report - world bank · results the mdtf sud has been the main source of external support for world...

M u l t i - D o no r T r u s t F u n d f o r

S u s t ai n a bl e U r b a n D e vel o p me n t

PROGRESS

REPORT

J u l y 1 , 2 0 1 4 – J u n e 3 0 , 2 0 1 5

MDTF SUD Progress Report 2015

2

Contents

Foreword .......................................................................................................................................... 3

About the MDTF SUD ...................................................................................................................... 4

Focus Areas ................................................................................................................................. 4

Portfolio Highlights ........................................................................................................................... 5

Results ............................................................................................................................................. 6

Urbanization Reviews ................................................................................................................... 7

Operationalizing Urbanization Reviews ...................................................................................... 16

Research Partnerships for Urban Data and Spatial Development ............................................... 21

Global Partnerships and Data ..................................................................................................... 23

Spatial Development of Cities ..................................................................................................... 28

Other Analytic and Thematic Work ............................................................................................. 35

Financials ....................................................................................................................................... 41


3

Foreword

In a historic century for cities, 2015 has been an exceptional year. A new global development agenda is

being put forward, one that, for the first time, recognizes the critical role cities play in development. The

formulation of a new generation of development goals focused on sustainability – especially the

inclusion of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 11, to make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and

sustainable – is a significant victory for those of us who have spent years building the evidence to

support urbanization.

As countries turn to implementing the new SDGs, how cities and countries respond to urbanization,

and manage their already large cities will determine whether these goals are achievable or not. This is

especially true in developing countries, where over 90 percent of urban growth is taking place.

For these cities to drive growth and provide a decent quality of life for their residents, they need to be

competitive, sustainable, and inclusive. And to get there they need, first and foremost, information –

how the city is growing, where people live, how they earn a living – so they can plan for the future.

This is why the work of the Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Sustainable Urban Development (MDTF SUD) is

so important. The MDTF SUD is pioneering innovative research and approaches to city-level data

collection that can be used to influence national policies and strategies, which in turn drive city

investments and performance. The financial services provided by the World Bank Group to cities

continue to grow and the MDTF SUD provides an important analytical basis.

It is also supporting a range of knowledge and analysis to help policy makers make the case for cities.

One example are the Urbanization Reviews, which now cover over 30 countries and 53 percent of the

world’s population.

Last but not least, the work of the MDTF SUD has become a valuable resource for a variety of units

within the World Bank working on other sectors and issues, who are using results from the

Urbanization Reviews and research program to strengthen the assessment of city challenges across a

wide range of analytics and project work.

We would like to thank the partners who have made this work possible with their generous support: the

Government of Norway, the UK Department for International Development, and Switzerland’s State

Secretariat for Economic Affairs. Partnerships such as this one are critical in moving the new urban

agenda forward and improving the quality of life in cities around the world by moving towards

eradication of extreme poverty and enhancing shared prosperity.

Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez

Senior Director

Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience Global Practice

The World Bank

October 26, 2015


4

About the MDTF SUD

The Multi-Donor Trust Fund for Sustainable Urban Development (MDTF SUD) finances global,

national and regional initiatives through analytical work for project development, institutional

strengthening and knowledge partnerships on urban poverty and sustainable urban

development.

Based at World Bank headquarters in Washington, the MDTF SUD is a partnership of the Swiss State

Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), the UK Department for International Development, the

Government of Norway and the World Bank.

Focus Areas

The MDTF SUD partnership supports activities in five main focus areas:

Urbanization Reviews

These diagnostic tools offer a framework for policy makers to make tough decisions on

development in their cities by examining urbanization trends in a country, identifying policy

distortions, analyzing investment priorities, and proposing key policy changes.

Operationalizing Urbanization Reviews

These activities help operationalize the analytical findings of the Urbanization Reviews by

supporting the design and preparation of World Bank-led urban lending projects in countries

where an Urbanization Review has already been carried out, or where it is being carried out.

Global Partnerships and Data

Work in this area supports collecting and making publicly available urbanization-related data at

the global, regional and local scale, and supporting and strengthening activities under World

Bank-supported knowledge initiatives.

Spatial Development of Cities

This involves research on the spatial development of cities to support global information tools,

such as spatial databases. A second component uses the spatial data collected to provide a

description of the characteristics of select African cities.

Other Analytic and Thematic Work

The MDTF SUD also supports a variety of thematic analytical work to fill knowledge gaps, develop

knowledge partnerships, and support work to reduce the vulnerability of the urban poor to climate

change.


5

Portfolio Highlights

The following charts provide a general overview of the overall MDTF SUD portfolio through the end of

FY 2015. The trust fund oversees more than 60 grants worth USD 13.25 million; of this, over USD 5

million was disbursed in FY 2015. Regional work and individual country findings have also supported

cross-regional learning.

Financial Sources (Actual) World Bank Budget Leveraged (Actual spent)

Cumulative Grants Disbursed

Urbanization Reviews 9,804,970 1,390,955

Operationalizing Urbanization Reviews 3,906,272 637,835

Global Partnerships and Data 544,626 1,179,848

Spatial Development of Cities 688,989 2,794,768

Other Analytic Work 11,460,347 2,936,196

Overall 26,405,204 8,939,602

18%

13%

17%29%

23%

Grants Allocated by Focus Area


Operationalizing UrbanReviewsGlobal Partnerships&Data

Spatial Dev of Cities

Other Analytic Work

29%

36%12%

4%5%

5%9%

Grants Awarded by Region

Global

AFR

EAP

ECA

LAC

MNA

SAR

0

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

3000000

3500000

4000000

Other Analytic Work UrbanizationReviews

Implementing UrbanReviews

Global Data &Partnership

Spatial Dev of Cities

Disbursement vs Grants Awarded

Grants Awarded FY15 Disbursement Cumulative Disbursement


6

Results

The MDTF SUD has been the main source of external support for World Bank urban work since the

trust fund was established by the Government of Norway in 2010 and joined by Switzerland SECO and

United Kingdom DFID in 2013.

The World Bank has used the more than USD 8.9 million

disbursed to date to leverage the considerable technical skills

and knowledge of World Bank urban staff to benefit clients in

over 30 countries and all six regions. It is also building a

knowledge base and providing global public goods that will

reverberate through the development community.

Nearly USD 3 million was disbursed for the original portfolio

of analytic work on themes such as land use planning,

affordable housing, risk resilience, and knowledge

dissemination activities. Outputs in FY 2015 included toolkits,

training programs for climate action and several country-level

housing diagnostics and plans.

When Switzerland joined the MDTF SUD partnership in 2013, increased focus was given to country-

level diagnostic tools that could be integrated into urban investment operations, focused around

country Urbanization Reviews. Through FY 2015, USD 2 million was disbursed for these country

diagnostics and projects for implementation, with over USD 5 million still to be disbursed. These

projects are linked to prospective investments estimated at nearly USD 3 billion.

An initiative on Global Partnerships and Data was also launched in 2013, disbursing USD 1.2 million

through FY15. And a major new research program was launched in 2013 when UK-DFID joined the

partnership – Spatial Development of Cities – to support cutting-edge research on the spatial evolution

of cities using satellite and other data, which can be used to assess policy issues of city development

and urban form. Several research papers and knowledge events have been produced to date, but the

bulk of the research outputs will be published in the coming year.

Fig. 1: A Framework for Achieving Results

Results include:

Urbanization Reviews that are

influencing urban policies

around the world and spawning

follow-up investments;

Cutting-edge spatial data

analysis; and

Valuable research to enrich the

World Bank’s knowledge

portfolio.


7


Urbanization Reviews undertaken to date cover over half of the world’s urban population,

helping shape policy for 1.6 billion new city dwellers by 2050.

The Urbanization Review is a tool that presents and analyzes key trends across a range of issues

related to cities: the pace and form of urbanization, opportunities and constraints, and priority

government policy options.

It provides diagnostics and data to help policymakers

think strategically about the opportunities presented by

urbanization, and to identify practical, effective policy

options for removing roadblocks to inclusive and

sustainable growth.

While the Urbanization Reviews all apply an analytical

approach based on Planning, Connecting and Financing –

the three main dimensions of urban planning – each

report is tailored to a country’s specific conditions.

The MDTF SUD has been the main source of funding for

Urbanization Reviews, but others, such as those for Nigeria and Kenya, have been funded from other

sources. These are also reflected in the map below as they contribute knowledge and experience that

inform the broader program.

Fig. 2: Map of Urbanization Reviews: Completed, Completed with Follow up, and Ongoing

37%

18%7%

18%

10%10%

Urbanization Reviews: Grant Allocation by Region

AFR

EAP

ECA

LAC

MNA

SAR


8

Urbanization Reviews Completed in FY 2015

Burundi: Strategies for Urbanization and Economic Competitiveness

Burundi’s current development strategy, Vision 2025, centers around its growing cities and aims to

increase the country’s urbanization rate from 11 percent to 40 percent by 2025.

The report argues that, although the 40 percent target may be unrealistic, urbanization offers

considerable opportunities for both rural and urban areas. To capitalize on these opportunities, Burundi

needs to prioritize economic growth and job creation and strengthen the linkages between the rural and

urban areas.

Other recommendations include developing strategies in two key sectors, agribusiness and tourism;

improving spatial and land management; and strengthening institutional delivery capacity and

enforcement.

The report also suggests that Burundi would benefit from an overarching policy vision to guide

regulatory and investment interventions and create a strong coalition for effective, sustainable

urbanization.

Diversified Urbanization in Côte d’Ivoire

In Côte d’Ivoire, the economic predominance of Abidjan – as well as a succession of crises – has

limited economic activities in the country’s secondary cities. This report argues that Côte d’Ivoire

should focus on nurturing a balanced system of cities in order to spread out the benefits of urbanization

throughout the country.

It identifies three types of cities in Côte d’Ivoire, providing a framework that can inform the Territorial

Development Master Plan currently under development by the Ivorian government and tap into the

comparative advantage of each city:

Global Connector cities that generate

economies needed for innovation, increasing

return to scale, and global competitiveness;

Regional Connector cities that generate

localized economies needed for efficient

regional trade and transport; and

Domestic Connector cities that generate the

internal-scale economies needed to unleash

the agricultural potential of their regions.

The report has been finalized, and the French version

presented to the government on October 7, 2015. It

has already informed the World Bank’s Country Partnership Framework pillar on Sustainable

Development and will be used by the Ivorian government to organize a donor coordination meeting on

urban infrastructure funding.

The Ivorian government validated the Urbanization

Review at a seminar in Abidjan on July 9, 2015.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWvME1_Yq5E&feature=youtu.be


9

Urban Institutions for a Middle-Income Ethiopia

Ethiopia is committed to achieving middle-income status by 2025, and has already taken steps to make

informed decisions on managing its urban growth. The Ethiopia Urbanization Review provides a solid

base of evidence to contribute to the government’s efforts.

It identifies three core priorities for Ethiopian cities: job creation, infrastructure and services, and

housing. To tackle these three priorities, the report recommends critical reforms to urban policy and

institutions in the areas of urban financing and land management.

The Urbanization Review has been formally endorsed

by the Ethiopian government and is being published

as a joint World Bank Group-Government of Ethiopia

report.

The government has also added urbanization as one

of the seven strategic pillars of its medium-term

growth and development plan for 2015/16 – 2019/20

(the second Growth and Transformation Program, or

GTP II).

Looking ahead, the Government of Ethiopia has

requested additional diagnostics on topics identified in

the report: institutional strengthening and capacity

building, urban municipal finance and optimizing land-

based revenues, land and the development of a public registry, and urban housing, including an

independent technical assessment of the Integrated Housing Development Program. These issues are

now being studied under a separate World Bank project titled Ethiopia Urban Policy.

Rising Through Cities in Ghana

The Ghana Urbanization Review is directly linked to the Government of Ghana’s National Urban Policy,

providing data-driven evidence to help identify priorities and phasing for both the policy and an action

plan for implementation. It comprises a main report identifying overall urbanization trends in Ghana, as

well as two specialized reports on municipal financing and interjurisdictional cooperation.

The report focuses on four main areas, which are all core objectives of the National Urban Policy and

action plan:

Integrated land planning for effective urban development

Strategic infrastructure development and improved regulation of the transport sector to enhance

connectivity of urban areas to markets

Deepening fiscal decentralization and exploring innovative ways for financing urban

development

Institutional coordination to facilitate land, transport, and finance planning and connectivity

Recommendations in these areas include stronger land use management and planning in municipal

and metropolitan areas; fostering a modern land market under the effective authority of land use

planners; filling gaps in basic services; investing in mass transport; and providing institutional, financial

and legal options for more efficient coordination among jurisdictions and agencies.

Two workshops held in March 2015 created strong

government buy-in at the highest level for the

Ethiopia Urbanization Review.


10

Senegal Spatial Development: Urbanization Review

Senegal is in the process of developing and implementing its new growth strategy through 2035: the

Plan Sénégal Émérgent (PSE), an ambitious program that prioritizes diversification and exports. The

Urbanization Review aims to provide evidence to support the government in planning and

implementing the urban components of the PSE program.

The report finds that urban Senegal is largely dominated by the primacy of Dakar, and that there is a

strong need to diversify and develop inland cities, especially the fast-growing development corridors of

Dakar-Thiès-Touba, Dakar-Mbour-Kaolack and Dakar-Louga-Saint Louis.

One large obstacle to diversified economic growth is the

lack of a solid transportation network (road, rail, maritime

and air) to connect Senegal’s inland cities with Dakar and

beyond, and open up inland areas to agricultural and

mining development.

The report suggests that a railway line linking Dakar and

Bamako and the rehabilitation of seven regional airports

as part of the PSE will make a considerable impact.

It also notes that cities across Senegal face severe housing shortages, and that reforms of complex

land policies and legislation are needed to open up the sector.

The Urbanization Review recommends five key policy priorities for Senegal, which will also be

addressed as part of the ongoing national economic strategy:

Revise and update territorial planning tools

Focus on enhancing urban economy through targeted programs

Improve urban service provision and access

Advance territorial governance structures

Consider innovative strategies to finance the growing urban infrastructure stock

Establishing reliable and self-sufficient financial systems at the local level are key to improved

municipal authority and Senegal’s long-term economic development goals. To create long-lasting

impact, the Ministry of Local Governance and Development has requested the World Bank’s support to

focus on decentralization activities in selected cities around the country – an activity that is a direct

result of the Urbanization Review’s recommended policy priorities.

Dissemination of Tunisia Urbanization Review

This project focused on the dissemination of the Tunisia Urbanization Review, which was undertaken in

FY2014. The report found that Tunisia has significant regional disparities, with much of the country’s

wealth and industry concentrated near the coastal cities. Recommendations included public policies to

promote growth in previously underserved cities, helping spread prosperity more evenly.

As a direct result of the Senegal

Urbanization Review, the Ministry

of Local Governance and

Development has requested

World Bank support to focus on

decentralization activities in

select cities around the country.


11

The Tunisia Urbanization Review was presented to various

ministries in February 2015. The government has applied its

findings to the development and implementation of two new

policies: decentralization to local governments, and transferring

state property to local governments (communalization).

The report’s analysis and recommendations are being applied

by the Ministry of Interior’s Direction General de Collectivité

Locales (DGCL), which is responsible for developing the

communalization policy.

As part of the dissemination of the Urbanization Review, the World Bank produced policy notes of key

areas to facilitate wider dissemination at the request of the Tunisian government.

Rise of the Anatolian Tigers: Turkey Urbanization Review

Over the past 70 years Turkey has experienced one of the world’s most dramatic demographic and

economic transformations, with urban and economic growth going hand-in-hand. Now, the country is in

the process of defining its second-generation urban agenda to help it transition from upper-middle-

income to high-income.

Released in April 2015, the Turkey Urbanization Review

provides valuable inputs to framing this second-

generation urban agenda. It chronicles Turkey’s process

of urbanization and focuses on options for further

strengthening the global competitiveness and

environmental sustainability of its cities – especially the

fast-growing secondary cities that will be a major part of

any urban agenda.

The Urbanization Review has been very well received in

Turkey. The Union of Municipalities distributed the report

to over 120 municipalities, and it has already gone into

its second printing. One of the key findings was the

need to strengthen municipal creditworthiness, and a

World Bank Creditworthiness Academy has been

programmed for December 2015.

MDTF SUD funds were primarily used to improve procedures for urban transformation, including social

engagement using Design Charrettes – intensive planning sessions in which citizens, designers and

others collaborate on a vision for development. These charrettes informed a companion report to the

Urbanization Review, the Guide to Urban Transformation, which the government is translating and

plans to issue as its official guide – setting standards and elaborating procedures for urban

transformation interventions.

Training materials have also been developed to promote active social consultations of affected

communities using a design charrette approach and innovative community engagement activity cards.

Fatma Sahin, Mayor of Metropolitan Municipality of Gaziantep, Turkey at a June 9 2015 workshop on the findings and recommendations of the Turkey Urbanization Review.

The Tunisia Urbanization

Review has influenced the

development and

implementation of two

national policies, one on

decentralization and a

second on communalization.


12

Fig. 3: The Turkey Urbanization Review found that new firms are being established in the central and eastern part of the country, rather than primarily along the western Aegean and Marmara Coast – providing the rationale for the report's title, Rise of the Anatolian Tigers.

Ukraine Urbanization Review

The Ukraine Urbanization Review piloted innovative analytical work to assess urban trends after the fall of the Soviet Union. The report used satellite imaging (night lights) to classify Ukraine’s cities by their level of economic, demographic and spatial growth or decline.

This work revealed important shifts in economic geography within the country: the west and central regions were much more dynamic, both in terms of economic and demographic growth. (Note: All of the data in the report was collected before the current conflict in Ukraine erupted.)

The Urbanization Review showed that populations in most Ukrainian cities are declining significantly, and that the country’s planning and financing systems are unprepared to deal with this shift or how to differentiate between growing and declining areas. It also found that while agglomerations are absorbing most of the economic growth in the country, public policies do not target or encourage them.

As a follow-up to the Urbanization Review and building on the methodology developed for it, the World Bank initiated a regional study in Europe and Central Asia to assess the scale and typology of urban shifts, and provide policy recommendations on possible responses. (This activity is also funded under the MDTF, but there were no disbursements in FY 2015).

The findings from this regional study have already generated considerable international interest among practitioners, academia and development organizations. The Ukraine Urbanization Review is expected to be disseminated widely in November 2015.


13

Technical Assistance on Affordable Housing in Vietnam

This project deepens findings of the Vietnam Urbanization Review, supporting the Government of

Vietnam in designing policies and programs that support resilient, competitive and inclusive cities. It

provides technical advisory services that aim to:

Improve integrated urban planning and management for resilient cities

Foster competitiveness and innovative financing instruments by assessing the possibility of

improving investment in municipal infrastructure in secondary provinces through the use of

market-based mechanisms and strengthened regulatory framework

Promote access to basic services, housing and social programs by designing policies and

programs that promote access to affordable housing for low- and middle-income households

The final report from the project, Vietnam Affordable Housing: A Way Forward, will be completed in the

coming year and will include a comprehensive housing sector assessment and related

recommendations.


14

Urbanization Reviews in Progress in FY 2015

Afghanistan Urbanization Review

The Afghanistan Urbanization Review is progressing as expected and is on track to meet its planned

delivery in FY 2016. Several interim reports have been completed as background studies for the

Urbanization Review, which focuses on generating employment and economic growth through industry

cluster analysis.

The Afghanistan Urbanization Review has been a

challenging activity due to worsening security

conditions, presidential elections, government

restructuring, and a lack of reliable local data in

the country.

In order to overcome those challenges, the review

team came up with innovative analytical solutions,

such as using Nighttime Light data, satellite

imagery land use data, direct data collection of

local revenue and expenditure of Afghanistan’s

six largest cities for the past three years, and a

business survey of informal manufacturing firms

in Kabul.

At the request of Afghan President Ashraf Ghani,

the Afghanistan Urban Review team and the

South Asia Region Urban team drafted an Afghanistan urban discussion note that builds on the main

findings of the ongoing Urbanization Review. Ming Zhang, Practice Manager of the World Bank’s South

Asia Region Urban Team, presented the note to President Ghani on February 9, 2015.

Mexico Urbanization Review

Over the past 30 years, many of Mexico’s cities have grown horizontally – large, single-use housing

developments built on the outskirts of cities. Concerned by this low-density urban sprawl, Mexican

policymakers have included compact development and densification of cities as key goals in the

national urban policy framework.

The Mexico Urbanization Review responds directly to this policy focus, and aims to contribute to the

government’s efforts to move Mexican cities on a more sustainable, inclusive development path. It

identifies how the patterns of city growth intersect with efficient and inclusive cities in Mexico, draws on

new analyses of spatial development patterns of Mexican cities, and examines the current performance

of Mexican cities in promoting productive and inclusive growth.

Much of the analysis and policy dialogue for the Urbanization Review was undertaken during FY 2015,

and it is near completion. Formal publication and dissemination is planned for FY 2016.

Spatial analysis of night time lights in Afghanistan.


15

Malawi Urbanization Review

Malawi is largely a rural country with persistent poverty in rural areas. For this reason, the Malawi

Urbanization Review focuses primarily on rural-urban linkages to better understand the role

urbanization can play in poverty reduction and overall

national development. It also examines three other priority

issues in Malawi – decentralization, intergovernmental

fiscal relations, and local government finance.

The bulk of the analysis and policy dialogue for the report

was undertaken in FY 2015, and it is in the final stages of

development.

The Urbanization Review complements an initiative by the

Ministry of Lands, Housing and Urban Development to draft a National Urban Policy. A joint launch is

planned for both at the Malawi National Urban Forum in FY 2016 in order to create momentum for the

national urban agenda.

The report’s preliminary findings have been very well received by the Ministry, which plans to use the

Urbanization Review to strengthen its case for urban development to be included in the upcoming

Malawi Growth and Development Strategy III for 2017-2020. Previous strategies did not include cities,

as development in Malawi has largely focused on rural areas.

The Central America Urbanization Review

The Central America Urbanization Review covers six countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,

Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama. All six have high rates of urbanization that are transforming their

economies both structurally and spatially, with major implications for strategies to reduce extreme

poverty and boost shared prosperity. They also share similar challenges – poverty, housing deficits,

violence, infrastructure gaps, weak urban planning and natural disasters.

The Urbanization Review aims to create an improved knowledge and analytical base on urbanization in

Central America, identify the challenges and opportunities associated with the region’s patterns of

urbanization, and provide policy advice on key issues identified. It will also serve as a tool for regional

knowledge and capacity building.

The development of the report is moving forward. The first regional workshop was held in Panama in May 2015, kicking off a regional dialogue on shared urban challenges, the role of cities in development, and policies that can promote economic growth and reduce poverty. A second workshop will be held in FY 2016.

The Ministry of Lands, Housing

and Urban Development is using

the Urbanization Review to

strengthen the case for cities to be

included in Malawi’s next national

growth strategy.


16

Operationalizing Urbanization Reviews

Findings from completed Urbanization Reviews are informing integrated development projects around

the world. In FY 2015, grants of USD 1.8 million for preparatory activities linked to investment projects

estimated at over USD 1.3 billion were underway that would operationalize recommendations from

Urbanization Reviews, with 11 new activities in the works for FY 2016.

Implementing the recommendations in Urban China

MDTF resources have supported important sectoral work to investigate and address urbanization

challenges in China. This includes two critical reports on viability and sustainability of municipal finance

that focus on changing the role and responsibility of the central government. One report examined

China’s current shortcomings in the fiscal system, and a second one recommended measures to

reform its public finance system to accommodate an increasingly urbanized China.

These sectoral reports, together with the World Bank’s major 2014 report Urban China: Toward

Efficient, Inclusive, and Sustainable Urbanization, contributed directly to the China Urbanization

Strategy for 2016-2020 announced by the State Council in spring 2015.

As a result, the World Bank team received requests from several provinces for analysis on how

subnational governments can facilitate fiscal reform at the local level. The MDTF SUD is supporting

analytical work in Shandong Province which could serve as a model for other provinces interested in

fiscal reform.

Transit-Oriented Development in China (Yinchuan-Xi’an Railway)

One of the findings of the 2014 China Urbanization Review was that while China’s coastal cities have

enjoyed economic growth and prosperity, many of its inland cities and rural areas have been left

behind. As a follow up, this activity supports the development of a direct rail link between the cities of

Yinchuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region and Xi’an in Shaanxi Province, passing through

Qingyang in Gansu.

The project is expected to improve connectivity for passengers and businesses along the Yinchuan-

Xi’an corridor, and promote economic growth in remote regions of Ningxia and Gansu. Passengers and

freight will be able to travel between Yinchuan and Xi’an in just over four hours, compared to the

20%

40%20%

20%

Implementing Urbanization Reviews: by Region

AFR

EAP

MNA

SAR

“This has been an extremely

valuable Trust Fund. It has

supported three projects under

preparation to bring in the lessons

learned from Urban China to real

implementation, and led to a

breakthrough methodology to align

land use planning and mass

transit.”

--Gerald Ollivier, World Bank Transport

Cluster Leader/Sr. Infrastructure

Specialist, Transport & ICT, Singapore


17

current 15.1 hours by rail or 13.5 hours by bus. The line will also connect the city of Xi’an with China’s

high-speed rail network, expanding growth opportunities.

A feasibility study has been completed and the line is expected to open to traffic in early 2020.

Sustainable Urbanization in Indonesia

Indonesia is currently undertaking its National Urban Development Project (NUDP), which aims to

improve planning and investments in several Indonesian cities. The Indonesia Urbanization Review

was a preliminary report to support the NUDP by identifying urban challenges. Its findings included that

Indonesia needs to do more to leverage urbanization for socio-economic development, and that cities

urgently need investments in infrastructure, improved land use planning, transit and traffic

management, and urban design solutions to reduce congestion.

As requested by the Government of Indonesia, the NUDP has

been modified into the larger Indonesia Sustainable

Urbanization program. This program aims to support the

Government of Indonesia through World Bank-executed

technical assistance activities to develop a suite of policy,

advisory, financing and program solutions to meet the

challenge of sustainable urbanization.

It will support the national government to develop policy and

financing frameworks to effectively channel advisory and

investment to Indonesian cities to meet pressing urban

infrastructure and management needs.

This program is an umbrella for a set of vertical national programs for each of the five priority urban

sectors: urban transport systems, water supply, slum upgrading, solid waste management, and disaster

risk management. It also addresses horizontal support to strengthen urban management on an ongoing

basis and will require technical assistance support targeted at both the local and national levels.

Activities include all the activities in the previous NUDP, with the addition of developing sustainable

domestic solutions for urban infrastructure finance. Spatial planning and urban development are still

one of the priorities in this program, as it was in the NUDP.

Funding from the MDTF SUD is supporting the City Planning Labs initiative, which provides technical

assistance on spatial planning to sub-national governments in Indonesia. The participating cities

include Denpasar, Semarang, and Surabaya, where the initiative is building the capacity of the local

planning agency (BAPPEDA) for integrated planning through two parallel interventions: the initiation of

spatial data infrastructure development, and implementation of spatial planning analytics.

These two components aim to develop data system models at the back end while building human

resource capacity within BAPPEDA at the front end to promote evidence-based policy making for

sustainable and inclusive urban planning. The work is carried out in close collaboration with city staff in

order to ensure long-term capacity building and buy-in from the clients.

Urban Development and Local Governance in Tunisia

The Tunisian Constitution approved in 2014 makes a clear commitment to decentralization and placing

municipalities at the heart of the urban development process. As a result, the Tunisian government has

formulated a program of financial support to help local governments implement their municipal

Funding from the MDTF

SUD is supporting the City

Planning Labs initiative,

which provides technical

assistance on spatial

planning to sub-national

governments in Indonesia.


18

development plans. At the same time, the program aims to address some of the regional disparities in

socio-economic growth and investment identified in the Tunisia Urbanization Review.

This project provides support to the Tunisian government to implement the municipal program. It

focuses on two areas: strengthening local governments’ ability to deliver municipal infrastructure, and

improving access to services in targeted disadvantaged neighborhoods.

While FY 2015 was a transitional year for the program, the Tunisian government achieved several

initial milestones. It has launched a new e-portal that provides data on all 264 Tunisian local

governments and is accessible to the public. It has also developed a local government performance

assessment system.

Sri Lanka: Secondary Cities Development Assessment

This report provides diagnostics on the dynamic spatial transformation process in Sri Lanka, following

the 2004 Sri Lanka Urbanization Review. It finds that there has been a significant growth of

agglomerations stretching from the capital, Colombo, to the cities of Kandy and Galle – the area

responsible for the bulk of Sri Lanka’s economic growth – as well as around some of the eastern and

northern secondary cities. However, many of the country’s poorest and most vulnerable to poverty live

very near these agglomerations without benefitting from them.

The report argues that connecting these agglomerations to each

other will provide more balanced economic opportunities, reduce

poverty, and bolster overall economic growth. It will also

enhance the competitiveness of the Colombo Metropolitan

Region, which is critical to Sri Lanka’s economic success.

The analysis and data in the study have influenced the

government’s decision making in terms of prioritizing

interventions. Because of the study, the government decided to

select the cities of Kandy and Galle for participation in the World

Bank’s Sri Lanka Strategic Cities Development Project.

It has also provided a solid analytic foundation for the government’s National Development Policy,

which aims to foster rapid, socially inclusive economic development – in large part based on a strong

network of well-connected cities. Finally, the analysis will potentially support the government as it

prepares the first regional plan for the Colombo Metropolitan Region.

Turkey: Sustainable Cities Investment Project

The Turkey Urbanization Review identified secondary cities as a major focus area for the country’s

next-generation urban agenda. These cities face many challenges that threaten long-term

sustainability, including congestion, sprawl, and inefficient development patterns. This project aims to

help Turkey develop a multi-sector, integrated and comprehensive approach to resilient, sustainable

city development for the coming years.

The Sustainable Cities Project (USD 300 million in FY 2016) will support participating municipalities in

planning and investing in a sustainable future. It introduces a long-term planning tool, the Sustainable

Cities Action Plan, which helps cities identify investment and capacity building projects with a

sustainable dimension. The goal is for each participating city to adopt the Action Plan and incrementally

This study has influenced

the Sri Lankan

government’s decision

making in terms of

prioritizing interventions and

provides a basis for a

National Development

Policy.


19

improve sustainability as measured by a Sustainable Cities Index. The Sustainable Cities Planning

Tool Guide was developed with support from the MDTF SUD.

In FY 2015, an initial list of cities and sub-project investments were identified. Feasibility studies are

now available for four municipality investment packages (including public transit system and mobility

improvements, water and wastewater efficiency investments, and a municipal solar field and retrofitting

of municipal buildings to improve energy efficiency), with the remaining investment packages expected

by the end of 2015.

Vietnam: Development of Northern Mountains Cities

The Vietnam Urbanization Review (2012) emphasized that for Vietnam to maximize the economic and

social benefits of urbanization, it must develop a strong system of cities to complement the growth

taking place in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City.

Within this framework, the Northern Mountains Urban Development project targets the Northern

Mountains region – a historically important but lagging area whose cities are becoming increasingly

unable to accommodate growing populations. It aims to strengthen the capacity of seven participating

cities to plan, implement, and sustain urban infrastructure. The project is also the first results-based

activity to operationalize Vietnam’s National Urban Development Program in the region.

Coordinated by the Ministry of Construction, the seven cities have undertaken activities including

strengthening project management units, beginning and planning civil works for infrastructure

investments, and collected data on their assets.

During FY 2015, MDTF SUD funds were used to provide technical assistance for preparing a program

operations manual, helping cities strengthen own-source revenue, and training workshops. MDTF SUD

also supported technical assistance for an integrated national urban development policy, which

included high-level South-South knowledge exchanges between Vietnam and Latin America to learn

about successful programs on urban planning, city management and housing, as well as land and

municipal finance.


20

Looking Ahead to FY16 – New Projects Linked to Urbanization Reviews:

PROJECT OBJECTIVE

Côte d'Ivoire: Infrastructure Renewal Project - Additional Financing

Support for translating the Urbanization Review policy recommendations into a set of concrete actions and developing a road map for operationalizing them.

Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Urban Development Project - Additional Financing

Ensure that recommendations from the upcoming Urbanization Review will inform additional financing for the Urban Development Project, including evidence-based selection of cities, investment strategies for cities, and capacity-building activities.

Kenya: Secondary Cities Project Operationalize findings from the Kenya Urbanization Review in a Secondary Cities Project, including evidence-based selection of cities, identifying possible investments and benefits, and establishing institutional capacity requirements

Tanzania: Zanzibar Urban Services Project - Additional Financing and the Tanzania Strategic Cities Project

Support to operationalize the Tanzania Urbanization Review recommendations into additional financing for the Zanzibar Urban Services Project and to implement the Tanzania Strategic Cities Project.

Senegal: Decentralization Support Program

Program preparation including translating recommendations from the Urbanization Review into an action plan, developing consensus on operationalization, and developing strategies and mechanisms to support future investments in target cities.

Ghana: Urban Resilience and Sustainable Services In Greater Accra Metropolitan Area

Project preparation, including translating policy recommendations from the Ghana Urbanization Review into action; developing a menu of investments, costs and expected benefits; and establishing options for effective management and oversight of the project.

Bolivia: Supporting Sustainable Urbanization

Support for the Ministry of Development Planning to advise on institutional arrangements for a potential National Urban Development Program, conduct economic analysis for priority cities, and identify challenges and potential projects.

Mexico: Support to Inner-City Affordable Housing Program

Contribute to preparation of a World Bank project with National Commission for Housing, including analysis of current bottlenecks for affordable housing in well-located areas of Mexican cities; and design of new instruments, strategies and approaches to resolve these challenges.

India: Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Project

Contribute to preparation of project with Madhya Pradesh Urban Development Company, including detailed sub-project reports for water and sanitation schemes in several cities, strategies for institutionalizing urban reforms, and institutional strengthening approaches.

India: Supporting India's National Urban Program 2015-2010

Support to the government of India for two programs: the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT), which targets 500 cities; and the Smart Cities Mission, which targets 100 cities. This includes identifying reforms and cities for support and refining key technical elements.

Vietnam: Da Nang Connectivity Improvement and Urban Redevelopment Project (Tentative)

Support to Da Nang City and the Ministry of Transport to improve serviceability and access for Da Nang Railway transit, including a pre-feasibility study and bankable project concept.


21

Research Partnerships for Urban Data and Spatial Development

With support from the MDTF SUD, the World Bank has been collaborating closely with leading global

and regional research institutions on urbanization issues, leveraging its convening power, analytic

capacities and links to national policymakers and investment programs to improve data, analysis and

application of urban research.

A key impediment to urban policymaking and planning is a lack of reliable, cost effective and

disaggregated data about the economic, social and spatial dimensions of cities, human settlements

and the people who live in them. The MDTF SUD is supporting an ambitious program of applied

research and development of innovative research methodologies to address some of these

deficiencies.

The first substantial results from the program were seen during the past year, with much more to come.

A sophisticated algorithm and a methodology to translate high resolution satellite images into maps

identifying land cover was tested and released in open source, a global public good now available to

researchers around the world.

A survey methodology to measure various dimensions of living standards within cities was developed

and tested, with first results and datasets to be released publically in the coming year. Methodologies

for using “night lights“ and cell phone data were advanced, searching for efficient and effective ways to

gather data on spatial transformations, mobility patterns and other urban characteristics.

These and other results are presented in the sections below. Much of the research will feed into

national and city development projects and programs, or provide data and analysis that will be made

publically available through various dissemination channels. Others will feed into research papers and

policy notes. And a major subset of the research will inform a World Bank “flagship report” on Spatial

Development of Cities in Africa, scheduled for publication during 2016.

Fig. 4: Spatial Development of Cities in Africa

Program objectives

Better understand strengths and weaknesses of local and national

economies

Identify prospects and obstacles for growth and poverty reduction

Design and prioritize policy interventions

The program will meet these objectives by

Building integrated datasets

Undertaking research to systematically assess policy

issues

Bringing together leading researchers

Activities

Building a Global Database on Spatial Form of Urban

Development

Determinants and Consequences of Urban Structure (research +

background papers)

Priorities for Policy


22

A collaborative effort

The research program supported by MDTF SUD is forging new

partnerships and strengthening existing ones, both externally

and within the World Bank. The London School of Economics,

Oxford University and the European Space Agency are all

playing major roles, bringing their enormous analytical and

technical capacities to support the program. UK-DFID and

Switzerland SECO motivated the program and actively

contribute.

The program also engages research from the World Bank’s Asia

regions, the Development Economics (DEC) research

department, Global Practice for Transport and ICT (GTIDR), and

other internal partners. (See graphic below).

Fig. 5: Collaboration across regions and Global Programs

The program brings

together researchers from

throughout the World

Bank and globally to

develop common

understandings, for

example, of data

definitions and satellite

modeling.


23

Global Partnerships and Data

This pillar of MDTF SUD focuses on strengthening evidence and analytic methodologies to examine

patterns of urbanization, and informing and motivating related policy and investment decisions on

urban productivity, living standards and sustainability.

It is structured along five key sub-pillars. The first four focus on tapping and developing new sources of

data, while the fifth concentrates on strengthening sub-national and urban finance.

1. Measuring living standards within cities through

new geo-referenced household surveys

2. Measuring the spatial footprint and form of cities

3. Measuring urban mobility with new data sources

4. Measuring solid waste management

5. Synthesizing lessons from ongoing Urbanization

Reviews

Measuring Living Standards Within Cities

National living standards surveys typically do not accurately gauge the actual costs of housing, transport,

utilities and other measures of living standards in cities. Often, samples are not representative at the city

level, and estimates can rarely be obtained for smaller areas within a city.

This project responds to these needs with a major data collection effort to address existing information

gaps in cities. It innovates by:

Designing spatially-detailed sampling strategies that

allow for city analysis; and

Addressing urban-specific questions on the cost of

living in metropolitan areas.

The work involves developing, designing and piloting geo-

referenced household surveys to measure living standards among neighborhoods within a city and

understanding how public investments and services intersect with welfare outcomes.

In FY 2015, surveys were completed in two cities: Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania; and Durban, South Africa.

Data was collected between November 2014 and April 2015. The questionnaires and survey

instruments were designed through extensive internal consultations and reviews with a technical

advisory panel. The final questionnaires are multi-topic surveys aimed at collecting relevant information

for various audiences.

This was the first time the survey instruments were used, and the team is currently working on cleaning

the data, producing an initial analysis, and distilling lessons. A final report is expected to be completed

in FY 2016. Public datasets of survey data will be available through the World Bank’s micro data

catalog in accordance with its standard terms and conditions. A third survey is planned to begin in FY

2016, with the target city to be determined.

“This work provides the data and

analysis to understand how cities

are actually growing and to

evaluate how they might grow

better, in more sustainable and

inclusive ways.”

-- Ellen Hamilton, Lead Urban Specialist,

The World Bank

This pioneering work can

potentially become the gold

standard in measuring living

standards within cities

around the world.


24

Cross-support within the World Bank

The MDTF SUD team is working closely with the Tanzania Urbanization Review team to merge data

collection efforts and maximize cooperation between the Country Office and staff at World Bank

Headquarters in Washington. Lessons from this activity are also informing dialogue between the World

Bank and client countries for the delivery of urban poverty studies. Within the World Bank, innovations

and lessons learned from the activity were shared during the its Living Standards Measurement Study

core learning curriculum, which brings together World Bank experts to discuss the latest advances in

measuring poverty and inequality in the developing world.

Box 1: Measuring Living Standards within Dar es Salaam

This initiative innovates through designing spatially-detailed sampling strategies that allow for

within-city analysis. It also combines the use of satellite imagery and field data collection to

better understand living conditions within cities.

The first survey was implemented in Dar es Salaam,

Tanzania between November 2014 and April 2015. The

sample size of 2,400 households was selected in two

stages, with 200 Census Enumeration Areas in the first

stage, and 12 households per Enumeration Area in the

second.

In the first stage, Enumeration Areas were sorted into

four strata depending on their distance to the city center

and likelihood of being predominantly shanty areas.

The map (right) depicts the distribution of the four strata

in the urban extent of the city of Dar es Salaam: core,

core-shanty, consolidated city, and periphery.

Enumeration Areas were selected with probability

proportional to size – using the number of households

as a measure of size – and with implicit stratification by

the administrative units. Households were selected

using systematic, equal probability sampling from the

full list of households in the 200 Enumeration Areas.

Source: World Bank

Measuring the Spatial Footprint and Form of Cities

The aim of this component is to support and coordinate the development of a global urban spatial

database as a public good. The creation of a reliable, consistent database will allow more evidence-

based decision making on urban investments and policy interventions by the World Bank and its

clients.

The activity supports the development of this database in various ways. It directly supports the German

Aerospace Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, or DLR) in completing, refining and


25

making public the Global Urban Footprints Layer – a high-

resolution map of built-up areas worldwide, on track for

completion in the first quarter of 2016.

The team is also working with partners to support the

development of two additional layers: the Global Human

Settlements Layer, produced by the European Commission’s

Joint Research Center, which allows analysis of trends in

urban built-up areas since 1975; and WorldPop, a high-

resolution population distribution layer that uses these built-

up area layers and other inputs.

The MDTF SUD team has worked with teams around the

Bank to help them make use of these new sources of data,

including in a study of urbanization in Argentina, the Haiti

Urbanization Review, and the Sri Lanka systematic country

diagnostic. It also supports the development of the European Space Agency’s Urban Thematic

Exploration Platform, which will allow easy and free access to the high-resolution and high-frequency

data that will soon be produced by the agency’s Sentinel fleet of satellites.

Applying a standard measure of urban areas

In addition to supporting the creation of these data sets on built-up areas and population distribution,

the activity uses them to develop and apply a standard measure of urban areas across the world.

Researchers at the World Bank and elsewhere have long called for such a measure, given that the only

reliable data currently available is from the United Nations, and it is based on definitions of urban areas

that vary significantly from one country to another – making comparisons of urbanization rates and

trends problematic.

Using a methodology based on population size and population

density thresholds first developed by the European

Commission, the team has applied a standardized approach to

measuring urban areas in 33 countries, including countries in

Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, East Asia Pacific, the Middle

East-North Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean, in

addition to the 27 European countries previously analyzed.

The results allow for a globally consistent comparison of

urbanization levels, which has previously been difficult or

impossible. Differences between these results and the United

Nations data that we have previously relied upon are already

changing our understanding of urbanization around the world.

In addition to the results and associated spatial data, the outputs of this analysis will involve a tool kit to

allow teams to independently repeat the analysis for any country, including Python scripts, interactive

Excel tables, and a step-by-step guide to conducting the analysis. These will be released together with

the Global Urban Footprints Layer in early 2016.

Fostering collaboration in research

The World Bank convened an initial workshop for urban spatial researchers to share their definitions of

urban areas and understand each other’s models, including strengths and weaknesses. Hosted by the

A map layer represents

geographic data, such as a

particular theme of data.

Examples of layers include

streams and lakes, terrain,

roads, political boundaries,

parcels, building footprints,

utility lines, and orthophoto

imagery. Each map layer is

used to display and work

with a specific dataset. Source: ArcGIS

The MDTF SUD team has

applied a standardized

approach to measuring

urban areas, making a global

comparison possible and

changing our understanding

of urbanization around the

world.


26

European Space Agency, the workshop was very well received; participants noted that only the World

Bank could convene such an exchange on this issue.

The work done under this sub-pillar has also spurred greater collaboration among researchers, for

example feeding information into Urbanization Reviews.

Measuring Urban Mobility with New Data Sources

Work under this pillar aimed to develop new ways of analyzing urban mobility using “big data” – in this

case cell phone data – to see whether they offer new insights to the relationship between people and

their urban environments.

Led by the World Bank and world-renowned researchers, this research was completed by May 2015.

So far, it has been successful; a peer-reviewed paper on the use of cell phones and internet big-data

for transport modeling in selected Latin America-Caribbean cities has been produced, with others on

the way.

Measuring Solid Waste Management

This component aims to build a system of indicators on solid waste that can be used by cities for

benchmarking and measuring performance.

An initial data collection effort was conducted via desk review to fully assess the solid waste data

situation. Data was collected from 91 cities globally on a range of solid waste performance indicators,

revealing that there are some major inconsistencies in the way data is reported for this sector, both in

terms of the type of information collected and how the metrics are defined. This process allowed the

team to see which regions and types of data are especially hard to find, with financial data among the

most difficult.

The activity is ongoing and is expected to be completed in FY 2016. Plans are also underway to

produce a web platform that will allow cities to easily report data and see how they compare to other

cities.

Synthesizing Lessons from Urbanization Reviews

Work under this component aims to make it easier to operationalize urbanization diagnostics in country

strategies. It extends the diagnostic toolkit to explicitly include climate change, which can fundamentally

alter the contribution of cities to enhancing prosperity, reducing poverty, and fostering sustainability.

Capturing institutional memory on Urbanization Reviews

Undertaking an Urbanization Review is a complex process, and it is important for the World Bank to

capture the institutional memory obtained over the years in this area.

In FY 2015, an Urbanization Review Guidebook was completed to help World Bank Task Team

Leaders (TTLs) managing new Urbanization Reviews with tips, resources and advice based on past

experience. The Guidebook will be available online through the World Bank’s internal systems so that


27

TTLs can have easy access to it and update it as needed. The Guidebook has been finalized and is

pending approval.

In addition to the Guidebook, the MDTF SUD team has compiled a list of existing Terms of References

(ToRs) for Urbanization Reviews to support new teams working on new reviews. Plans include making

this valuable repository live so that TTLs can upload their own ToRs as a sort of community of practice.

Urbanization Review ToRs are available by country and areas of expertise:

Country Urbanization Reviews:

Brazil

Colombia

Côte d’Ivoire

Ethiopia

Georgia

Nigeria

Tanzania

Tunisia

Expertise:

Content Management

Demographics

Economic Geography and Urban Economics

Editors

Geospatial Analysis

Green Growth

Land and Housing

Macroeconomics

Municipal Finance

Outreach and Dissemination

Research Assistant

Transport and Connectivity

Urban Governance

Urban Land Management

Urban Planning

Urban Specialist


28

Spatial Development of Cities

The work the MDTF SUD is supporting in spatial development is unique, using high-resolution

satellite imagery to classify urban areas and describe the evolution of city form over time,

which few studies have attempted.

The objectives of the MDTF SUD research program are to

assist developing countries to achieve sustainable

urbanization through diagnostic tools on policy and

investment constraints; the development of a knowledge

base and capacity to implement urbanization investments;

and collaboration on the most pressing urban challenges

and opportunities across geographic, sector and

organizational boundaries.

The Global Knowledge Partnership on Spatial

Development, initiated in FY2014, pursues those objectives

through a strategic program of activities centered on five

main components:

1. Building spatial databases by finding new ways to combine different sources of data that will

help inform researchers and decision makers. This data includes high resolution satellite images,

census information, city development plans, night lights, geographic characteristics and more.

2. Building the evidence for cities in Africa to provide a description of characteristics in select

cities based on data gathered. Characteristics include the evolution of urban form, population and

households, infrastructure, economic activity and residential developments, among others.

3. Rigorous analytical research that uses data collected to study key topics and driving policy

questions.

4. Capacity building program in developing countries to analyze the challenges of urbanization

and improve policy making. Activities include regional consultation workshops, dissemination

workshops, and participation in academic and policy conferences.

5. A World Bank report on the Spatial Development of Cities in Africa that will bring together

the lessons from the descriptive analysis of African cities and the analytical research to distill key

findings for Africa, and in turn inform policy recommendations.

Building Spatial Databases

This sub-pillar finds new ways to combine different sources of data that will help inform researchers

and decision makers. This data includes high resolution satellite images, census information, city

development plans, night lights, geographic characteristics and more.

In cities where spatial databases are not available, policymakers are left to take decisions in the dark.

Without knowing where people are locating, where residential areas are growing, and where informal

settlements may be expanding, they are likely to make inefficient decisions. However, putting together

25%

66%

3%

6%

Spatial Development Grant Allocation by Region

Global

AFR

ECA

SAR


29

different layers of data that describe all actors in the city is costly and time consuming. This work takes

a step forward by supporting the use of new data sources to inform city planning.

For many years, satellite imagery has been used to measure the footprints of cities. High resolution

imagery enables researchers to dig deeper and measure the various land cover types within, around

and between cities, and it is increasingly used as a rich source of information to provide evidence on

the spatial expansion and morphology of cities.

Only a few studies have attempted a thorough and systematic evaluation of city features with the

purpose of classifying or characterizing urban areas. New computational tools and methods

enable automated classification of satellite images, as well as the evolution of change.

This project supported the conversion of an existing algorithm to open source code that can be used by

any user to classify high resolution images. Combining these two elements – high resolution images

and an algorithm that allows semi-automatic classification into land cover classes – can help cities

plan. It can help them build a first layer to understand how the city is growing and where things are

happening. For example, it can be a first approximation at identifying where commercial or industrial

areas are growing, or where areas that look like shanty towns from above are spreading. Combined

with local knowledge, this information can guide policy makers on where specific interventions are

needed most.

An example of spatial data classification from Kigali is shown below:

Data sharing

Under the current proprietary agreement between the World Bank and the satellite imagery vendor,

access to the raw satellite data is granted for up to five users. These include policy makers at the

national and city level, as well as research institutions.

For instance, in the case of Dar es Salaam, the team identified key counterparts working in close

collaboration with the World Bank’s Country Office. Access to the raw satellite imagery was granted to

the Ministry of Lands, Housing, and Human Settlements Development, and to the Prime Minister’s


30

Office for Regional Administration and Local Development – encompassing the network of all local

governments in the country, including the Dar es Salaam metropolitan region.

The World Bank’s Legal Department is currently working on revising new standard terms and

conditions for the procurement and sharing of satellite imagery. While improving the accessibility of

these data to a broader community, it will likely increase the unit cost of satellite data in the future.

Box 2: A Spatial Database for South Asia Over the course of FY 2015 the Office of the Chief Economist for South Asia at the World Bank developed a new Spatial Database for South Asia, with MDTF SUD support. This database fills an important knowledge gap in the region, which is undergoing an extraordinary spatial transformation as its cities add an anticipated 315 million new residents by 2030. Many urban planners and scholars in South Asia have embraced geo-referencing data and using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to manage, interpret and present data, and there have been multiple initiatives in this area. However, efforts so far remain partial in their data coverage and disconnected from each other. The new spatial database brings together, in a single platform, data from censuses, surveys, administrative records, satellite imagery, and crowd-sourcing. It spans four administrative levels, from state or province to ward or village. Indicators are organized around a dozen themes – such as urban extent, jobs, education, and infrastructure – at two points in time (2001 and 2011). Users can build their own maps for every indicator, access information on the source and features of the data, run comparisons across places and over time, and download indicators and boundaries. The database was launched internally at the World Bank workshop on October 15, 2015, and it was very well received by the over 100 people attending the event. It remains a work in progress and is currently limited to World Bank staff, although there are plans to make the database public at a later date. The MDTF SUD provided financing for both the development and dissemination of the database.

Two screen captures from the Spatial Database for South Asia:


31

The evidence for cities in Africa

This sub-pillar provides a description of characteristics for select cities based on data gathered.

Characteristics include the evolution of urban form, population and households, infrastructure,

economic activity and residential developments, among others.

Collaborating with city leaders, ministries and local research institutions, city-level data collection is

underway in Addis Ababa, Dar es Salaam, Durban, Kampala, Kigali, Nairobi and other cities.

Numerous datasets are being compiled, from GIS data to GDP, industrial production and access to

water and sanitation. Satellite data has been procured for over 60 cities in Africa.

Urban policy narratives on the issues of institutions, policies and urban change are underway for three

of those cities, with others to come during FY 2016. These city narratives draw on the various data

collected though other components of the research program. They will be used to engage clients

around issues of spatial and economic development with an emphasis on how different urban policies

have influenced urbanization, particularly in terms of a city’s livability.

Rigorous analytical research

This sub-pillar uses collected data to study key topics and driving policy questions.

The research collaboration is producing a substantial set of Research Papers and Policy Notes, in

addition to the Africa flagship, which analyze and contextualize the data collected and generated

through the program. These reached draft stage during FY2015 and will be delivered in FY2016:

Policy Research Papers by World Bank Staff

World Bank staff produced these papers as part of the program:

“Jobs in the City: Explaining Urban Spatial Structure in Kampala”

“Jobs and Land Use within cities: A survey of evidence and policy”

“Correcting Overglow in Nighttime Lights Data”

“Enhancing accessibility to opportunities: what contribution of land use changes in Nairobi?”

“The Crowded City: Agglomeration and Mobility in Urban Development”

“The value of mixed land use: evidence from Addis Ababa”

“Synchronizing Public and Private Investment in Cities: Evidence from Addis Ababa, Dar es

Salaam, Kigali and Nairobi”

Several others are planned, including “Household and Spatial Drivers of Migration Patterns in Africa,”

“Morphology of African Cities,” “Adapting Equilibrium Sorting Models to the Developing World,” and a

set of papers on city-level policy and institutional research.

Research Consortium Papers

A consortium created between London School of Economics and Oxford University were awarded a

contract to partner with the World Bank to execute the research agenda under this program. The

consortium produced a substantial amount of research and data that are contributing to the program,

as well as the following papers that reached draft stage during the past year:


32

“Measuring living standards across space in the developing world”

“The Developing City: urban form and urban function”

“Who lives where? Theory and evidence on the distribution of population in developing cities”

“Building the City”

“Urbanization after Apartheid”

“The effect of a transport improvement: the Kampala ring road”

“The Global Spatial Distribution of Economic Activity”

“China's Expressway and Growth”

“Subways and Urban Growth: Evidence from Earth”

“Urban Growth in Africa: Natural Resource Shocks”

“Flooded Cities”

City-specific ‘urban narratives’ were also in draft.

Box 3: Household and Spatial Drivers of Migration Patterns in Africa Viewing economic development from a medium to long-term perspective suggests that mobility is

crucial to achieving the structural change needed to construct a sustainable vibrant economy. The

overarching message that has emerged from the literature is that migration from low-productivity

agricultural work to higher productivity manufacturing is a necessary condition for structural change

(Collier and Dercon, 2014; McMillan and Headey, 2014).

However, employment opportunities outside agriculture may be limited without proactive policies or

foreign investment (Diao and McMillan, 2015). From a planning perspective, there are several areas

of particular concern: where are the sources of additional labor for the modern sector, how

transferable are workers’ skills across sectors, and how compatible is relocation to workers in terms

of secure employment opportunities and improvements in standard of living (de Brauw, Mueller, and

Lee, 2014).

This research uses recently published panel data from the World Bank’s Living Standards and

Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys for Agriculture (LSMS-ISA). The LSMS-ISA data includes

detailed migrant tracking protocols which are analyzed to provide greater insights into the motives,

opportunities and constraints of migration in five countries in Sub-Saharan Africa: Ethiopia, Malawi,

Nigeria, Tanzania, and Uganda.

The work involves describing the patterns of migration for each country, the profile of migrant

workers, and factors that drive their moves. It also reflects on how the policy environment –

education, land, market access, savings and the absence of insurance – can affect the proportion of

migrant workers, their skill profiles, and their destination.

This study is a joint work between the World Bank and the International Food Policy Research

Institute (IFPRI). A descriptive paper will be completed by December 2015, and a full paper by June

2016. The initial findings were presented at a World Bank seminar on urbanization in Africa, and an

updated version of the paper has been accepted for presentation at the Structural Transformation of

African Agriculture and Rural Spaces (STAARS) conference December 4-5 2015 in Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia.


33

Capacity building program

This sub-pillar analyzes the challenges of urbanization, engages policymakers in shaping

research questions, and uses the lessons learned as inputs for policy-making.

Activities during the past year have included regional workshops on urbanization, GIS training

workshops for researchers on the algorithm developed to classify land use in high resolution satellite

images, a workshop on using night light data, and internal learning events for World Bank staff.

Preliminary results from the Spatial Development of African Cities were presented to finance and

planning ministers and other policymakers during the IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings in April 2015.

Titled “Harnessing Urbanization for Growth and Shared Prosperity in Africa,” the event highlighted the

importance of urbanization as a key economic and social issue for Africa’s development. (Watch videos

below.)

Consultation events also have been organized in collaboration with the International Growth Center in

Kigali, Kampala, and Addis.

A major workshop showcasing global research done by the London School of Economics, Oxford

University and World Bank researchers was held in July 2015 at World Bank headquarters in

Washington. The papers and video recordings of the sessions can be accessed at:

http://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2015/07/13/urbanization-and-spatial-development-of-countries.

View the event at the following link: http://live.worldbank.org/harnessing-urbanization-for-growth-and-shared-prosperity-in-africa

Watch at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tU9QA7RIO4

World Bank report on the Spatial Development of Cities in Africa

This sub-pillar brings together the lessons from the descriptive analysis of African cities and the

analytical research to distill key findings for Africa, and in turn inform policy recommendations.

A major policy report is being produced on the Spatial Development of African Cities that provides new

insights on urban development in the continent. It will feature a self-standing policy overview, a set of

chapters showcasing the evidence, and a documentary that visualizes the key messages from the

viewpoint of urban residents in Africa.

http://www.worldbank.org/en/events/2015/07/13/urbanization-and-spatial-development-of-countries

http://live.worldbank.org/harnessing-urbanization-for-growth-and-shared-prosperity-in-africa



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1tU9QA7RIO4


34

The report will be launched in 2016, but several main messages are already emerging:

Spatial Development of African Cities Main Messages

1 African cities are (physically and economically) fragmented and costly; they need to become affordable for workers and their families

2 Making African cities affordable will deliver a double dividend for livability and economic competitiveness

3 Making African cities affordable will require “Urban Development at Scale” with coordinated investment across three structures – residential, industrial, and commercial.

4 Investment coordination requires developing common knowledge, enabling land markets, refining urban regulations, and managing vested interests

Fig. 6: African cities have high population density but low investment density – hampering livability and productivity

Source: Spatial Development of African Cities (forthcoming)


35

Other Analytic and Thematic Work

The MDTF SUD has also supported a variety of other analytical work to fill knowledge gaps, develop

knowledge partnerships, and support work to reduce the vulnerability of the urban poor to climate

change.

These activities are primarily thematic: risks and resilience of the urban poor, analytical work to scale

up policies and programs for slum upgrading and slum prevention, knowledge partnership activities,

social inclusion in cities’ cultural heritage regeneration, and food security in urban areas.

An independent assessment of these activities was conducted and a draft completed in October 2014.

The assessment found that most of the projects are achieving their intended objectives and likely to

have a strong impact in their respective areas – especially in the area of housing.

23%

35%7%8%

9%3%15%

Other Analytic Work Grant Allocation by Region

Global

AFR

EAP

ECA

LAC

MNA

SAR

0.00

200,000.00

400,000.00

600,000.00

800,000.00

1,000,000.00

1,200,000.00

Other Analytic Work Grant Allocation by Theme


36

The CURB: Urban Climate Action Planning Tool

The CURB tool is designed to help guide cities through the process of planning and implementing a

range of interventions to reduce energy use, save money, and cut local greenhouse gas (GHG)

emissions. CURB was developed through collaboration between the World Bank Group, the C40 Cities

network, and AECOM Technology Corporation. It has a flexible and modular design that allows users

to select the information most relevant to their work and respond to local realities.

The MDTF SUD helped prove the concept of CURB through initial development, which has since been

further advanced into CURB Version 1.0 ready for deployment. The tool is currently being rolled out

and piloted in East Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

CURB has been developed in partnership with other international organizations – including C40 Cities

Leadership Network, AECOM Consulting and Bloomberg Philanthropies – and knowledge partners. In

coordination with the C40 Cities Leadership Network, the World Bank will be deploying CURB

systematically around the world. The tool has been designed to support cities with greenhouse gas

emissions inventories and is pre-populated with proxy data to maximize city use. As such, cities will be

able to understand actions that are in their control and how much of global and national emissions

reduction they will be able to contribute to.

The CURB tool is being recognized and promoted as the climate action planning tool for the Compact

of Mayors, which is the world’s largest coalition of city leaders addressing climate change. This

coalition includes the cities within the C40 Cities Leadership Network, ICLEI, and United Cities and

Local Governments among others, reaching thousands of cities.

Training Program for Low Carbon Cities

Local authorities routinely cite lack of staff experience as a key impediment to developing a climate

strategy. The World Bank’s City Climate Planner program aims to help fill this gap by supporting new,

standardized training methods and procedures related to addressing climate change, and one of its

main components is a training program focused on how to conduct an inventory assessing greenhouse

gas emissions from cities.

The MDTF SUD provided funding for the development of a high-quality draft curriculum for this training

program as well as a student handbook, an instructor guide, and a ten-module course – all of which

were delivered in FY 2015.

The draft curriculum and materials are in the process of being refined and adapted by subject matter

experts into final products. The curriculum will feed into a larger process of building city-level capacity

through training and certifying individual GHG emissions inventory specialists with an ISO-compliant

certification exam. The expectation is that this program will help to professionalize the field of local-

level emissions inventory-taking, encouraging professional development and a standardized approach

across the world. Eventually, this program expects that it will be self-sustaining and foster a community

of practice within the field that will further support quality climate planning at the local level.

South Asia: Spatial Analysis of the Development of South Asian Cities

Funding from the MDTF SUD was used to undertake research to develop detailed, high-resolution land

use maps for both circa 2000 and circa 2010 for a small sample of five South Asian cities. Using GIS


37

techniques, these maps were then combined with additional information, such as socio-economic data

drawn from national censuses and digitized land zoning maps to generate insights into the spatial

evolution of cities and spatial planning processes.

The results from this activity are featured in the World Bank’s flagship report Leveraging Urbanization

in South Asia: Managing Spatial Transformation for Prosperity and Livability, released in 2015.

References include:

A map of Kabul showing the growth of the city’s built-up area from 2003 to 2011, Fig 4.5 on p.

124 (see photo below)

Land use in Kanpur and Amritsar from satellite imagery analysis and ground surveys, Box 4.8

on p.135

Land use in balancing trade-offs in urban development, housing land supply, traffic, tourism,

cultural heritage, and environmental assets in Kandy, Box 4.9 on p.137

Work from this activity was also presented at the World Bank hosted 2015 Land and Poverty

conference hosted by the World Bank, and is expected to act as a template for similar work in Karachi,

Pakistan and Colombo, Sri Lanka.

An example of the work supported by MDTF SUD for the World Bank’s Leveraging Urbanization in

South Asia report:

Study: Greater Baku Affordable Housing Diagnostic

This diagnostic analysis of the housing sector in Greater Baku was prepared at the request of the

Azerbaijani Ministry of Economy and Industry to inform evidence-based decisions and policy reform in

the housing sector.


38

Because there is very limited data available on housing in Baku, the study relied mainly on primary

data collected through a household survey, focus group meetings, secondary sources and discussions

with relevant government and non-government agencies

Recommendations for the government of Azerbaijan to consider as priority areas in housing sector

reform include establishing a new housing policy and implementation strategy, improving housing

management and quality of the housing stock, improving targeting of public funds for housing,

expanding housing finance instruments, and developing a regular rental market.

The study was released in July 2015.

Guatemala Urban Infrastructure Upgrading

For this activity, MDTF SUD funding was used to produce a report analyzing the spatial expansion of

the Guatemala City Metropolitan Area, with profiles of some of the main areas of informal settlements

and policy recommendations. It was requested by the Government of Guatemala as part of an overall

approach to address crime and violence in urban areas.

The study has been completed and is expected to have a positive impact on urban infrastructure

upgrading in Guatemala. The report has contributed to the preparation and appraisal of the Guatemala

Urban Infrastructure Project. When implemented, the project will have a significant impact in the

prioritized crime and violence ridden communities in the Guatemala City Metro area that are covered

by the project. The report has the potential to make a wider impact; it was presented at the Second

National Urban Forum in November, which was attended by Guatemalan mayors.

Study: Urban Planning and Affordable Housing Options in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

The city of Ulaanbaatar is undergoing a historic transformation toward market-driven urban

development, but its growth remains strongly influenced by city policy decisions that affect the supply

and location of land for public and private uses.

This activity supported the production of a study that provides policy recommendations for improving

the regulatory environment to create more effective, inclusive land markets and improve public service

delivery.

The study finds that because of the way land is allocated, there has been significant low-density urban

expansion along the fringes of the city that negatively impacts transportation and the city’s ability to

provide basic utilities. The city has begun undertaking land reforms, but they are constrained by

existing national laws and regulations about land as a designated public entitlement for public use.

The study was released in October 2014 and disseminated widely among all stakeholders, including

national and local policy makers.

Study: Rental Housing Voucher in Manila

This activity assesses the feasibility of rental housing voucher schemes as a transitory housing solution

for informal settler families living in hazardous zones in Metro Manila that are most vulnerable to

natural disasters and climate change impacts.


39

It includes four main outputs, two of which were delivered in FY 2015: a literature review of

international experiences, focusing on Brazil and Haiti; and a survey of low cost rental housing supply

and rental demand of low income households. Two additional outputs – a comparative cost-benefit

analysis, and operational guidelines for a rental housing voucher program – are being produced with

funding from another Trust Fund.

The activity has already influenced the Philippine government’s approach to assistance for informal settler families. During the process of conducting the feasibility study, the World Bank team had a number of discussions on rental housing vouchers/subsidies with the Department of Interior and Local Government, which is the lead agency for the government’s flagship Oplan Likas program to move families out of harm’s way. As a result, the Department introduced a family assistance allowance for all informal settler families eligible under Oplan Likas. The allowance can be used to rent in-city accommodation while families wait for their resettlement units to be ready for occupancy. Both families and local government officials have widely welcomed the allowance, with some calling it a “game changer” that makes the Oplan Likas resettlement program much easier to implement and much more acceptable to the families. The output of the feasibility study has also provided direct input to the World Bank’s $500 million Metro Manila Flood Management Project Phase I, which aims to reduce flood risks for areas of the city by improving urban drainage, modernizing existing pumping stations, and constructing new ones in flood-prone drainage areas. The rental housing voucher feasibility study has helped shaped the design of a housing voucher scheme for part of the project that involves resettling people from areas that would constrain the pumping stations. Study: Financing Housing Consolidation in In-Situ Informal Settlement Upgrading Programs in

South Africa

This study released in August 2014 supports two of the South African government’s major urban

initiatives: the South African Cities Support Program, which supports the spatial transformation of the

country’s eight largest municipalities; and the National Upgrading Support Program (NUSP), which

focuses on upgrading informal settlements throughout the country.

The South African government is looking more and more at incremental approaches to upgrading, and

requested analytical work from the World Bank on housing consolidation within upgrading to inform its

activities. This study reviews current practices, subsidy instruments and sources of non-state finance

related to promoting and planning for incremental housing as part of in-situ upgrading. It also

recommends practical actions for consideration under NUSP.

Technical assessment and roadmap: Affordable Housing in Vietnam

This activity supported the government of Vietnam with a comprehensive technical assessment of the

housing sector. It also included a clear roadmap for housing policy reform to enable improved access

to affordable housing for low and middle-income households.

As a result of the activity, the Vietnamese government had a deeper understanding of housing supply,

demand, and affordability characteristics in Vietnam and market constraints to affordable housing

provision that could inform government policies and programs. It also strengthened the government’s

capacity to move forward with the development and implementation of effective housing policies and

programs.


40

The technical assessment and roadmap were developed in collaboration with counterparts in the

government. The final report, titled Affordable Housing in Vietnam: A Way Forward, was formally

delivered in October 2015. The report is a starting point for moving forward with the recommended

program, and follow-up engagements to support implementation will be determined through further

consultation with the government of Vietnam.


41

Financials

Donor contributions of more than USD 17.2 million have been received through FY 2015, consisting of

approximately USD 3 million from Government of Norway, USD 9.8 million from Switzerland SECO,

and USD 4.4 million from UK-DFID. Additional contributions of approximately USD 3 million are

expected from UK-DFID during the coming year.

The contributions received have been allocated to USD 13.2 million in grants, most of which had been

made prior to FY 2015, and USD one million in Trust Fund administration fees, leaving nearly USD 3

million unallocated at end of the year. Most of this current balance is being allocated in FY 2016 for

projects that support implementation of Urbanization Review recommendations in World Bank lending

projects, and the additional funding to be received from UK-DFID will be allocated to the Research

Program on Spatial Development of Cities.

MDTF for Sustainable Urban Development (TF071544): Grant Allocations as of 30 June 2015

Grant Number

Grant Name Country Grant Closing Date

Grant Amount USD

FY15 Disburse-ments

Cumulative Disburse-ments

BUILDING THE EVIDENCE - URBANIZATION REVIEWS

TF015915 Cote d'Ivoire Urbanization Review Cote d'Ivoire 12/31/2015 220,000 27,186 156,623

TF015955 Ethiopia Urbanization Review Ethiopia 12/31/2015 150,000 34,684 130,099

TF016071 Senegal Spatial Development Senegal 3/30/2016 150,000 42,343 90,973

TF016072 Afghanistan Urbanization Review Afghanistan 6/30/2016 150,000 73,450 90,950

TF016171 MDTF China's Urbanization China 4/30/2016 225,000 56,915 56,915

TF016172 Malawi Urbanization Review Malawi 12/31/2015 150,000 56,370 122,107

TF016345 Technical Assistance on Affordable Housing Vietnam 6/30/2015 75,000 7,389 71,871

TF016577 Mexico Urbanization Review Mexico 12/30/2015 150,000 69,386 69,386

TF016578 Strengthening the Sustainable and Competitive Cities in Colombia Colombia 6/30/2015 75,000 45,047 74,969

TF016847 Ukraine Urbanization Review Ukraine 9/30/2015 150,000 119,519 122,172

TF018166

Tunisia Urbanization Review : Dissemination of UR findings and policy recommendations Tunisia 6/30/2016 75,000 14,013 14,013

TF018574 Affordable Housing in Vietnam Vietnam 9/30/2015 75,000 74,606 74,606

TF018676 Support to Morocco's Decentralization Framework Morocco 6/30/2016 150,000 9,494 9,494

TF019075 Burundi Urbanization and Economic Development Burundi 12/31/2015 50,000 8,763 8,763

TF019129 Support to the Central America Urbanization Review

Central America 8/31/2016 150,000 0 0

TF0A1326 Philippines Urbanization Review Philippines 8/31/2016 150,000 0 0

TF015914 Ghana Urbanization Review Ghana 9/15/2014 149,290 37,614 149,290

TF016007 Sustainable Urban Development for Vulnerable Populations in Turkey Turkey 12/31/2014 74,871 26,806 74,871


42

TF016008

LK - Robust Urban Wetland Management for a Sustainable Metro Colombo Sri Lanka 12/31/2014 73,852 49,781 73,852

2,443,012 753,367 1,390,955

IMPLEMENTING URBANIZATION REVIEWS

TF016344

Preparation and Implementation Support to Results-based National Urban Development Program - Northern Mountains Vietnam 6/30/2016 300,000 75,194 145,503

TF016360 Tunisia - Urbanization Review Operationalization Tunisia 6/30/2016 300,000 45,980 45,980

TF016369

Turkey Sustainable Cities Project - Urbanization Review Implementation Phase Turkey 6/30/2016 300,000 123,573 157,468

TF016461 Sri Lanka Land and Housing Sri Lanka 8/31/2016 300,000 39,174 75,056

TF016579

Transit Oriented Development: Coordinating urban land use planning, financing and transport investments in China China 3/30/2016 300,000 140,191 182,716

TF016811

Building Sustainable Indonesian Cities Through Integrated Planning Systems Indonesia 12/31/2015 300,000 31,112 31,112

1,800,000 455,223 637,835

GLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS AND DATA

TF016355

Building the data foundations for measuring urbanization and city growth World 3/30/2016 2,200,000 1,032,480 1,179,848

2,200,000 1,032,480 1,179,848

RESEARCH PROGRAM ON SPATIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES

TF016522 Global Spatial Development of Cities World 6/29/2016 800,000 385,004 794,927

TF016538 Spatial Development of African Cities Africa 6/27/2016 2,500,000 1,572,197 1,928,731

TF019074 Labor Markets and Rural –Urban Migration World 6/30/2016 150,000 37,511 37,511

TF019197 Spatial Patterns of Development in SAR South Asia 6/30/2016 150,000 0 0

TF019317 Rural urban transformation in South Asia South Asia 6/30/2016 100,000 33,599 33,599

TF0A0251 Addressing Shrinking Cities in ECA ECA 6/30/2016 100000 0 0

3,800,000 2,028,310 2,794,768

OTHER ANALYTIC WORK

Integrated Land Planning


43

TF010018

Sustainable Urban Development in Mexican Cities: a hands-on approach Mexico 11/30/2012 74,168 0 74,168

TF010019

Livelihood Assessment of Flood-prone Low-Income Settlements in Colombo City Sri Lanka 3/31/2013 62,503 0 62,503

TF010147

Sustainable Urban Development Strategy for Kakheti Region, Georgia Georgia 6/29/2012 40,678 0 40,678

TF014859 Guatemala Urban Infrastructure Upgrading Guatemala 8/31/2014 152,149 58,425 152,149

TF099975

Arab Republic of Egypt: Building a platform for the Urban Upgrading in Greater Cairo Region (GCR)

Egypt, Arab Republic of 4/30/2013 70,743 0 70,743

TF099976

Spatial Dimensions of Urban Poverty in Vietnam and Urban-Rural Linkages Vietnam 6/29/2012 71,980 0 71,980

Affordable Housing/Slum Upgrading

TF010848 Improving Delivery of Affordable Urban Housing in Rwanda Rwanda 6/30/2012 65,970 0 65,970

TF011192

Ecosystems based adaptation and urban poverty reduction in South Asia region India 4/30/2013 69,190 0 69,190

TF013892 Urban Housing in Sub Saharan Africa Africa 6/30/2013 0 0 0

TF014021 Land Regulation and Housing Affordability in Ecuador Ecuador 6/30/2014 44,862 0 44,862

TF014430

Understanding and promoting affordable access to land and housing in contexts of rapid urban expansion in West and Central Africa Mali 8/15/2014 74,966 21,888 74,966

TF014516 Study on Housing in Africa Africa 11/30/2014 319,137 199,924 319,137

TF014619

Exploring the Feasibility for Rental Housing Voucher as a Transitory Housing Solution for Informal Settlers Living in Danger Zones in Metro Manila Philippines 8/31/2014 72,278 65,394 72,278

TF014643

Urban Planning and Affordable Housing Options in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Mongolia 8/31/2014 75,000 6,163 75,000

TF014742

Assessment of Subsidy Instruments for Housing and Informal Settlements South Africa 8/31/2014 67,913 34,531 67,913

TF014873 Housing sector review of Djibouti Djibouti 6/30/2014 74,224 0 74,224

TF015028

Urbanization and Access to Affordable Housing: A Comparative Assessment of South Asian Cities South Asia 8/31/2014 159,814 4,892 159,814

TF015805 Baku Affordable Housing Diagnostic Azerbaijan 8/29/2014 81,237 38,116 81,237

Governance


44

TF010849 Tunisia Socio-economic assessment of peri-urban areas Tunisia 3/31/2013 118,920 0 118,920

Risk Resilience

TF014481 Kochi Urban Risk Analysis India 8/30/2013 0 0 0

TF015996 Urban risk assessment in SAR South Asia 11/30/2014 98,530 88,340 98,530

TF016967 GPC Training Program World 8/31/2014 65,000 65,000 65,000

TF016968 Climate Action Planning Tool World 8/31/2014 59,991 59,991 59,991

TF099992

Enhance Municipal Capacity for Sustainable Resilience to Climate-related Impacts Mozambique 10/10/2012 63,837 0 63,837

Urban Sanitation

TF099973

Support development of Pro-poor Urban Sanitation Strategy, program design and implementation through improved targeting under KMRP for Greater Bangalore city India 6/30/2014 65,608 1,661 65,608

Economic Development

TF099974 Support for Tanzania's Urban Transition Tanzania 6/30/2013 160,791 0 160,791

Knowledge Partnerships

TF010171

Decoding Sptial Development of Gorwing Cities in Developing Regions (Integrated Spatial Development) World 12/31/2012 75,000 0 75,000

TF012791 Urbanization Knowledge Platform (UKP) event in MENA

Middle East and North Africa 12/31/2012 49,075 0 49,075

TF012970 Sixth Urban Research and Knowledge Symposium World 5/31/2013 191,916 0 191,916

Other

TF010267 State of Cities Report Knowledge Partnership in the Africa Region Africa 12/31/2012 70,707 0 70,707

TF011616 UKP event in Norway with NIKU Europe 12/31/2012 140,000 0 140,000

TF012538 Economics of Uniqueness Publication World 6/30/2013 44,947 0 44,947

TF013893

Concept Note Preparation for Window 2 Prioritized Grants (MDTF for Sustainable Urban Development) World 2/15/2013 10,272 0 10,272

TF014302 Global Lab on Metropolitan Strategic Planning

Multi-Regional 11/30/2014 130,792 101,680 130,792

Knowledge, Learning, Evaluation and Reporting


45

TF017179 Assessment of the Results of Norwegian Grants World 11/30/2014 14,000 7,000 14,000

Results Monitoring, Evaluation, and Knowledge Sharing World 8/31/2016 75,000 0 0

3,011,196 753,003 2,936,196

GRAND

TOTALS: 13,254,208 5,022,383 8,939,602

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