)XUWKHU-more, because of the destructive warfare of the

2WWRPDQSULQFHVWKHEXLOGLQJVPLJKWKDYHEHHQdamaged and later disappeared, which is anotherhint pointing to their extramural location.

The large building activity undertaken by Mu-rad II and the beylerbeyi LKDEHGGLQ 3DD WZHQW\years later, must be seen as an attempt to rebuildthe ruined city. A great multi-domed mosquecommissioned by Murad marked the focal pointof the new commercial area, while a T-shapedEXLOGLQJSDWURQL]HGE\LKDEHGGLQLOOVWUHWFKHGcitys boundaries to the bridge over the Maritsa

(Meri) River.28

Placed purposefully on the spot

28 The bridge over Meri/Maritsa is believed to have been built by LalaDKLQ3DDVKRUWO\DIWHUWKHFRQTXHVW$VKRUWQRWHLQ1HULKRZHYHUmakes this assumption questionable. According to the narrative, inZKLOHRQKLVZD\WR.RVRYRZLWKWKHYDQJXDUGRIWKH2WWRPDQDUP\dDQGDUO$OL3DDZDVIRUFHGWRVSHQGWZRPRQWKVLQ)LOLEHbecause the Meri had risen and could not be crossed. Cf. Mehmed1HUL.LWkE&LKDQQPD9RO,(GV)DLN5HLW8QDWDQG0HKPHG.|\PHQ$QNDUD7UN7DULK.XUXPXS

where a traveller who follows the Via MilitarisZRXOGHQWHUWKHFLW\DQGWKXVEHLQJWKHUVWWKLQJa person encountered when he or she walked into3ORYGLYWKHFRPSOH[RI LKDEHGGLQLQFOXGHGDOVRa bath, medrese, soup kitchen, and the mausoleumof its patron. He also built a massive bath in theFHQWUDOSDUWWKHVRFDOOHG7DKWDNDOH+DPDPLOOZKLFKDSSDUHQWO\ZDVPHDQWWRVHUYHWKHFRQ-

gregation of the Muradiye. A large caravanserai,bedesten, and a number of single-domed mosqueswhich soon appeared in the central commercialarea, gave Plovdiv a more complete look, greatlyresembling, but at a smaller scale, the central areasof Edirne and Bursa.

Ayverdi.dHOHELYH,,VXOWDQ0XUDGGHYUL

SS5XGORI*UDG3ORYGLYSS The bath locally known as 7DKWDNDOH WDKWONDOk KDPDP was

destroyed in the early 20th century, which deprives us of theSRVVLELOLW\ WRQG RXW LWVVSRQVRUDQG GDWH RI FRQVWUXFWLRQ$Qaccounting book (muhasebe defteriRI LKDEHGGLQ3DDV)LOLEHwaqf,GDWLQJIURP$+%2$77I UHYHDOVthat the hamamwas supported by the waqfand in the course of theyear some repair work was done. This fact convincingly points toLKDEHGGLQ3DDDVWKHSHUVRQZKREXLOWWKH hamam. Since it wasapparently meant to serve the congregation of the nearby Muradiye,it is highly likely that the bath was built simultaneously with thePRVTXHRUVKRUWO\DIWHUZDUGVWKXVLQWKHV


10/15

Skopje (skb)7KHPRGLFDWLRQRI RXUODVWH[DPSOHRI %\]-

DQWLQR6ODYLF6NRSMHEHFRPLQJ2WWRPDQhVNEresembles even more greatly the transformationRI %XUVD -XVW DV LQ %XUVDXQGHU2UKDQ VRRQ

DIWHU WKH FLW\ IHOO LQWR WKHKDQGVRI 3DD


11/15

42



anheritage

0DMRUWKFHQWXU\2WWRPDQPRQXPHQWVLGHQWLHGRQDQSODQRI6NRSMHZLWKLGHQWLFDWLRQVRITXDUWHUQDPHVE\0HKPHWQED


12/15

3DD


13/15

44



anheritage

the patron, and most likely also a soup kitchenand a bath in its close vicinity.

The exploding population growth of Skopje,MXVW DV LQ%XUVD YHU\ VRRQ WXUQHG3DD


14/15

The large imperial communal mosque,which Skopje needed, was built by Murad II onlya few years after he completed a similar structurein Filibe.

The city of Skopje, during the period in ques-tion, was entirely dominated by the members ofone dynasty of raider commanders, the mightyVKDNRXOODU IDPLO\ EXW WKH FLW\V UHPRGHOOLQJand further development imitated at a smallerscale processes in Bursa or Edirne, which wereSDWURQL]HGE\WKHUXOLQJ2WWRPDQG\QDVW\-XVWDVWKHUVW2WWRPDQUXOHUVXVHGWKH7VKDSHGima-ret/zaviyes as key mechanisms to encourage thegrowth of urban settlement, the ucbeyis who at-

.XPEDUDF%RJR\HYLohVNSWH 2VPDQO SS g]HUhVNSWH7UNSS

Ayverdi, dHOHEL YH ,, VXOWDQ 0XUDG GHYUL SS .XPEDUDFBogoyevi, hVNSWH 2VPDQO SS g]HUhVNSWH 7UN pp.44-50.

tracted the periphery forces of the time adoptedWKHVW\OHRIWKHUVWVXOWDQVDQGHPSOR\HGLWLQthe cities under their control. Moreover, the per-ception of a city as an entity in which, on the onehand, there was a central area with a communalmosque and surrounding commercial buildings,and on the other a complex of a multifunctional

T-shaped building in the suburbs, comprisedthe very foundation of a marcher lords conceptfor establishing new towns. In this respect themodern city of Sarajevo, created from scratchE\VKDNROXVD%H\PLJKWEHDQRWKHUH[FHOOHQWexample.


15/15

reshaping urban space in the ottoman balkans - a study on the architectural development of edirne,...

Documents