research output on artemisia ( artemisia annua ): a...

Annals of Library and Information Studies

Vol. 58, September 2011, pp. 237-248

Research output on Artemisia (Artemisia annua): a bibliometric study

Shri Ram

Deputy Librarian, Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, Solan – 173234 (Himachal Pradesh),

Email: [email protected]

Artemisia is a herb that yields a natural component known as ‘Artemisinin’ which is being used for the treatment of

Malaria worldwide. This paper uses data indexed in the PubMed database for the period of fifteen years (1996–2010) to

study the research on Artemisia. It has been found that publications on this subject grew to 712 percent in 2010 as compared

to 1996. China is one of the countries that has contributed a number of publications in this area. In India, Central Institute of

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh is a leading contributor of literature on Artemisia.

Introduction

Artemisia belongs to the tribe Arthemideae of the

subfamily Asteroideae of Asteraceae. Artemisia is a

large diverse genus of plants with 200-400 species1.

The species Artemisia annua is an annual herb that

grows naturally in the northern part of Chahar and

Suiauan provinces of China at around 1000-1500 m

above sea level. It is now naturalized in many

countries such as USA, Yugoslavia, Hungary,

Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, Argentina, Italy, France

and Spain and India.

Artemisia annua is the source of Artemisinin and

chemically, Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone

containing an unusual peroxide bridge. It is believed

that this peroxide is responsible for the drug's

mechanism of action. It is efficient against multidrug

resistant strain of Plasmodium, the malaria parasite2,3

.

Governmental and non-governmental organizations,

medical research centers and Food and Health

Organizations are working in close coordination with

research and development institutes to harness the

medicinal values of this plant especially in producing

herbal products. World Health Organization (WHO)

on advice of international experts has recommended

combinations of drugs to replace single drug use in

treatment of malaria caused by Plasmodium

falciparum4.

It is estimated that about 3.3 billion people - half of

the world's population - are at a risk of malaria. Every

year, it leads to about 250 million malaria cases and

nearly one million deaths. People living in the poorest

countries are the most vulnerable. WHO in its policies

have made provision and recommended Rapid

Diagnostic Test (RDT) to all patients suspected of

suffering from malaria. As per the guidelines framed

by WHO, confirmed cases of Plasmodium falciparum

malaria must be treated with an Artemisinin-based

combination therapy (ACT)5,6

.

Malaria is a serious problem especially in Africa,

where one in every five (20%) childhood deaths is

due to the effects of the disease. An African child has

on average between 1.6 and 5.4 episodes of malaria

fever each year, and every 30 seconds a child dies

from malaria. Food and Drug Administration (FDA),

USA has decided to use the drug Coartem (a

combination drug of two ingredients, a chemical

derivative of Artemisinin and lumefantrine, a broad-

spectrum antibiotic that stays in the body for about

seven days) as part of an expedited review reserved

for life-saving treatments of Malaria. Coartem is the

most effective treatment for Plasmodium falciparum

malaria, the most lethal form7,8

. According to drug-

maker Novartis, Coartem wipes out malaria in more

than 96 percent of patients in regions where malaria

has become resistant to older drugs. Traditional

medicines such as chloroquine work in only 50

percent of patients where the parasite is drug-

resistant.

According to the WHO statistics there were an

estimated 247 million malaria cases in 2006 out of

which nearly 881,000 patients died. Wormseed

(Artemisia absinthium) is another species of

Artemisia being used as powerful biological agent

ANN. LIB. INF. STU., SEPTEMBER 2011

238

against fungi, bacteria and even some harmful insects.

Artemisia tea is also used for strengthening immune

system of AIDS patients. Scientists are working on

Artemisia for the treatment of haemorrhoids, eye

infections, bronchitis, skin complaints - as ointment,

digestion related problems, and as a supportive

treatment for cancer. The medicinal values have

attracted medical scientists as well as biological

scientific community to explore more of the potential

use of this plant for the purpose of medicinal use and

eradication of some of the life threatening diseases

such as AIDS and malaria.

The administration of Artemisinin initiated drugs for

eradication of malaria in India9, its antipyretic and

anti inflammatory effect; strengthening immune

system against AIDS10

; cancer, as well as use of

Artemisia as herbal tea in Chinese community and its

other medicinal uses prompted this bibliometric study

on the research output on this plant.

Objectives of the study

The main objective of this study is to highlight the

publishing patterns and research output of Artemisia

during 1996–2010 indexed in PubMed (available at

http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/PubMed/). The specific objec-

tives of the study are:

• To find out the growth of publication during this

period;

• To identify the country-wise distribution of

papers;

• To analyze the type of publications;

• To identify language-wise publication patterns;

• To examine the productivity of journals

publishing papers related to Artemisia;

• To unfold the authorship patterns and productivity

amongst the publication of Artemisia; and

• To report the Indian publication activity on

Artemisia.

Methodology

Data was collected from PubMed database of

National Center for Biological Information, USA.

Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) indexing terms

were used to extract bibliographic information. Search

was carried out based on the keywords (Table 1)

available in ‘Title’, ‘MeSH terms’, and ‘Abstract’

limiting the time period i.e., year 1996-2010 (Fifteen

Years) through advanced search feature of PubMed.

The search criteria yielded 1526 records for this

period. After removing irrelevant records which were

not related to Artemisia, 1484 records were used for

data analysis.

Data preparation

XML/XSL transformation scripts have been used for

data extraction and data preparation. XSLT

(EXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations) is

a method used to convert XML document in any

desired style such as HTML, Excel or Text. XSL

processors transform whole XML documents into

another XML/HTML format according to XSLT style

sheets11

. Here in this study XSLT is used to convert

XML document into HTML table, one of the

prerequisites of bibliometric analysis is to have the

Table 1—MeSH indexing terms of Artemisia

MeSH Terms

Artemisias Mugwort Tarragon Plants Artemisia abrotanum

Sagewort Mugworts Artemisia maritima Artemisia abrotanums

Sageworts Wormwood Artemisia maritimas abrotanum, Artemisia

Sagebrush Wormwoods maritima, Artemisia abrotanums, Artemisia

Sagebrushs Artemisia dracunculus maritimas, Artemisia Southernwood

Wormseed, Levant dracunculus, Artemisia Artemisia vulgaris Southernwoods

Levant Wormseed Tarragon Plant Artemisia vulgari Artemisia judaica

Levant Wormseeds Plant, Tarragon vulgari, Artemisia Artemisia judaicas

Wormseeds, Levant Plants, Tarragon vulgaris, Artemisia judaica, Artemisia

SHRI RAM: RESEARCH OUTPUT ON ARTEMISIA (ARTEMISIA ANNUA): A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

239

data in a table format. In order to convert PubMed

bibliographic data in to HTML table the following

steps were followed:

Step 1: Used web edition of PubMed available at

NCBI (http://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed);

Step 2: Searching Artemisia publications using

advance search feature;

Step 3: Choosing Medline Format;

Step 4: Exporting bibliographic data as XML format

(Fig. 1).

Step 5: Design of XSL Transformation sheet using

XSL;

Step 6: Use of XSLT for the Transformation of XML

document into HTML Table (Fig. 2).

Analysis

Publication types

Artemisia related papers have been published in

variety of publication types. Table 2 depicts the

overall picture of various types of the Artemisia

publications as indexed in PubMed.

Majority of the papers have been published in the

form of journal articles. PubMed indexes publication

types under different headings such as research

support, English abstract, case studies, clinical trials,

etc. A total of 1228 publications amounting to 82.75

percent of articles are indexed as journal articles and

123 publications amounting to 8.29 percent papers are

comparative studies and the remaining literature

published differently as given in Table 2.

Language of publications

Majority of the papers have been published in English

language (89.22%). Table 3 shows that 7.95 percent

articles were published in Chinese, 0.81 percent

article came in Japanese language along with 0.74

percent in French and 0.34 percent in Russian.

Research output on Artemisia

A total of 1484 articles were published on Artemisia

during the period of fifteen years (1996 – 2010).

Table 4 and Fig. 3 shows there has been a consistent

growth during the period 1996-2010.

It is seen that from 25 articles in 1996, the research

output has grown to 203 articles in 2010 with an

increase in growth of 712 percent. This is an indicator

of global research interest in the field on Artemisia.

Country-wise distribution of publication in Artemisia

Table 4 shows the distribution of Artemisia

publications globally. Amongst the top 20 countries,

Fig. 1—Typical Medline record in XML format


240

China contributes majority of the publications (24%)

followed by USA (16%), Korea (12%) and Italy (5%).

Other countries like Germany, Japan, Spain and India

have a share of 4 percent each. UK, France, Austria

and Iran have 3 percent; Argentina, Netherlands and

Canada shares 2 percent each, while south Africa,

Turkey, Sweden, Brazil, Egypt and Poland shares 1

percent of total publications.

Total of 52 countries are having its participation of

the Artemisia publications. Out of the total 1484

publications, 1312 publication (88.41%) of the

contribution came from these 21 countries listed in

Table 5 and remaining of about 11 percent of the

publications came from rest of the countries of the

world.

Authorship pattern

Table 6 gives the authorship patterns of Artemisia

publications published in PubMed during the period

of 1996-2010. It can be seen the table that majority of

the papers have joint authorship with a large number

of papers authored by two to twelve authors (Fig 4).

The distribution of the authorship pattern and

contributed papers is given in Table 7. There are 4040

(79.23%) authors who have contributed at least one

paper on Artemisia during the period of study, either

Fig. 2—HTML table conversion using XML/XSL transformation with basic bibliographic information

Fig. 3—Growth of literature on Artemisia indexed in PubMed


241

singly or in collaboration with the others. There are

eight authors who have ten or more than ten papers to

their credit.

Journal productivity

The 1484 Artemisia publications are distributed

amongst 482 journals published globally. Table 8

gives a ranking of top thirty journals in which ten or

more than ten documents on Artemisia are published.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology has published highest

number of 66 articles (4.45%) up to 2010.

India’s contribution to Artemisia research

India is one of the countries in the world where the

cases of malaria are prominent. The WHO in 2008

reported that there had been 10.6 million cases of

malaria and 15,000 deaths from this disease during

2006. There are various approaches applied by

scientists to estimate the global burden of P.

falciparum, one of which is “Malaria Atlas Project”12

.

According to a report by scientists concerned with it,

the extent of disease caused by P. falciparum has

been about 102 million in 200713

in India. P.

Table 2—Types of Artemisia publication indexed in PubMed

Sl. no. Publication types Total count Percentage (%)

1 Journal article 1228 82.75

2 Comparative study 123 8.29

3 Case reports 26 1.75

4 Historical article 21 1.42

5 Clinical trial 18 1.21

6 Letter 16 1.08

7 In Vitro 15 1.01

8 Comment 13 0.88

9 Evaluation studies 11 0.74

10 Biography 5 0.34

11 Congresses 1 0.07

12 Editorial 1 0.07

13 Not available 6 0.4

Total 1484 100

Fig. 4—Authorship patterns


242

falciparum infections are particularly high in forested

areas, inhabited by ethnic tribes. These areas include

the states of Orissa, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and

Chhattisgarh. The other type of malaria which is

caused by Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is usually less

lethal than P. falciparum. Almost half of the cases of

malaria in the country account for P. vivax.

Scientists are of the opinion that it is essential to

obtain a true picture of the burden of malaria in India

as it would enable to set up priorities in planning and

resource allocation of budget for its control and

gradual eradication. The National Anti-malaria

program was initiated in 1953. Over the last 54 years,

the problem of malaria has been effectively controlled

over the most parts of the country. The remaining

high endemic areas contribute 80 percent of burden of

disease in the country. These areas where P. vivax are

affecting Indian population is the remote and

inaccessible areas spread across the North Eastern

States, Orissa, Jharkhand, West Bengal, Chhatisgarh,

Table 3—Language of publication

Sl. no. Language of Publications Total Papers Percentage (%)

1 English (Eng) 1324 89.22

2 Chineese (Chi) 118 7.95

3 Japanese (Jpn) 12 0.81

4 French (Fre) 11 0.74

5 Russian (Rus) 5 0.34

6 German (Ger) 4 0.27

7 Polish (Pol) 3 0.20

8 Spanish (Spa) 2 0.13

9 Bosnian (Bos) 1 0.07

10 Mande language (dan) Spoken in Liberia 1 0.07

11 Dutch (Dut) 1 0.07

12 Korean (Kor) 1 0.07

13 Norvenian (Nor) 1 0.07

Total 1484 100.00

Table 4—Year-wise publication of Artemisia literature

Sl. no. Year No. of publications Percentage Cumulative percentage

1 1996 25 1.68 1.68

2 1997 30 2.02 3.71

3 1998 42 2.83 6.54

4 1999 39 2.63 9.16

5 2000 58 3.91 13.07

6 2001 61 4.11 17.18

7 2002 87 5.86 23.05

8 2003 84 5.66 28.71

9 2004 114 7.68 36.39

10 2005 117 7.88 44.27

11 2006 139 9.37 53.64

12 2007 136 9.16 62.8

13 2008 167 11.25 74.06

14 2009 182 12.26 86.32

15 2010 203 13.68 100

Total 1484 100


243

Table 5—Country wise distribution of publication on Artemisia

Sl. no. Country Number of publications Percentage (%)

1 China 315 21.18

2 USA 212 14.26

3 Korea 159 10.69

4 Italy 69 4.64

5 Germany 60 4.03

6 Japan 54 3.64

7 Spain 54 3.64

8 India 56 3.77

9 UK 44 2.96

10 France 37 2.49

11 Austria 36 2.43

12 Iran 36 2.43

13 Argentina 31 2.09

14 Netherlands 24 1.62

15 Canada 23 1.55

16 South Africa 19 1.28

17 Sweden 19 1.28

18 Turkey 18 1.21

19 Brazil 16 1.08

20 Egypt 15 1.01

21 Poland 15 1.01

Total 1312 88.41

Table 6—Authorship distribution of articles on Artemisia

Number of authors Number of articles Number of authors

0 3 0

1 88 88

2 181 362

3 221 663

4 258 1032

5 231 1155

6 152 912

7 133 931

8 77 616

9 35 315

10 40 400

11 26 286

12 16 192

13 10 130

14 4 56

15 3 45

16 1 16

20 1 20

23 1 23

24 1 24

26 1 26

32 1 32

Total 1484 7324


244

Table 7—Authors and their contribution of papers on Artemisia

Number of papers contributed No. of authors Percent (%)

1 4040 79.23

2 760 14.9

3 164 3.22

4 57 1.12

5 36 0.71

6 18 0.35

7 5 0.1

8 7 0.14

9 4 0.08

10 3 0.06

11 3 0.06

12 1 0.02

13 1 0.02

Total 5099 100

Table 8—Top 30 Journals published more than ten articles on Artemisia

Sl. no. Journals Papers published Percent (%)

1 Journal of Ethnopharmacology 66 4.45

2 Planta Medica 54 3.64

3 Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi = China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica 37 2.49

4 Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao = The Journal of Applied Ecology (Chinese) 33 2.22

5 Phytochemistry 26 1.75

6 Phytotherapy Research : PTR 26 1.75

7 Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 24 1.62

8 Journal of Natural Products 21 1.42

9 Archives of Pharmacology Research 19 1.28

10 Allergy 17 1.15

11 Oecologia 17 1.15

12 Journal of Chromatography. A 16 1.08

13 Journal of Chemical Ecology 15 1.01

14 Natural Product Communications 15 1.01

15 Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology 14 0.94

16 Zhong Yao Cai = Journal of Chinese Medicinal Materials 14 0.94

17 Fitoterapia 13 0.88

18 International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 13 0.88

19 Allergologia et Immunopathologia 12 0.81

20 Clinical and Experimental Allergy 12 0.81

21 Journal of Investigational Allergology & Clinical Immunology 12 0.81

22 Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 11 0.74

23 Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 11 0.74

24 International Journal of Biometeorology 11 0.74

25 Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 10 0.67

26 Environmental Management 10 0.67

27 Food and Chemical Toxicology 10 0.67

28 Natural Product Research 10 0.67

29 Plant Cell Reports 10 0.67

30 Veterinary Parasitology 10 0.67


245

Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,

and Andhra Pradesh14

. Some of the strategies and

control of malaria adopted by Ministry of Health,

Government of India being implemented as early case

detection and prompt treatment (EDPT); integrated

vector control; information, education,

communication towards personal prevention,

community participation and institutional

management capacity building.

Research groups from the India have published many

works on the extraction of Artemisinin from its plant

source, Artemisia annua. Some key organization like

Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Fig. 5—Contribution of Indian states on Artemisia research

Table 9—Indian authorship patterns

Authorship patterns No. of authors Percent (%) Cumulative percentage

1 1 0.47 0.47

2 18 8.41 8.88

3 42 19.63 28.5

4 64 29.91 58.41

5 45 21.03 79.44

6 30 14.02 93.46

7 14 6.54 100

Total 214 100


246

Table 10—Indian publications on Artemisia with more than 10 citations

Sl.

no.

Article Total number

of citations

since

published

1 Dhingra V, Rao K Vishweshwar and Narasu, M Lakshmi Current status of artemisinin and its derivatives as

antimalarial drugs, Life Sciences, 66(4) (1999) 279-300.

150

2 Abdin, M Z, Israr, M Rehman, R U and Jain S K Artemisinin, a novel antimalarial drug: biochemical and

molecular approaches for enhanced production, Planta Medica 69(4) (2003) 289-299.

98

3 Thatte U, Bagadey, S and Dahanukar S, Modulation of programmed cell death by medicinal plants, Cellular

and Molecular Biology, 46(1) (2000) 199-214.

85

4 Tripathi A K, Prajapati V, Aggarwal K K, Khanuja S P and Kumar S, Repellency and toxicity of oil from

Artemisia annua to certain stored-product beetles, Journal of Economic Entomology, 93(1) (2000) 43-47.

65

5 Sriram D, Rao V S, Chandrasekhara, K V G and Yogeeswari, P, Progress in the research of artemisinin and

its analogues as antimalarials: an update, Natural Product Research, 18(6) (2004) 503-527.

60

6 Subramoniam A, Pushpangadan P, Rajasekharan S, Evans D A, Latha P G and Valsaraj R, Effects of

Artemisia pallens Wall. on blood glucose levels in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats, Journal of

Ethnopharmacology, 50(1) (1996) 13-17.

51

7 Tripathi A K, Prajapati V, Aggarwal K K and Kumar S, Toxicity, feeding deterrence, and effect of activity of

1,8-cineole from Artemisia annua on progeny production of Tribolium castanaeum (Coleoptera:

Tenebrionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, 94(4) (2001) 979-83.

28

8 Sangwan R S, Sangwan, N S, Jain D C, Kumar S and Ranade S A, RAPD profile based genetic

characterization of chemotypic variants of Artemisia annua L, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

International, 47(6) (1999) 935-344.

27

9 Sharma P, Mohan L and Srivastava C N, Phytoextract-induced developmental deformities in malaria vector.,

Bioresource Technology, 97(14) (2006) 1599-1604.

23

10 Dhingra V and Narasu, M L, Purification and characterization of an enzyme involved in biochemical

transformation of arteannuin B to artemisinin from Artemisia annua, Biochemical and Biophyscial Research

Communications, 281(2) (2001) 558-561.

24

11 Sen R, Bandyopadhyay S, Dutta A, Mandal G, Ganguly S, Saha P and Chatterjee, M, Artemisinin triggers

induction of cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Leishmania donovani promastigotes, Journal of Medical

Microbiology, 56(9) (2007) 1213-1218.

31

12 Senthilkumar N, Varma P and Gurusubramanian G, Larvicidal and adulticidal activities of some medicinal

plants against the malarial vector, Anopheles stephensi (Liston), Parasitology Research, 104(2) (2009) 237-

244.

22

13 Baldi A and Dixit V K, Yield enhancement strategies for artemisinin production by suspension cultures of

Artemisia annua, Bioresource Technology, 99(11) (2008) 4609-4614.

20

14 Bhandari P, Gupta A P, Singh B, and Kaul V K, Simultaneous densitometric determination of artemisinin,

artemisinic acid and arteannuin-B in Artemisia annua using reversed-phase thin layer chromatography,

Journal of Separation Science, 28(17) (2005) 2288-2292.

16

15 Sharma P and Sharma, J D, Plants showing antiplasmodial activity--from crude extracts to isolated

compounds, Indian Journal of Malariology, 35(2) (1998) 57-110.

16

16 Ram M, Gupta M M, Dwivedi S and Kumar S, Effect of plant density on the yields of artemisinin and

essential oil in Artemisia annua cropped under low input cost management in North-Central India, Planta

Medica, 63(4) (1997) 372-374.

15

17 Singh B, Srivastava J S, Khosa R L and Singh, U P, Individual and combined effects of berberine and

santonin on spore germination of some fungi, Folia Microbiologica, 46(2) (2001) 137-142.

14

18 Kapoor R, Chaudhary V and Bhatnagar A K, Effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and phosphorus application

on artemisinin concentration in Artemisia annua L., Micorrhiza, 17(7) (2007) 581-587.

14

19 Banerjee S, Zehra M, Gupta M M and Kumar S, Agrobacterium rhizogenes-mediated transformation of

Artemisia annua: production of transgenic plants, Planta Medica, 63(5) (1997) 467-469.

13

20 Sukul N C, Ghosh S and Sinhababu S P, Reduction in the number of infective Trichinella spiralis larvae in

mice by use of homeopathic drugs, Forsch Komplementarmed Klass Naturheilkd, 12(4) (2005) 202-205.

11

21 Kiran U and Patra D D, Medicinal and aromatic plant materials as nitrification inhibitors for augmenting

yield and nitrogen uptake of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L. Var. Piperascens), Bioresource Technology,

86(3) (2003) 267-76.

10


247

(CIMAP), Lucknow, University of Delhi, Institute of

Himalayan Resource, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh

are working on Artemisia research. Figure 5 shows

the Indian states contribution to Artemisia research.

Table 9 presents the authorship patterns of Indian

authors contributing papers on Artemisia research.

Two hundred and fourteen authors have contributed

the 56 papers during the period of 1996-2010.

Table 10 present the status of Indian author’s

contribution with more than 10 citations based on

citation count available through Google Scholar15

. All

the 56 Indian publications were individually searched

at http://scholar.google.com and the number of

citation were noted down with more than 10 citations.

The article entitled “Current status of artemisinin and

its derivatives as antimalarial drugs” contributed by

Dhingra, V; Vishweshwar Rao, K; Lakshmi Narasu,

M, published in 1999, received the highest number of

citation i.e., 150 received as on the date of

communication of this paper.

Conclusion

Artemisia is one of the important medicinal herbs

yields ‘Artemisinin’ compound. It has been used in

China in the treatment of fevers for more than 1000

years. Artemisinin has a high therapeutic index in

treatment of the malaria. This compound is gaining

importance as it is now being administered globally

and research in Artemisia in growing as reflected in

this study. The publications of Artemisia mostly

appeared in the form of journals articles (87%) and in

English language (89.22%). There were 52 countries

participated in the research publication and China has

contributed highest number of articles with 315

(21.18%) and ranked number during the period of

study, where as India’s position is eighth with 56

publication spread over the period of 15 years. Most

of the papers have been written as joint authorship

and the author’s collaboration is highest between 2 to

12 authors. Journal of Eethnopharmacology

published by Elsevier B.V. got highest number of

article published with 66 publications. The Indian

scientists too actively working in this area and their

contribution is being recognized globally. The article

published by V. Dhingra et al got highest number of

Google Scholar® Citation (150 citations) since 1999

of its publication in the journal Life Science. The

medicinal value of Artemisinin is being used as a

supplement for the treatment of various diseases such

as P. falciparum and Plasmodium vivax malaria and

immune system related diseases such as AIDS. This

study is limited to some of the very basic bibliometric

analysis. Scientometric studies on Artemisia based on

other need to be carried out to compare with the

findings of the present study.

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