research article enterprise-oriented iot name service for...

Research ArticleEnterprise-Oriented IoT Name Service for AgriculturalProduct Supply Chain Management

Yi Liu12 He Wang1 Junyu Wang1 Kan Qian2 Ning Kong3 Kaijiang Wang2

Lirong Zheng1 Yiwei Shi1 and Daniel W Engels4

1State Key Laboratory of ASIC amp System Fudan University Shanghai 200433 China2JMIT Co Ltd Shanghai 200023 China3China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) Beijing 100190 China4Computer Science and Engineering Department Southern Methodist University Dallas TX 752750100 USA

Correspondence should be addressed to Junyu Wang junyuwangfudaneducn

Received 6 December 2014 Revised 15 January 2015 Accepted 18 January 2015

Academic Editor Houbing Song

Copyright copy 2015 Yi Liu et al This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License whichpermits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited

Internet ofThings (IoT) technologies have a great potential to improve the safety and quality of agricultural products By providingnear continuous monitoring from planting through harvesting and to our homes IoT technologies are able to provide farm tofork visibility with all of the resulting benefits that accrue from that visibility Unique identification provides the foundation ofthese benefits with a name service enabling efficient storage and retrieval of the data associated with each identifier In this workwe present iotNS a simple efficient enterprise-oriented name service designed for agricultural products The iotNS provides fivetimes faster response than the standard GS1 ONS system The iotNS has been deployed across five cities to enable the efficientstorage and retrieval of information about agricultural products as they are tracked from the farm to the market The deploymenthas shown that the visibility provided by iotNS is a mechanism that fosters cooperation and supply chain improvements among theenterprises using the iotNS

1 Introduction

Food safety is a critical issue that has received global atten-tion due to incidents affecting the global supply chain ofagricultural and food products Agricultural products haveincurred the highest rate of incidents which in turn hasheightened consumer awareness of food safety issues Eventhough significant commercial and academic work has beenperformed to mitigate the food safety risks no solutionhas received significant adoption and incidents continueto occur particularly in China and other large agriculturalcountries The most promising food safety technologies arebased on Internet ofThings (IoT) technologies that make thefood supply chains more transparent by uniquely identifyingitems throughout their life from farm to fork and using thatvisibility to enhance the safety and freshness of the consumedfoods

The IoT was first proposed in 1999 [1 2] as a way tomerge the physical world with the cyber world Throughthe use of automated identification technologies such asradio frequency identification (RFID) systems and barcodesitems can be uniquely identified and located within an IoTenabled environment Strategically placed readers automati-cally identify items as they pass by with the reader acting asa network gateway through which the IoT enabled items cancommunicate A name service may be used to locate the dataand information stores for each uniquely identified itemThelimit of the IoT tagging device functionality is determinedsolely by the size and cost constraints of the applicationsHigh value items may utilize IoT devices that are effec-tively small computers While most agricultural and foodproducts are more suited to utilizing low-cost passive RFIDdevices

Hindawi Publishing CorporationInternational Journal of Distributed Sensor NetworksVolume 2015 Article ID 308165 12 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552015308165

2 International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks

The IoT is recognized as one of the most promisingnetworking paradigms that bridges the gap between the cyberand physical worlds [3] The on-item tagging devices areonly one portion of the IoT providing item connectivity tothe Internet IoT specific services such as name servicesand location services support the IoT making the IoT anapplication which can be executed on top of the Internet justlike the World Wide Web The complete IoT can be used tomanage both static and dynamic data and information for arange of items including agricultural products quickly andconveniently

The visibility provided by the IoT helps to solve the foodsafety problem Visibility of the items their environmentsand their movements enable agile and efficient productmanagement which is necessary for perishable agriculturalproducts By integrating the IoT particularly unique itemidentification and a naming service into their supply chainsfood and agriculture manufacturers suppliers and retail-ers can conveniently track and trace the items throughouttheir supply chains The importance of unique identifica-tion for traceability and within the IoT was investigatedby SchroederandTonsor [4] SchroederandTonsor analyzethe tracing systems of major world-wide beef exportersThey concluded that a widely adopted animal identificationand IoT-based tracing system is necessary for a safe beefsupply chain Unique identifiers enable an itemrsquos historyto be uniquely captured When that history is stored inmultiple data stores a name service is necessary to locateall history data and to make that data available to all usersBy integrating the IoT including unique identifiers anda name service within the food and agricultural productsupply chains histories will become transparent for all usersincluding the consumers and food safety may be enhanced[5 6]

In this paper we present the iotNS an Internet ofThings Name Service that enables the distributed storage andretrieval of IoT data thereby providing for a scalable dis-tributed and commercially viable approach to IoT enhancedfood safety The iotNS is based upon the GS1 EPCglobalONS 20 specification [7] and targeted for seasonal andperishable supply chains such as the agricultural chain TheiotNS utilizes GS1 identification schemes such as the GlobalTrade Item Number (GTIN) as the basis of its services Thisallows for native batch and lot level traceability services thatare necessary for agricultural products while maintainingcompatibility with the currently used identification schemesfor food and agricultural products Furthermore by beingbased upon ONS 20 iotNS supports highly distributed datastores

The remainder of this paper is organized as followsSection 2 presents relatedworkWe review the IoT food safetysystem requirements in Section 3 Section 4 presents theiotNS architecture and implementation Section 5 presents anevaluation and analysis of the advantages of iotNS and anevaluation of the costs and return of investment of an iotNS-based system A real-world agricultural supply chain man-agement deployment and evaluation of iotNS is presentedin Section 6 Finally we draw the relevant conclusions anddiscuss future work in Section 7

2 Related Work

In this section we review related work on using the IoT forfood safety and we review related work on name services

21 The IoT and Food Safety A number of researchers haveinvestigated the use of IoT technologies to address the foodand agriculture visibility and safety problems Several basicapproaches have been proposed Liu et al [8] use isotopeanalysis of cattle hair combined with a smart phone appto determine the geographical origin of beef informationthat may be provided to consumers and other supply chainparticipants However the characteristic they found for cattleidentification does not work in other agricultural productsFeng et al [9] designed anRFID-based cattlebeef traceabilitysystem that can realize real-time traceability however thesystem is not generally applicable to open supply chains withdistributed data stores Most basic approaches such as theseutilize a centralized IoT architecture that is not generallyapplicable to the open food and agricultural products supplychains

A number of more advanced IoT-based systems havebeen proposed for traceability and food safety to supporta hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCPs)approach to food safety through product traceability Onesuch system is the supply-chain pedigree interactive dynamicexplore (SPIDER) [10] system SPIDER was developed toverify inspect and investigate the pedigree of food productsthroughout the supply chain using RFID technologies fortraceability and specific rule-based reasoning and fuzzy logicto support HACCP Similarly Zhang et al [11] present a sta-tistical heuristic approach to trace contamination sources byusing large IoT systems and centralized stores for complicatedfood supply chains within a smart city contextWith a similardesign to Zhang et al Ko et al [12] propose a centralizedsystem to trace and monitor agricultural products yields andthe distribution channel by using wireless sensor networktechnologies In a limited aquaculture domain Qi et al [13]present a Zigbee wireless sensor network-based traceabilityapproach to automate tasks such as water quality monitor-ing and daily business flow for aquaculture Even GS1 atrade organization that develops supply chain standards hasdefined a standard for source tracing of perishable foodsand vegetables utilizing a centralized data store [14 15]These works have shown that applying IoT technologiesto the management system of agricultural products makesit more convenient for supervisors consumers and foodproviders to trace the changes of and environmental impactson agricultural products [16] However the limiting factor ofthese designs is the need for a centralized data store uponwhich the food safety algorithms operate Centralized datastores are not always feasible in the world-wide food andagricultural supply chains that exist today

The iotNS supports highly distributed data stores allow-ing each entity in the supply chain to maintain and managethe item level information that they captureThese distributeddata stores allow for both a scalable and a practical nameservice

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 3

22 Name Service There are three main standards for nameservicesworldwide theONS (object name service) defined byGS1 EPCglobal [17] the ucode-based ucode resolution pro-tocol (ucodeRP) name service defined by Japanrsquos UbiquitousID Center [18 19] and the object identifier (OID) orientedobject identifier resolution system (ORS) defined by ITU andISO These name service systems are all based on or similarto the DNS (domain name system) technology used on theInternet to map machine names to IP addresses Non-DNS-based name services such as the Handle System [20ndash22]have been standardized but have received limited adoptionin practice

The ONS standard developed by GS1 EPCglobal is themost popular item identifier name service standardTheONS10 standard was first standardized in 2005 to resolve theEPC (Electronic Product Code) numbers on the RFID tagsto the EPCIS server containing information about that EPC[23] The current version ONS 201 [7] was standardized in2013 ONS is based on DNS inheriting much of its strengthsand weaknesses Consequently ONS can be used for supplychain management across the entire supply chain includingthe production storage transport and sales of agriculturalproducts Using GS1 Identification Keys such as GTIN withthe name service enables easy integration for the supply chainenterprises especially the super markets

Numerous non-DNS-based ONS systems have been pro-posed however these variants have not been widely adoptedin practice [24] Fabian andGunther proposed anONS archi-tecture based on the DHT architecture [25] and realized anONS systemwith point to point (P2P) architecture in 2009 inorder to address the privacy issues inherent in ONS 10 [26]Evdokimov et al [27] proposed a multipolar architectureMONS in order to solve the access problem of a single Rootof ONS 10 Balakrichenan et al [28] proposed the F-ONSarchitecture in 2011 to address the security concerns whenONS is applied in multiple countries and districts SecureONS systems have been proposed based upon DNSSEC andbasic PKI (public key infrastructure) models [29 30]

ONS 10 was designed to be used for the name service ofEPC identifiers and it cannot be used directly for the nameservice of Identification Keys (eg GTIN) in agriculturalproducts identification In 2013 the GS1 published the ONS20 standard that enables the use of GS1 Identification KeysAt the same time ONS 20 introduces the Federated Modelto solve the cooperating name service problem [7] Theenterprise-oriented name service in this work iotNS makesimprovement to ONS 20 according to the supply chainattributes of agricultural products

A comparison between iotNS and ONS and ONS-basedname services is shown in Table 1

3 System Requirements

A name service operating for agricultural products shouldsupport the following attributes [31]

(1) Short Production-Consumption Circle Due to theseasonality and limited shelf life of agricultural prod-ucts sensors are used to monitor the products from

cradle to grave Therefore the name service mustbe optimized to support the storage and processingof sensor data and object events for continuouslychanging product types and product identifiers

(2) Nonstandardization Agricultural products do notfollow a single standardized production process oridentification scheme across all producers Differentidentification levels such as batch product and itemlevel are assigned and used in different portions ofthe supply chain This requires name service supportfor identifiers used at multiple levels of productaggregation with different identifiers used in differentportions of the supply chain

(3) Audit for Quality Control Quality inspections areperformed through statistical sampling to limit theotherwise prohibitive cost of inspecting every agri-cultural product The name service must support theassociation of related product information such asstatistical sampling and other agricultural events toenable quality control audits for each agriculturalitem

(4) Complexity in Production Chain The limited physi-cal controls nonstandardized facilities and possiblelong supply chains even for fresh products create acomplex supply chain that hasmany owners and oper-ators The name service must support data capturethroughout these potentially long complex supplychains and across the multiple owners and operatorsof the various supply chain segments

The iotNS system presented in this work supports allfour of these attributes while using an identification schemeappropriate for the agricultural supply chain

Item identification schemes data carriers and nameservice functionality are critical to the successful applicationof IoT technologies to the information management ofagricultural products therefore the identification schemesand name service functionality are typically selected earlyin the system design process Identification schemes basedon the GS1 standards are the most popular schemes in usetoday Currently most IoT systems for agricultural productsadopt the identification scheme established byGS1 EPCglobal([9 32 33]) which uses low-cost passive RFID tags as thedata carriers However the prices of agricultural productsespecially raw agricultural products such as vegetables andfruits are too low to support even low-cost past RFID tagsThe enterprises cannot afford RFID tags and RFID readersBarcodes an even lower cost data carrier are compatiblewith the infrastructure in the supply chain enterprises suchas supermarkets and provide for IoT connectivity at allpackaging levels

The identification scheme applied to agricultural prod-ucts in this work is a combination of multiple GS1 Identifica-tion Keys [17]The item identifier consists of the Global TradeItem Number (GTIN) and a batch or lot number The globallocation number (GLN) is adopted as the location identifierand the serial shipping container code (SSCC) is adoptedas the package identifier The advantage of this combination


Table 1 Comparison between iotNS and other name services

Blank This work ONS 10 P2P ONS MONS FONS ONS 20RFID tag support

GS1 keys support mdash mdash mdash mdash

Including DS solution mdash mdash mdash Not publishedParsing level Company prefix Object class Object class Object class Object class Object class

method is that it is compatible with the existing bar codeinfrastructure and canmanage identity at both the batch leveland the item level

The identification scheme must work in concert with thename service in order to be able to efficiently locate thecorrect data stores for an item In this work we considerEPCIS (electronic product code information services) serversas the data stores within the system EPCIS was designed towork with ONS which in turn was designed to work withthe primarily shelf stable products within the retail supplychain ONS realizes the translation from Identification Keysto fully qualified domain name (FQDN) by utilizing the AUS(application unique string) and DNS The address data inthe form of uniform resource locators (URLs) are stored asa NAPTR (naming authority pointer) type in the resourcerecords (RR) in theDNS serverThe address data are providedto the ONS client by the item owner in order to accomplishthe resolution to the corresponding EPCISThe scheme basedon ONS is actually conducting the object name service at theobject class (OC) level via the DNS technology

There are many issues concerning the use of ONS inthe agricultural products supply chains These include thefollowing

(1) It is not practical for many agricultural productionenterprises to register and maintain the name servicedata of each kind of agricultural product producedparticularly at themultiple levels of identification thatare used in practice and the multiple EPCIS serversthat are needed throughout the supply chain

(2) Due to the seasonality and expiration date of agri-cultural products the name service data at the OClevel leave a large amount of useless name servicerecordings in the ONS A constant ldquocleaningrdquo of theONS records is required to minimize the overhead ofthis out of data

(3) The NAPTR RR impairs the performance of the DNSserver because the name service data at the OC levelincreases the cache overhead

A novel name service architecture iotNS is presentedin this work The iotNS name service architecture is basedon the DNS technology However it only reserves the nameservice data of the enterprises in the supply chain throughthe DNS system By converting the name service from anobject-oriented name service to an enterprise-oriented nameservice the iotNS architecture is more light-weight thanthe original ONS and overcomes the issues of ONS in theagricultural supply chain

4 System Architecture amp Implementation

The architecture and name resolution flow of the iotNS basedIoT are shown in Figure 1

The iotNS based IoT architecture has the followingfeatures

(1) The iotNS is used to convert the identifier toIP address information for the EPCIS informationservers (ISs) that contain information for that iden-tifier The iotNS can be called by the applicationsthat need to conduct the name service of agriculturalproducts The standard DNS protocol is recursivelycalled to obtain the correct address resolution for thedirectory service and the IS

(2) A directory service (DS) is deployed to offer theindex access to the EPCIS URI (universal resourceidentifier) of each enterprise that the agriculturalproducts travel through Each supply chain enterprisedeploys its own EPCIS and submits event indexesautomatically to their representative DS server

(3) The supply chain enterprises register and maintaintheir enterprise domain names through the domainname registrar (DNR)

The structure of the agricultural item identifier used withiotNS is as follows

01 GTIN 10 LOT 91 R This structure has three primary com-ponents each preceded by a GS1 AI (application identifier)TheAI (01) indicates that the following value is aGTINGTINis a 14-digit number uniquely identifying the enterprise forexample the manufacturer and the product The AI (10)indicates that the following value is the batch or lot numberLOT is a variable length alphanumeric string containing upto 20 characters The LOT number may be for example aproduction lot number a machine number or a time Foragricultural products we recommend the LOT value be theconcatenation of [year] [month] [day] and [batch numberon the day of the agricultural products harvested] which isalso human readable The AI (91) indicates that the followingvalue R is a 1-digit number representing the length of theenterprise identifier in the GTIN

For example the identifier of Chinese cabbage harvestedon April 24 2013 in batch 0 at an agricultural productsenterprise is the following

(01) 02320206010107 (10) 201304240 (91) 9 The work flow ofthe name service procedure is shown in Figure 2

We illustrate this name service procedure for our exampleChinese cabbage identifier


IS(A1) IS(B1)IS(A2) IS(B2) IS(N1) IS(N2)IS(Bn)middot middot middot middot middot middotmiddot middot middot

middot middot middot

middot middot middot IS(Nn)IS(An)

IotNS

Application

Requstinformationfrom EPCIS

Producer Circulation Retailer

Commit index

(3) DNS recursive

(4) IP address5 DSIS adress

DS(A) DS(B) DS(N)

(6) request DS to get the list

DNSnetwork

request(1) parsing

Resolver of nodes oriented agricultural products

(2) resolve

Companys us998400 CP998400

register as domain

Figure 1 Architecture of the IoT system for agricultural products using iotNS

(1) The application program calls the iotNS serviceand initiates the name service request based onDS service for the identifier (01)02320206010107(10)201304240(91)9

(2) The iotNS converts the identifier to FQDN (thedomain name of TNSROOTCN is provided by theChina network information center (CNIC)) Theprocedure of the conversion is shown in Figure 3

(i) When the GTIN-14 is disintegrated the firstdigit representing the package identifier and thelast check digit (CD) are removedThen the firstR digits are taken asCP and the remaining digitsare taken as IR

(ii) After the conversion the identifier is trans-formed into the following format201304240010DSGLSR232020601TNSROOTCN

(3) The iotNS conducts the recursive DNS on the FQDNDSGLSR232020601TNSROOTCN

(4) The iotNS acquires the IP address of theDS server thatcan offer the inquiring service to the identifier In ourexample the IP address is 21890181232

(5) The iotNS combines the IP address and the URLacquired from the DS server Then the iotNS returns

the assembled service interface to the applicationprogram as an http formatted stringhttp218901812328071getObjectRecordaspxGLSR=

(6) The application program visits the service interfaceacquired in Step 5 and gets the EPCIS server list of theobject identifiers by visiting the following addresshttp218901812328071getObjectRecordaspxGLSR=010232020601010710201304240919

The result is returned as[ldquoissrv addrrdquoldquohttp218901812328072getObjectNameFullaspxGLSR=rdquoldquoissrv namerdquoldquois YJKrdquoldquoevt countrdquoldquo16rdquoldquowarning countrdquoldquo0rdquoldquofirst evt timerdquoldquo2013-4-24080030rdquoldquolast glnrdquoldquo4142320206010015919rdquoldquolast evt timerdquoldquo2013-4-24 094008rdquo]

The result indicates that the information of the agricul-tural products is stored in one server The access interfaceis 218901812328072 The server name is is YJK The appli-cation program can request the event information for theChinese cabbage product after receiving the EPCIS IP addressfrom DNS


Applicationparsing request

Start

Convert GS1 identification key to FQDN

Query DNS cache record

Is cache recordin IotNS client

Performing a recursiveDNS A RR search

Get server IP

Applicaton query typeDSEPCIS

Applicationrequest DS to get the

EPCIS address list

EPCIS

Applicationrequest EPCIS to get object event data

End

DS

No

IotNS

Yes

Figure 2 Work flow of the name service procedure

LOT IR CP TNSROOTCN

01 GTIN-14 10 LOT 91 R

CP IR0 CD

Agricultural products traceability code parsing transformation

DiscardReserve

CNNIC parsingUser ONS parsing

Instructions

GLSR

Figure 3 Conversion of the identifier to FQDN

5 Evaluation and Discussion

51 Advantages of the iotNS The iotNS system and the pre-sented architecture have numerous advantages over existingsystems These advantages include reduced configurationinformation reduced configuration complexity and reducedname service accesses

511 Reduced Configuration Information The name servicedata corresponds with the enterprise company prefix (CP)

of the GS1 standard The enterprises need not to configureor maintain the products information repeatedly Since thequality of agricultural products is not easy to evaluatemore supply chain enterprises are required to take partin the application of the IoT on agricultural products tosupply more complete event information The reduction ofthe configuration information can improve the performanceof actual applications for the supply chain enterprises andreduce the coupling of the enterprisesrsquo systems and the DNSsystem The iotNS name service can also reduce the amount


of redundant data caused by the limited-time consumptionand nonstandardization of agricultural products in the DNSserver

For comparison we assume that the number of theproducing enterprises that take part in the application of theIoT on agricultural products is 119883 and we assume that thenumber of types of agricultural products of each enterprise is119884 Each enterprise has its respective authoritativeDNS serverWe simulated a supermarket configured to accept agriculturalproducts from the enterprises and analyze the procedure ofthe ONS and iotNS name servers The GS1 ONS and ouriotNS are both simulated to be adopted to realize the nameservice procedureThe comparison on the amount of recordsand number of requests is shown in Table 2 The iotNS hasa factor of 1119884 fewer records and requires a factor of 1119884fewer requests to achieve its name resolution than does theGS1 ONS

512 Decreased Configuration Complexity The IP name ser-vice from the enterprise node to the EPCIS or DS is realizedby adopting the A (IPv4)AAAA (IPv6) record Then thedata access at the application level is accomplished throughthe JSON interface provided by the DS server Althoughdefining the IP address based on the A record has lowerflexibility than defining the URI based on NAPTR it is moreconvenient for enterprises because only simple configurationon the IP address is needed in the iotNS solution

513 Reduced Name Service Accesses Because the lengthof the company prefix (CP) in GTIN GLN and SSCC isvariable the GS1 ONS system stipulates that the length of CPcan be obtained by interpreting the identifier Actually for aparticular kind of agricultural product the length of CP isconstant So the company internal information (CII) can beconfigured to indicate the length of theCP in theGTINGLNand SSCC when the identifier is designed In this way thenumber of accesses to the iotNS and DNS can be reduced

52 ROI Analysis The iotNS system is designed to be apractical system that can be deployed in a cost effectivemanner for all participants in the agricultural supply chain Inthis section we provide an analysis of return on investment(ROI) for the presented iotNS system It is assumed thata national operator conducts the initial construction ofthe network with iotNS adds new nodes and assists theagriculture enterprises to both establish EPCIS systems andsupport the operation of the IoT systemAn IoT-based systemin an agriculture enterprise and an iotNS operator is shownin Figure 4

In this enterprise-oriented IoT framework the cost ofthe system consists of four parts cost of identifiers and datacarriers (tags) constructing agriculture enterprise EPCISsystems constructing the iotNS andDS systems and the dailyoperation and maintenance costs

The cost of identifiers and data carriers is paid by the foodprocessing companies or original product providers such asthe farmers or breeders An identifier will be attached to asingle item if it is worthy otherwise the identifier is attached

Table 2 Comparison on the amount of records and requests

GS1 ONS iotNSNumber of records in the root server 119883 119883

Number of records in each enterprisersquos server 119884 1Number of records in the supermarketrsquosrecursive server 119883 lowast 119884 119883

Number of requests of the supermarketrsquosrecursive server 119883 lowast 119884 119883

to the carrier for a lot or batch For livestock it is requiredthat all animals should be tracked with unique identificationsince birth therefore little additional investment is spent onthis portion of the system for livestock

For our cost calculations we assume that there is alreadyan information system in an agriculture enterprise and weonly need to adjust it to the requirements of the iotNS basedIoT system This cost can be shared by the operator andenterprises We model this sharing with parameter 119877 (notethat this is not the same R used in the identifier) We assumethat the cost of constructing EPCIS for one enterprise is 119862nrand the non-recurring cost of the enterprise is calculatedaccording to

119864nr = 119862nr119877 (1)

The operator will cover the rest which is one part of itsnonrecurring cost as follows

119874nr1 = 119862nr (1 minus 119877) (2)

The operator leads the construction of the iotNS and DSsystems and pays for all the cost 119874nr2 This is the secondpart of the non-recurring cost of the operator Assumingthat the number of enterprises joining the system is 119899 thetotal nonrecurring cost of operator 119874nr can be calculated asfollows

119874nr = 119899119862nr (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2 (3)

119874nr2 will increase with 119899 since more nodes and usersrequire more hardware resources In the analysis we assume119874nr2 is unchanging since a set of servers is constructed andnot expanded in the first step of the project

The operation and maintenance cost is assumed as 119862119910

which is provided by the operatorFor the information accessing an enterprise should pay

an annual fee 119875 to the operator The yearly fees are assumedto constitute the primary income of the operator

The ROI for the enterprises comes from the promotionin reputation due to the increased food safety which leadsto an increase of sales revenue and an improvement ofstorage and transportation efficiency which reduces supplychain management costs including shrinkage The increaseof revenue and reduction of costs directly attributable to theIoT are difficult to be counted directly because revenue isimpacted by multiple factors in a complicated process In ourmodel the increase of enterprise revenue and the reductionof enterprise costs are referred to as 119868

119890and 119877

119890 respectively


Userapplication

System in enterprise

System in operator




EPCIS POS

DS

MIS WMS ERP

+

iotNS

Sensinglayer

Networklayer

Applicationlayer

Figure 4 IoT-based system in agriculture with enterprise and iotNS operator

In evaluating the balance and return of investment weassume the system will keep running for 119910 years and theinterest rate is not considered

The total profit of one enterprise after 119910 years will be 119864 ascalculated in

119864 = 119910 (119868119890+ 119877119890minus 119875) minus 119862nr1119877 (4)

The enterprise will benefit from the project after 119864is larger than 0 The parameters may vary from differententerprises

For large enterprises it is true that 119868119890+ 119877119890≫ 119875 given a

reasonable 119875 If 119877 = 0 which means that the operator paysfor all costs of constructing EPCIS for the enterprises 119864 gt 0when 119910 = 1 which means the enterprises will benefit fromthe iotNS based IoT system in the first year Even if 119877 = 1 theenterprises will still benefit in the first year if 119868

119890+ 119877119890gt 119862nr1

In our design 119862nr1 is small enough to make the ROI positivefor the enterprises in the first year

For the operator the total profit119874 is calculated accordingto

119874 = 119910 (119899119875 minus 119862119910) minus 119899119862nr1 (1 minus 119877) minus 119874nr2 (5)

In (5) 119899 indicates the number of enterprises joining theproject and 119862nr1 is an average value among the enterprisesThe operator will begin to make profit after 119874 gt 0

When 119874 = 0 we can solve for 119910 as follows

119910 =119899119862nr1 (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(6)

In the best case for the operator 119877 is set to 1 and 119875 simplyneeds to be large enough Consider

119910 =119874nr2119899119875 (7)

Solving for 119910 we can see that the length of time for theROI to become positive is dependent on the fixed cost perenterprise and the annual fee 119875 paid by each enterprise

In the worst case 119877 = 0 and 119899 is not small

119910 =119899119862nr1 minus 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(8)

In the conduction of the project 119875 should be set to areasonable level that most agriculture enterprises will be ableto pay and 119877 can be negotiated for each enterprise


18840 17173 16333 16723

18130 17882 19285

17801 18889 18709

3694 3919 3509 3691 3499 3640 3840 3529 3759 3449

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

QPS

Times

IotNSONS

5000

0

10000

15000

20000

25000

Figure 5 Test results of Experiment 1

From the result it can be indicated that the operator needsto set a large 119875 to make more profits However the strategy oflower annual fee will attract more enterprises to join it andthe network can really work in large scale It is recommendedthat the annual fee should be low enough that no enterprisewill hesitate to join the iotNS system for the reason of annualfee In China DNS service fee for one domain name is yearlypaid and accepted by every enterprise Based on that if theannual fee is set at the same level common enterprises willaccept it and the operator will achieve enough profits asmoreenterprises join the iotNS based IoT system

6 Experiment and Deployment

Different from the name service of the ONS on the OC levelthe iotNS name service employed on agricultural productsidentification is an enterprise-oriented solution based onthe company prefix We performed a set of experiments tocompare the performance of the iotNS name services withthe ONS related work A set of DNS servers is adopted andthe OPS of DNS are calculated by the client using QueryperfThe list of test instruments is shown in Table 3

Experiment 1 The number of data samples to be resolved byDNS is 100000 The number of enterprises is 1000 and eachenterprise has 100 different agricultural products In the testprocedure the data samples of the first enterprise are visitedin order and all the other data samples of other enterprisesare visited in the same way After testing for 10 times thecalculated QPS value is shown in Figure 5

Experiment 2 Experiment 2 is based on Experiment 1 thenumber of data samples of each enterprise varies from theoptions of 100 200 300 400 and 500 The average responsetime of 10 tests is shown in Figure 6

In Experiment 1 a larger QPS value indicates higherperformance response to the service In Experiment 2 ashorter responding time indicates higher performance toresponse to the service The test results show that the iotNS

556 1060 1570 1950 2470 2738

6200

9810

12920

16080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aver

age r

espo

nse t

ime (

s)

GTIN count

IotNSONS

100000 200000 300000 400000 5000000


Table 3 List of test instruments

Equipment Configuration

DNS root server CPU E5620 RAM 1GBind936 + Redhat54

DNS authoritative server CPU E5620 RAM 1GBind936 + Redhat54

DNS local server CPU E5620 RAM 1GBind936 + Redhat54

Client CPU E5620 RAM 1GUbuntu1204 + Queryerf112

scheme is more efficient in employing the DNS comparedwith the GS1 ONS scheme

Because the iotNS interprets the identifier to the enter-prise with A records the number of requests to the localrecursive server is smaller than the normal GS1 ONS 20scheme

For the URL data returned by ONS scheme (for examplehttpwwwgslorgonsepcis) another DNS name service isneeded before the data access So the actual response time ofONS should be longer and the workload to the DNS networkis heavier

The name service system based on the architecture aboveis put into practice in 5 cities of China

At the same time the application of the IoT on agricul-tural products based on the name service system is estab-lished The main contribution of the application is resolvingthe source tracing problem of agricultural products Figure 7shows pictures of actual application scenarios of the iotNSsystem within the agricultural supply chain

The work flow in the actual application scenario is asfollows

(1) Farmers provide the information of production pack-aging and shipping of the products to the EPCISowned by agriculture enterprises


Delivery

FarmProduceInspectionPackagingShipmentTransport

DeliverySale

Produce

Packaging

Inspection

Sale

Shipment

Trace

Amaranth

Transport

20121225 1001

20130412 0500

20121225 0523

20130412 0540

20130412 0605

20130412 0710

20130412 0830

201304120610ndash710

Figure 7 Application scenarios

(2) During the transportation the parameters of thetransporting environment are collected by differentsensors and sent to the EPCIS owned by logisticscompanies automatically

(3) Retailer uses either handheld terminals or station-ary equipment for the receiving process inventoryprocess and selling process and all this informationis uploaded to the EPCIS owned by the retailerautomatically

(4) Consumers scan the 2D barcode of agricultural prod-ucts using a mobile phone or the stationary machineat the retailerThe result is that the consumer receivesthe life cycle information of the products as the iotNSwill interpret the serial number of the agriculturalproduct to all of the EPCIS

The iotNS platform provides public APIs for furtherdevelopment Thus it is possible for the software developersor solution providers to develop applications using the iotNSsystem Examples of the types of applications that can bedeveloped include a Mobile Traceability app a My Farmapp and a Recall Assistant app The Mobile Traceabilityapplication is amobile App designed for ordinary consumers

The software allows ordinary consumers to use their mobiledevices to sense the traceability code attached to an agricul-tural item and acquire the traceability data about that itemin order to obtain the status of the food safety electronicpedigree and even expiration date This App is designed foruse when ordinary consumers choose and buy foods at thestore or cook them at home The My Farm application isa mobile APP designed for producers The software allowsproducers to obtain the current status and history trendsof the sensors which are leveraged in the field managed bythe producers In addition the software allows producers tosubscribe to the exception information of sensors in orderto better handle unexpected events during production TheRecalling Assistant application is a mobile APP designed forsupervisorsThe software allows supervisors to quickly obtainthe distribution information of the agricultural items of thesame batchThis is particularly important for recalls or whena food safety incident has been identified

7 Conclusions

An enterprise-oriented name service for the Internet ofThings iotNS is presented in this paper The iotNS is


designed to be an efficient tool used to retrieve and storeinformation associatedwith IoT devices and tagged productsThe iotNS is based upon the GS1 ONS v20 standardbut iotNS is designed to address the specific requirementsthat arise in the supply chain management of agriculturalproducts including product seasonality and limited shelf lifeof agricultural products The iotNS is five to six times fasterthan the standard ONS and it is simpler to configure andmaintain than standard ONS

The large-scale trial of iotNS demonstrated the bene-fits to all enterprises within the agriculture supply chainfrom the use of IoT with the name service The visibilityenabled by iotNS provides significant value to all enterprisesparticipating in the supply chain Furthermore the cost toeach enterprise utilizing iotNS can be on the order of theirstandard DNS network costs which is less than the valuederived from system This makes it feasible for all supplychain enterprises to participate with the iotNS and for theiotNS to be operated as a trusted third party public serviceenterprise for agriculture supply chain management

We are continuing to develop and improve the iotNSOur ongoing and future work includes further improving theease of maintenance efficiency and security functionality ofthe iotNS Although the adoption of the A record simplifiesthe configuration of iotNS this decreases flexibility We areinvestigating the use of a URI based system to increaseflexibility while maintaining ease of maintenance We arealso investigating the optimization of the iotNS bufferingstructure in order to further increase performance by takingadvantage of the specific characteristics of the agriculturesupply chain such as product seasonality Secure functionalityis a requirement for all Internet accessible services andwe areresearching the use of DNSSEC as the basis of a secure iotNSimplementation

Conflict of Interests

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interestsregarding the publication of this paper

Acknowledgments

This work was sponsored by the National Science amp Technol-ogy Pillar Program of China (2015BAK36B01) the NationalNatural Science Funds of China (61211140046) and theShanghai Pujiang Program

References

[1] L Zheng H Zhang W Han et al ldquoTechnologies applicationsand governance in the internet of thingsrdquo in Internet of ThingsGlobal Technological and Societal Trends O Vermesan and PFriess Eds pp 141ndash176 River Publishers 2011

[2] L D Xu W He and S Li ldquoInternet of things in industries asurveyrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics vol 10 no4 pp 2233ndash2243 2014

[3] J Huang Y Meng X Gong Y Liu and Q Duan ldquoA noveldeployment scheme for green internet of thingsrdquo IEEE Internetof Things Journal vol 1 no 2 pp 196ndash205 2014

[4] T C Schroeder and G T Tonsor ldquoInternational cattle ID andtraceability competitive implications for the USrdquo Food Policyvol 37 no 1 pp 31ndash40 2012

[5] W Han Y Gu W Wang et al ldquoThe design of an electronicpedigree system for food safetyrdquo Information Systems Frontiers2012

[6] Y Gu W Han L Zheng and B Jin ldquoUsing IoT technologies toresolve the food safety problemmdashan analysis based on Chinesefood standardsrdquo in Web Information Systems and Mining vol7529 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science pp 380ndash392 2012

[7] GS1 ldquoGS1 Object Name Service (ONS) Version 201rdquo 2013httpwwwgs1orggsmpkcepcglobalonsons 2 0 1-standard-20130131pdf

[8] X Liu B Guo YWei J Shi and S Sun ldquoStable isotope analysisof cattle tail hair a potential tool for verifying the geographicalorigin of beefrdquo Food Chemistry vol 140 no 1-2 pp 135ndash1402013

[9] J Feng Z Fu Z Wang M Xu and X Zhang ldquoDevelopmentand evaluation on a RFID-based traceability system for cat-tlebeef quality safety in Chinardquo Food Control vol 31 no 2 pp314ndash325 2013

[10] L Wang J S L Ting and W H Ip ldquoDesign of supply-chainpedigree interactive dynamic explore (SPIDER) for food safetyand implementation of hazard analysis and critical controlpoints (HACCPS)rdquo Computers and Electronics in Agriculturevol 90 pp 14ndash23 2013

[11] Q Zhang T Huang Y Zhu andM Qiu ldquoA case study of sensordata collection and analysis in smart city provenance in smartfood supply chainrdquo International Journal of Distributed SensorNetworks vol 2013 Article ID 382132 12 pages 2013

[12] D Ko Y Kwak and S Song ldquoReal time traceability andmonitoring system for agricultural products based on wirelesssensor networkrdquo International Journal of Distributed SensorNetworks vol 2014 Article ID 832510 7 pages 2014

[13] L Qi J Zhang M Xu Z Fu W Chen and X ZhangldquoDeveloping WSN-based traceability system for recirculationaquaculturerdquo Mathematical and Computer Modelling vol 53no 11-12 pp 2162ndash2172 2011

[14] GS1GS1AIDCFresh Foods Sold at Point-of-Sale ImplementationGuide 2011 httpwwwgs1orgsitesdefaultfilesdocsfresh-foodFresh Food Implementation Guidepdf

[15] GS1 Traceability for Fresh Fruits and Vegetables ImplementationGuide GS1 2010 httpwwwgs1orgsitesdefaultfilesdocstraceabilityGlobal Traceability Standardpdf

[16] Z Pang Q Chen W Han and L Zheng ldquoValue-centric designof the internet-of-things solution for food supply chain valuecreation sensor portfolio and information fusionrdquo InformationSystems Frontiers 2012

[17] GS1 ldquoGS1General Specificationsrdquo 2014 httpwwwgs1orgdocsbarcodesGS1 General Specificationspdf

[18] Ubiquitous ID Center Ubiquitous Code Ucode Ubiquitous IDCenter 2009 httpwwwuidcenterorgwp-contentthemeswpvicunapdfUID-00010-01A010 enpdf

[19] uid Center ldquoSimplified ucode Resolution Protocolrdquo 2008httpwwwuidcenterorgwp-contentthemeswpvicunapdfUID-00005-01A001 enpdf

[20] S Sun L Lannom and B Boesch Handle System OverviewRFC 3650 Internet Engineering Task Force Request for Com-ments (RFC) November 2003

[21] S Sun S Reilly and L Lannom ldquoHandle systemnamespace andservice definitionrdquo Tech Rep RFC 3651 Internet EngineeringTask Force Request for Comments (RFC) 2003


[22] S Sun S Reilly L Lannom and J Petrone Handle SystemProtocol (ver 21) Specification RFC 3652 Internet EngineeringTask Force Request for Comments (RFC) November 2003

[23] GS1 Object Naming Service (ONS) Version 10 2005 httpwwwgs1orggsmpkcepcglobalonsons 1 0-standard-200510-04pdf

[24] J Bai Q Zhu Q Chen B-LWang and L Yang ldquoA quick querymethods for ONS system based on EPCrdquo International Journalof Hybrid Information Technology vol 6 no 6 pp 149ndash1602013

[25] B Fabian and O Gunther ldquoDistributed ONS and its impact onprivacyrdquo in Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference onCommunications (ICC rsquo07) pp 1223ndash1228 June 2007

[26] B Fabian ldquoImplementing secure P2P-ONSrdquo in Proceedings ofthe IEEE International Conference on Communications pp 1ndash5Dresden Germany June 2009

[27] S Evdokimov B Fabian and O Gunther ldquoMultipolarity for theobject naming servicerdquo in The Internet of Things vol 4952 ofLecture Notes in Computer Science pp 1ndash18 Springer BerlinGermany 2008

[28] S Balakrichenan A Kin-Foo and M Souissi ldquoQualitativeevaluation of a proposed federated object naming servicearchitecturerdquo in Proceedings of the International Conference onand 4th International Conference on Cyber Physical and SocialComputing Internet of Things (iThingsCPSCom rsquo11) pp 726ndash732 Dalian China October 2011

[29] R Demian D Mark S Patrick S Johannes S Peter and PHartmut ldquoComparison of DNSSEC and DNSCurve securingthe Object Name Service (ONS) of the EPC architectureframeworkrdquo in Proceedings of the European Workshop on SmartObjects Systems Technologies and Applications (RFID Sys Techrsquo10) pp 1ndash6 Ciudad Spain June 2010

[30] W Ren L Ma and Y Ren ldquoAPP an ultralightweight scheme toauthenticate ONS and protect EPC privacy without cryptogra-phy inEPCglobal networksrdquo International Journal ofDistributedSensor Networks vol 2013 Article ID 784618 8 pages 2013

[31] DWang andDHuang ldquoFood supply chainmanagement underconditions of food safetyrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Management and Service Science (MASS rsquo10) pp1ndash4 Wuhan China August 2010

[32] O Ondemir M A Ilgin and S M Gupta ldquoOptimal end-of-life management in closed-loop supply chains using RFID andsensorsrdquo IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics vol 8 no3 pp 719ndash728 2012

[33] R Hou and X Zhu ldquoThe application of RFID technology inthe food traceability systemrdquo in Proceedings of the InternationalConference on Industrial Control and Electronics Engineering(ICICEE rsquo12) pp 788ndash791 Xirsquoan China August 2012

International Journal of

AerospaceEngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

RoboticsJournal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Active and Passive Electronic Components

Control Scienceand Engineering

Journal of



RotatingMachinery


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom

Journal ofEngineeringVolume 2014

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration


Civil EngineeringAdvances in

Acoustics and VibrationAdvances in



Electrical and Computer Engineering

Journal of

Advances inOptoElectronics


Volume 2014

The Scientific World JournalHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014

SensorsJournal of


Modelling amp Simulation in EngineeringHindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2014


Chemical EngineeringInternational Journal of Antennas and

Propagation




Navigation and Observation



DistributedSensor Networks



The IoT is recognized as one of the most promisingnetworking paradigms that bridges the gap between the cyberand physical worlds [3] The on-item tagging devices areonly one portion of the IoT providing item connectivity tothe Internet IoT specific services such as name servicesand location services support the IoT making the IoT anapplication which can be executed on top of the Internet justlike the World Wide Web The complete IoT can be used tomanage both static and dynamic data and information for arange of items including agricultural products quickly andconveniently

The visibility provided by the IoT helps to solve the foodsafety problem Visibility of the items their environmentsand their movements enable agile and efficient productmanagement which is necessary for perishable agriculturalproducts By integrating the IoT particularly unique itemidentification and a naming service into their supply chainsfood and agriculture manufacturers suppliers and retail-ers can conveniently track and trace the items throughouttheir supply chains The importance of unique identifica-tion for traceability and within the IoT was investigatedby SchroederandTonsor [4] SchroederandTonsor analyzethe tracing systems of major world-wide beef exportersThey concluded that a widely adopted animal identificationand IoT-based tracing system is necessary for a safe beefsupply chain Unique identifiers enable an itemrsquos historyto be uniquely captured When that history is stored inmultiple data stores a name service is necessary to locateall history data and to make that data available to all usersBy integrating the IoT including unique identifiers anda name service within the food and agricultural productsupply chains histories will become transparent for all usersincluding the consumers and food safety may be enhanced[5 6]

In this paper we present the iotNS an Internet ofThings Name Service that enables the distributed storage andretrieval of IoT data thereby providing for a scalable dis-tributed and commercially viable approach to IoT enhancedfood safety The iotNS is based upon the GS1 EPCglobalONS 20 specification [7] and targeted for seasonal andperishable supply chains such as the agricultural chain TheiotNS utilizes GS1 identification schemes such as the GlobalTrade Item Number (GTIN) as the basis of its services Thisallows for native batch and lot level traceability services thatare necessary for agricultural products while maintainingcompatibility with the currently used identification schemesfor food and agricultural products Furthermore by beingbased upon ONS 20 iotNS supports highly distributed datastores

The remainder of this paper is organized as followsSection 2 presents relatedworkWe review the IoT food safetysystem requirements in Section 3 Section 4 presents theiotNS architecture and implementation Section 5 presents anevaluation and analysis of the advantages of iotNS and anevaluation of the costs and return of investment of an iotNS-based system A real-world agricultural supply chain man-agement deployment and evaluation of iotNS is presentedin Section 6 Finally we draw the relevant conclusions anddiscuss future work in Section 7

2 Related Work

In this section we review related work on using the IoT forfood safety and we review related work on name services

21 The IoT and Food Safety A number of researchers haveinvestigated the use of IoT technologies to address the foodand agriculture visibility and safety problems Several basicapproaches have been proposed Liu et al [8] use isotopeanalysis of cattle hair combined with a smart phone appto determine the geographical origin of beef informationthat may be provided to consumers and other supply chainparticipants However the characteristic they found for cattleidentification does not work in other agricultural productsFeng et al [9] designed anRFID-based cattlebeef traceabilitysystem that can realize real-time traceability however thesystem is not generally applicable to open supply chains withdistributed data stores Most basic approaches such as theseutilize a centralized IoT architecture that is not generallyapplicable to the open food and agricultural products supplychains

A number of more advanced IoT-based systems havebeen proposed for traceability and food safety to supporta hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCPs)approach to food safety through product traceability Onesuch system is the supply-chain pedigree interactive dynamicexplore (SPIDER) [10] system SPIDER was developed toverify inspect and investigate the pedigree of food productsthroughout the supply chain using RFID technologies fortraceability and specific rule-based reasoning and fuzzy logicto support HACCP Similarly Zhang et al [11] present a sta-tistical heuristic approach to trace contamination sources byusing large IoT systems and centralized stores for complicatedfood supply chains within a smart city contextWith a similardesign to Zhang et al Ko et al [12] propose a centralizedsystem to trace and monitor agricultural products yields andthe distribution channel by using wireless sensor networktechnologies In a limited aquaculture domain Qi et al [13]present a Zigbee wireless sensor network-based traceabilityapproach to automate tasks such as water quality monitor-ing and daily business flow for aquaculture Even GS1 atrade organization that develops supply chain standards hasdefined a standard for source tracing of perishable foodsand vegetables utilizing a centralized data store [14 15]These works have shown that applying IoT technologiesto the management system of agricultural products makesit more convenient for supervisors consumers and foodproviders to trace the changes of and environmental impactson agricultural products [16] However the limiting factor ofthese designs is the need for a centralized data store uponwhich the food safety algorithms operate Centralized datastores are not always feasible in the world-wide food andagricultural supply chains that exist today

The iotNS supports highly distributed data stores allow-ing each entity in the supply chain to maintain and managethe item level information that they captureThese distributeddata stores allow for both a scalable and a practical nameservice












































IotNS

Application



Commit index

(3) DNS recursive


DS(A) DS(B) DS(N)


DNSnetwork

request(1) parsing


(2) resolve


register as domain















Start





Get server IP



EPCIS address list

EPCIS


End

DS

No

IotNS

Yes


LOT IR CP TNSROOTCN

01 GTIN-14 10 LOT 91 R

CP IR0 CD


DiscardReserve


Instructions

GLSR




















119864nr = 119862nr119877 (1)


119874nr1 = 119862nr (1 minus 119877) (2)


119874nr = 119899119862nr (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2 (3)






119890and 119877

119890 respectively


Userapplication


System in operator




EPCIS POS

DS

MIS WMS ERP

+

iotNS

Sensinglayer

Networklayer

Applicationlayer




119864 = 119910 (119868119890+ 119877119890minus 119875) minus 119862nr1119877 (4)




119890+ 119877119890gt 119862nr1






119910 =119899119862nr1 (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(6)


119910 =119874nr2119899119875 (7)



119910 =119899119862nr1 minus 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(8)



18840 17173 16333 16723

18130 17882 19285

17801 18889 18709

3694 3919 3509 3691 3499 3640 3840 3529 3759 3449

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

QPS

Times

IotNSONS

5000

0

10000

15000

20000

25000








556 1060 1570 1950 2470 2738

6200

9810

12920

16080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aver

age r

espo

nse t

ime (

s)

GTIN count

IotNSONS

100000 200000 300000 400000 5000000
















Delivery


DeliverySale

Produce

Packaging

Inspection

Sale

Shipment

Trace

Amaranth

Transport

20121225 1001

20130412 0500

20121225 0523

20130412 0540

20130412 0605

20130412 0710

20130412 0830

201304120610ndash710







7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation




















































IotNS

Application



Commit index

(3) DNS recursive


DS(A) DS(B) DS(N)


DNSnetwork

request(1) parsing


(2) resolve


register as domain















Start





Get server IP



EPCIS address list

EPCIS


End

DS

No

IotNS

Yes


LOT IR CP TNSROOTCN

01 GTIN-14 10 LOT 91 R

CP IR0 CD


DiscardReserve


Instructions

GLSR




















119864nr = 119862nr119877 (1)


119874nr1 = 119862nr (1 minus 119877) (2)


119874nr = 119899119862nr (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2 (3)






119890and 119877

119890 respectively


Userapplication


System in operator




EPCIS POS

DS

MIS WMS ERP

+

iotNS

Sensinglayer

Networklayer

Applicationlayer




119864 = 119910 (119868119890+ 119877119890minus 119875) minus 119862nr1119877 (4)




119890+ 119877119890gt 119862nr1






119910 =119899119862nr1 (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(6)


119910 =119874nr2119899119875 (7)



119910 =119899119862nr1 minus 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(8)



18840 17173 16333 16723

18130 17882 19285

17801 18889 18709

3694 3919 3509 3691 3499 3640 3840 3529 3759 3449

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

QPS

Times

IotNSONS

5000

0

10000

15000

20000

25000








556 1060 1570 1950 2470 2738

6200

9810

12920

16080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aver

age r

espo

nse t

ime (

s)

GTIN count

IotNSONS

100000 200000 300000 400000 5000000
















Delivery


DeliverySale

Produce

Packaging

Inspection

Sale

Shipment

Trace

Amaranth

Transport

20121225 1001

20130412 0500

20121225 0523

20130412 0540

20130412 0605

20130412 0710

20130412 0830

201304120610ndash710







7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation











Start





Get server IP



EPCIS address list

EPCIS


End

DS

No

IotNS

Yes


LOT IR CP TNSROOTCN

01 GTIN-14 10 LOT 91 R

CP IR0 CD


DiscardReserve


Instructions

GLSR




















119864nr = 119862nr119877 (1)


119874nr1 = 119862nr (1 minus 119877) (2)


119874nr = 119899119862nr (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2 (3)






119890and 119877

119890 respectively


Userapplication


System in operator




EPCIS POS

DS

MIS WMS ERP

+

iotNS

Sensinglayer

Networklayer

Applicationlayer




119864 = 119910 (119868119890+ 119877119890minus 119875) minus 119862nr1119877 (4)




119890+ 119877119890gt 119862nr1






119910 =119899119862nr1 (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(6)


119910 =119874nr2119899119875 (7)



119910 =119899119862nr1 minus 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(8)



18840 17173 16333 16723

18130 17882 19285

17801 18889 18709

3694 3919 3509 3691 3499 3640 3840 3529 3759 3449

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

QPS

Times

IotNSONS

5000

0

10000

15000

20000

25000








556 1060 1570 1950 2470 2738

6200

9810

12920

16080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aver

age r

espo

nse t

ime (

s)

GTIN count

IotNSONS

100000 200000 300000 400000 5000000
















Delivery


DeliverySale

Produce

Packaging

Inspection

Sale

Shipment

Trace

Amaranth

Transport

20121225 1001

20130412 0500

20121225 0523

20130412 0540

20130412 0605

20130412 0710

20130412 0830

201304120610ndash710







7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation























119864nr = 119862nr119877 (1)


119874nr1 = 119862nr (1 minus 119877) (2)


119874nr = 119899119862nr (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2 (3)






119890and 119877

119890 respectively


Userapplication


System in operator




EPCIS POS

DS

MIS WMS ERP

+

iotNS

Sensinglayer

Networklayer

Applicationlayer




119864 = 119910 (119868119890+ 119877119890minus 119875) minus 119862nr1119877 (4)




119890+ 119877119890gt 119862nr1






119910 =119899119862nr1 (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(6)


119910 =119874nr2119899119875 (7)



119910 =119899119862nr1 minus 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(8)



18840 17173 16333 16723

18130 17882 19285

17801 18889 18709

3694 3919 3509 3691 3499 3640 3840 3529 3759 3449

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

QPS

Times

IotNSONS

5000

0

10000

15000

20000

25000








556 1060 1570 1950 2470 2738

6200

9810

12920

16080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aver

age r

espo

nse t

ime (

s)

GTIN count

IotNSONS

100000 200000 300000 400000 5000000
















Delivery


DeliverySale

Produce

Packaging

Inspection

Sale

Shipment

Trace

Amaranth

Transport

20121225 1001

20130412 0500

20121225 0523

20130412 0540

20130412 0605

20130412 0710

20130412 0830

201304120610ndash710







7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Userapplication


System in operator




EPCIS POS

DS

MIS WMS ERP

+

iotNS

Sensinglayer

Networklayer

Applicationlayer




119864 = 119910 (119868119890+ 119877119890minus 119875) minus 119862nr1119877 (4)




119890+ 119877119890gt 119862nr1






119910 =119899119862nr1 (1 minus 119877) + 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(6)


119910 =119874nr2119899119875 (7)



119910 =119899119862nr1 minus 119874nr2119899119875 minus 119862

119910

(8)



18840 17173 16333 16723

18130 17882 19285

17801 18889 18709

3694 3919 3509 3691 3499 3640 3840 3529 3759 3449

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

QPS

Times

IotNSONS

5000

0

10000

15000

20000

25000








556 1060 1570 1950 2470 2738

6200

9810

12920

16080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aver

age r

espo

nse t

ime (

s)

GTIN count

IotNSONS

100000 200000 300000 400000 5000000
















Delivery


DeliverySale

Produce

Packaging

Inspection

Sale

Shipment

Trace

Amaranth

Transport

20121225 1001

20130412 0500

20121225 0523

20130412 0540

20130412 0605

20130412 0710

20130412 0830

201304120610ndash710







7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










18840 17173 16333 16723

18130 17882 19285

17801 18889 18709

3694 3919 3509 3691 3499 3640 3840 3529 3759 3449

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

QPS

Times

IotNSONS

5000

0

10000

15000

20000

25000








556 1060 1570 1950 2470 2738

6200

9810

12920

16080

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Aver

age r

espo

nse t

ime (

s)

GTIN count

IotNSONS

100000 200000 300000 400000 5000000
















Delivery


DeliverySale

Produce

Packaging

Inspection

Sale

Shipment

Trace

Amaranth

Transport

20121225 1001

20130412 0500

20121225 0523

20130412 0540

20130412 0605

20130412 0710

20130412 0830

201304120610ndash710







7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation










Delivery


DeliverySale

Produce

Packaging

Inspection

Sale

Shipment

Trace

Amaranth

Transport

20121225 1001

20130412 0500

20121225 0523

20130412 0540

20130412 0605

20130412 0710

20130412 0830

201304120610ndash710







7 Conclusions








Acknowledgments


References





































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation















Acknowledgments


References





































RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation
























RoboticsJournal of





Journal of



RotatingMachinery





VLSI Design



Shock and Vibration







Journal of



Volume 2014


SensorsJournal of





Propagation









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