TITLE OF THE RESEARCH

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

Bachelor of Science and Geology

Presented to the

College of Arts and Sciences

NAME

NAME

NAME

October 2015

Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction

The introduction of the study of any thesis or research work is the part which introduces

the reader to the topic being investigated. The introduction of the study should not be too lengthy

as to discourage the reader from reading them nor should it be too short that it will fail to cover

salient items for the introduction. The ideal number of pages for an introduction is the 1-3 pages.

In writing the introduction, the researcher should consider the following:

1. Describe the problem situation globally, nationally, an/or locally, specifically the trends

and issues in the field.

2. Cite the legal bases of the study (if applicable). Just use the in-text citation format.

3. Link the situation to the existing body of knowledge. Cite statistics and authoritative

sources to support the idea.

4. State the contribution of the study.

5. Make a clinching statement that will relate the introduction to the proposed research

problem.

6. Quotes, anecdotes, questions, examples, and broad statements—all of them can used

successfully to write an introduction for a research paper.

You may use the following examples when you write your introduction:

“We in America today are nearer the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the

history of any land.”—Herbert Hoover, August 11, 1928

Like an earthquake, the stock market crash of October 1929 cracked startlingly across the

United States, the herald of a crisis …

Take, for example, the opening sentences of Robert L. Herbert’s sweeping study

Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society: “When Henry Tuckerman came to Paris in

1867, one of the thousands of Americans attracted there by the huge international exposition, he

was bowled over by the extraordinary changes since his previous visit twenty years before.”

(Robert L. Herbert, Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society. New Haven, CT: Yale

University Press, 1988, p. 1.)

Ex:

A central problem in social science is that of accounting for the function of some kind of

social system. Yet in most social research, observations are not made on the system as a whole,

but on some part of it. In fact, the natural unit of observation is the individual person. (Coleman,

1999)

Or you may state…

The study of Coleman (1999) suggests that accounting poses a crucial problem for social

science hence it is

If you copy more than 40 words from an original source, use the hanging-indented format:

According to Duke (2015):

In The Sopranos, the mob is besieged as much by inner infidelity as it is by the federal government. Early in the series, the greatest threat to Tony's Family is his own biological family. One of his closest associates turns witness for the FBI, his mother colludes with his uncle to contract a hit on Tony, and his kids click through Web sites that track the federal crackdown in Tony's gangland. (p. 18)

If you just used a phrase or a sentence, you use quotation like the following example:

Take, for example, the opening sentences of Robert L. Herbert’s sweeping study

Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society: “When Henry Tuckerman came to Paris in

1867, one of the thousands of Americans attracted there by the huge international exposition, he

was bowled over by the extraordinary changes since his previous visit twenty years before.”

(Robert L. Herbert, Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and Parisian Society. New Haven, CT: Yale

University Press, 1988, p. 1.)

If it is from a newspaper you may write:

As stated in the Financial Review (2 August 2007, p. 17) 'two of Europe's biggest banks

yesterday unveiled hefty increases in income'.

Objectives

Write a general objective first. State: Generally, this research study aims to investigate

the geology and mineralization of the Seaman Gulch area, east Shasta mining district, Shasta

County, California.

Specifically it aims to:

1. Describe and map the Seaman Gulch and determine the rock units found in the area.

2. Determine if the volcanic rocks found in the area are of tertiary and quarternary age

altered by hydro-thermal and (or) metamorphic processes.

3. Examine the mineralization in the Seaman Gulch and other deposits and assess the

economic potential of the area.

Assumption

Assumption is a realistic expectation which is something that we believe to be true. It

provides a basis to develop theories and research instrument and therefore, influence the

development and implementation of the research process.

Hypothesis

Is a tentative answer to a specific question posed at the beginning of the investigation or

as specified in the sub-problem. It may be alternative or otherwise called operational hypothesis

(Ha), which is in the affirmative, without using no or not. On the other hand, then null hypothesis

(Ho) is stated in the negative.

Significance of the Study

In making this part of the research study, you must identify who will benefit from the results

of the investigation and what they may get from the investigation after the data have been

gathered, analysed and interpreted.

The result of this study will greatly benefit the following:

Respondents. The facts and information generated from this study will help them to …

improve their ….

Beneficiary 2. This study will provide insights for them….

Beneficiary 3. From the result of this research…

Community. The results will provide information….

Other Researchers. The results of this study may help them ….

Scope and Delimitation

The scope and delimitation of the study set the boundaries of the investigation. This part

specifically discusses the variables included in the investigation and the justification why they

are included. Likewise, it cites the variables which are excluded from the study and the reason

for their exclusion.

Scope refers to the area of coverage of the study while limitation refers to the furthest

extent within the coverage of the study which the researcher could cover due to inevitable

restriction. This part may also include the timeframe of the study, the possible respondents and

the place where the study is to be conducted.

Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related literature

Review of related literature provides the needed information on the theories, concepts

and principles which are essential in developing the conceptual and theoretical framework of the

planned topic. It provides the investigator with information on the theories about past researches

related to the topic under the study. In other words, the review of related literature and studies is

a proof that the current undertaking is not duplicative of any other work.

Related literature refers to books, periodicals, magazines, newspapers, legal reports and

other published materials containing facts, laws, theories/and other documented observations.

Related studies refers to theses, dissertations and research studies substantially

characterized by the presence of the following part: research problem, hypotheses, objectives,

related literature, methodology, findings, conclusions, recommendations and bibliography.

Just make sure that when making chapter 2 always be guided by the topic under

investigation. As much as possible gather as many related literatures and researches for your

study. Make sure the materials are as recent as possible; objective and unbiased as possible; and

as relevant as possible. You should also be able to identify the variables of the study, the

problems, the scope and delimitation and methodology. Organize the related literature and

related studies reviewed. Write a summative description of the research literature and studies

undertaken.

Just like your introduction, this part of the research paper must the in-text citation of

sources.

Example:

Webster and Phalen (1997) argued that people have fundamental needs for seeking out

news, but the expression of these needs is dependent of the media environment. In other words,

personal needs are limited by structural factors. A combination of both explanations is therefore

expected.

Schement (1998) argues is the calculus of modern media, ethnicity has emerged as a

potent determinant for organizing media segments.

As most people are aware, broadsheet newspapers tend to sell more within the elite and

upper middle classes, the mid markets tend to sell to the middle and lower middle classes and the

red tops tend to sell to the working classes, as shown by Worcester (1998).

Related studies

Use the following example is making your related studies:

In his supranational research, Lauf (2001) found that age has become the most powerful

explanatory value to understand the decline in newspaper readership. The reading population of

paid newspapers becomes older every year.

In the research conducted by Miller, Rainie, Purcell, Mitchell & Rosenstiel (2012) they

find out that along with rural residents, people who live in smaller towns are more likely to rely

on traditional news platforms such as television and newspapers to get local news; newspapers

are especially important to them for civic information

Synthesis of the Art

This part of the chapter includes a brief summary of the literature and studies reviewed. It

specifically stresses on the subject matter reviewed. From the related studies reviewed, the

researcher, should be able to identify the similarities and differences of the reviewed studies with

the present investigation. It is in this part of the research where one is able to identify whether

the research being investigated is a novel one, or a replication or duplication of another research.

Gap Bridged of the Study

This part of the research/thesis identifies the variables which were not explored by other

researchers, thus, became the focus of the investigation. The gap may either be along the subject

of the study, the methodology, the scope or coverage of the study or the subjects or the

respondents of the study.

Theoretical Framework

This is the logical presentation of the theory or theories that is or are linked to each of the

variables of the study which serves as a fundamental structure of the thesis.

What you will include in here is the illustration of the theories you have gathered and its

connection with your study.

Figure 1. Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

This part of the research paper must consist of the concepts (which are the variables of

your study). Concepts are by definition abstraction of observable phenomena, and our world

view and views and how those concepts are defined and operationalized.

Illustration of the connections of variables

Figure 2. Conceptual Paradigm

Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

Research Design

Research Design is the plan and structure of the investigation conceived so as to obtain

answers to research questions. This refers to a classified or categorized procedure for conducting

the research. The most popular classifications of research method are: Historical, Descriptive

(Qualitative—case study, ethnographic research; Quantitative---survey, cross-sectional,

longitudinal such as trend studies, cohort studies, panel studies), Correlational, Ex-post facto,

Evaluation, Experimental, and Exploratory.

Respondents

If the study requires a group of respondents, you may describe them here. Their gender,

age, their backgrounds. You get them through a sampling method. Types of sampling are:

probability sampling and non-probability sampling. Types of non-probability sampling are:

accidental sampling, quota sampling, convenience sampling. For probability sampling method

you may use: pure random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, purposive

sampling or cluster sampling method. Just consult statistical books to learn more about these

sampling methods.

Methodology

Here your may discuss the: Preliminaries. Letter to the

barangay/captain/dean/manager/respondents, etc.; Orientation/briefing of

enumerators/interviewers; Distribution system; Retrieval date; Follow-up activities and others.

This part may be sometimes called Data Gathering Procedure.

Data Gathering Instruments

Discuss the following: The construction of your instrument; the parts/section of your

instrument; the validity and reliability of the instrument; evaluation and scoring

Statistical Tools

Indicate the statistical tools of the study. Identify which part of the research problem will

make use of the specified statistical tool. Include the formula.

References