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University of Massachusetts Amherst

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https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Robertson6?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Robertson6?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Hamill?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Hamill?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Massachusetts_Amherst2?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Hamill?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joseph_Hamill?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Robertson6?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_7https://www.researchgate.net/institution/University_of_Ottawa?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_6https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Robertson6?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_5https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Douglas_Robertson6?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_4https://www.researchgate.net/?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_1https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258034032_Research_Methods_in_Biomechanics_Second_edition_eBook?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_3https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258034032_Research_Methods_in_Biomechanics_Second_edition_eBook?enrichId=rgreq-67239600-073c-435c-a1ea-9a76b1667a1c&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1ODAzNDAzMjtBUzoxMDI2MzA2NTUyNjY4MjZAMTQwMTQ4MDQ2MzcyMA%3D%3D&el=1_x_2


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Research

Methods in

Biomechanics

SECOND EDITION

HUMAN KINETICS

D. GORDON E. ROBERTSON

University of Ottawa

GRAHAM E. CALDWELL

University of Massachusetts, Amherst

JOSEPH HAMILL


GARY KAMEN


SAUNDERS N. WHITTLESEY



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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Robertson, D. Gordon E., 1950- author.

Research methods in biomechanics / D. Gordon E. Robertson, Graham E. Caldwell, Joseph Hamill, Gary Kamen, Saunders N.

Whittlesey. -- 2nd edition.

p. ; cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

I. Caldwell, Graham E., 1954- author. II. Hamill, Joseph, 1946- author. III. Kamen, Gary, author. IV. Whittlesey, Saunders N.,author. V. Title.

[DNLM: 1. Biomechanics. 2. Research Design. WE 103]

QP303

612.7’6072--dc23

2013017879

ISBN-10: 0-7360-9340-0 (print)

ISBN-13: 978-0-7360-9340-8 (print)

Copyright © 2014, 2004

by D. Gordon E. Robertson, Graham E. Caldwell, Joseph Hamill, Gary Kamen, and Saunders N. Whittlesey

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DEDICATION

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v

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Introduction Biomechanics Analysis Techniques: A Primer . . . . . . . . . . . .X Gary Kamen

What Tools Are Needed in Biomechanics? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Applications of the Principles of Biomechanics: An Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Numerical Accuracy and Significant Digits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

PART I KINEMATICS XX

Chapter 1 Planar Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX D. Gordon E. Robertson and Graham E. Caldwell

Description of Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Degrees of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Kinematic Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Linear Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Angular Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Suggested Readings

Chapter 2 Three-Dimensional Kinematics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX Joseph Hamill, W. Scott Selbie, and Thomas M. Kepple

Collection of Three-Dimensional Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Coordinate Systems and Assumption of Rigid Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Transformations between Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Defining the Segment LCS for the Lower Extremity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Pose Estimation: Tracking the Segment LCS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Joint Angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Joint Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration of Cardan Joint Angles. . . . . . . XX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXSuggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Contents


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vi } Contents

PART II KINETICS XX

Chapter 3 Body Segment Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX D. Gordon E. Robertson

Methods for Measuring and Estimating Body Segment Parameters . . . . . . . . . . XXTwo-Dimensional (Planar) Computational Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Three-Dimensional (Spatial) Computational Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Chapter 4 Forces and Their Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX Graham E. Caldwell, D. Gordon E. Robertson, and Saunders N. Whittlesey

Force. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Newton’s Laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Free-Body Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXTypes of Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Moment of Force, or Torque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Linear Impulse and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Angular Impulse and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Measurement of Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX


Chapter 5 Two-Dimensional Inverse Dynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .XX Saunders N. Whittlesey and D. Gordon E. Robertson

Planar Motion Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Numerical Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Human Joint Kinetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX


Chapter 6 Energy, Work, and Power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX D. Gordon E. Robertson

Energy, Work, and the Laws of Thermodynamics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Conservation of Mechanical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Ergometry: Direct Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Ergometry: Indirect Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Mechanical Efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XX

Suggested Readings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX


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Chapter 7 Three-Dimensional Kinetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX W. Scott Selbie, Joseph Hamill, and Thomas Kepple

Segments and Link Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

3-D Inverse Dynamics Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Presentation of the Net Moment Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXJoint Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Interpretation of Net Joint Moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Sources of Error in Three-Dimensional Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX


PART III MUSCLES, MODELS, AND MOVEMENT XXX

Chapter 8 Electromyographic Kinesiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX Gary Kamen

Physiology of the Electromyographic Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Recording and Acquir ing the Electromyographic Signal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Analyzing and Interpreting the Electromyographic Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Applications for Electromyographic Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX


Chapter 9 Muscle ModelingGraham E. Caldwell

The Hill Muscle Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Muscle-Specific Hill Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Beyond the Hill Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX


Chapter 10 Computer Simulation of Human Movement . . . . . . . . . . . XXX Saunders N. Whittlesey and Joseph Hamill

Overview: Modeling As a Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Why Simulate Human Movement?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

General Procedure for Simulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Control Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Limitations of Computer Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX



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Chapter 11 Musculoskeletal Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX Brian R. Umberger & Graham E. Caldwell

Musculoskeletal Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Control Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Analysis Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXSummary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX


PART IV FURTHER ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES XXX

Chapter 12 Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX Timothy R. Derrick and D. Gordon E. Robertson

Characteristics of a Signal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Time-Dependent Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Sampling Theorem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Ensuring Circular Continuity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Smoothing Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX


Chapter 13 Dynamical Systems Analysis of Coordination . . . . . . . . . XXX Richard E.A. van Emmerik, Ross H. Miller, and Joseph Hamill

Movement Coordination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Foundations for Coordination Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Quantifying Coordination: Relative Phase Methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Quantifying Coordination: Vector Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Overview of Coordination Analysis Techniques. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX


Chapter 14 Analysis of Biomechanical Waveform Data . . . . . . . . . . . XXX Kevin J. Deluzio, Andrew J. Harrison, Norma Coffey, and Graham E. Caldwell

Biomechanical Waveform Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Principal Component Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Functional Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Comparison of PCA and FDA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX



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Contents | ixContents | ix

Appendix A: International System of Units (System International, SI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Appendix B: Selected Factors for Converting Between Units of Measure . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Appendix C: Basic Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Appendix D: Vectors and Scalars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Appendix E: Matrices and Matrix Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Appendix F: Numerical Integration of Double Pendulum Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Appendix G: Derivation of Double Pendulum Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Appendix H: Discrete Fourier Transform Subroutine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Appendix I: Shannon’s Reconstruction Subroutine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Example Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXXIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX

About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XXX


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x

Biomechanics is a highly technical eld, and its

research methods change as rapidly as does

technology. Research techniques are regularly

replaced with new techniques because of the avail-

ability of faster and more sophisticated software and

hardware. For example, 25 years ago many researchers

used cinematography to record human motion; 10 years

later cinematography was almost obsolete, having been

replaced by VHS videography; and now, digital and

infrared videography have become the preferred motion

capture technologies. Faster computers with essentially

unlimited memory can process data using more complex

analyses and more sophisticated statistical methods.Given these realities, this edition has added up-to-date

research methods to existing chapters and includes sev-

eral new chapters that outline advanced analytical tools

for investigating human movement.

This text is organized into four parts. Parts I and II

retain their structure from the rst edition, with part I

exploring planar and three-dimensional kinematics in

research and part II examining issues of body segment

parameters, forces, and energy, work, and power as they

relate to two- and three-dimensional inverse dynamics

analysis. Within the rst two parts, chapters 2 and 7

have been extensively revised to reect current research

practices in biomechanics. Chapter 7 now reects how

inverse dynamics analyses are carried out by the

software Visual3D, which is an example of software

that provides inverse dynamics analysis. A Visual3D

Educational Edition is provided with this book pur-

chase, so that the reader can experience the process

of kinematic and kinetic analysis of human motion

using Visual3D.

Part III of the text deals with the study of muscle

activity and the mathematical modeling of human

movement. Chapter 9, Muscle Modeling , has been

updated and is bolstered by the addition of chapter

11, Musculoskeletal Modeling . Chapter 9 retains itsemphasis on the Hill model and now includes more

information on how to obtain parameters to allow

the Hill model to represent individual muscles in

a subject-specic manner. We have removed some

of the musculoskeletal model material from the

original chapter and include it in the new chapter

11, which is coauthored by Brian R. Umberger and

Graham E. Caldwell. Chapter 11 explores the use

of musculoskeletal models in analyzing human

Preface

movement, an area of growing interest that permits

the study of muscle forces beyond that allowed by

inverse dynamics. Other chapters in part III address

electromyographic (EMG) kinesiology and computer

simulation of movement. EMG permits the monitoring

and analysis of the active contractile characteristics of

muscles, whereas computer simulations permit the study

of motions without requiring that a subject perform the

motion, which allows researchers, physicians, therapists,

or coaches to test novel motions without placing people

at risk of injury.

Part IV explores further analytical procedures that

can be applied to biomechanical data, beginning withsignal processing techniques and then moving on to

two chapters new to the second edition. Chapter 13,

Dynamical Systems Methods for the Analysis of Move-

ment Coordination, coauthored by Richard E.A. van

Emmerik, Ross H. Miller, and Joseph Hamill, outlines

the theories and analytic methods used to investigate

movement in complex systems with many degrees of

freedom. This chapter focuses on how we assess and

measure coordination and stability in changing move-

ment patterns, and it examines the role of movement

variability in health and disease. Chapter 14, Analysis

of Biomechanical Waveform Data, coauthored by Kevin

J. Deluzio, Andrew J. Harrison, Norma Coffey, and

VISUAL3D EDUCATIONAL EDITIONNew to this edition is the access to the Visual3D Edu-cational Edition software, created by C-Motion. TheVisual3D Educational Edition can be used to displayC3D and CMO data sets, but also provides the ability tomanipulate sample data sets to help readers understandkinetic and kinematic calculations and to provide experi-ence with professional biomechanical research software.

To download the Visual3D Educational Edition, visit http://textbooks.c-motion.com and enter this user name andpassword:

User name: n

Password: n

For support, contact \qq Contact email for c-motionsupport to come xqq\


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xii } Preface

Graham E. Caldwell, outlines statistical tools to identify

the essential characteristics of any human movement.

Biomechanists are faced with the sometimes daunting

task of determining which variable or variables from

thousands of possibilities (linear and angular kinematics,

linear and angular kinetics) best characterize a particular

motion. Techniques in this chapter can be used to selectthe best combination of these factors. Human gait is

used as one example of motion, but the techniques can

be applied to any motion.

Each chapter includes an overview, a summary, and a

list of suggested readings for those interested in learning

more. In select chapters, sample problems are provided

to serve as learning aids, and answers are provided in

the back of the text. Sections titled From the Scientic

Literature highlight the ways in which biomechanical

research techniques have been used in both classic andcutting-edge studies in the eld. The appendixes provide

helpful mathematical and technical references, and a

glossary provides a reference for terminology.

research methods in biomechanics

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