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Prof. Lydia Katrova Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 1

Question?

Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 2

Is it a necessity to the dentist to be familiar with research methods and the design of a research investigation

Please give your opinion (yes or no) and support it by a couple of sentences. 4 min.

Thank you

Prof. Lydia Katrova

Research process: Principles


The principles of Gallileo Gallilei: Nature exists independently from our senses.

The nature phenomena could be studied as they are measurable.

Natural phenomena could be reproduced through experimentations

As sequence: The TRUTH IS OBJECTIVE

The most important tool for scientific investigation is the human mind and its ability to think

Science and research principles

Prof. Lydia Katrova

Rene Descartes: “Cogito ergo sum”

Cognitive rules

What is scientific?

Definitions, facts, hypotheses

Methods: Deductions, Inductions

Thesis, Evidences,


Origination and development of the sciences


Historical mathematics and philosophy had been defined first (Ancient Greece, BC).

A period of several centuries, connected with the formation and development of the natural sciences follows (for Europe, it began in the late Middle Ages as the most fruitful of discoveries is the period of the Enlightenment and the Renaissance.

Engineering, on the basis of physics and mechanics, associated with industrialization and urbanization, mark excellence during the period of the Bourgeois revolutions in Europe.

Human Sciences – anthropology, sociology, psychology, some medical science, etc. There are only in the second half of the 19th century.

Still later there is an object of life sciences-ecology, bionic, bioethics, etc. – mainly after World War II.

Prof. Lydia Katrova

Major scientific discoveries in the natural sciences and medicine (scientific theories)


Anatomy of man (1538) Andreas Vesalius The movement of the Earth (1543) Nicolaus Copernicus Blood circulation (1628) William Harvey The theory of gravity (1666) Isaac Newton Micro-organisms (1674) Anton Van Lowenhuck Classification of types of (1735) Carl Linnaeus, The microbial theory (1800s) Louis Pasteur The theory of the atom (1808) John Dalton, Cell nucleus (1831) Robert Brown , The principles of heredity (1850s) Gregor Mendel The periodic table (1860s – 1870s) Dmitry Mendeleyev, Radioactivity (1890s – 1900s) Marie et Pierre Curie, Nature of light (1704 – 1905)Newton, Young, Einstein The theory of relativity (1915 – 1919) Albert Einstein Double Helix DNA (1953) James Watson, Francis Crick,

Prof. Lydia Katrova

Why is it necessary for us to have basic knowledge and skills to apply scientific methods of research?


Nature of the dental profession: dentist team leader/decision making process;

New trends in the relationship with patients: evidence-based medicine;

Competition: a critical adoption of new methods; New trends in education: critical thinking; Recommendations for the EU's competence of dentists:

professionalism: continuing education; Professional Ethics: respecting the competence limitations; Knowledge society: knowledge itself is a value

Prof. Lydia Katrova

CONTENT OF THE LECTURE 1. Research process: Principles

2. DEFINITION

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

4. MAIN STEPS IN RESEARCH PLANING

5. PRESENTATION OF RESULTS


DEFINITIONS

Knowledge: The acquisition or awareness of facts, data, information, ideas or principles to which one has access through formal or individual study, research, observation, experience or intuition.

Science: A branch of knowledge that produces theoretical explanations of natural phenomena based on experimentation and observation.

Research: Scientific inquiry or an organized quest for new knowledge and better understanding, such as of the natural world or determinants of health and disease. Research can take several forms: empiric (observational), analytic, experimental, theoretical and applied.


1.3. SCIENTIFIC PROTOCOL


1. Prerequisite for the comparability and reproducibility of the tests and the validity of the results

2. Definition of: -the subject and object of the study -units of observation or experiment: patients, laboratory animals, including control groups. 3. Description of the criteria for inclusion or exclusion of units

(population). 4. Characterization of the unit of observation (sex, age, material status,

health status). 5. Time/period of observation 6. Definition of hypotheses 7. Equipment 8. Ethical limitations 9. Team

Prof. Lydia Katrova

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Populations and samples

Most important feature of the research:

1. Phenomenon to be observed

2.Tools ( metric system)

3. Research fellows

4.Criteria of assessment of findings (statistics)


MAIN STEPS IN RESEARCH PLANING

Definition of a problem/phenomenon

Purpose Methods: Samples. Variables: dependant/independent, Hypotheses,

Statistics

Research protocol: observation, experimentation,logical speculations

-Data base entry: qualitative/categorical; quantitative/ variation

-Grouping of results according independent variables

-Evaluation of values: scales and ranges

-Statistical analysis: alternative, x sq, regression,

-Tests of validation of differences, confirmation of hypotheses


PRESENTATION OF RESULTS POSTER: NO DISCUSSION PORTION

ORAL: SPEECH AND SLIDES

PAPER: STRUCTURED TEXT AND FIGURES AND TABLES


ABSTRACT Introduction: The subject and the needs of

investigating the problem, magnitude of problem

Purpose/ Aims: time, place, magnitude of investigation, short and clear.

Materials and Methods: Volume of sample, Statistics!

Results

Discussion

Conclusions


STRUCTURE OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER TITLE: The subject and purpose, short, interesting

Authors, affiliations and contact address: underline

Summary/ Abstract -250-300 words, same structure Introduction: The subject and the needs of investigating the problem,

magnitude of problem Purpose/ Aims: time, place, magnitude of investigation, short and

clear. Materials and Methods: Volume of sample, Statistics! (Tasks) Results: Figures do not repeat tables. Tables do not repeat text. Text is

explaining the given in tables and figures distributions, variables measured using the methods. Statistics!

Discussion: after each paragraph with interpreted results and common discussion – comparisons with similar data from similar studies carried out recently.

Conclusions: 3-5 sentences. Not repeat results! Did you answered the questions put in the Purpose section!

Key words: Do not repeat the key words in the title.


INTRODUCTION Current state of the problem investigated:

WHO PUBLISHED WHAT in chronological base

RELEVANCE TO THE THESIS

WHY DO YOU START THE RESEARCH AND PUBLISH IT


MATERIAL AND METHODS Design of the study

Populations and samples

How you measure

How you verify statistically the results


Results: Figures do not repeat tables.

Tables do not repeat text.

Text is explaining the given in tables and figures

Distributions of variables measured using the methods and relationship .

Statistics!


Discussion and Conclusions Discussion: after each paragraph with interpreted

results and common discussion – comparisons with similar data from similar studies carried out recently.

Conclusions: 3-5 sentences. Not repeat results! Did you answered the questions put in the Purpose section!


Scientific report/paper/presentation


Introduction, about 10% of the entire presentation;

A short, accurate and clear presentation of the purpose, objectives and methods, about 5% of the volume;

Results and discussion (after each section and general discussion) – around 80%.

A brief summary and conclusion (5%), related to the main theme, contributions and relevance of the results of the study.

Words of gratitude: scientific management, team collaboration, fellows, institution sponsoring.

Prof. Lydia Katrova

Visual presentation p o s t e r


The structure of the poster is analogous to that of a scientific report, but with more readability: figures, diagrams, photos, tables, effects, background.

Content: clear, concise, eye-catching title; a very short description of the purpose, methods and main results, discussion and references are not normally included.

It's nice to include the abstract.

Style (format): size, material, in accordance with the requirements for the specific event.

Copies of the poster, or at least abstracts to be available to the public.

Prof. Lydia Katrova

European Framework Projects

Social Medicine and Medical Ethics course 22 Prof. Lydia Katrova

Research ethics Ethical considerations

In interventional studies, since investigator deliberately intervenes, ethical considerations are more important in comparison to other types of epidemiological studies. Introduction to Intervention (Experimental) Studies 376 METHODS AND TOOLS IN PUBLIC HEALTH

Almost all research and health institutions have Ethical Committees, formed with the aim to control and survey ethical aspects of experimental studies. Each experiment including human subjects must be approved by Ethical Committee.

The general guidelines for biomedical research are contained in the Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations Guiding Medical Doctors in Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects prepared by World Medical Association (1996 version) and international guidelines published by the CIOMS (Council for International Organization of Medical Sciences

2nd year 23 Prof. Lydia Katrova


THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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