Research Methodology

研究方法

研究RESEARCH

A good research is…良い研究は…

SYSTEMATIC体制的: Reject the use of

guessing & intuition, but DOES NOT rule out creative thinking

CONTROLLEDコントロール: Variables

are identified & controlled, wherever possible

LOGICAL論理的: Guided by rules of logical

reasoning & logical process of induction& deduction

Deduction (Aristotle)推論

- From whole to part

Induction (Francis Bacon) 帰納 - From number of Observations

EMPIRICAL実証的: Provide a basis for

external validity to results (validation)

REPLICABLE重複: Verified by replicating the

study

SELF CORRECTING自ら修正: Built in

mechanism & open to public scrutiny by fellow professionals

変数VARIABLE

Research Process 研究プロセス

1. Defining the research theme or idea

研究テーマを設立

A good idea is…良いアイデアは…Personal個人的

Novel新た

Useful有意義

To think a good idea one must REVIEW THE EXISTING RESEARCH. 良いアイデア考える為に先行研究を調べなければなりません。

2. Formulating the research problem

研究問題を明確化

The problem

問題点

The problem MUST express one or more relations between variables.

問題点は必ず変数の一つまたは一つ以上と関連する。

The Problem must be clearly expressed as a question. 問題点は必ず明白的な質問を通して表現する。

Objectives

目標The Objectives MUST be measurable.目標は必ず測定可能。

An objective MUST NOT contain moral or aesthetic judgments.目標は必ず道徳または美感覚を含めない。

Research Questions.

研究質問

What?何？

Who?誰？

When?いつ？

Why?なぜ？

How?どうやって？

etc.など

Viability. 実行可能性Time.時間

Money.お金

People.人

Etc.などRelevance

重要

Convenience利便

Social relevance社会的関連

Practical Implications具体的結果

Theoretical value理論的価値

Methodological value方法論的価値

Consequences

結果

3. Conceptual(or Theoretic) Framework

観念的枠組み

Previous Research. 先行研究

Current Theories.

現在理論

Academic perspectives. アカデミック観点

4. Development of working hypotheses

仮説を立てるA hypotheses MUST refer to a real situation.仮説は必ず現実の状況を表現する。

Types of Hypotheses 仮説種類Descriptive 叙述的

Correlational 関連的

Differential 差別的

Causal 因果的Hypotheses contains variables which can be measured.

仮説の変数が必ず測定可能。

The role of the hypothesis is to guide the researcher by delimiting the area of research and to keep

him on the right track. 仮説の役割とは研究者を導くことです。

A hypotheses MUST BE Testable.仮説は必ず実験可能。

5. Preparing the research design

研究方法を立てる

6. Determining sample design

統計方法を立てる

7. Collecting the data

データーを集計

8. Analysis of dataデーターを分析

9. Hypothesis-testing 仮説を検証

Experimentation is done to test hypotheses and to discover new relationships. If any, among

variables.変数同士の関連性の仮説を証明する実験

10. Generalisations and interpretation

結論とまとめ

11. Preparation of the report or the thesis

論文をまとめ

Types of Research 研究種類

Descriptive 叙述的 - Analytical 分解的

WHAT? 何？

WHY? なぜ？

Applied 応用的 - Fundamental 理論的Problem 問題

Theory 理論

Quantitative 数量的 - Qualitative 質的How much, many, fast, heavy, long, etc. いくつ?

Why? なぜ？

Conceptual 概念的 - Empirical 実証的

Abstract idea 抽象的アイデア

Applied idea 応用的アイデア

研究とは体制的に新しい知識を身につける事です。Systematised effort to gain new knowledge

変数とは変化する特徴、この特徴が計る事が出来る。A property which can change and its variations can be measured.

Empirical research relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment.

Conceptual research is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory. It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterpret existing ones.

Qualitative research, on the other hand, is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., phenomena relating to or involving quality or kind. This type of research aims at discovering the underlying motives and desires, using in depth interviews for the purpose.

Quantitative research is based on the measurement of quantity or amount.

Concerned with generalisations and with the formulation of a theory.

Applied research aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial/business organisation。"Discover a solution for some pressing practical problem"

The analytical research usually concerns itself with cause-effect relationships

The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs as it exists at present.　The methods of research used in descriptive research are survey methods of all kinds, including comparative and correlational methods.

Describes the existence, size, form or distribution of some variable. A descriptive hypothesis can be defined as a hypothesis that cautiously describes a behaviour in terms of its particular characteristics, and/or the situation in which it occurs (Heiman, 2002). The reason it picks out certain characteristics is because it provides a goal for observations. When we form descriptive hypothesis, we are not aiming to find the reason behind a particular behaviour. Instead, what it explains is that certain behaviours do occur and that they are "able to be measured, giving a general direction to our observations" (Heiman, 2002).

Only shows the correlation between two or more variables but no claims are made that one causes the other.

Only shows the difference between two or more variables but no claims are made that one causes the other.

A hypothesis that predicts a cause and effect relationship between one or variables under examination.

Hypotheses are temporal assumptions about the relationship between variables.

仮説とは変数の間の関係についての時間的な仮定です。

Execution of the project プロジェクトを実行