report on status of maize lethal necrosis disease

REPORT ON

STATUS OF MAIZE LETHAL NECROSIS DISEASE

AND

GENERAL MAIZE PERFORMANCE

STAKEHOLDERS’ MAIZE TOUR

Dates: 2nd to 12th July, 2012

ii

The Maize Tour Team

The Maize Tour Team at Sotik DAO’s Office. From left: Sotik Staff, Dr. J. Ochieng (KARI), Dr. A. Wangai (KARI), Mr. S. Miyogo (PCPB), Mrs. T. Karanja (PPSD), Mrs. H. Oduor (PDA’s Office Rift Valley), Dr. E. Kimani (KEPHIS), Sotik staff, Sotik Staff, Dr. J. Irungu (Director, Crops Management), Dr. E. Sikinyi (STAK), Dr. Z. Kinyua (KARI), Dr. P. Ngaruiya (PCPB), Dr. D. Ligeyo (KARI) and Mr. S. Kipkemboi (DAO Sotik)

iii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Maize is widely grown in Kenya and ranks highly in food security, meeting dietary

preferences of many communities in Kenya. In 2011, the area under maize production

was 2,131,887 Ha; realized yields were 37.5 million bags of dry maize and 4.6 million

bags of green maize. Total maize crop was worth 87.8 billions. Hence any factor that

threatens maize production becomes a national food security issue

In September last year, cases of maize infected by Maize Lethal Necrotic Disease (MLND)

were reported in Bomet County. From January 2012 to date, the disease has been

reported in other parts of the country, with implication of high yield reduction on

affected farms.

The MLND disease is caused by a combination of two viruses; the Sugarcane mosaic

virus (SCMV) and Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) which are transmitted by aphids

and thrips (Frankniella sp.) respectively. Infected maize plants show chlorotic mottle on

the leaves usually starting from the base of the young leaves in the whorl and extending

upward towards the leaf tips. Advance infection in the leaves show necrosis of leaf

margins that progress to the midrib resulting in eventual drying up of the whole leaf.

Severely infected plants show dead heart symptoms and eventual plant death. Plants that

are affected late shows chlorotic mottling on the leaves and dry leaves starting from the

top and form small cobs with a few or no grains. Fungal infections were also observed

with whitish and pinkish growth starting from the base of the cobs. The immature cobs

showed yellow streaks (cobs appears physiologically mature, but grains inside are

wetwhile the rest of the plant is still green) before finally drying and rotting.

A Multi Disciplinary Team (MDT) comprising both public and private sector, with varied

speciality including pathologist, virologists, entomologist and maize breeder has been

handling the disease. Activities undertaken include pathological surveys, lab diagnosis

both locally and abroad and consultative forums.

Due to the dynamic nature of this disease, the ministry sent members of the Multi

Disciplinary Team (MDT) to carry out rapid assessment of the disease and verify its effect

on maize performance in selected areas. The team visited Eastern, Rift Valley, Nyanza

and Western provinces

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The assessment involved interacting and interviewing the District Agricultural Officers

(DAO), making general observations while driving through, visiting and interviewing

farmers besides collecting diseased samples for laboratory analysis.

Through interaction with the farmers, the team noted that MLND has been in Kenya

since June 2011 in Bomet, Naivasha and Narok. However its effect on crop planted then

was considered mild. The team observed that from June 2011, the disease has since

spread and has high incidence and severity in some areas, while entry of disease has been

noted as recently as June 2012 in areas like Embu, Meru and Trans Nzoia.

There are zones in the country which are free of disease including Bungoma, Kakamega,

Machakos and Makueni.

Moderate disease levels were found in upper zones of Embu North, Upper Meru central

and Igembe South. The disease may not cause much havoc in this region but water stress

will affect yield significantly. The farms affected by MLND in this region few,

approximately 5%, and hence low overall yield reductions. High disease incidence was

found in Naivasha, Bomet, Chepalungu, Sotik and Borabu Districts. In highly affected

areas, yield losses of over 90% may occur and this may affect food security and livelihood

in those areas. The area affected by disease out of total maize growing land in this region

is high, over 80%, with high implication onfood security in the region.

It was observed that there were isolated case of MLND in Nyakinyua farm in Trans Nzoia

East district and Kambi Chonjo in Eldoret west district. This need to be destroyed

urgently to prevent disease spread in the Kenya’s grain basket.

Preliminary screening of germplasm in KARI sites in Naivasha and Bomet indicate that

some tolerant lines may be identified in the long term. Unconfirmed reports from alarge

scale commercial farm in Narok, Talent farm, showed that application of additional seed

dressers, foliar application of insecticides, fungicide and foliar feeds has helped to reduce

disease incidence and severity.

The team observed overall performance of the long rains 2012 maize crop to be good,

approximately the nation will realize over 85% of expected yields.

In conclusion, urgent measures need to be put in place through public-private

partnership to halt spread of Maize Lethal Necrotic Disease. Within a span of one year,

from June 2011 to June 2012, the farmers are experiencing 100% loss in the primary

MLND outbreak zones of Bomet and Naivasha districts.

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Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................. iii

ABBREVIATIONS ..........................................................................................................................vi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 National Maize Production ............................................................................................... 1 Maize production in 2011 ............................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Genesis of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease ....................................................................... 2

CHAPTER TWO: FIELD OBSERVATIONS .................................................................................. 4

2.1 Data Collection Methodology ............................................................................................ 4 2.2 Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease situation .......................................................................... 4 2.3 Crop diversification options and challenges ..................................................................... 8 2.4 The Maize Tour Pictorial ................................................................................................ 10 2.5 Specific Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Concerns ......................................................... 12

2.5.1 Farmers awareness on new maize disease ................................................................ 12 2.5.2 Extension staff awareness of disease: ........................................................................ 12

2.5.3 Spread of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) ................................................. 12

2.5.4 Effects of maize variety and crop growth stage to susceptibility to Maize Lethal

Necrosis Disease (MLND) ......................................................................................................... 13 2.5.5 Effect of external factors on MLND infestation ....................................................... 13

2.5.6 Alternative Hosts to MLND ....................................................................................... 13 2.5.7 Opinions of the farmers concerning the source of the MLND .................................. 13 2.5.8 Perceived effects of MLND......................................................................................... 13

2.5.9 Role of Maize in food security and income generation ............................................ 14 2.5.10 Use of certified seeds and Fertilizers ......................................................................... 14

2.5.11 Cropping patterns in high MLND infestation .......................................................... 14 2.5.12 Diversification of farm enterprises ............................................................................ 14 2.5.13 Other Constraints in Maize farming ......................................................................... 14

2.5.14 Large-scale maize farming ......................................................................................... 15 2.5.15 KARI TRIAL SITES (Naivasha, Bomet) .................................................................. 16

2.5.16 OTHER REQUESTS MADE BY FARMERS ......................................................... 16 2.6 OBSERVATIONS ON GENERAL CROP PERFORMANCE ...................................... 16

CHAPTER THREE: RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................. 18 3.1 Trans Nzoia region specific recommendation ................................................................ 18

3.2 Short term Recommendations ......................................................................................... 18 3.3 Long term Recommendations .......................................................................................... 20 3.4 Conclusions and Way forward ........................................................................................ 20

CHAPTER FOUR: APPENDICES ................................................................................................. 22 4.1 Appendix 1: List of Participants ...................................................................................... 22

4.2 Appendix 2: Field Programme ............................................................................................ 22 4.3 Appendix 3:DATA COLLECTION CHECKLIST ......................................................... 23 4.4 Appendix 4: Details of GPS readings and farms/sites visited ........................................ 25

4.5 Appendix 5: Altitude range of visited farms per county ................................................. 28

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ABBREVIATIONS AAK: Agrochemical Association of Kenya

PCPB: Pest Control Products Board

KEPHIS: Kenya Plant Health Inspectorate Services

STAK: Seed Trade Association of Kenya

CGA: Cereal Growers association

KARI: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute

NARL: National Agriculture Research Laboratories

PPSD: Plant Protection Services Division

MOA: Ministry of Agriculture

PDA: Provincial Director of Agriculture

MDT: Multi Disciplinary Team

MLND: Maize Lethal Necrotic Disease

FERA: Food and Environment Research Agency

DAO: District Agricultural Officer

Ha: Hectare

MCMV: Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus

SCMV: Sugarcane mosaic virus

CLN: Corn Lethal Necrosis

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CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 National Maize Production Maize is the most important staple food in Kenya. About 90 % of the Kenyan population

depends on the crop directly or indirectly in terms of food, employment and income.

Maize is a food security crop in the country as well as a commercial enterprise in Rift

Valley and some parts of Central, Western and Eastern Provinces. Last year 2,132,000

hectares were under maize crop which is a large percentage of the total land under crop

production.

Maize production in 2011

Province Area

(Ha)

Dry maize

yields (90kg

bag)

Green Maize

yields (90kg

bag)

Total Production

(90kg bag)

Central 182,248 1,708,726 970,322 2,679,048

Rift Valley 650,270 19,196.203 1,775,132 20,971,334

Eastern 540,854 3,457,007 894,377 4,643,134

Western 255,511 5,795,028 405,990 6,201,018

Nyanza 319,483 5,864,990 308,684 6,173,674

Coast 179,499 1,482,225 303,442 1,785,666

North

Eastern

3,130 8,995 Nil 8,995

Total 2,131,887 35,520,694 4,662,960 42,183,654

Maize is grown in all the Provinces but the Rift Valley Province commands almost 50% of

the annual production. The other key production regions include Western, Nyanza and

Eastern provinces accounting for approximately 14% annual production each. Central

province produces about 6% of annual total yields. Annual consumption of maize is on

the increase and currently stands at approximately 38 million bags. There are many

commercial cultivars of maize available to the farmers. However the number of farmers

using certified seeds varies from region to region with the Rift Valley leading with

adoption at 70%.

Maize production is limited by several biotic and a biotic factors. Environmental

conditions such as drought and soil fertility have been the major a biotic factors. Low

rates of adoption of new technologies such as use of certified seeds and other agronomic

practices contribute to low yields.

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Amongst the important biotic factors affecting maize production include the infestation

by weeds, insect pests especially the maize stalk borers. Diseases such as Grey leaf spot,

Northern leaf blight, rusts, rots (root, stalk and ear), smuts and maize streak virus. The

factors have often contributed to significant yield losses of the crop estimated at 30%

annually

1.2 Genesis of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease

In September, 2011 the occurrence of an unfamiliar disease was reported in the low

altitudes of Bomet District (Longisa Division, Alt 1900.masl) affecting the second season

maize crop. The disease was observed to spread to the high altitudes areas of Bomet

District (Bomet Central Division-Megiri, alt 2100m asl). Later the disease was noted

spreading into the neighboring Chepalungu, Narok South, Narok North and Naivasha

districts. By June 2012, a number of districts in South Rift had reported the disease.

The infected plants in the field show a diverse range of symptoms. Diseased plants

develop symptoms characteristic of virus diseases that include chlorotic mottle on the

leaves, usually starting from the base of the young leaves in the whorl and extending

upwards toward the leaf tips; mild to severe leaf mottling; dwarfing and premature aging

of the plants; necrosis of leaf margins that progress to the mid-rib resulting in drying up

of the whole leaf and necrosis of young leaves in the whorl before expansion, leading to a

‘dead heart’ symptom and plant death.

In September 2011, DAO Bomet submitted samples for analysis in KARI NARL and a

report was given. In January 2012 the Rift Valley Provincial Director of Agriculture sent

officers in conjunction with KARI, Egerton University and KEPHIS to carry out a rapid

assessment. Due to the magnitude of the disease, the PDA sought further guidance from

Plant Protection Services Division (PPSD) at Ministry of Agriculture Headquarters. The

head of PPSD, invited relevant institutions for a rapid field survey and followed by

consultative meeting of stakeholders (Egerton University, KARI, KEPHIS, Pest Control

Products Board, Twiga Chemicals, Bayer Crop Science, PPSD, Kenya Seed Ltd). During

this meeting, various recommendations were made including further diseased samples

analysis by KARI, Egerton University, University of Nairobi and MoA. In

February/March 2012, samples collected from the infected maize fields were tested for

viruses at the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute’s (KARI) National Agricultural

Research Laboratories (NARL), Ohio State University (USA) and Food and Environment

Research Agency (FERA), UK. The investigation revealed the presence of a new virus in

Kenya, the Maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) (genus Machlomovirus, Group

Tombusviridae). Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV), a pathogen prevalent in many parts of

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Kenya affecting cereal crops was also detected in these samples. The double infection of

MCMV and SCMV or any of the cereal viruses in the Potyviridae Group (e.g. maize

mosaic virus, wheat streak mosaic virus) gives rise to what is known as Maize Lethal

Necrosis (MLN) disease, also referred to as Corn Lethal Necrosis (CLN) disease.

The MCMV is reported to be transmitted mechanically and spread by several insect

vectors, maize (corn) thrips, maize (corn) rootworms and Leaf beetles while the SCMV is

spread by maize aphids. Due to many reports of suspected occurrence of this maize

disease in several parts of the country, the Ministry mandated members of the Multi

disciplinary team to carry out a National Maize Tour to all the important maize

producing areas. The objective of the Tour was to assess the extent of the spread of the

new disease and get glimpse of general performance of the long rains maize crop. The

Team comprised of representatives from MoA, PCPB, KARI, KEPHIS, STAK and CGA.

The Maize Tour was conducted in Rift Valley, Nyanza, Western and Eastern Provinces

from 2nd to 12th July, 2012.

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CHAPTER TWO: FIELD OBSERVATIONS

2.1 Data Collection Methodology The following methodology was used by the Multi Disciplinary Team (MDT) to asses’

disease conditions

a) Administration of questionnaire to farmers

b) Briefs from DAOs

c) Interacting and listening to farmers and Extension staff

d) Rapid field assessment by MDT

e) Observations of MLND and general crop performance during movement in

various regions by MDT,

A check list in form of questionnaire was developed to enable the fact finding multi

disciplinary team gather data giving approximate implication of MLND on resultant

yields, verify factors that influence this disease and give general crop performance for

long rains season 2012. Disease incidence was scored as Percentage of infected plants out

of total plants. Disease severity was scored on 1-5 scale depicting level of infestation. The

yield reduction percentage was based on projection of visual observation of crop, stage of

growth and possibility of crop ever reaching maturity.

2.2 Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease situation Results of rapid assessment of disease incidence and severity on sampled farms, field

observations made as the team drove along the districts together with briefs presented by

DAOs were used to show variance of MLND across the regions as shown in Table 1.

However, due to the dynamic nature of this disease and the rapid spread noted once the

disease sets in, it is important to note that within a short interval of two weeks, the

disease situation can have drastic implications in areas currently rated low.

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Table1. Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) situation in visited areas County (districts visited)

Date of 1st observation

MLND incidence (%) range

MLND severity (scale of 0-5)

Expected yield loss (%) due to MLND

Comments

Embu: (Embu North)

Sept 2011 60 -100 2.0 – 4.0

10 – 80 Approximately only 5% of total maize growing areas in Embu North district is affected by MLND; On the few affected farms, yield losses up to 80% have occurred; But in comparison, the affected population out of total population currently is low. However due to rapid spread, situation can drastically change. There is irrigation and continuous maize cropping in affected areas.

Meru : (Igembe S, Igembe N, Imenti S, Meru Central)

June 2011

60 – 100 1.5 – 4.0

40 – 70 Onset and spread of MLND within Igembe South, Igembe North, Imenti South, and Meru Central districts is higher. However disease damage on crop planted in 2011 was not as severe compared to incidence on crop planted in 2012. Severe attack of MSV in Imenti South was observed. Approximated yield losses, 70% in affected regions. Further yield looses due to moisture stress in lower regions (Igembe N especially) are anticipated

Nakuru: (Naivasha)

October-November 2011

70 – 100 2.0 – 4.5

60 – 80

The small scale farmers noted disease from 2011, but situation become severe from March 2012.The disease has spread to main maize growing zone of district, with observed 80% yield reduction. There is remarkable moisture stress and low soil fertility compounding the negative field situation as one drives in the district. Yield loss of up to 100% experienced in Sweet corn and Baby corn cultivars

Narok: (Narok South)

November 2011

90 - 100 3.0 – 5.0

80 – 90

Observations made while driving in this district portrays widespread infestation over large portions of the farms by MLND. The disease severity is high with death of young crop about knee high, implying 100% loss. Minimal disease incidence found in Talent Farm, with appr. 4,000 Ha under maize.

Bomet: (Bomet, Chepalungu Sotik)

September 2011

80 - 100 2.5 – 4.5

70 - 90 Within the districts of Bomet county, the disease situation is very severe on crop planted in 2012, with 100% loss in yields, crop dies while at knee high. The disease has spread throughout the entire region.

6

County (districts visited)





Comments

Kisii: (Borabu)

February 2012

90 - 100 4.0 – 5.0

80 – 90

Affected farms in this district have high, 90% yield loss. In the area affected by disease, farmers are agitated and volatile, rigid on growing maize, rejected out rightly advice given.

Kakamega: (Ikolomani)

Not yet 0 0 0 No symptoms of MLND were noted. Crop appearing very promising (15 – 35 bags per acre expected)

Bungoma: (Bungoma East)

Not yet 0 0 0 MLND was not observed, but yellowing, stunting and death was noted, in localized patches, samples collected for lab analysis, suspected fungal infections

Trans Nzoia: Kitale Prison Farm

To be confirmed

Stunting and yellowing was noted on crop planted in prison farm. However only one plant expressed symptoms very close to MLND symptoms. Samples were taken for lab analysis. Slow crop growth could also be due to leaching after heavy rains in the region.

Nyakinyua Farm

June 2012

80-90 2.5-4.0 50-70 Isolated pockets of severe attacks by MLND infestation was identified at Nyakinyua Farm. Reports were made by farmers of similar disease in the adjacent farms. Due to heavy population of surrounding maize crop, this primary source has potential to trigger an epidemic in the region unless urgently controlled. General crop very promising

Eldoret North (Moi’s Bridge,Matunda,)

5-20 3.0 20-80%

MLND observed in a farm in Kampi Chonjo. Inidence low in older crop (2%) but more intense in younger crop (30%). MSV severe, 80%. This is an isolated case surrounded by many farms with young crop that can be lost if infected by MLND.

Machakos: (Machakos Kathiani)

Not yet 0 0 0 MLND was not noted in this district. However significant attacks by stalk borer were noted. The farmers are keen on dry planting, to maximize on rainfall, use of certified seeds but no control for stalk borer. Close survailance required in this area. Moisture stress may reduce yields by 20%

Makueni:

Not yet 0 0 0 No MLND symptoms were noted. Nutrient deficiency- phosphorus was noted to be high, stalk borer incidence 80%. However a few farmers practicing

7






Comments

GAP may get yields of 6 bags per acre. Moisture stress effect, 20% yield reduction.

8

2.3 Crop diversification options and challenges In areas where the disease has established, continuous planting of maize is a waste of

resources. The MLND kills the plants very early, such that even stovers that may be

harvested for animal fodder are greatly reduced. Promotion of alternative crops to break

disease cycle is crucial. From field observations made by MDT and interaction with

farmers, some farmers have already realized they have to adopt alternative crops to cope

with the disease. However, majority are still rigid and very fearful of losing out on maize

production and consumption, expressing maize meal as their main food. However,

majority of farmers had other crops growing in their farms as shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Crop Diversification Options


Maize varieties grown

Alternative crops grown

Challenges Comments

Embu (Embu North)

H614, H6213, H627, H628, H513, H516

Cabbages Irish potatoes Carrots Kales ; Sweet potatoes Field Beans Climbing Beans

Availability of clean planting materials for potato, sweet-potato

Black rot in brasicas

Poor marketing infrastructure

Promote commodity marketing chains

Boost availability of clean planting materials

Meru (Igembe S, Igembe N, Imenti S, Meru Central)

H614, H624, H627, H628, H513, H515, H516, DK 8053, PHB 3253, Duma

Beans, Dolichos Bananas, Pawpaws, Mangoes, sorghums, millets, pigeon peas, green grams, sweet potatoes

Frequent drought

Exploitation by middlemen

Availability of quality seeds and other planting materials

New market constructed in the area under Programmes funded by GoK/NGO/Development partners will boost marketing of bananas and horticultural produce

Nakuru (Naivasha)

H614, H627, H628, H 6210 H515, H516 DUMA

Irish potatoes, Sweet potato Pyrethrum Garden Peas, Shallots Kales, Cabbages Climbing beans, Livestock fodder (Lucerne)

Availability of quality seeds,

Unreliable rainfall

Cost of farm inputs

Cold dry weather, low soil fertility, Low use of certified maize seed besides poor agronomic practices affect crop production

Narok (Narok South)

PAN 691, Olerai 22, Olerai 46, H500

Wheat, sunflower, potato Garden peas,

Drought, crop diseases Human wildlife conflict

Opportunity for large scale farming, and rapidly expanding populations in town and

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Maize varieties grown

Alternative crops grown

Challenges Comments

series sorghum tourist hotels offer optimum marketing channels

Bomet (Bomet, Chepalungu, Sotik)

H614, H513 Olerai 22

Potato, Beans, Sorghum, Fodder for dairy animals

Periods of moisture stress

Community had over-reliance on maize as food and cash crop. Maize grown to be sold green for income.

Kisii (Borabu) H614, Local Var 24

Beans, finger millets, bananas, sweet potato

Poor road infrastructure, rigid mentality, abuse of local brews

Community had over-reliance on maize as food and cash crop.

Kakamega (Ikolomani)

H614 & other H600 series

Beans, bananas, sweet potato, sorghum

- Appreciable level on use of fertilizers and certified seeds. Commercial maize production.

Bungoma (Bungoma East)

H614, H6213, H6210

Sugarcane, beans, finger millet

Low financial capacity to access farm inputs (seeds and fertilizers)

Potential for increased maize production is high

Trans Nzoia Vegetables, tomatoes, beans, sunflower, sorghums

- Maize is main crop in this county

Eldoret West Beans, millets, Soil fertility Stalk borer attack

Community expressed dietary preferences for maize meal

Machakos: (Machakos Kathiani)

Beans, sorghums, millets Sweet potatoes, mangoes

Drought

Access to affordable inputs

Termites attack

Stalk borer infestation

Promote early maturing, drought tolerant crops

Makueni: Beans, sorghums, millets Sweet potatoes, mangoes Pawpaw

Drought Access to

affordable inputs

Termites attack Stalk borer

infestation

Promote early maturing, drought tolerant crops

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2.4 The Maize Tour Pictorial

Public and private institutions were represented in the maize tour team that traveled to several counties and interacted closely with extension officers and farmers.

The team listened to farmers and made observations in maize farms.

A wide range of symptoms of maize lethal necrosis disease were observed but there was a common pattern of symptom expression, largely affecting the top leaves of the plants.

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Maize ears were affected in some instances, resulting in poor grain set and occasional cob rotting.

Farmers curiously came to listen to the team and commonly asked questions and presented memoranda petitioning the government to intervene urgently on the maize disease. Many farmers urged for help in subsidized seed for alternative crops and fertilizers.

Some farmers abandoned their affected maize crops while others cut the plants for use as fodder, albeit amid other difficulties; others decided to allocate sizeable portions of their land to other crops.

Poor agronomic practices and other pests lower maize production potential.

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2.5 Specific Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease Concerns

2.5.1 Farmers awareness on new maize disease

A) When the unfamiliar disease, which has since been identified as

MLND, appeared in 2011 in Bomet County, farmers realized that it was not

one of the usual problems but were unable to distinguish whether the

condition was due to changes in weather patterns or a disease. Under the

circumstances, a few farmers reported the cases to agricultural officers,

local administration and agro-input dealers. The effect of the disease on

crop planted in April-June, 2011 was considered to be mild.

B) In 2012, farmers in many more areas in the country noticed

unfamiliar symptoms on their maize crops and also received information

on the disease from mass media. With increased awareness of the

existence of the disease, farmers became more sensitive to any unhealthy

condition on their maize crops, thereby reporting even unrelated

symptoms.

2.5.2 Extension staff awareness of disease:

The extension staffs are aware of the new diseases; however some said

they were not able to differentiate the symptoms due to MLND from those

due to moisture stress combined with premature aging of plant. The DAOs

were able to access information passed via PDAs from Nairobi on MLND

management. The DAOs have been passing messages on this disease

during the District Commissioners open forums. The extension staffs were

sensitizing farmers on recommendations enlisted within first brochure

prepared in May. However, some recommendations have since been

amended, and this needs quick communication to all DAOs in affected

districts. The brochures prepared to guide on management of MLND need

to be serialized, to enhance uptake of new changes as more studies on this

disease get concluded.

2.5.3 Spread of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND)

The Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND) was noted to be prevalent in

the tea growing zones in Eastern and Rift Valley provinces. From the

seriously affected areas in Eastern and Rift valley regions, the maize crop is

grown continuously year round. This crop is usually sold as green maize

with high returns than dry maize.

In the North Rift, isolated pockets of the disease were noted, largely

surrounded by clean maize crop. The lower regions of Eastern Province and

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sampled farms in Western Province were noted to be currently free of

MLND. Rapid spread within and outside outbreak zones with dramatic

death effects on crops were noted especially in Bomet County.

2.5.4 Effects of maize variety and crop growth stage to susceptibility to Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND)

All commercial varieties planted are affected including crops from farmers’

own-saved seeds. Infestation with disease at early stages of crop growth

produces severe effects on crop yields as compared to late entry which allow

plant to partially escape. However, the disease was observed to attack crops

at all stages of growth. The disease expression is enhanced by drought

conditions

2.5.5 Effect of external factors on MLND infestation

It was noted that poor crop management aggravates the disease prevalence

and severity. Land degradation and low soil fertility aggravates this disease.

The team noted high levels of insect pests like aphids, thrips, and bugs on

infested plants. Many farmers noted that MLND is more severe during

periods of moisture stress, but disease levels decrease with increased

precipitation.

2.5.6 Alternative Hosts to MLND

The team noted ‘suspected’ viral symptoms on possible alternative host

crops like Napier and other grasses, and samples were taken for testing.

2.5.7 Opinions of the farmers concerning the source of the MLND

Farmers’ views on origin of MLND include;

Contaminated seeds from agro vet shops

Government relief seeds

Insects damage

Frost damage

Do not know the source

God’s vengeance due to sins

2.5.8 Perceived effects of MLND

The Public is scared about the likely implications of the new disease and its

effects on Food Security and Farm income. Many expressed fear that

suitable control measures will be identified after many years. The farmers’

14

capacity to repay bank loans and afford schools fees in the face of expected

food shortage is a major concern.

In Embu- Meru region, it was noted that the main maize growing areas are

not seriously affected by the disease. Food security may therefore not be

adversely affected. In Naivasha, Narok, Bomet County and Borabu area of

Nyamira County, it was noted that maize crop losses of up to 90% may be

incurred. In these regions, maize is ranked number one both as a food

security crop and for income generation.

2.5.9 Role of Maize in food security and income generation

The team observed that from the sampled farmers, about 50% grow maize for

income, 40% for both food and income while only 10% grow maize for subsistence.

Hence any factor that will interfere with maize production will have lasting

negative impact on the farming community.

2.5.10 Use of certified seeds and Fertilizers

Farmers’ source certified planting seeds from local agro vets while a certain group

of farmers use own saved seeds from previous seasons and also locally sourced

uncertified seeds due to financial constraint.

2.5.11 Cropping patterns in high MLND infestation

From sampled areas, farmers practice relay cropping due to continuous

availability of moisture and have no clear cropping calendar. Over 60% of farmers’

plant pure stands and 40% practice mixed cropping. Hence in these regions, there

is always a maize crop at different growth stages, implying availability of

susceptible host all the time.

2.5.12 Diversification of farm enterprises

Many farmers in affected regions plant maize as a commercial crop. However,

other suitable crop varieties such as brasicas, legumes, potato, banana, sorghums,

millets, and Napier grass are also planted.

2.5.13 Other Constraints in Maize farming

Others constraints affecting maize performance included;

Drought - poor distribution of rainfall results in total or partial crop failures

Stalk borer infestation – infestation levels noted ranged from 60- 95%, many

farmers take no control measures especially in Makueni and Machakos.

15

For sampled farmers, only 20% practice regular scouting for pests and diseases.

This makes it more difficult to execute prevention measures and early eradication

for new emerging pathogens before they infest and cause damage.

Crops damage by wildlife was voiced by farmers that neighbor forested areas.

Fungal diseases with significant damage on leaves (Chlorosis and necrosis), stem

rot with lodging and molds growth on cobs were observed.

Birds damage especially in instances of isolated early maturing crop were

observed.

Nutritional deficiency symptoms i.e. phosphorus especially in lower Eastern

region were prevalent.

Maize streak infestation was prevalent in Meru, Bungoma and Transnzoia.

Lack of appropriate storage capacity and management of storage pests at small

scale farm level. Due to inadequate storage capacity at farm level, private stores

without appropriate capacity are undertaking crop storage with poor sanitation

practices that may lead to high post harvest losses.

Soil pests like termites, nematodes, cutworm, chaffer grubs were noted

Land subdivision is affecting seed production due to lack of isolation distances.

Encouragement of other crops like sugarcane and coffee on major maize growing

zones is reducing hectarage for maize production.

2.5.14 Large-scale maize farming

a) Sunripe Farm- Morendat (130 Ha)

The farm noticed strange symptoms on baby corn crop from January 2012, but

attributed the symptoms to frost. The farms capacity is 910 MT of baby corn per

week, sold as component of a ready to cook mixed vegetables packs in Europe

(the supermarkets cannot accept the mixed packs if one component is missing).

The farm has been realizing far below the expected 7MT/ Ha out of the total 130

Ha that is under cultivation for the last 26 weeks since the disease was noticed.

However, they continue to plant to sustain the export market of mixed vegetable

pack.

The farm has attempted to undertake control measures including application of

pesticides, high crop nutrition, and irrigation but has not observed marked effect

in reducing disease incidence. The MDT attributed the poor results in disease

controls in this farm to the presence of maize at different stages all the year

round.

16

b) Talent Farm (4,100 Ha)

The disease was first noticed in March 2012, but is not spreading within the farm which

is being attributed to the high standard of management. The farm undertakes routine

nutritional, pests and disease management through aerial spraying. They also undertake

additional seed treatment before sowing. In these two large scale farms, the management

levels are high, use of quality inputs (certified seed & fertilizers), enhanced crop feeding

with trace elements and undertake routine pest and disease management. But at sun ripe

farm various blocks had maize crop at different stages of growth, resulting to higher

significant losses due to the disease compared to Talent farm in Narok

2.5.15 KARI Trials Sites (Naivasha and Bomet)

Observations made pointed to the possibility of some of the maize varieties expressing

tolerance to the disease at this initial screening. There is need for screening for another

season to verify the results, since this was the first season.

2.5.16 Other Requests Made by Farmers

The following are other requests that the farmers made to the Government;

The farmer’s across all regions appreciated Government efforts towards provision

of affordable farm inputs - Seeds and fertilizers.

In regions highly affected by disease, farmers requested government support in

provision of subsidized alternative cropping materials, seeds, fertilizers and relief

food

The affected farmers expressed their fears and concerns about the impact of the

disease on their livelihood and urged for urgent action by the Government to

address this problem.

A number of farmers expressed concern on shifting from their dietary preference

of maize meal to proposed alternative crops

Some farmers are expecting Government compensation due to losses incurred

2.6 Observations on General Crop Performance In general, the long rains maize crop is promising. Except in Bomet County where

Maize Lethal Necrosis Diseases has caused total devastation, moistures stress is

the next important factor that will cause yield reduction in Eastern Province. This

fact finding team’s general assessment on likely yields to be realized putting into

consideration the stage of growth and prevailing weather conditions are as

follows;

17

Embu-Meru Region: 80-90% of expected yields will be realized.

Machakos- Makueni region: 75-85% of expected yields

Naivasha: 50- 60% of expected yields

Narok: 40-50% of expected yields

Bomet: 0-20% of expected yields

Borabu: 60-70% of expected yields will be realized

Kakamega and Bungoma region: 90-98% expected yields

Trans Nzoia: 90-98% expected yields to be realized.

Uasin Gishu: 80-90% expected yields to be realized

The situation in Trans Nzoia and Uasin Gishu is still very dynamic. The

infection is in isolated pockets which are surrounded by large fields under

young maize that is vulnerable. Close surveillance is needed in these areas

to assess the disease spread.

18

CHAPTER THREE: RECOMMENDATIONS The MDT made the following recommendations to enable the country cope with the

current epidemic of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease

3.1 Trans Nzoia and Eldoret North regions-Specific recommendation Isolated pockets of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease infection was identified in these

districts. In the affected farms (Nyakinyua in Trans Nzoia and Matunda in Eldoret North)

disease incidence was 100% and 30% respectively. . These farms are surrounded by

plantations of maize, with even seed maize plots not so far away. There is need to

urgently;

1. Undertake foliar pesticide application in these hot spots and neighbouring farms

to reduce the vector population, thus protect the rest of the crop

2. Destroy all affected maize stovers by burning or deep ploughing

3. Keep close surveillance on adjacent farms

3.2 Short term Recommendations

a) In areas where rainfall is all year round or maize is produced under irrigation

all year round there is need to harmonize the maize planting season in order to

reduce disease inoculums and perpetuation. There is need to have a period

where there is no maize production in the area and this may need enforcement

for compliance. Each area should have defined planting period.

b) Enforce local quarantine and avoid movement of stovers and green maize from

affected areas to non-affected areas: Collaboration with the Local

Administration for enforcement of the recommendation including removal of

infected materials from the fields.

c) Seed companies/ seed units to ensure that seeds are treated with appropriate

seed dressers at the recommended rates. There is need to have guidance from

PCPB on products range which will be used for MLND management

d) There is need to give guidance on regime of MLND management including

pesticide application in the field. Towards this end, the Government support is

requested to support screening of pesticides

e) The PCPB will through AAK give open invitations to companies to front

products and support work on screening available pesticides products able to

control the virus vectors.

f) Diversify crops planted and practice crop rotation with non-cereal crops like

beans or other legumes, onions, pumpkins, bananas, potato and sweet potato.

19

Each area should have recommended rotation programs with specific crops.

This may require enforcement particularly in the major maize growing areas.

g) Promote Good Agricultural Practices (fertilizer, timely weeding and control of

pests and diseases) to boost plant vigor and eliminate alternate hosts for

vectors.

h) Support small scale farmers with subsidized registered systemic and contact

pest control products for management of vectors (aphids and thrips) especially

in main maize growing zones where MLND incidence is still low

i) All released maize varieties should be screened for resistance to this new

disease. This should be done in a coordinated manner at defined sites as in

NPT.

j) Support disease diagnostic laboratories at KEPHIS and KARI to boost capacity

for pests and disease identification and characterization.

k) Support rapid alert, emergency response and disease surveillance for early

detection for prevention of disease spread in the country.

l) Create awareness of the new disease through public campaigns supported by

Public /private partnership to Extension staff, Farmers and stakeholders via

Mass media – Local FM, Press release, Technical materials like brochures,

poster,

Sensitization forums like field days, workshops, shows etc.

Farmers should be encouraged to report all cases of suspicious diseased

plants

m) Farmers whose fields are affected should get rid of the crop (minimize

inoculums buildup) and plant alternative crops.

n) Urgent research and screening of seed need to be done to determine if the

disease is seed borne.

o) 15: All MLND tolerant varieties among the on going NPT to be fast tracked for

release and commercialization.

p) 16: Cobs and grains from rotten plants should be destroyed by burning and not

be fed to animals or consumed by human

q) Government should consider supporting the farmers in the severely affected

areas, Perhaps with subsidized planting materials and fertilizers but not free

hand outs.

r) There may be maize shortage in the most severely MLND affected and water

stressed areas. There is need to prepare for additional supplies.

20

s) Constitute a recognized Secretariat which will be chaired by Ministry and a

technical team (scientific matters) to address issues related to MLND. Get the

TORs urgently (Action: MOA by 31 July 2012). All public communication on

MLND will be verified at the Ministry Headquarters.

t) The technical team will conduct rapid assessment of MLND to monitor spread

and epidemiology in various regions from time to time.

u) The Ministry will convene stakeholders’ consultative forums for up dates and

sharing of new information

v) The Ministry to set aside a fund for addressing issues related to MLND

3.3 Long term Recommendations

a) Research institution to be supported to identify/breed germplasm with

resistance to MLND and develop resistant varieties.

b) The Government to support screening and registration of new pest control

products for disease and vector control

c) Training of laboratory staff and supply of appropriate laboratory equipment at

KEPHIS and KARI to boost capacity for pests and disease identification and

characterization.

d) Support studies on how the disease was introduced so as to develop strategies

to prevent similar occurrences in future.

e) Enhance prevention of introduction and spread of new pests and diseases of

major crops through rapid alert, response and surveillance programs for early

detection.

f) Training and advisory services to small scale and agro dealers should be

enhanced on general management of pest and diseases.

g) Tolerance to MLND should be included as criteria for release of new maize

varieties.

h) More studies on disease epidemiology needs to be supported for development

of a suitable management strategy

3.4 Conclusions and Way forward

a) Interaction with farmers revealed that Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease has been

in Kenya since June 2011 in Bomet, Narok and Nakuru Counties. At the initial

attack, the plants were able to escape, with mild effects on leaves and cobs.

However, very severe symptoms with resultant plant death have been recorded

on maize planted later in these primary outbreak zones. The disease intensity

and spread has tremendously increased from June 2011 to June 2012, with

resultant 100% crop loss in these primary zones. Districts highly affected

includes Bomet, Sotik, Chepalungu and Borabu

21

b) The Multi-disciplinary Team observed that MLND is at initial stages of

establishment in the Embu, Meru, Uasin Gichu and Trans Nzoia Counties. The

percentage of affected farms from total farms in these regions is low. But in the

few farms the disease was noted, 90% yield loss will be incurred.

c) There are clean regions in the country where MLND was not observed

including Machakos and Makueni Counties in Eastern Province, Bungoma and

Kakamega Counties in Western Province

d) Other factors like moisture stress and stalk borer infestation will influence

yield of current long rains 2012 crop in areas like Embu, Meru, Naivasha,

Machakos and Makueni. Over 80% of maize crop in all sampling areas is at

silking, grain filling stages, with favorable moderate moisture levels, giving a

projection of the country realizing 85% of overall expected yields.

e) Propagation and spread of MLND has greatly been facilitated by continuous

presence of maize at different growth in all zones where disease has been

noted. However the disease is rapidly spreading to new regions in the country.

The disease incidence varies from 100% in the severely affected farms to below

5% in less affected farms.

f) Field observations made and interactions with farmers confirmed that all

commercial seed varieties and local varieties are susceptible to MLND. The

disease is affecting crop grown under small scale (moderate use of GAP) and

large scale (high GAP standards) as long as there is continuous planting of

maize.

g) Although it’s they are the first screening trials, the KARI demonstration sites,

gave some hope for a long term solution as some inbred lines and varieties

have displayed some tolerance to MLND.

h) To halt the spread of Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease, there is urgency in fast

tracking implementation of the short and long term recommendations.

Constituting a secretariat to guide and identify officers who will form a Multi

Disciplinary Technical Team to consistently handle issues related to MLND to

completion is crucial.

22

CHAPTER FOUR: APPENDICES

4.1 Appendix 1: List of Participants

Name Institution Email Telephone

Dr Johnson Irungu Director Crops-MOA [email protected], 0722325917

Dr Esther Kimani KEPHIS [email protected], 0722226239

Mrs Teresia Karanja MOA-PPSD [email protected], 0722267909

Dr Paul Ngaruiya PCPB [email protected], 0722894138

Mr. S.M. Miyogo PCPB [email protected], 0723159475

Dr Evans Sikinyi STAK [email protected], 0710575207

Dr Anne Wangai KARI [email protected], 077799879

Dr Z.M. Kinyua KARI [email protected],

Dr Jaw Ochieng KARI [email protected], 0707222526

Mr. Mathew Mwarey Kenya Seed

[email protected] 0722614639

Additional team members in Eastern Province

Mr. J.G. Ngatho PDA Eastern [email protected] 0721940205

Mr. Felix Nduma PDAs office [email protected] 0721751092

Mr. Peter Kiburih Monsanto (K) Ltd [email protected] 0714606052

Mr Mululu PDAs office [email protected] 0722968844

Mr Joash Wafula RELO Katumani [email protected] 0725890960

Mr Peter Ragu East Africa Seeds [email protected] 0722630084

Mr Stephen Agolla Elgon kenya [email protected] 0724711502

Mr Francis Ndambuki Kenya Seed [email protected] 0733793415

Additional team members in Rift valley Province

Mrs. Hannah Odour PDAs office [email protected] 0722726357

Esther Bii Kenya Seed [email protected]

Mr. Sammy Okite Monsanto Kenya [email protected] 0714606053

Manish Tyagi Elgon Kenya Ltd 0733191512

Mr. Cyrus Mbaambu Sun ripe Farm 0738900274 0711827785

Additional team members in Nyanza Province

Mr Owiro J.O PDA Nyanza 0722485864

4.2 Appendix 2: Field Programme

Day - Date Leave Arrive Activity of the day No. Days

Monday – 2ND July Nairobi Embu Visit farms around Embu area 1

Tuesday – 3RD July Embu Meru Visit farms around Meru area 2

Wednesday – 4th July Meru-Embu Naivasha Spend night in Naivasha 0

Wednesday – 5th July Naivasha Two farms Visit 2 farms around Naivasha area 1

Thursday – 6th July Naivasha Bomet Visit 3 farms in Bomet county 2

Friday – 7th July Chepalungu Sotik, Borabu Visit farms around Sotik, Borabu 1

Saturday – 8th July Kaka mega Visit farms around Kaka mega and Bungoma

2

Sunday – 9th July Trans nzoia Spend night in Kitale 0

Monday – 10th July Trans Nzoia Eldoret 1

Tuesday Eldoret Nairobi

Wednesday – 11th July Makueni Machakos, Kathiani

Visit 2 farms Machakos/Makueni areas Conclude field trip

Thursday KARI KATUMANI

Report writing

mailto:[email protected]





















23

4.3 Appendix 3:DATA COLLECTION CHECKLIST

Name of farmer: Gender: Telephone No.

District: GPS coordinates: Date:

No QUESTION RESPONSES

1 Do you grow maize for a)Food b) Income c) Both

2 During the last 3 seasons which maize variety did you plant and what was the approximate hectare for each variety

a) b)

3 Where do you get planting seeds and technical advice on varieties to grow

4 How do you grow your maize crop a) Mixed cropping; Mono cropping, or both

b) Seasonal; Continuous; Relay

c) which crop preceded the current maize stand

5 What major problems have you encountered as you grow maize in your farm in the last 5 years

a) b)

6 Do you practice regular scouting for pests and diseases

7 When did farmer ( month/year) notice the new maize disease a) At which stage was the crop

What do you think may have brought this disease to your farm b) Did you notice insect pests and how was their population per plant

c) Which varieties are affected on your farm

d) How widespread is this disease in this geographical region

8 Which weather conditions were prevailing when disease was first noted, do you think weather is influencing this disease

9 For how many seasons has your maize been affected by this disease

10 In comparison to when this disease had not come, can the farmer approximate % yield reduction experienced on his farm due to MLND.

11 What coping strategies has the farmer undertaken to manage this disease

12 Has the farmer sprayed any pesticides on the maize crop

13 Name pesticide sprayed and farmer’s observed effects of spray in management of MLND

14 Has the farmer been sensitized on this new disease a) What was the source of the information b) Is the farmer aware of recommended control measures?

15 Is the farmer comfortable/ Not comfortable with the following a) planting maize only one season per year

b) Rouging and burning all infected crop materials

c) Practicing crop rotation

d) Planting only certified seeds

e) Avoiding movement of plant materials out of their farms and also out of their

24

Name of farmer: Gender: Telephone No.

District: GPS coordinates: Date:

geographical region

f) Controlling insects pests on maize crop

16 Which other crops or plants have been observed to be affected by this new maize disease in this region

17 If MLND makes it difficult for farmers to grow maize, can the farmer name at least 5 in order of priority alternative crops that he can plant

a) b)

18 Is the farmer already growing any of the above crops? a) How is the field performance b) How is the market value c) Are the planting materials/ seeds available locally d) Do these crops meet cultural and dietary preferences of the community e) Has the farmer experienced any problem when growing any of these crops

19 In the opinion of the farmer what roles should the following play to help manage MLND

a) Farmers

b) NGOs

c) Government

20 CROP MANAGEMENT ASPECTS a) Which type of fertilizer did the farmer use at planting and what was the source

b) Which type of fertilizer did the farmer use to top dress the maize and what was

the source

c) How many times does the farmer weed maize crop

d) At what stage of crop growth is weeding done

Soon after germination

Knee height

Tassel ling

21 Opportunity for farmer to ask any questions on MLND or food security in general to the team:

22 The team will seek permission from farmer to a) assess current MLND incidence per maize variety in the farm

b) assess current MLND severity per maize variety in the farm

23 The Team will make overall comments on effects of MLND on the crop

25

4.4 Appendix 4: Details of GPS readings and farms/sites visited


Farmer’s name

Area name Altitude (m asl)

Latitude range

Longitude Altitudes range (m asl)

Comments on disease situation

Embu: (Embu North)

Lawrence Njeru Kathuri (0718-540528)

Kagumori village, Manyatta Division

1818 S00º 22.226’ E037º 26.948’ 1818-1898 Phaeosphaeria leaf spot very severe; ear rots evident

Onesmus Kariuki (neighbour to Kathuri)

Kagumori village, Manyatta Division

1820 S00 22.212’ E037 26.955’ Symptoms of maize lethal necrosis disease (MLND) evident

David Nyaga Ngoroi

Manyatta Division 1898 S00 21.598’ E037 26.549’ MLND symptoms evident

Meru: (Igembe S, Igembe N, Imenti S, Meru Central)

Elijah Gikunda (0788-102587)

Imenti South 1643 S00 03.456’ E037 37.960’ 1006 - 1928

MLND symptoms evident

Jennifer Gichuru

Githongo, Abothuguchi West Division, Meru Central

1926 S00 00.290’ E037 35.371’ Severe MLND symptoms

Stella Kirigia Githongo, Abothuguchi West Division, Meru Central

1928 S00 00.233’ E037 35.258 Severe MLND symptoms

Peter Kaburu (0720-365908)

Gakori village, Nkandone s/location, Abothuguchi East Division

1006 S00 01.076’ E037 48.548’ No symptoms of MLND seen; crop very good-looking

Stanley Mugambi (0733-221240)

Kiohura village, Igembe South District

1440 S00 11.507’ E037 55.944’ Very severe MLND symptoms

Nakuru: (Naivasha)

Silas Mbaabu (Farm manager, Sunripe Farm)

Sunripe Farm, Naivasha

1867 S00 40.072’ E036 22.490’ 1867 - 2281

Baby corn crop affected by MLND

Silas Mbaabu (Farm manager, Sunripe Farm)


1867 S00 39.161’ E036 22.553’ Very severe MLND symptoms on baby corn

KARI/CIMMYT trial site


1890 S00 39.916’ E036 23.383’ Variations observed in MLND severity among screening entries

Joseph Muchu Gituamba, Naivasha Central Division


Tabitha Kuria (0725-324049)

Maraigushu, Kinungi, Naivasha Central Division

2281 S00 45.662’ E036 31.075’ Severe MLND symptoms

Narok: (Narok South)

Talent Farm (c/o Gavin, Farm Manager – 0713-460740)

Narok South District 1973 S01 00.596’ E035 32.468’ 1973 - 1997

Reported to have a very low incidence of MLND; spraying with insecticides and fungicides

26


Farmer’s name


Latitude range



done

Bomet: (Bomet, Chepalungu, Sotik)

KARI/CIMMYT trial site

Bomet ATC, Bomet 1868 S00 47.771’ E035 20.439’ 1788 - 1906

Variations observed in MLND severity among screening entries

John Cheruiyot (0720-815648)

Nyambugo s/location, Sigor Division, Chepalungu District


Mike Ruto Aroiywut village, Sigor Location, Sigor Division


Paul Tanui (0729-018306)

Mutarakwa Division, Sotik District

1814 S00 45.764’ E035 13.860’ MLND symptoms evident

Kisii (Borabu)

Lucy Moraa Andara

Borabu (roadside stop over)

1853 S00 43.354’ E035 02.299’ 1793 - 1853

Very severe MLND symptoms; field clearing in progress and crop residue left in the field; crop at tasseling stage

Samson Mainye (0721-621365)

Kineni sub-location, Nyansiongo location, Borabu Division

1793 S00 46.875 E035 02.596 Very severe MLND symptoms; crop mature/advanced

Kakamega (Ikolomani)

Road side stop over

Kakamega town outskirts

1549 N00 17.216’ E034 45.377’ 1505 - 1549

No MLND symptoms seen; crop very good and at soft dough stage

Bungoma (Bungoma East)

John Wepukhulu (0719-584226)

Upendo village, Misikhu s/location, Webuye Division

1627 N00 42.320’ E034 44.863’ 1627 - 1692

Patches of maize field with chlorotic, stunted plants (root system trimming evident); suspected symptoms of MLND (samples taken)

Grace Nanjala Wafula (0707-457312)

Nasusi B village, Kamusinde location, Kamukuywa Division, Kimilili District

1692 N00 49.114’ E034 45.264’ Patches of maize crop field with rotting root system and lower stem (samples taken)

Trans Nzoia (Trans Nzoia West, Trans Nzoia East)

Kitale Prison Farm c/o Mr. Okwayo, Farm Manager (0725-730643)

GK Medium Prison Kitale Farm, Trans Nzoia West District

1865 N01 01.239’ E034 59.919’ 1738 – 1865

Only one plant with suspected MLND symptoms seen

Thomas Wafula (0729-741625)

Three Rivers Farm, Kipyoywan s/location, Kinyoro location, Saboti Division Trans Nzoia West District

1738 N00 58.587’ E034 54.545’ Crop affected by MLND but farmer got some harvest; neighbours’ crops affected

Gerald Wambugu (c/o Kihenjo 0727-167614)

Nyakinywa, near Bata Muhiu Primary School, Trans Nzoia East District

1776 N00 54.613’ E035 07.135’ Severe MLND symptoms observed

Uasin Gishu Samuel Birgen Sikaon village (Kambi 1852 N00 50.033 E035 10.449 1852 Mild symptoms of

27


Farmer’s name


Latitude range



(Eldoret West)

arap Sambu Chonjo), Matunda s/location, Soy Division

MLND observed

Makueni Hon. Gideon Ndambuki’s farm

Mukuyuni, Kaiti Division

1297 S01 45.219’ E037 27.873’ 1280 – 1330

No symptoms of MLND observed; some portions of the crop affected by moisture stress

Francis Kyongo (0713-777736)


1280 S01 44.770 E037 28.104 No symptoms of MLND observed; very good water trapping done

Regina Mwania (0727-015313)


1330 S01 44.721 E037 26.434 No symptoms of MLND observed; Good crop of Pannar 4M19 but a portion with recycled Pioneer seed performing poorly.

Machakos (Machakos, Kathiani)

Luka Muthoka Kimutwa location, Central Division, Machakos District

1568 S01 34.781’ E037 16.859 1495 – 1568

No incidence of MLND observed; farmer pre-soaks seed to hasten germination due to fear of shortage of rains

Samuel Mweu (0722-335682)

Mang’auni village, Kaathi s/location, Kimutwa location, Machakos District

1546 S01 33.834’ E037 16.346’ No incidence of MLND observed; farmer uses own selected seed of a local variety; applies manure and DAP but no top-dressing.

Mr. Kilonzo Mitamboni village, Mitamboni location, Kathiani District

1516 S01 23.431’ E037 16.024 No incidence of MLND observed; stalk borer incidence noted

Philip Mutua Ndolo (0727-206092)

Kinyau s/location, Mitamboni location, Kathiani District

1495 S01 20.414’ E037 15.256 No incidence of MLND observed; farmer with good agronomic practices

28

4.5 Appendix 5: Altitude range of visited farms per county

County (districts visited) Altitudes range (m asl)

Embu (Embu North) 1818-1898

Meru (Igembe S, Igembe N, Imenti S, Meru Central) 1006 - 1928

Nakuru (Naivasha) 1867 - 2281

Narok (Narok South) 1973 - 1997

Bomet (Bomet, Chepalungu, Sotik) 1788 - 1906

Kisii (Borabu) 1793 - 1853

Kakamega (Ikolomani) 1505 - 1549

Bungoma (Bungoma East) 1627 - 1692

Trans Nzoia (Trans Nzoia West, Trans Nzoia East) 1738 – 1865

Makueni 1280 – 1330

Machakos (Machakos, Kathiani) 1495 – 1568

report on status of maize lethal necrosis disease

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