Report No. 1340-CD r L `

Republic of ChadEconomic MemorandumJune 30, 1977

West Africa Region

FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY

Document of the World Bank

This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipientsonly in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may nototherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

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CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

Currency Unit: CFA Franc (CFAF)

a fixed parity exists between the CFA and the French francs:

1 French Franc = 50 CFA Franc

The CFA franc floats against the dollar. Between February 12, 1973and the end of October 1976, the rate has fluctuated as follows:

US$ 1 CFAF 209 - 250

Throughout this report the following rates have been used for theconversion of CFA francs into US dollars and vice versa:

1968 and earlier years: US$ 1 = CFAF 2471969: US$ I = CFAF 2561970: US$ I = CFAF 2771971: US$ 1 = CFAF 2761972: US$ 1 = CFAF 2521973: US$ 1 = CFAF 2301974: US$ 1 = CFAF 2401975: US$ I = CFAF 214

1976 and onwards: US$ 1 = CFAF 225

WEIGHT AND MEASURES

1 Metric Ton (t) = 2,205 lbs.

1 Kilogram (kg) = 2.2 lbs.1 Kilometer (km) = 0.62 mile1 Meter (m) = 3.28 feet

FOR OFFICIUL USE ONLY

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page No.

MAP

SOCIAL INDICATORS

INTRODUCTION ..................... ................

II. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS ....... ............. . 1

A. Origin and Use of Resources ..... .............. 2

B. The Sectors ........ ........................... 4

C. Population and Incomes ........................ 7

D. Public Finance ................................ 10

E. Central Bank and Banking System .... ........... 18

F. Foreign Trade and Finance ..... ................ 19

III. POLICIES AND PROSPECTS .............. .. ............. 26

A. Sector Issues ................................. 26

B. Medium Term Outlook and Projections .... ....... 30

STATISTICAL ANNEX

This report is based on the findings of a mission that visitedChad from April 1 to April 22, 1976. The mission consisted of:

Jochen Schmedtje Mission ChiefPaul A. Popiel General economistWilliam Grau Debt specialistDavid Steeds Agricultural economistHarold Kurzman Transportation consultantIsik Erim Loan Officer

The report was discussed with the Government in March 1977.

| This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performanceof their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.

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J ~ ~ ~ 'CE~~N 1AL AFRICAN EMPIRE ~2~

TArBLE' 'aH4AO *' pPCf AL' IMDCA?PAS.^ DA*tA SWill

* CHAO REFERENCE ~~~~~~~~~~~COUNTRIES (19703.......... tb.17....t T fi4; aL u fl CN R L R CA f gM I E

TOTAL. 0280.0 MOST RtiCNTAGOICE: 1J.5.0 1960 2970 ESTIMATE MALI BOLIVIA CENTRAL AFRICAN EPTnE`

GNP PER CAPI?A (usS) *0.0 90,0 iao,o 0,0 1 70

POPULAtinN ANO VITAL. STATISTICS.,,,,_...................-...

'OPULATI(ON RWID.YR, 4ILLION) 3.' 3.6 .40 95, 4.9 '.b

POPULATION DENSITYpER SO3IARE ,1 fH 2.0 3.0 ,0 4,0 4.0 3.0PED so. fM. AGRICULTURAL LANO 27.0 32.0 34.0 12,0 17.0 27.0

VITAL STATITTICSCRUDE R30TH RATE (ITWOU, AV) 45,8 '1.a8 04.0 49,b 44,4 404CR1UDE MEATH RATe (C,TtoU,AVJ 27.6 2e.6 20.0 27.8 19.7 26b4TNFANT 4MRTALITY RATE C/THOU) 160,0 /a . 20.0 154.0LIFE EAPECTANCY AT BIRTH CYRS) 335 - I8,0 389,5 37*, U,3 379,oRnfSS REPRODUITiON RAT! 2.4 /b 3.0 2.6 3s3 2.8 2,.

OOPULAII,N GInWTH RAtE (t)TOTAL 1's t.7 2.0 2.2 2.6 2,2[lRRAN 6,9 7.1 6,4 , 4,2 72

JIWAN POPULATION C% OF TOTALS 6,7 11.3 339 32.3 30.1xGI 4TQUCTURE (PERCENTS

0 tO 1 YEARS 44 L 0.04 4,010 49,1 41,9 42,015 TO ta YFARS 52,0, 56.0 55,0Z. b 49,3 594 54,8f5 YEARS A4n OVER a,0 c 2.6 40ab 1.6 3.5 3,3

*GE InEENtiNCy RATIO 0.9

/c 0,8 0.s 1,0 0.a 0.oECOINMtC nFPFINENCY RATIO 1.37 049/a 1 o/a 0,9

PFOILY PLANNI4GACCEPTOOS (CUHULATI!VE THOU) .* .. *- ., ,.1S!R' ts OF MARRIED WD4EN) ,, * . ..

TOTAL LABOR F,RCE (THOLIUSANDO) II00 . 1300.0L 2800.0 2300.0 5900oLAiROR FORcE IN AGRICULTURE (0) 94.O 90.0 93,0 65.0/b B7.0UNFEPLOYFM CS OF LABOR FORCE) ,, ,, ,, ,, 16,0

INCOME °7TOTDTRUTTIN....... ......... _,-

t MF PRIVATF ICOfCE REC'D RY.HwIGEST it OF HOUSEHOLDS 21 5 ~ .3 *: . 30 §WIGHEST 200 OF HOUSEHOLDS 44,8 S *, , 59.0 ,,LOWEST ?o0 OF HOUSEHOLDS

7

a7

/e * , 4,0/CLOWfEt 400 OF HOUSEHOLDS 19lT ,, ,, ,, 13,0,

DISTRIPfUTitI OF LAND JAWNERSNI

1 OAiNEII PV TOP 100f or OWNERS f OwNED :Y S

TmALLEST 10f OWNERS ' R'

HFALYTH AN4 NuTRITION.....................

0OULPATIrTN PrQ PHYsICIAN ,, 6i6.o.o -44hW'0 44190,0 2300.0 38120.oPOPULATION PER NURSINfG PERSON ST00,0 76,. 5570OLd 3860.0 2730.0 1280.00OPU(ATInIW PER HnSPITAL RET1 A20.0 /376Oo . 390,0& 490. 0 460.0

DER cAPIT4 SUPPLPY 0,f CALORIES (0 oF '!OEUIREmENTS) 94.0 06,0 B9,0/e 92.0 77 0 96,0ROnTEIN eGRAMS PER DAY) 77.0 73.0 7o DE, 9,0 6b 08.0-OF WHICH AHT'4oj,AAND PULSE ,, 3, , 3063.0 ~ 22.0,offr fifficff slf^Lf ^4D puLse Z 33. 0 .. 23,0/c 14,0L 22.o

DEATW RATF (/THOU) AGES 1. *- *- . 7 .04

EOUCAT?tON

ADJUSTED ENROLLMENT RATIOPQTM4rY SCHOOL- 15.0 30.0 29.0 20,0 71.0 73. 0SECnNDARY SCHOOL 0.4 2.0 2.0 3,0 20,0 5.0YEARS OF SCHOnLING PROVIDED

(FIRST 1ND SECOND LEVEL) 13.0 13.0 03,0 12,0 12.0 10.0VOCATIII4JAL ENROLLMENT

(I OF S!CONDARY) 21 I, 10,0 o00 130 /0 12.0'DULT LITERACV RATE Ct . 7. ,a 40, 0

HOUSING

'RSONS pFeR o004 ([OR,AN) .-JCCUPIED MWELLINGS MITHOUT

PIPED *&TER (xiACCESS to ELECTRICTTy

CO r ALL DWELLINGS)RURAL DNELLINGS CONNECTED

tO ELeTRCTY ) ,; ,. .. .. .. ..

CD0

SUHPTION........ ......... -

QAOIf RECFIVERS (PCER TOU POP) 20 16.0 t,0 12.0 288,0 30,0PASSfNGEQ CARS (PER T'1nU POP) 1,0 I i I.$ . t0 4 0.0 0EL!CYRCITY fKWH/YQR PER CAP) 3.0 12.q 14.0 11.0 I60b0 o 2.0NVESPRTNT (Kg/YR PER CAP) ., . . 10SEE N..TES AND DEF.NITIONS ON REVERS.

NOTES

Unless otherwise noted, data for 1960 refer to any year between 1959 and 1961, for 1970 between 1968 and 1970, and for hbst Recent Estimatebetween 1975 and 1975.

*~The Central African Enpire has been selected as an objective country for Chad because it is also landlocked but at a higher levelof development.

CHAD 1960 la 1955-57; Ab 1963-64, African population; ft Age group 0-17, 18-59 and 60 and over respectively;d Ratio of population under 17 and 60 and over to total labor force; fe 1958, population;f~ 1962; At Including midwives and assietant nurses in government medical centers;

Govermnent hospital establiahments only.

1970 /a 1964-66

MOST1 RECENT ESTIMIATE: /a 1972; Ab Age 15-59 and 6o years and over respectively; /a Ratio ofpopulation under 15 and'6o and over to total labor force; Td includingmidwives and assistant midwives; Ae 1969-71 average.

MILl 1970 /a Ratio of Population un,der 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; lb Govermeent hospitalestablishments only; ft 1964-66.

BOLIVTIA 1970 /a Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; fb As percentage of iaborforce in employment; ft Population; ft '1964-66; ft Retween 1955 and 1970 the durationof general secondary education was reduced from 6 to 4 years.

CENTRAL AFRICAN EMPIRE 1970 ft Ratio of population under 15 and 65 and over to total labor force; fb Including codwives,assistant midwives and assistant nurses.

N6, May 19, 1977

Dn'DMTXr. OP SOCIAL D5D1CAT1M

Load Ares (thou ha2) Pplpstian ser nursing serene - Ppapletios divided by esahr af practicing

Tatal1 Tta1 surface area coprising land ares and inland waters. nle and fen1l graduate nurses, trained" or certifited nurses, .adSai.-mact resent estimate af agricultural ares used tomparrsaily or pae- a-niiar pers-nl with iraieis,g at experience.

nently far craps, pastures, market & hitches gardens at to lie faliaw. apulatin ear hossital had - Poplatian divided by sunder af haspita1 bedsavailable in public and private general and specislised haspitel and

ONp per c.pit. (US$) - ONP par capita estimates at carrent earbet prices, reahbilitatias centers; excldes nursing Iane esd eeteblihlw,stc farcalculated by sane san" rian method se Wan1d Bank Atlas (l973-75 basis); sstadial and preventive care.1960; 1970 sod 1973 data. Per cseits soeslv af casre ( f at essuronte) - Ciepuced feeo energy

sqaiva1-t at net food supplies available in cauntsy per capita par day;Pp.paltian and vital statistic, available supplies comprise dnsestic production, Imports Isee sepstta, andPopulatian (mid-vest million) As af July first, if nat availsble, average changes in stack; net supplies seclude animal feed, seeds, quantities seed

at twa cad-year estimates; 11J60, 1970 end 1975 dats. in faud preoesing and losses in distribution; requiremnts were estimatedby FA0 based on physialagical needs far annea activity and health conid-

Ppoplation density - ear esuars km - Mid-year population per square kilomester sting eniraetet tasperature, body esighs, age sad sea distributions of(100 hecteresa) of tata1 area, population, and allow,ing 10% fur watoeat househald leve.

PPlauition density - oat square kx. of saris, land - Canputed as above far Per capita supply of protein (atren set day) - Protein contest af per capitaagriculture

1lend only. net supply of fond per day; mat supply of fond is defined as shove; reqair-

meats f or all countries established by USDA5 Econmic Research ServicesViral statiatisa Provide for a nina lows.ane of 60 gr-s of ttotl protein per day, andCruda birth rate ear thousand, average - Annual live births pet thousand of 20 gross of animal and pulse protein, of which 10 gros hbauld be -eime

mid-yost population; ten-yanr aritlestic averages, ending in 1960 cud 1970, protein; these standards are l1sr than those of 75 gros of total proteinand five-year average ending in 1975 f or mast recent estimate. and 23 grams of animal protein as as average f or the world, proposed by, FAI)

crude death rate set tholeeand. average - Annual deaths per thousand of nid-yecr in the Third World Food Survey.population ; ten-year arithmsetic averages ending in 1960 and 1970 and five- Per capita protein supply iron animal and oulse - Protein supply of fsad

yer avrage enigin17 morsot recent estimate, derived from animals and pulses in gros per day.Infant oraivrete (/thau) - Annual deaths of inants onder one year of age Death cats (/tbou) sees 1-4 - Annua deaths per thounand in age group 1-i

per thousand live births. years, to children in this age group; snggested as an indicator ofLife epcayat birth (yrs) - Average number of years of life renamning at malntrition.

birth; usully2 fv-erargsending in 1960, 1970 and 1975 for develop-ing countries. Education

Gros rnuutin care - Average number of live daughters a uoman will bear Adjusted enrollment ratio - srimarv school - Enrollment sf all gags as per-inhr noma reproductive periad if she experiences presetaeseii etg fpmr sbe-age populetion; includes children aged 6-11 years

fertility retes; usually five-year averages, ending in 1960, 1970 and 1975 hut adjusted for different lengths of primary education; for countries withfar developing countries, universal education, enrollment may exceed lO0% since som pupils ar.ehlos

Population crost, rate (%) - total - Compound annua l grwvth rates of aid-year Adr shove the official schsol ege.population f or 1950-60, 1960-70 and 1970-75. aduted enrollment ratio - secondary school - Computed sjp shov; secondary

Population grwsth rate (1) - urban - Computed like grosth rate of total education requires at least faur years of approved primary itusrction;population; different definitions of urban area may affect comparability of provides genera, vocational or teacher training imatructions, for pupilsdata among countries, Of 12 to 17 years of age; correepondence course are generally occluded.

Urban population (I of total) - Ratio of urban to total population; different Ye.ars of schslingt provided (first end second levels) - Total yeas" ofdefinitions of arhan areasa may affect conparability of dat.ameong countries, schooling; at secondary level, vocational instruction may be partially or

completely exFcluded.Axe structure (sercat) - Children (0-l4 years), working-age (15-64 years), Vonstional earolbeant (1 of seconders) - Vocational institutions include

end retired (65 yeas end over) as percetages of mid-year population. tenhnics1, indus trial at other progro which operata independently or 5

Age dependency ratio - Rtais of population under 15 sad 65 sand avr to these depertnente of secndary institutions.of ages 15 through 64. Adult litersc' rate (1) - Literate adults (able to read and wits) as per-

Economic dependency ratio - Rati oaf population under 15 and 65 and over to centage of total adult population aged 15 years end ovr.the labor foce is age group of 15-64 years.

Pomily planin -_acceptors cauaie thou) - Cumultive nuber af acceptors Roinciof birth-control devices under auspices of national fanily planning progros Peron arsetroon (urban) - Average n,bsar of pets-ao per cam in ocpiedsince isceprion. conventional dweIlings is urben cress; dwellings seclude so-permenest

Fanily planning -uers CI of married women) - Percentages af married women of structures adunoccpied parts.child-bearing age (15-44 years) who use birth-control devices to all married ccupied dwlling without vised water CX - Occu pied convetrional dwellingsu-aen is san age froup. in urban and rural cress without masids or outside piped water facilities

as percentage of all occupied dwellings.pE.ploy,osnt Access to electricity (1 of all dwellings) - Conventiona1 dwellings withTotal labor farce (thousend) - Econoni-aly actrive prerson, including armed electricity in living quarters as percent of total dwellings in urban and

forces and ucnaplnyed hut secluding housewives, students, etc.; dafiaitions rural area..isvroscutre ar ta comparable. Rural dwellingc connected to electtricity (I) - Computed as above for rura

Labo farce in arclueI- Agricultural labor force (in fasting, forestry, dwellings only.hunting and fishing) as percentage of total labor farce.

Ilnoployed IX of labor force) -Ulnemployed are usually defined as persons who Consumptionare able end willing to a ike job, out of a Job on a given day, renamd out Radio rece.ivers (set thou pop) - All types of receivers for radio broadcastsof a job, and aseking work f or a specified minimun period not exceeding one to general public per thousand of population; excludes unicensed rece.iversweek; nay not be comparable hatween countries due to different definitions in countries and in years when registration of radio sets was in effect;of anmoployed and source of data, e.g., osploynent office statistics, sample data fur recent years may sot he comparable since nost countries abolishedsurveys, cmepulsory uneployomt insurance, licensing.

Passenger cars (per thou pop) - Passenger cars comprise notor cars seatinginton distribution - Percentage of private inc-a (both in cash and kind) less than sight persona ; excludes mebu1l-nces , hearses end militaryreceived by richest 5X, richest 20%, poorest 20%, end poorest 40% of house- vehicles.holds. Electricity (kwh/nr set cap) - Annual consumaption of industrial, coameercia1,

public end private electricity in kilostt hour per cpitac, generallyDist,ribution of land osnerahip_ - Percentages of leand osned by wealthiest lOX based on prdodution data, without allowanoce for losses in grids hut sli1.-

and poorest lit of laud osners.- ing for Importa and expurta of electricity.Newsprint (kg/yr sertocp) - Per capita annua conasonption in kilograms

gealth and Nutrition estimtatd from domestic production plus met Imports of new,sprint.Psoplation par physicien - Population divided by nueber of practicingphysicians qualified iron a medical school at univrersty level.

I. INTRODUCTION

1. With a 1975 per capita GNP of $120, Chad is one of the lowestincome countries in the world. The population of 4.0 million depends mainlyon subsistence food crops and traditional livestock and one principal cashcrop, cotton, which provides 80 percent of recorded export proceeds. Thepace of development has been handicapped, over the past ten years, by in-ternal political problems and in the early 1970s, by the Sahelian drought.In 1974 and 1975, weather conditions have been favorable and agriculturalproduction recovered, but long term growth - of necessity based on agricul-ture - is not likely to be rapid. However, some oil deposits have beenidentified, and further exploration for oil is expanding. The costs ofproduction and transportation for export would be comparatively high, butif sufficient quantities are discovered it is possible that within the nextten years oil exploitation might fundamentally alter the country's economicprospects.

2. Chad is the largest landlocked country in Africa. It occupies anarea of 1,284,000 square kilometers and the principal economic centers arelocated at an average distance of 2,000 km from the nearest ocean ports.Exports and imports must be hauled over long routes outside the country, andexternal transport is a significant constraint on developing foreign trade.

3. Eighty five percent of the population lives in the rural areas,deriving its livelihood from agriculture and livestock. About half of therural population consists of groups of sedentary semi-nomadic and nomadiclivestock herders around which economic activity takes place. The other halflives in the relatively higher rainfall zone in the South, where millet andsorghum are grown as food crops, and cotton as the all important cash crop.

II. RECENT DEVELOPMENTS

4. Since the late 1960's two events have unfavorably influencedChad's economic and financial development: internal security problemsand the drought. With budgetary revenues relatively fixed, increasedspending on internal security entailed reduced expenditures on other gov-ernment activities. Drought occurred in three of the five years 1970-1974.Heavy losses of cattle were reported, and shortages of basic foodstuffsoccurred, even in areas normally producing a surplus of food. Only emer-gency shipments of food from abroad have enabled the government to avertsevere food shortages in hard hit areas.

5. In April 1975 a group of army officers came into power and estab-lished the Superior Military Council (CSM). In July 1976 the ministrieswere reorganized and a new government was formed with wider participation ofcivilians. The President of the Republic, Brigadier General Felix Malloum,has headed the Government and the Supreme Military Council since April 1975.

- 2 -

The Government continues to accord top priority to restoring internal securityand the situation has improved as a result of efforts undertaken by the CSMto negotiate a peaceful solution to the conflict. It also is developing tiesthrough political, economic and cultural agreements with neighboring coun-tries, notably CAE, Niger, Nigeria, Sudan and Zaire. After a lapse of eightyears, Chad is considering reentering the Central African Economic and Cus-toms Union (UDEAC), provided certain conditions are met; negotiations thereonare in progress.

A. Origin and Use of Resources

6. During 1967-1975, Gross Domestic Product 1/ recorded a growth ratein real terms of between 0.5 to 1.0 percent a year. As yearly populationgrowth is estimated at 2.1 percent, per capita Gross Domestic Product de-creased by about 1.6 to 1.1 percent per year (see Annex Tables 2.1 to 2.5).The two most striking features of the recent pattern of growth are the rela-tively high inflows of foreign aid and the effects of the Sahelian drought.The country's low level of income and limited capacity to mobilize savingshave always made the economy heavily dependent on external aid. In 1967-72,the GDP equivalent of total aid flows, both grants and loans, averaged 12percent and reached 17 percent during 1973-75.

7. The drought had a profound impact on the Chadian economy, particu-larly during 1972-1974. In real terms GDP declined by 9 percent in 1973, itsagricultural component recording a 14 percent drop. Moreover, loss of a thirdof the herd resulted in net overall disinvestment in that peak drought year.According to mission estimates, in addition to all the non measurable costs,the drought and its effects resulted in loss in real growth of about 1.5percent to 1.8 percent p.a. between 1967-75.

8. Since 1967, resources available for domestic use grew faster thanGDP, reflecting the increasing import surplus of goods and non-factor services(NFS). While exports stagnated, the rise in external aid and stepped up ex-ploration for oil spurred the growth of imports, permitting some growth bothin consumption and investment. Domestic savings, on the other hand, declined,from 6.4 percent of GDP in 1967, to 4.5 percent in 1972 and zero percent in1974-75 and fixed capital formation was increasingly dependent on externalflows; in 1973, however, even this inflow could not totally offset the largedisinvestment caused by the loss of one-third of the herd, so that in thatyear overall gross investment was negative: -3.0 percent of GDP.

1/ Official GDP estimates are only available for the period 1963-1968, andfor the year 1970. More recent information has been supplied by theGovernment for 1973, and the authorities are now developing nationalaccounts series for 1973 to 1975. Taking 1970 for a basis, the missionestimated the 1967-75 national accounts, extrapolating value added fromproduction indicators, especially in agriculture, and basing estimates inthe service sectors mainly on developments in the rest of the economy andthe government accounts. All the growth rates mentioned in this Chapterare growth trends and have been calculated by the least square method.

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Table 1. ORIGIN AND USE OF RESOURCES 1/(at constant prices)

Composition of resources available Rate of growth 2/Average 1967-68 Average 1974-1975 1967 - 1975

% % % p.a.

GDP at market prices 93.2 86.6 0.7

Net imports of goods and NFS 6.8 13.4 3.2Imports ( 29.6) ( 30.4) ( 3.2)Exports (-22.8) (-17.0) (-1.2)

Resources available fordomestic use 100.0 100.0 2.3

Consumption 88.1 86.9 2.1Private ( 72.6) ( 70.3) ( 1.8)Public ( 15.6) ( 16.5) ( 3.2)

Fixed investment .10.2 11.8 3.6Enterprises ( 2.6) ( 2.9) ( 2.5)Households ( 2.5) ( 2.1) (-0.9)Public administration ( 5.1) ( 6.8) ( 5.7)

Changes in stocks 1.7 1.3

Memo: Gross domestic savingsas % of GDP 4.7 -0.3

1/ Mission estimates based on information provided by Chadian authorities.

2/ As calculated by the least square method.

Source: Annex, Table 2.2.

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9. In 1974 and 1975 improved weather conditions led to a much largercereal harvest and there were also bumper cotton crops. These favorableagricultural developments in combination with high cotton export prices -particularly in 1974 - and accelerating capital investment produced an eco-nomic recovery. GDP in 1975 is estimated to have increased by 28 percentover its 1973 level in current prices, and by 12 percent in constant terms;agriculture grew by 30 percent and 12 percent respectively. In 1974, thevalue of exported goods and services grew by 27 percent, and is estimatedto have remained at about that level in 1975. Almost all of the increasewas the result of higher volumes and prices of exported cotton. But from1973 to 1975 imports of goods and services increased by 41 percent, reflect-ing import price inflation as well as stepped up aid efforts and intensi-fied oil exploration. At the same time, domestic savings decreased, whileterms of trade after a modest improvement in 1974, deteriorated the follow-ing year.

B. The Sectors

10. Agriculture in the broad sense of crop, livestock, and fish produc-tion represents over 50 percent of GDP, provides a livehood for about 80 per-cent of the population, and accounts for nearly all exports. The natural con-ditions are generally unfavourable: nearly 75 percent of the area of the countryreceives "average" rainfall of less than 600 mm/year. Half the rural popu-lation lives in the cotton zone, which covers only 10 percent of the area ofthe country, and where average rainfall is about 1,000 mm/ye2r. The averagepopulation density in ihis zone is still low, at about 17/km , but localdensities exceed 50/km and there is already evidence of soil erosion in theKoros region. The potentially irrigable area in the Chari-Logone system hasbeen estimated at about 200,000 ha, of which at present about 50,000 ha/yearare used for uncontrolled flooding of paddy and about 25,000 ha/year areplanted to sorghum behind the receding floods.

11. Prior to the drought, domestic production of foodgrains was about640,000 tons/year, of which rainfed millet and sorghum represented about576,000 tons. In "normal" years, Chad was self-sufficient except for importsof wheat of about 12,000 tons/year. For 1973, the worst drought year, noofficial estimate of foodgrain production was, or has been, made. Receiptsof food aid, mostly cereals, have amounted to, at most, 30,000 tons/year. Itseems that in the last two years "normal" production of millet and sorghumhas resumed and, except for belated supplies of food aid, there are norecorded imports of foodgrains other than wheat.

12. Chad produces cotton fiber of average length which brings a rela-tively high price on the world market. In 1968/69, a season of above aver-age rainfall, seed cotton production peaked at about 150,000 tons declining

thereafter to a level hovering around 110,000 through 1973/74. Productionincreased to 145,000 tons in 1974/75 and to nearly 175,000 tons in 1975/76.All the cotton crop is bought by COTONTCHAD which is the government majorityowned purchasing, processing and marketing agency. The "Caisse de Stabilisa-tion des Prix du Coton" is an autonomous agency, which, besides evening outfluctuations in producer price levels, is responsible for carrying out thegovernment's cotton policies.

13. The government's principal program for the development of cottonis the productivity program which basically consists in providing extensionservices, and subsidized inputs to cotton growers. The cotton area plantedunder the productivity program has increased from 35,000 ha in 1968/69 to

50,000 ha in 1973/74 and to 125,000 ha in 1975/76. The total area plantedto cotton has however remained virtually unchanged for the last 10 years,except for a 10 percent increase to 330,000 ha in 1975/76. While this suddenincrease in area may be, in part, attributable to the expansion plans of theprevious government, the overall stability of the cotton area has been theresult through the years of a consistent policy. Additionally, the increasein the cotton zone, while not linked by government policy to the increasinguse of animal traction, has most likely been influenced by this development(the number of work oxen has doubled in the past two years, their number nowreaching 120,000).

14. Improved inputs at subsidized rates are made available under the"productivity program" as a standard package per hectare (100 kg 22-18-14fertilizer, 4-5 insecticide applications, and seed protection) throughout thecotton zone. The cost of the subsidy is borne by the "Caisse de Stabilisationdu Prix du Coton" (CSPC), FED and, to a much smaller extent, by governmentand COTONTCHAD. The unit cost escalated from about CFAF 7,000/ha in thethree years 1971/72-1973/74 to CFAF 10,000/ha in 1975/76 and is estimated

at CFAF 14,000/ha in 1976/77. On the other hand, the producer price of seedcotton has been consistently lower than the export parity farmgate price.The net effect of subsidized inputs and both official and disguised taxation

on the output was a net transfer from farmers to the public sector in eachof the three years 1971/72 - 1973/74, although the direction of the flow hassince reversed. The private benefit cost ratio to farmers using improvedinputs has increased appreciably; at average incremental yields, the ratiowas 2.8:1 in 1971/72 but was 3.5:1 in 1975/76.

15. Livestock has traditionally been an important source of income,employment, and exports in Chad. Prior to the drought, the national cattleherd was about 4.5 million head, with an offtake of about 11 percent and anannual growth rate of about 1 percent. Cattle production accounted for about75 percent of total production of meat and offals of over 100,000 tons/year,and of total production of milk of about 180 million liters/year for human

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consumption. The immediate effect of the drought was to reduce the cattleherd by one-fifth to about 3.6 million heads, according to a census conductedby SEDES. Given the necessarily slow herd reconstitution process, the pre-drought production level will not be resumed until after the mid-1980's.Sheep, goats, and camels suffered much less, their 1976 numbers being esti-mated at the corresponding 1970 levels.

16. In 1973 the waters of Lake Chad fell to levels that had not beenobserved since 1900; in effect the Lake became three separate bodies ofwater. This made fishing relatively easy and the catch has been estimatedat 140,000 tons, in contrast to the pre-drought level of about 100,000 tonsfor all Lake Chad Basin countries. By the same token, the stocking of fishbreeding grounds upstream from the Lake was relatively difficult and causeda reduction in the 1975 catch.

17. Oil exploration started in Chad in 1968 and since then has continuedat a brisk pace. During 1975, total investment amounted to about CFAF 4.0billion, having reached a cumulative level of CFAF 10.0 billion in that lastyear. For 1976, investment was expected to be further increased. The explora-tion is conducted by Continental Oil, on behalf of a consortium in which, inaddition to Continental's share of 25 percent, Shell has 50 percent, andChevron a 25 percent stake. Out of 8 wells drilled so far in the South andWest of the country, two in the south have been tested for oil which appearscommercially exploitable. In addition, an exploration well in the west --north of Lake Chad -- encountered varying amounts of oil, gas and condensate.Because of the geological complexity of the structure, up to 6 more wells areto be drilled in order to evaluate its commercial potential. So far, provenreserves would amount to one-half billion barrels. One billion barrels ofreserves are considered as a minimum to provide returns sufficient to justifythe development and operation of the expensive export infrastructure, includ-ing a pipeline to the sea required for commercial exploitation on a fullscale. However, even if such exploitation is not yet feasible, there arealready in Chad more than enough proven hydrocarbon reserves to cover thecountry's need for petroleum products, and a field oil refinery is aboutto be set up to this end.

18. The manufacturing sector is small, contributing about 8.0 percentof GDP. It consists mainly of processing industries, engaged in productionof ginned cotton, meat, sugar cakes, textiles and beverages. Over the 1967-1975 period, this sector grew on the average at about 2.5 percent per annum.From a low level in 1972 activity gradually gained momentum as operations inthe cotton ginning industry picked up considerably towards 1975. The growthof the industrial sector is constrained by several factors: remoteness ofexport markets, small size and dispersion of the domestic markets, transportcosts, and scarcity of raw materials. Moreover, electricity generation ispresently close to capacity.

19. Electricity in Chad is generated by thermal plants using importedpetroleum products. Power production climbed from 25 million kwh to 51million kwh over the 1967-1974 period but is now reaching the ceiling of

generating capacity, thus limiting further expansion of the industrial sec-

tor. Moreover, the financial situation of the electricity company has beenweakened by large unpaid government arrears and unrealistic tariffs with

respect to the level of production costs. Given the importance of arrearsof payments, the company finds it impossible to maintain its financial equi-librium. In addition, electricity rates which have not been increased sinceJuly 1974, do not allow the Company to cover operating and maintenance costs,

and to expand production facilities with external loans. The water distribu-tion company faces a similar financial situation.

20. Chad's internal transportation system is a simple one, with roadsby far the predominant mode. Air and water transport have only minor localsignificance. Lake transport, however, has been important locally, and,

after being disorganized during the drought in 1975, should regain its pre-drought levels. The road network consists of about 7,340 km of classifiedroads of varying standards, many of which are closed to traffic during the

rainy seasons; only 250 km are paved. In addition, there are about 25,000 kmof earth tracks which provide connections to agricultural areas. The distri-bution network is concentrated in the southwest where most of the cotton

is produced and economic activity located. The condition of the network isgenerally poor; inadequate budget allocations allow substandard maintenanceof the primary roads only, and important feeder roads in the cotton-growingareas are not even minimally maintained. Average density of the network isabout 2 km per thousand inhabitants. There are approximately 12,000 vehi-cles in Chad. The transport industry in Chad is dominated by a cooperativewith about 600 trucks, whose tariffs are set by government. Seed cottonmoving from farm to ginnery, however, is transported by trucks belongingto COTONTCHAD. The investment in roads over the past five years amounted

to about US$20.0 million, all provided by foreign aid. FED financed aboutthree-quarters of this assistance. IDA, through its First Highway Creditof US$4.0 million, was the second most important donor.

21. Road traffic statistics are unavailable. It can be safely esti-mated that none of the primary network carries more than 100 vehicles per dayand the norm is a maximum of 50 vehicles. The most heavily-traveled routesare those providing access to neighboring countries for international trade.The two most important international routes are from N'Djamena through theCameroon and Nigeria to Port Harcourt or Lagos and through the Cameroon tothe Port of Douala. It is estimated that the yearly volume of exports andimports is 220,000 tons of which cotton fiber and petroleum products accountfor approximately 30 percent each. Traffic of internally-produced productsis negligible. Internal air services, provided by Air Chad, carried 18,000passengers and 800 tons of freight in 1974. Barge transport on the twoprincipal rivers is negligible. These rivers are navigable, on the average,two months of the year.

C. Population and Incomes

22. The demographic situation in Chad reveals several distinctivecharacteristics: the population has increased from 2.7 million in 1960 to

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about 4.0 million in mid-1976; the population is predominantly rural; povertyis widespread and the per capita GNP is only about $120 per year; infant mor-tality rate is high (160 per 1000 live births); both birth and death rates

are high (44 and 24 per 1000 respectively), with a resulting natural growthrate of 2.0% per year, only kept at that relatively low level because ofhigh mortality. The observed growth rate of the population is expected to

accelerate further owing to the "young" age structure of the population andexpected declines in mortality rates. 1/

23. Of the present population of about 4.0 million, about 2.1 millionlive in the zone north of the Chari River (Sahara and Sahelian regions) andabout 1.9 million in the more densely settled south. However, the droughtmust have caused population movements, particularly in the northern region,which are difficult to quantify and are unknown as to their destinations.It is possible that these migrations have concerned only limited groups.For 1973, the active population 2/ was estimated to amount to 2.1 million,or 55 percent of the total. The actual labor force is unknown 3/.

24. The recorded urban population 4/ amounted to 11 percent of the totalpopulation in 1964, and 14.6 percent in 1973. According to a partial admin-istrative census carried out annually the rate of growth of the urban popu-lation has on the average been 7.2 percent p.a. during 1968-1973. In 1973N'Djamena was reported to contain 34 percent of the urban population. In1970 the population of working age was about 64 percent of the urban popu-lation, nearly 10 percent more than the national average. It is likely thatsince then a sizeable proportion of the population continued to migrate fromrural to urban areas, and that the population of working age remains higherin urban areas than in the country as a whole.

25. An analysis of the distribution of Chad's population by age group,for instance, shows that about 41% of the population are under the age of15. 5/ Thus, from the points of view of the capacity of the country tocreate more employment opportunities, the manpower potential, the burden tobe carried by the economically active population, and the amount of physicaland financial resources that need to be diverted from production to consump-tion channels, Chad's age structure is unfavorable. This situation has beenexacerbated by increased rural-urban migration.

1/ A partial census, currently underway, should substantially update thepresent information.

2/ The active population is by definition composed of people able to work.In the case of Chad the age span is 15 to 60 years.

3/ The labor force includes those actually employed and the unemployedactively seeking work.

4/ The urban population in Chad is defined as people living in settlementsof 5,000 and over. See Table 1.2.

5/ See Annex Table 1.3.

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26. Data on employment are very partial, as they concern predomi-nantly the modern sector and do not include the "informal" nor the ruralsectors 1/. In 1974 recorded modern civil employment amounted to 25.7 thou-sand, 14.0 thousand in the private sector and 11.7 in civil administration.In the private sector about 7.8 percent are foreigners. The percentage of nonChadians in top management has remained at about 86-87 percent since 1970.However, in the middle management category, the percentage of foreigners roseby 6 percent for reasons that are not entirely clear. In recent years urbanunemployment appears to have increased mainly as a result of the drought whichled farmers and nomads to migrate to cities in search of relief and jobopportunities. Moreover unemployment is expected to become more severe asnew entrants into the labor force are expected to exceed new jobs created by awide margin, especially since the government may have difficulty continuingits policy to hire all students who terminate their studies and seek jobs.

27. Wages. Following the general increase in civil service salaries thattook place in 1970, the SMAG 2/ was raised from CFAF 18.5 an hour to CFAF 26an hour and the SMIG 2/ from CFAF 22 an hour to CFAF 30 an hour. Since thenthere have been no adjustments in the minimum rates. The average wage andsalary in the private modern sector was about CFAF 200,000. Assuming fivefamily members to an income, this would amount to CFAF 40,000 per capitacompared with an estimated national per capita income of 22,000 3/.

Table 2: GUARANTEED MINIMUM HOURLY WAGES

(in CFA francs)

1964-1970 1970-1975

Agricultural workersCountry wide 18.5 26.0

Non agricultural workersUrban centers andnorthern zone 22.0 30.0

Rest of the country 20.0 30.0

1/ The concept of the "informal sector" was explored in recent I.L.O.and IBRD studies. It comprises unorganized wage employment, inmainly urban and to a lesser extent, rural areas.

2/ SMAG: Salaire minimum agricole garanti. Minimum salary for agri-cultural workers;

SMIG: Salaire minimum interprofessionnel garanti. Minimum salaryfor non-agricultural workers.

3/ National Income = GNP, minus capital consumption allowances andindirect taxes net of subsidies: US$102.7 at CFAF/US$214.32.

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28. Published quantitative information on price movements in Chad isbased on one index covering the cost of living of high income families; itrose by 35 percent between 1970 and 1974. An unpublished price index forlower income urban families, with base 1972 = 100, rose to 146.4 in 1974and remained at about that level through 1975. The apparent leveling offof price increases in 1975 may have been due to the effects of good harvestand increased supplies of food for domestic consumption.

29. No information exists on the present income distribution in Chad.There is also a total lack of data on the effects that the drought has hadon the real income of rural population. But clearly the impact on livingstandards has been profound, - particularly in the northern region of thecountry, - and more important than as measured in national accounts terms.For example, cash income of the farming population of the cotton sector (netincome CFAF 5.5 billion in 1975) has apparently suffered relatively little,but the incomes of farmers producing only food crops - already at a sub-stantially lower income level - have been more affected. The mission con-cludes that the drought probably widened the income gaps between the lowestincome, non-cotton producing farmers and those producing cotton, especiallywhen aided by the productivity program; and between rural and urban areas,the latter's incomes being more sheltered by the regularity of flows ofmarkedly higher modern sector revenues. However, it appears that in realterms both the urban and rural sectors have suffered a setback from theirpredrought income levels.

D. Public Finance

30. During 1970-1974, overall budgetary deficits as recorded by theTreasury, averaged close to 25 percent of current revenues, considerablymore than during the end of the 1960's. Causes of this expanding disequi-librium between government revenues and expenditures were: rising expendi-tures for internal security, the reduction of taxes on international tradeto curb clandestine imports and exports, the effects of the protracteddrought and more recently, import price inflation. Growing deficits werefinanced by accumulating domestic and external arrears, by external bud-getary aid, to a lesser extent by drawing on the Central Bank statutoryfacility and by Treasury's own operations. In 1975, the budgetary deficitwas halved; an effort to collect income tax arrears yielded an additionalCFAF 1.5 billion, while austerity measures began to produce some resultsin containing expenditures.

31. The following summary table is based on Treasury accounts, andshows budgetary tax and non tax revenues, expenditures, as well as thefinancing of the budgetary deficit.

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Table 3: CENTRAL GOVERNMENT REVENUES AND EXPENDITURESAND FINANCING OF THE DEFICIT

(in CFAF billion and percent on a two years average basis)

1967-68 1969-70 1971-1972 1973-74 1975

Revenues 10.3 12.5 12.8 12.2 15.2Expenditures 11.5 14.8 15.8 16.4 17.1

Overall deficit -0.8 -2.3 -3.0 -4.2 -1.9(in % of revenues) 7.6% 18.4% 23.4% 34.4% 12.5%

Financing 0.8 2.3 3.0 4.2 1.9

Domestic 0.7 1.3 1.4 2.7 1.1Drawings onCentral Bank 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.2Arrears 0.1 0.8 1.7 1.5 1.4Other 0.4 0.5 -0.6 0.7 -0.5

(Domestic in %) 87.5% 56.5% 46.7% 64.3% 57.9%

External 0.1 1.0 1.6 1.5 0.8Budget aid 0.1 1.0 1.6 0.5 -Other - - - 1.0 0.8

(External in %) 12.5% 43.5% 53.3% 35.7% 42.1%

Outstanding totalarrears 0.1 1.7 4.2 7.3 10.3

Source: Annex Tables 5.1 - 5.6.

32. The mission estimates that during 1967-1975, budgetary revenues grewat around 4 percent p.a. in nominal terms. GDP in current prices increased by6 percent per year, so that for the period as a whole revenue buoyancy wasless than one. However, revenues were more buoyant in the early part of theperiod and less so after 1972, in part because of the decline in economicactivity caused by the drought, but also because of reductions in tax ratesparticularly on international trade. Thus budgetary revenues in 1975 droppedto 14.5 percent of GDP, from 16.6 percent over the period 1967-1970.

33. Prior to 1970 tax rates had generally been raised and new leviesadded. In 1971, a fiscal commission was established; and in May 1972 on thebasis of its recommendations, substantial reductions in taxes, mostly oninternational trade, were introduced, aimed principally at curtailing clan-destine trade. As a result of these measures ahd larger franchised importsdue to the drought, receipts from import duties declined by 4 percent in 1971

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and 21 percent in 1972. In 1973 a further drop of 10 percent was recorded.The years 1974 and 1975 show some increase, but as a share of GDP, taxes oninternational trade are well below their 1970 peak year level. Converselythe share of income tax in the total revenue rose by about 50 percent. In1976 import duties on several goods were again lowered. These reductionshave not had the expected effect of reducing clandestine border trade whichon the contrary appears recently to have increased. Because of fixed taxreference prices revenues from export taxes have also been unresponsive tochanges in underlying economic conditions. In the all important case ofcotton, in 1967 the export duty was CFAF 17.3 per kg, and in 1976 CFAF 18.8per kg. This represents an increase of 8.7 percent over nine years, or only0.9 percent per annum. On the other hand, during the 1967-1975 period, thef.o.b. export price for cotton went up by 6.4 percent per annum on theaverage, so that ad valorem the tax rate on cotton substantially declined.

34. Except in 1975, the intermittent and modest efforts of Govern-ment to slow down the growth of current expenditures have not been veryeffective. In fact in the early 1970's budgetary appropriations as well asactual expenditures increasingly exceeded past year's levels of revenues. Inpart this was because of the pressure of internal security, and later of thedrought, both of which required exceptional outlays. More recently importprice inflation has also contributed to expenditures growth. The combinationof a continuous decline - in real terms - of revenues, and of a steadilyincreasing wage bill due to the rising number of employees, caused the govern-ment to curtail first investment expenditures, later maintenance, and finallypart of operating expenses. This evolution led ultimately to a situation inwhich the Treasury could only meet personnel costs.

35. The mission estimates that over the period 1967-1975 the growthtrend in total expenditures was about 5 percent per annum, almost all ofwhich was accounted for by rising current expenditures. Recent developmentshowever are well below trend. After 1970, the growth of total expendituresslackened considerably especially because of the drop in development expen-diture, to about 2.0 percent per year, with even a small decline in 1975.Thus during the last five years total expenditures decreased in real termsprobably by as much as 4 percent per year.

36. The following table shows the changes in the structure of govern-ment expenditure. Current expenditures increased from 91.4 percent to 94.6percent of total expenditures. Within current expenditures the share of wagesand salaries increased from 51.4 percent to 56.4 percent. As a result of theprecarious security conditions, defense related expenditure rose from 23.7percent to 31.1 percent. The proportion of spending for non-defense materialand supplies and other services therefore declined. These developments had adetrimental effect on the quality of economic and development oriented ser-vices.

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Table 4: SUMMARY OF CENTRAL GOVERNMENT EXPENDITURES

(in percent, based on two year averages)

1967-68 1969-70 1971-72 1973-74 1975

Wages and salaries 46.1 45.7 51.4 54.2 56.4Material & supplies 23.7 23.4 23.1 21.2 26.0Contributions and subsidies 14.4 12.7 10.2 14.1 11.0Other 7.2 8.4 5.4 3.1 1.2

Total current expenditures 91.4 90.2 92.7 92.7 94.6Debt Service 3.7 3.7 4.4 3.6 3.4Investment expenditures 4.9 6.1 5.5 3.7 2.0

Total expenditures 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Current expendituresas % of GDP 16.3% 18.5% 17.2% 17.4% 15.1%

Source: Annex Table 5.3.

37. The accumulation of arrears - the main source of financing theTreasury deficit in 1970-1975 - accounted for 47 percent of the total finan-cing. Second in importance was external budget aid: 31 percent, but this aiddeclined from about CFAF 2 billion in 1970-1971 to nil in 1975; it will beresumed in 1976. Finally, recourse to the Central Bank facilities and theTreasury's own operations, particularly the use of deposits by other publicentities, helped cover the budget deficit.

38. Developments in 1975 and 1976. When the present Government tookover, it cut back authorizations of payment under the 1975 budget to relievethe hard pressed Treasury. It also took a series of measures in the taxmanagement field. In 1975 therefore revenue growth has been somewhat aboveaverage due mainly to recuperation of CFAF 1.5 billion income tax arrears.In that year tax revenue rose by 11.8 percent, as compared with a 3.9 per-cent growth over 1972-1974. Even in 1975, however the tax revenue growthfell short of GDP growth, which was 18.9 percent.

39. The 1976 budget is one of austerity, set at CFAF 15.8 billionin revenues and expenditures, a level 18 percent lower than the previousyear budget. External aid is budgeted to provide 12 percent of receipts,which still implies a domestic deficit but on the whole the budget is morerealistic than in previous years. As compared with 1975, budgetary personnelappropriations increase by only 2 percent, material appropriations declineby 25 percent, and other transfers by 60 percent. Other measures of austerityinclude first the centralization of purchases and car maintenance and the

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reduction in travel allowances. Credits for material and maintenance ex-

penditures are to be temporarily restricted to 90 percent of budgeted amountsand total quarterly expenditures must be kept within the limits of revenuecollection during that period. Both the 1975 and 1976 budgets issued direc-tives to limit the recruitment of new laborers and restrict the increase inthe number of civil servants. Nevertheless the 1975 budget had to accommo-date recruited auxiliary personnel and provide for the hiring of graduatesfrom universities and technical schools. A small shortfall in revenues -compared to the previous year level - can be expected in 1976 while actualexpenditures will probably end up somewhat higher than original appropria-tions - at about the 1975 level - but the substantially increased foreignbudgetary aid commitment should allow for a balanced outcome. It is in factthe mission's understanding that budget aid will be resumed as from 1976.In that year CFAF 2.0 billion will be available, of which CFAF 1.2 billionis destined for current operations and the rest will be appropriated to thenewly formed "Caisse Autonome d'Amortissement" for repayment of domestic andexternal arrears.

40. Investment Expenditures. Domestically financed investment spend-ing receded during thel967-1975 period. In 1967-1968, about 20 percent ofpublic investment was funded by domestic resources. In 1974-1975, thispercentage had fallen to practically nil and virtually all of the publicinvestment was financed with foreign funds.

Table 5: PUBLIC SECTOR INVESTMENTS

(in percentage and CFAF billion)

1967-68 1969-70 1971-72 1973-74 1975

Agriculture 16.8 15.1 18.4 27.1 52.8Industry 4.3 2.1 3.1 4.4 4.9Transport & communications 44.0 32.1 14.5 11.2 5.8Health - - 3.8 4.9 2.9Education 9.8 6.3 1.9 4.5 6.1Community & social

services 11.8 16.5 18.1 35.2 17.7Unspecified 13.3 27.9 40.2 12.7 9.8

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Total in billionof CFAF 3.5 4.5 4.6 7.1 9.9

As % of GDP 5.4 6.1 5.6 8.2 9.2

Source: Mission estimates.

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The table above covers investments initiated or followed up by the CentralGovernment (Department of the Plan) which outside of COTONTCHAD representsthe bulk of the public sector capital outlays. The figures indicate a con-tinuous increase in such outlays, both in absolute amounts and relative toGDP, thanks to the rising inflow of foreign aid. They also reveal an im-portant shift of investment resources from the transport sector to the agri-cultural sector. In agriculture the main new projects were the developmentor extension of the irrigation systems of the Lake Chad Polders and the ChariValley, the construction of food storage facilities, the laying out of theinfrastructure of a vast rural development project in the southern part ofthe country, and the development of feeder roads in the cotton growingarea. Numerous wells were drilled in the North to improve livestock condi-tions, and cattle trails were upgraded. In the transport sector the main roadbetween N'Djamena and Guelending was enlarged and paved. In the industrialsector the N'Djamena slaughterhouse was modernized and an oil mill built inGounou-Gaya. The rebuilding and modernizing of the sewage and water systemsof N'Djamena and the supply of water to six urban/rural centers took placein the public utilities sector. Finally a hospital was built in Abeche andseveral schools and administrative buildings were erected throughout thecountry.

41. Over the years more and more of the public investment was fi-nanced with foreign funds. The concomitant changes in the structure ofpublic investment favoring agriculture in particular are generally in linewith Chad's development priorities. For more detail on foreign aid and itscomposition, see paras. 51 to 53 and Annex Tables 4.1 to 4.5.

42. Public Sector Finances. Outside of the Central Government littleinformation is available on the financial situation of the other components ofthe public sector 1/. The municipalities have maintained over the years amodest and positive cash flow which went through the Treasury. In the cottonsector, some financial data has been collected by the mission about COTONTCHADand the Cotton Price Stabilization Fund. It appears that over the 1972-75period, COTONTCHAD's after tax profits amounted to CFAF 6.8 billion, which isequivalent to about 13 percent of total budgetary revenues. By convention,80 percent of these profits are turned over to the Cotton Price StabilizationFund.

43. The comparison of the Treasury overall results with the publicsavings produced by the cotton sector evidences the fact that only a smallpart of these funds actually reached - and were used by - the Central Govern-ment. This reflects a deliberate government policy of leaving the bulk ofsavings originating from the cotton sector for reinvestment in that sectorthrough the investment program of COTONTCHAD. The Table below gives anestimate of the order of magnitude involved. The value of these gross re-ceipts accumulated over the period must have reached CFAF 5.6 billion, equi-valent to 11 percent of Central Government budget revenue. The Fund maintainsminimum deposits with the Treasury and keeps most of its liquid funds, which

1/ The public sector includes the Central Government, the municipalities,the public enterprises and the Cotton Price Stabilization Fund.

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are considerable, with COTONTCHAD. These liquidities are certainly a signifi-cant component of public sector saving. On the other hand, during this periodthe electricity and water company showed a negative cash flow, due to fixedtariffs and accumulated unpaid government bills.

Table 6: COTTON: DISTRIBUTION OF COSTS AND BENEFITS

1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/75 1975/76 1976/77 Total-------------------- (CFAF billions)------------------

All cottonGross benefit

(at economicfarmgate price) 5.0 4.7 8.9 7.4 10.9 12.7 49.6

Input costs 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.3 3.5 3.0 9.7Net benefit 4.5 4.1 8.1 6.1 7.4 9.7 39.9Plus: FED subsidy 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.5 2.5Net benefit availablefor distribution 4.7 4.4 8.4 6.5 8.2 10.2 42.4 100%

of which: Producers 2.8 2.7 3.2 5.5 6.5 7.0 27.7 65%Public sector 1.9 1.7 5.2 1.0 1.7 3.2 14.7 35%of which:

Government 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.1 4.7 11%COTONTCHAD 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.1 0.4 0.6 2.4 6%CSPC 1.1 0.9 3.6 0.1 0.3 1.5 7.5 18%Local tex-tile mill - - 0.1 - - - 0.1 0%

Incremental cotton fromthe 'productivityprogram

Gross benefit (at economicfarmgate price) 1.0 1.2 2.6 2.1 4.8 5.3 17.0

Input costs 0.5 0.6 0.7 1.2 3.4 2.9 9.3Net benefit 0.5 0.6 1.3 0.9 1.4 2.4 7.7

Benefit: cost ratiofor the economy 2.1:1 2.2:1 3.7:1 1.7:1 1.4:1 1.9:1 1.8:1

Plus: FED subsidy 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.5 2.5Net benefit available

for distribution 0.7 0.9 2.2 1.3 2.2 2.9 10.2 100%

of which: Producers 0.4 0.5 0.7 1.3 2.4 2.4 7.7 75%Benefit:cost ratiofor producers 2.6:1 3.0:1 3.3:1 3.5:1 3.8:1 3.7:1

Public sector 0.3 0.4 1.5 - (0.2) 0.5 2.5 25%of which:

Government 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.4 1.5 15%COTONTCHAD - - 0.2 - 0.1 0.2 0.5 5%CSPC 0.2 0.3 1.1 (0.2) (0.8) (0.1) 0.5 5%

Source: Data provided by the Chadian authorities.

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44. In January 1976 a "Caisse Autonome d'Amortissement" was created tomanage public debt and to settle the issues of outstanding arrears. Its scopeof action includes the payment of outstanding Government medium and long-termdebts as well as arrears related to budgets already closed. The revenuesearmarked and directly accruing to the Caisse are (i) an excise tax of CFAF6.5 per liter of beer, and (ii) an excise tax of CFAF 4.0 per pack ofcigarettes. Until the "Caisse" starts operating, the Treasury is in chargeof settling pending arrears.

45. The main consequence of the rising budgetary and Treasury deficitshave been the accumulation of arrears. By the end of 1975 total paymentarrears recorded by the Treasury, stood at CFAF 10.3 billion, or roughly 70percent of that year's unusually high level of tax revenue. Although theirdetailed composition is not entirely known, the mission has established thefollowing breakdown 1/: about 31 percent of the 1975 total was due todomestic suppliers, of which 4 percent to suppliers of petroleum products; 14percent was due to public utilities; another 35 percent represented thepostal short term liabilities and receivables of "Air Afrique" as recorded bythe Treasury; the composition of the 20 percent balance is unknown but itcomprises to a large extent arrears on other external debts. In addition tothese recorded liabilities the government has incurred other financialobligations for which no payment orders have been issued yet. This backlogcould increase the total amount of outstanding arrears by several billion.

46. The public finance deficit is the most pressing short term con-straint on the country's development, and in addition, it undermines thegains achieved so far. Chad can neither finance any domestic contributionto its investment effort nor provide fully for the operation and maintenanceof past investment. Moreover, presently, the government cannot financefull operation of its services. This situation prevents the systematicallocation of resources to high priority activities and increases the coun-try's dependence on foreign aid. The accumulation of arrears also underminesthe confidence of the private sector, leads to stock disruptions, endangersthe operations of public utilities companies, let alone their investmentcapability, and impairs the capacity of the government to attract privatecapital from abroad.

47. At the present juncture Chad faces an immediate problem in ensuringthe maintenance of existing assets, if it does not want to lose the benefitsfrom past investments altogether. Maintenance of existing economic andsocial infrastructure is well below the minimum required levels. This situ-ation was observed by the mission in the transportation and education sectors,but other sectors doubtless suffer from the same difficulty as well. It alsoappears that operating costs of government services, in particular economicand extension services, are not fully provided for, which seriously hampers thefunctioning of development oriented recurrent operations.

1/ See Annex Table 5.6.

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E. Central Bank and Banking System

48. Chad shares a Central Bank, "Banque des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale"(B.E.A.C.), with the Republic of Cameroon, the People's Republic of theCongo, the Republic of Gabon and the Central African Empire. Conversion ofthe CFA franc into the French franc at a fixed rate of 50 CFAF to one Frenchfranc is guaranteed without limitations by France. Credit creation by theCentral Bank is governed by rules established by member countries and France.For example with respect to government borrowing outstanding credit from theCentral Bank is limited to 20 percent of the preceeding year's budgetaryrevenue.

49. Apart from the B.E.A.C., the banking system of Chad comprises fourcommercial banks and a development bank; one of the commercial banks, theBanque Arabe Tchado-Libyenne, began operations only in late 1973. Otherfinancial institutions performing some banking functions are the Treasury,the Postal Checking System (CCP), the Caisse Nationale d'Epargne, and theFrench Caisse Centrale de Cooperation Economique (CCCE).

50. In 1974, some changes took place in the B.E.A.C. statutes. Thecomposition of the Board of Directors, which is entrusted with the manage-ment of the Central Bank, was altered by adding a second Gabonese director.There are now four directors appointed by Cameroon, three by France, twoby Gabon, and one by each of the other member states. Rules governing vot-ing shares and voting majorities were adjusted accordingly. Following theannual meeting of the B.E.A.C., Board of Directors, in Brazzaville, onApril 25, 1974, the National Monetary Committee 1/ for Chad enacted threeimportant decisions:

- an increase in the Central Bank basic discount rate;

- an increase in the rate of interest on deposits;

- an increase in the "commission de transfert" levied onall capital transfers abroad.

1/ The National Monetary Committee is composed of the country's membersof the Board and of the three persons appointed by the Government.The National Committee implements the general credit and rediscountpolicy decisions taken by the Board of Directors. It meets at leastonce every three months.

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51. Until 1974 interest rates had been maintained at low levels asa means to encourage investment. However, the increasing gap between thedomestic and international rate structure, together with the unrestrictedmovements of capital within the French franc area, were an inducement tosubstitute domestic borrowing for foreign borrowing and a deterrent to re-patriating funds from abroad, and to saving locally. For these and otherreasons, the structure of interest rates was reassessed, the basic discountrate of the B.E.A.C. which had remained unchanged since October 1968 wasraised from 4.5 percent to 5.5 percent. The preferential rate 1/ wasincreased from 3.5 to 4.0 percent. Interest rates on deposits and savingshave been revised upwards accordingly. The "commission de transfert" leviedon capital transfers to all foreign countries has been fixed at 0.25 percent.A second increase effective January 2, 1976 brought the basic rediscountrate and the preferential rate to 6.5 percent and 4.5 percent respectively.Again the deposit and lending rates of the commercial and development bankswere revised upwards. Thus the commercial bank's preferential lending rateswere pegged at a range of 7% to 8.5%, and their normal lending rates at 8.5%to 12.5%.

F. Foreign Trade and Finance

52. Equilibrium in the balance of payments of Chad at past levels ofexports and imports has been achieved largely through inflows of concessionarycapital. Until 1974, grants alone financed on the average 85 percent of thecurrent account deficit. In 1975 this proportion might have decreased some-what, according to mission estimates. Since capital flows have not alwayscovered the current account deficit, the country drew on foreign exchange re-serves in several years. Chad's net negative reserves have not required shortrun reductions in imports because of the margins of security provided by theCentral African Monetary Union under the Franc Area arrangements.

1/ The preferential rate basically applies to finance cotton campaigns,Treasury advances to the government and medium term development opera-tions.

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Table 7: BALANCE OF PAYMENTS SUMMARY 1968-1975

(in CFAF billion)

1968 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975

Exports of goods & NFS 16.8 21.1 21.5 22.7 28.9 29.1Imports of goods & NFS 21.0 28.6 28.6 33.9 42.1 45.8

Resource gap -4.2 -7.5 -7.1 -11.2 -13.2 -18.7

Factor payments -.04 - 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.2Current transfers 0.2 2.0 0.7 0.6 1.0 0.9

Current balance -4.4 -5.5 -5.4 -10.3 -11.9 -17.6

Grant flow 4.0 4.9 5.4 7.2 10.3 10.0Other capital inflow (net)

Private /a -0.1 0.2 0.5 1.4 3.6 3.6Public 0.4 0.8 -0.3 2.6 3.3 3.7

Net other, incl. short termcapital -0.3 1.0 -1.0 -2.5 -3.9 -3.4

Overall balance -0.4 1.4 -0.8 -1.6 1.4 -1.7

Foreign assets (net) -2.0 -1.5 0.4 -1.2 0.2 -1.5

Notes: Figures for 1975 are estimates; "Net other" include errors and omissions.

/a Recently mainly direct foreign investment in petroleum exploration.

Sources: Annex Tables 3.1 and 3.2.IBRD mission estimates.

53. Foreign Trade. Chad's actual exports and imports are unknown sincea substantial part of border trade escapes all government control, and a largeportion of the goods imported or exported bypasses customs, entailing substan-tial losses of revenues. Although many goods are traded clandestinely, thelargest clandestine export is cattle. In its 1974 report, the Central Bankestimates that about 200,000 to 300,000 heads of cattle on the hoof leave Chadannually; in that year 11,000 head had been recorded by customs. Unrecordedimports, mainly from Nigeria and Cameroon consist mostly of consumer goods, inwhich textiles are said to represent a substantial share.

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54. The Central Bank makes estimates of unrecorded trade on the basis ofthe exchange with the central banks of neighboring countries of CFAF notesissued by itself and by them, respectively. These estimates, evidently,cannot take account of barter which also must be substantial. They provideevidence that illegal trade has expanded since 1970:

Table 8: ESTIMATE OF UNRECORDED TRADE /a

(in CFAF million)

1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Exports 718 1,217 916 1,302 1,604Imports 2,790 2,821 3,122 3,908 3,304

Total -2,072 -1,604 -2,206 -2,606 -1,707

as percent oftotal recordedtrade 13.8% 16.2 % 15.9% 18.0% 13.6%

55. The table below shows the structure of recorded trade. It indicatesthe overwhelming dependency of the country's economy on a single crop, andonly two main export products, cotton and livestock. It also suggests theextreme sensitivity of the terms of trade to variations in export prices ofcotton.

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Table 9: STRUCTURE OF RECORDED TRADE 1968-1975

(in percent)

1968 1970 1972 1973 1974 1975

ExportsCotton 76.3 71.9 67.6 67.3 78.7 80.1Livestock 2.6 3.6 6.0 7.1 2.7 3.0Meat 9.2 17.0 10.1 7.1 8.2 4.5Others 11.9 7.5 16.3 18.5 10.4 12.4Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

ImportsFood 24.2 21.9 24.5 31.6 27.1

of which: sugar 8.8 7.2 12.3 10.1 9.7Petroleum products 12.6 14.3 14.3 15.5 14.1Other consumption goods 11.1 9.7 11.5 8.7 9.6Intermediate goods 27.9 27.3 25.3 19.6 22.9Equipment goods 24.9 26.8 24.4 24.6 26.3Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Source: Annex Tables 3.3 and 3.4.

About 25 percent of the country's recorded import bill comprises food parti-cularly sugar (10 percent). The value of total imports increased by 60percent between 1972 and 1975, while import volumes, excluding emergencyfood aid, remained virtually unchanged. By comparison with other neighboringcountries, this increase appears rather modest, given the sharp increasein petroleum prices in 1973/74. However, Chad imports only refined petroleumproducts and transport costs represent an unusually high proportion - between30 percent to 40 percent of the total costs.

56. Over the years Chad has benefited from increasingly high levels ofcapital inflows, both official and private. During the five years 1971-1975,aid disbursements amounted to a cumulative total of CFAF 66,850 billion(US$294.2 million), including technical assistance and food aid. This corres-ponds, in the period's beginning and end years respectively, to CFAF 2,667(US$10.8) and CFAF 4,606 (US$20.6) per capita; 80 percent of the total was inthe form of grants, mainly from France, the European Development Fund, andother OECD countries. For the whole period technical assistance per se, i.e.excluding technical assistance specifically tied to projects, accounted for 30percent of total grants. The share of grant aid in total official capitaldeclined somewhat from 86 percent in 1971-72, to 77 percent in 1974-75. Theabsolute amounts of grants however, more than doubled over the period - nodoubt to a large extent as a result of the increased international aid effortprompted by the drought. The relative decline of the grant share is thereforemostly due to a sharp increase in borrowing, particularly in the 1973-1975period.

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Table 10: STRUCTURE OF OFFICIAL CAPITAL FLOWS

(in CFAF million and percent, two-year averages)

1971-72 1974-75 1971-72 1974-75Amount Percent

MultilateralLoans 244 881 2.9 4.7Grants 1,563 5,968 18.9 31.8

BilateralOECD countries

Loans 795 809 9.5 4.3Grants 5,351 5,603 64.1 29.9

OPEC countriesLoans - 1,570 - 8.4Grants - 1,711 - 9.1

Other countriesLoans 145 1,050 1.7 5.6Grants 243 - 2.9 -

Private sourcesLoans n.a. -Grants n.a. 1,167 - 6.2

Total 8,341 18,759 100 100

Source: Annex Tables 4.2 to 4.4.

57. The structure and grant element of the external public debt, are onthe average very favorable, as shown by the table below:

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Table 11: STRUCTURE AND GRANT ELEMENT OF EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT 1968-1975

(outstanding and disbursed, in percent)

AverageGrant Element of

1968-70 1972 1974-75 Commitments 1974-75

Loans from internationalorganizations 10.3 19.9 21.1 79%

Loans from Governments 66.6 56.8 60.5 65%

Private Banks 4.9 3.7 7.7 -

Suppliers credits 16.2 19.6 10.7 3%

Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 68%

Source: Annex Tables 4.2.1 to 4.2.4.

58. On the basis of the disbursements 1971-1975, the sectors benefitingmost from official project aid have been agriculture, community and social

services - particularly housing - and transport and communications.

59. The deterioration of public finances compounded by the effects ofthe drought gradually impeded debt servicing. Indeed, the rapid increase inexternal indebtedness could have been somewhat curtailed if all debt servicingduring 1971-1975 had been met. However, after 1970 the Chadian Treasury beganto be faced with serious difficulties and was soon constrained to delay cashtransfer payments on numerous external debts contracted earlier by Government.As Treasury difficulties were aggravated, further external debt service inarrears on debts of over 1 year maturity accrued at the rate of more thanCFAF 350 million each year, reaching by the end of 1975 a cumulative total ofCFAF 2.2 billion, of which CFAF 0.5 billion in interest payments (see summarytable below). The most seriously affected creditors were suppliers, amor-tization payments on these credits practically have been entirely suspendedsince 1972. At the end of 1975, 57 percent of the total arrears were due onsupplier credits. Government lending was also affected. However, in 1974-1975 an effort was made by the Chadian Treasury to meet part of the interestpayments due on these loans. The Chadian Treasury accumulated other substan-tial "short-term" external arrears i.e., payments due foreigners on a lessthan one year basis estimated at CFAF 4.8 billion. 1/

1/ These arrears are not taken into account in this analysis which onlydeals with contracted external indebtedness of over one year maturity.However, at some stage these arrears will have to be consolidated intodebts of over one year maturity and should therefore be considered.

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Table 12: ARREARS ON EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBTS 1968-1975

(in CFAF million)

Debts of over 1 year maturity owed to Memo itemsGovernments Suppliers'/Private Banks

Principal Interest Principal Interest "Dette Postale" "Air Afriguer'

End of

1969 4.97 0.31 23.0 - )1970 19.62 1.67 69.8 10.8 720.0 )1971 (-24.59) (-1.98) 261.2 77.5 )- /1 2,000.0 /21972 84.16 15.93 173.1 39.8 475.0 )1973 89.65 5.27 366.8 95.9 778.0 )1974 254.40 37.35 78.7 (-17.4) 780.01975 140.88 46.23 278.8 99.3 1,015.0

TOTAL 569.09 104.78 1,251.4 305.9 (3,048.0) (1,865.0)

/1 Of this total of CFAF 1.97 billion, CFAF 1.85 billion was consolidatedinto a 5-1/2 year debt in April 1973. The amount outstanding and stilldue on this consolidated debt was CFAF 1.13 billion at December 31,1975. This latter amount outstanding plus new arrears which have arisensince 1973 and which have not yet been consolidated, bring the total"dette postale" due France to CFAF 3,048.0 million.

/2 CFAF 225 million of this amount was consolidated into one "long-termdebt" on April 1973. At the end of 1975 a total of CFAF 90 million wasstill due and outstanding on this consolidated debt. This amount plusnew arrears accumulated since 1973 and not yet consolidated bring thetotal "Air Afrique" debt to CFAF 1,865.0.

60. Various indicators of Chad's debt service burden during 1971-1975 are given in Annex Table 4.5. Debt service actually paid during thatperiod averaged 4.6 percent of exports of goods and non-factor services,and 8.3 percent of government revenues, the ultimate source of its funding.These ratios, however, are understated since they are based on service pay-ments made and not those effectively due during that period. For example, in1972, debt service paid was CFAF 1.49 billion, whereas debt service due wasCFAF 1.93 billion, the difference being (cumulative) arrears. Debt servicedue in 1971 through 1975 averaged 9.9 percent of exports of goods and non-factor services, and 18.0 percent of government revenues. For 1975 sep-arately, the corresponding ratios work out at 15.2 percent and 23.9% respec-tively.

61. The above analysis points towards the need for Chad's creditors toreview the debt service falling due now and in the future in light of the

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expected aid requirements of the country. A Caisse d'Amortissement wasestablished in January 1976 and will soon have to face the issue in relationwith its available funds.

62. Private capital movements are estimated by the Central Bank. Thesharp rise in the net inflow since 1970 is almost entirely attributable todirect foreign investment in petroleum exploration.

Ill. POLICIES AND PROSPECTS

63. The following section of this memorandum briefly reviews some ofthe main development issues facing Chad in the two sectors of the economyhaving the greatest impact on the medium term prospects of the country,

agriculture and transportation. Thereafter we discuss the outlook for eco-nomic growth through 1985, and present a medium-term projection focused onthe financial and external equilibrium of the economy to illustrate the po-tential obstacles and the scope to improve the mobilization and allocationof public funds.

A. Sector Issues

Agriculture

64. After the drought, the extent to which Government should promotea switch from export to foodcrops received much attention. However, theprobability of a drought as severe as that of 1973 is small, estimated aslow as 0.02 or once in every 50 years, and it is questionable whether theexpected benefits of domestic programs to deal with such infrequent disasterswould justify their costs. Less acute but more frequent droughts (probabil-ity .10) nevertheless affect food crop production in the settled Sahelianzone (450-650 mm/year), where one third of the population lives but whereno export crops are grown. To improve the situation the issue is not whetherto shift from cotton to food and vice versa but how to improve productivityand increase the margin of security in food crops in order to provide deficitareas with a part of their food requirements, if only on a temporary basis.In this context two issues are of particular urgency for the Government ofChad and foreign donors. First is the availability of technical packagesthat might usefully be extended to small farmers in the settled Sahelianzone. Although there are no proven packages that would entail dramaticimprovements in productivity and in resistance to drought, modest improve-ments could be attained through promotion of short-cycle varieties ofcereals and leguminous crops and improvement of cultural practices, in-cluding animal traction. In the 1960's there was at least one sustainedeffort to improve rainfed farming in the settled Sahelian zone and theelements of future technical packages could be defined in the light ofthat experience. The second issue concerns the desirability of aiming to

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produce a food surplus in the cotton zone with which to withstand food short-ages in the North. Within the cotton zone, food crops and cotton are essen-tially complementary, and thus production of both could in principle beexpanded simultaneously. However, between the cotton zone and the settledSahelian zone, which includes N'Djamena, the distance is about 500 km whichcorresponds to transport costs of CFAF 10/kg at CFAF 20/tkm. This cost alonewould drive the price above marketable levels, and there is therefore littlescope for regular trade in food crops between the two zones. It is evident,however, that during an interim period, needed to improve yields in Sahelianagriculture, the supply of the Northern area by the South is inevitable.Additionally, should food shortages in the North become permanent, a gradualmovement of populations from the North to the South would become inevitablesince people in the Sahel have insufficient financial resources to purchasepart of their food needs on a regular basis.

65. In the irrigation subsector, only two projects are currently beingexecuted. Both are real scale pilot operations which will be profitable byproducing mainly rice and wheat as import substitutes. Moreover, they willallow the authorities:

(a) to seek solutions to technical problems which are in-herent to such large-scale irrigation projects (inparticular, problems related to the resettlement offarmers); and

(b) to perfect management techniques and prepare local per-sonnel to participate in and, gradually, take over themanagement of such projects.

However, these projects are very costly per beneficiary family. The missionfeels that their extension on a large scale will be difficult in the nearfuture unless marketing obstacles are overcome and that substantially higheryields can rapidly be obtained. Since 1974, the government has also lookedinto small-scale irrigation. In the next three years a pilot program willbe expanded to introduce about 40 small-scale pump irrigation schemes alongthe northern Chari River. Such small, relatively simple and inexpensiveschemes enable farmers to participate in construction and do not require thesame degree of sophisticated management as larger projects. These schemeswill be beneficial to the farmers concerned, enabling them to improve theprofitability of their irrigation operations. This type of project wouldseem to be the most practicable investment opportunity in irrigation in theimmediate future. Finally, the development of river lowlands in uncontrolledflood irrigation might represent another possibility to improve agriculturalproductivity and could be extended to large areas and concern a considerablenumber of farmers. Survey work should be extended on these lowlands. How-ever, the absence of complete water control would not protect farmers againstlarge variations in rainfall and river levels.

66. The key issue in the livestock subsector is what practicablemeasures can be undertaken to increase output. Reconstituting the herdis no doubt, the immediate task. A first livestock census and studies of

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taxation and range management have recently been completed and further ap-praisals are likely to indicate the main problems of the sector, particularlywith respect to the regions, the herds, and the groups of pastoralists whichwere most severely affected and the structural changes in the sector broughtabout by the drought. A strategy could be developed and adapted to conditionsspecific as to regions and pastoralist groups. Since it is easier to restrainherd growth than to reduce absolute numbers, it is important to take the oppor-tunity afforded by the present low stocking rates to encourage pastoraliststo accept some constraints on their management of the rangelands. Adequatemeasures that would induce pastoralists to participate in the management ofrangelands will have to be devised by the Government. At the same time, thepotential for a better mix of livestock and crop farming could begin to betapped. This would require a suitable attitude on the part of agricultureand livestock field staff, which is not yet in evidence; in this respect inparticular, curricula of the staff training institutions might be reviewed.

67. For the cotton "productivity program", a major issue is the rela-tionship of input and output prices to producers in the next few years, giventhat the net effect of Bank world price forecasts is a small favorable changein the ratio of output to input prices. One starting point would be to assessthe minimum private benefit: cost ratio necessary to induce farmers to useimproved inputs. Although this is a matter for guesswork, the level of 3.8:1effective in 1975/1976 certainly seems too high. Analysis of alternativeapproaches to the allocation of costs and benefits of the productivity pro-gram shows that at presently subsidized input prices there is little scopeto realize a substantial surplus on the public sector account for productiv-ity cotton except by a reduction in producer price. This suggest that theuniform price for inputs throughout the cotton zone might be reviewed andthat the uniform input package throughout the cotton zone might be ques-tioned.

68. For the cotton subsector as a whole, which comprises an additional150,000-200,000 hectares not covered by the productivity program, the shareof total net benefits accruing to the public sector including CSPC andCOTONTCHAD, has been about 34 percent, but the share accruing to the Treasuryhas been only 11 percent. By contrast, the CSPC has received 18 percent, orabout CFAF 7.5 billion over the six-year period 1971/1972-1976/1977; at theend of the latter year, the net accumulated reserve is estimated at CFAF 4billion. In addition, COTONCHAD will have received about CFAF 2.2 billion,sufficient to self-finance about 40 percent of its total investment program,1974/1975-1976/1977. These observations raise the question if and when itwould be desirable to increase Government's share in the surplus of the cot-ton sector, possibly by a progressive ad valorem duty.

69. There is an acute lack of basic information on cereal prices andmarketing and it is accordingly difficult to identify the key issues. Itis reported that price fluctuations within any marketing year are severe.To some extent, this would be attributable to the extremely poor qualityof cereal storage facilities in the commercial sector, which would entailsignificant losses over a 12-month period. There would thus be scope fora program of improved storage facilities and management. To the extent to

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which large seasonal price fluctuations arise in excess of those occasionedby poor storage, the quantities to which the high prices relate are probablyvery small. In this context, small-scale "price-stabilizing" interventionsby a cereal marketing authority would be effective. Cereal price differencesbetween marketing years are also reportedly severe. This is to be expectedin view of fairly inelastic demand and the small proportion, recently esti-mated at about 15 percent, of the total supply that is marketed; moreover,aggregate total supply is a function of factors other than price. A largestorage program, entailing acute financial and management problems, would berequired in order to intervene effectively in inter-year price fluctuations,and this would not seem justified. Meantime, rather than decree unenforcablemaximum prices, it would be desirable to get the emergency grain reserve of10,000 tons working effectively, and the required annual roll-over stockof 5,000 tons would permit intra-year price stabilizing interventions. Thiswould require that greater priority be given to provision of an assuredworking capital fund and trained staff. For paddy in particular, whereGovernment does have some ability to intervene effectively, it is doubtfulwhether priority should continue to be given to restraining urban consumerprices (which has entailed prohibition of private mills) at the expense ofproducer prices.

70. A similar choice arises in livestock pricing between taking maxi-mum advantage of the Nigerian market, which would entail related, high priceson the domestic market, and attempting to control exports of live animals,thus restraining domestic prices, stimulating the reconstitution of theherd and exports of refrigerated meat by plane. Rather than attempt to banlive animal exports, which in any case is impracticable because of the longand sparsely populated border with Nigeria, a useful starting point would beto recognize the potential offered by the Nigerian market, including exportsof meat by air, and to attempt to take maximum advantage of it. A relatedissue is the matter of the relative incentives, with their fiscal implica-tions, to be given to exporters of live animals and to exporters of meat byair. Meat exports by air reached 12,000 tons in 1971 and have since beenat 3,000-6,000 tons. Currently, the export tax on live cattle is aboutCFAF 1,500/head, and there is evidently much evasion, whereas the taxes onexported meat are equivalent to about CFAF 4,500/head, and the export-gearedabattoir is working far below capacity. This is one question which could beaddressed in a livestock taxation study.

Transportation

71. For the time being the Government does not have the capacity tomaintain or upgrade the existing classified network, yet it is activelypromoting the financing of construction of approximately 300 kilometers ofnew asphalt roads, at an estimated cost of about US$58.0 million in 1974prices. The mission believes that the reconstruction and maintenance ofthe existing classified network should have priority over the constructionof new roads.

72. The Government does not have the capacity to undertake an accel-erated program of reconstruction and maintenance. Its constraints are

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finance, trained manpower, organization and equipment. With assistancefrom aid donors, the Government should develop as rapidly as possible itscapacity to undertake a program of roadworks. Aid donors should financecomprehensive project packages which provide for all operating costs andsupervisory technical assistance required to insure efficient use of anyequipment financed. Contracting to COTONTCHAD for improvements on farmto market roads, presently being financed under IDA Highway Credit No. 2,seems to be a successful solution for this class of road.

73. For the transport sector, like for the other sectors, there isan urgent need for a clear expression of priorities set up by an institu-tionalized planning mechanism. De facto with no overall strategy, theGovernment allocates at present relatively little of its own scarce re-sources to the transportation sector. Aid donors should continue to assistthe Ministry of Works in upgrading its technical manpower in the context ofa specific plan of cooperation.

74. The predominant export/import traffic depends on long routes throughneighboring countries with average distances of 2,000 kilometers from Chad tothe nearest ocean ports. This transport, therefore, is an important factor tothe economy since the high cost of transport makes exports less competitiveand also inflates the domestic price of imports (for example, 7.5 cents/lb inthe case of sugar) or about 40% of its CIF border price in 1974. Cameroon hasrecently extended its railway northward and has almost completed a continuouspaved road from the railhead directly to N'Djamena. The substantial improvementin this transportation corridor has been accomplished at no cost to Chad.This route is being increasingly used for exports and imports, but there stillremain some bottlenecks on the southern portion of the railway and in the portof Douala. Southeast Chad requires a better transportation corridor connect-ing to this railhead. A new 305 kilometer road connecting Moundou withGidjiba in the Cameroon has been engineered. Under the provision set out aboveconcerning maintenance of present transport infrastructure, its financing isthe highest priority in road construction projects benefiting Chad.

75. The Nigerian transport corridor is utilized for most petroleumproduct imports and a portion of manufactured products imports. Some productsare trucked from Nigerian ports directly to Chad and some travel to Maiduguriby rail and then make a 250 kilometer trip by road into Chad. One hundredand two kilometers of the 250 lies in the Cameroon and has been recommendedfor upgrading to a paved road by consultants. USAID has made a grant to theLake Chad Basin Commission for final design of this section. It is thesecond most important project for improving Chad's international links. Thesection of this road lying in Nigeria is already being improved to paved roadstandard.

B. Medium Term Outlook and Projections

76. As shown in Chapter II, real growth of Chad's economy during 1967-1975 was less than population growth, i.e., on the order of 0.7 percent

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per annum. This performance was of course influenced by internal securityproblems and drought but even apart from these factors the long term rate ofgrowth has been low. The mission believes that one of the most importanteconomic objectives to be achieved by the government is the maintenance andrestoration of production and service infrastructure in close collaborationwith foreign aid donors. Additionally, there exist several opportunitiesfor investing in new priority projects. Therefore, assuming normal weatherconditions there is scope to accelerate growth, somewhat above the rate ofpopulation increase in the next 5-10 years even though no dramatic departurefrom past trends is likely.

77. In agriculture, cotton production has expanded fast since 1973,but the best areas are now under cultivation and the limits of internationaltransportation capacity are being approached. There is ample demand forChadian meat in Nigeria, but restoration of the cattle herd is the principalcurrent priority, while in the longer run growth in meat production willdepend on achievement of an ecologically suitable herd size. The productiv-ity of rainfed agriculture can be improved through the application of appro-priate techniques, yet here again the rate of development is not expectedto be rapid. New large-scale irrigation projects are being considered.The few manufacturing establishments in Chad are for the most part oper-ating below capacity, and there is room to improve performance here aswell as in small scale service and artisan establishments. Expansion ofoutput in the secondary sector is at present constrained by the high costand limited capacity of energy supply. This constraint will soon be relaxedwith the construction of a small petroleum refinery and the expansion of thediesel energy plant at N'Djamena, modified to utilize the refinery's heavyfuel oil. Finally, the execution of several new projects (telecommunica-tions, sugar refinery, vegetable oil and soap factories) will bring aboutsudden and temporary increase in construction activity and, eventually, apermanent increase in the GDP.

78. Against this background of the outlook for economic growth, themission prepared an illustrative macroeconomic and financial projectionwhich focuses on the financial equilibrium of the economy. The principalassumptions are (i) moderate productivity increases in rainfed agriculture;(ii) recovery by 1985 of the livestock herd to is "optimal" level; and (iii)improvement of the Transequatorial or Transcameroonian routes. On the fi-nancial side the projection assumes a certain improvement in the budgetarydeficit and supplement to domestic public resources by a net capital inflow,slightly higher than past flows in constant prices (substantially higher incurrent prices) and which continues to be on very concessionary terms. Theseassumptions would allow the restoration of a healthier financial position -including the gradual settlement of arrears - and an investment rate on theorder of 15-16 percent of GDP. The resulting growth rate of GDP would varybetween 1975-1985 around 3.5 percent in real terms, being higher or lowerdepending on the net capital inflow and the capacity to finance imports forinvestment. As noted earlier, new oil discoveries would of course alter theoutlook fundamentally.

- 32 -

Table 13: ORIGIN AND USE OF RESOURCES, 1970-1985(In CFAF billion at constant prices)

Estimates Projections Rate of growth1970 1975 1980 1985 1975-1985

% p.a.

GDP at market prices 71.2 73.9 87.7 103.1 3.4

Net imports of goods and NFS 5.4 10.0 11.9 15.1 4.2Imports ( 24.2) ( 24.8) ( 30.7) ( 37.4) (4.2)Exports (-18.8) (-14.8) (-18.8) (-22.3) (4.0)

Resources available fordomestic use 76.6 83.9 99.6 118.2 3.5

Consumption 67.1 72.3 84.9 99.6 3.2Private (53.7) (59.0) (73.3) (79.9) (3.1)Public (13.4) (13.3) (15.9) (19.7) (3.9)

Investment 9.5 11.6 14.7 18.6 4.8

Memo: Gross domestic savingsas % of GDP 4.1 1.6 1.8 4.1 9.9

Outlook for Public Finance

79. Given the structure of government budget revenues and the pastpattern of growth the mission estimates that in normal conditions revenueswould grow at a rate of about 4.1 to 4.7 percent in constant terms. This rateof growth depends on some upward revisions of various taxes, particularly thecotton export tax, but no major revamping of the fiscal structure, nor anyimportant revenue development with respect to clandestine trade. If throughpersistent austerity measures associated with careful allocation of addi-tional resources the rate of growth of expenditures is kept constant in realterms, then by 1980 an equilibrium could be reached between current expendi-tures and current domestic revenues; and by 1985 current savings of about5 to 10 percent - in terms of domestic revenues - would be generated, most ofwhich would, however, still be absorbed by servicing of external debt andrepayment of external and domestic arrears. However, if the inflow of grantaid were less than mission projections and the government succeeded in replac-ing it with foreign borrowings, overall debt service would continue to exceedbudgetary savings even in the 1980's. The basis for these public financeprojections is the 1976 budget, when the gap between current revenue andexpenditure will be financed entirely by external budgetary assistance.Assuming the situation improves along the path outlined here, more externalaid could possibly be diverted first towards maintenance and later towardsinvestments, while increased domestic resources would be freed to service thedebt and liquidate arrears. This combination in turn would increase the rateof economic growth, although it would be unlikely to exceed 4.5 percent beforethe mid 1980's.

- 33 -

80. It is, however, obvious that the difficult public finance situa-tion of today, heavily mortgaged by past events, cannot be restored immedi-ately. Rapid expenditure adjustments would probably compromise basic publicservices and worsen an already difficult situation. Yet the Governmentshould decide on a period of time within which to implement a correctiveprogram since the country will have to continue relying on budgetary andquasi-budgetary external assistance for the next five to ten years. Thisplanning should be done in consultation with the main aid donors. The objec-tives which need to be pursued are:

a) maintenance of past investment;

b) improved coordination of external aid particularlytowards restoring the public finance situation;

c) equilibrium in the current budget in the early 1980'sthrough appropriate revenue and expenditure policies;

d) stabilization and repayment of domestic and externalarrears.

81. With respect to revenue, the successive downward adjustments inimport duties and other taxes combined with the lack of upwards adjustmentin export duties and in several taxes on goods and services, and the dif-ficult years of the drought have eroded the responsiveness of revenues togrowth. This is illustrated by the decline of the ratio of revenues toGDP. There now appears to be some room to increase domestic taxes on goodsand services, on international trade, and direct taxation. The objectiveshould be to improve the responsiveness of the tax system with respect to thegrowth of GDP. With respect to import duties the loss of revenue throughillicit border trade has to be measured against the cost of improving taxcollection. The Customs Department has about 600 civil servants, one third ofthem in N'Djamena. Chad's borders measure almost 11,000 kilometers. Althoughmore than half of the border area is desert, and requires little attention,it is obvious that the country's borders are very difficult to control.However, the reduction of import duties to date has not had much apparenteffect on clandestine trade and it would be appropriate to reassess thispolicy in view of the urgent need for additional resources. Substitutionbetween different types of taxation could be considered, as well as thecosts and benefits of various custom exemptions.

82. Regarding export taxes, the available breakdown of cotton pricesand cotton returns to various economic agents suggests the possibilityof imposing a progressive ad valorem export duty on cotton exports. Sucha measure would, of course, need to be considered within the broader frameworkof domestic producer price policy and the utilization of surpluses generatedin cotton.

83. Our projection of revenue in fact assumes that around 1976-1977 aflexible and progressive tax on cotton export will be implemented, and that

- 34 -

producer prices will be held constant in real terms in line with world marketprice projection. New tax would yield an average of about CFAF 0.3 - 0.5billion a year, over the period 1976-1977 to 1985, in 1976 monetary terms.The introduction of such a new tax however touches upon the fundamental issueof public savings originating from the agricultural - more precisely - thecotton sector. In the past the Government has favored the reinvestment ofthese savings in the sector where they originate even at the expense ofincreasing Treasury deficits. The Government's intention appears to be tocontinue this policy with a stronger emphasis on diversifying in agricultureoutside the cotton sector. These investments would be conducted through aPrice Stabilization Fund for Agricultural Products which would be an extensionof the present Cotton Price Stabilization Fund.

84. In order to meet the financial objectives specified above, inaddition to the measures announced in the 1976 budget law, the Governmentwould have to (i) maintain the level of overall expenditures constant inreal terms, (ii) freeze at its present level public service personnel,(iii) given the available aid, allocate resources to essential governmentservices and operations. This will require consultation and coordinationwith the main donors to determine the possibilities and the mechanisms tochannel aid funds into budgetary and para-budgetary operations. This firstset of measures would stabilize the current budgetary gap, which in turnshould prevent further accumulation of Treasury arrears and facilitate moreorderly financial operations and increased efficiency.

85. In a second stage the budgetary authorities should be in a positionto earmark domestic revenue to essential operations, including increased fund-ing of the "Caisse Autonome d'Amortissement." This institution should in themeantime have taken over and scheduled repayments of arrears on external anddomestic debt. The Government would still have to rely on external assistanceto fill the hopefully diminishing current budgetary gap, but as additionaldomestic revenue is generated, external aid could gradually be switched toinvestment.

Outlook for Balance of Payments and External Debt

86. The main assumptions underlying export projections, which are inlarge part dependent on the above mentioned improvements in transport routes,are: (i) a rise in seed cotton production to 300,000 tons, (ii) self-suffi-ciency in food, permitting marginal exports probably to Gabon, Congo andNigeria, (iii) a sustained demand for Chadian meat; and (iv) a moderate in-crease in exports of manufactured goods. The projected export prices arethose of the Bank's Commodities and Export Projections Division which show aconstant real cotton price during 1975-1980. Non-factor services are expectedto develop similarly to the past pattern, with a small improvement because ofbetter transport routes. Factor payments are expected to increase somewhaton account of rising interest payments. The past and present structure ofimports has been assumed to change little in the future, with one main excep-tion, a shift from food imports towards intermediate goods, given the assump-tions of improving productivity of rainfed agriculture and expanding manufac-turing. The setting up of a field refinery to cover the country's need in

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refined petroleum products would not alter the overall situation much in the

medium term, since reduced current imports would be offset by increased

investment imports and service payments. For the next ten years it appears

that imports of equipment goods will remain mostly a function of the level of

external aid flows.

Table 14: PROJECTED BALANCE OF PAYMENTS 1975-1985

(in CFAF billion)

1975 1980 1985

Exports of goods and N.F.S 29.1 50.8 91.9

Imports of goods and N.F.S. 45.8 76.5 129.3

Resource gap -16.7 -25.7 -37.4

Factor payments (net) 0.2 2.1 4.1

Current Transfers (net) 0.9 1.6 2.4

Current balance -15.6 -22.0 -30.9

Grant flow 10.0 16.8 24.8

Other capital inflow (net)Private 3.6 6.6 8.8 /1

Public 3.7 4.6 4.5

Net other incl. short term capital -3.4 -6.0 -7.2

Overall balance -1.7

Memo Item: Terms of Trade index /2

/1 Assuming that oil exploration continues at an accelerating pace.

/2 At a constant CFAF rate per US dollar.

87. The present external public debt poses a number of longer term

problems which will need to be addressed by the Chad Government and foreign

donors. Thus (a) a large share of overall debt service obligations is in

arrears; (b) debt service on existing commitments is already quite heavy

particularly in relation to government revenues; and (c) some additional

borrowing may be needed to supplement grant inflows. The bulk of the current

debt outstanding is owed by the Government and is repayable directly through

the Central Budget. The recent establishment of a "Caisse d'Amortissement"

is evidence of the Government's concern to improve the management of external

- 36 -

debt, but the financial resources of the "Caisse d'Amortissement" as presentlyapproved will be insufficient even to alleviate the projected debt serviceburden on existing commitments alone. The annual appropriation representsabout half the amount which will be required to meet the debt service sched-uled until 1980 on existing commitments, without providing for any settlementof the arrears. Moreover, as a share of government revenues, debt service onexisting and new commitments will range between 10-24 percent of revenuesduring 1976-1985 1/, but during the last four years only 4 percent of budgetresources was allocated to debt service. Finally, debt service arrears onshort- and long-term external debts accumulated by the end of 1975 are esti-mated to have reached the equivalent of 46 percent of government revenues inthat year.

88. In order to prevent further accumulation of arrears, not less than 9percent of government revenues for the next ten years would need to be devotedto debt servicing, and the yearly budgetary appropriation to the "Caissed'Amortissement" should be increased accordingly. In allocating debt pay-ments, existing debts should evidently have first priority. Assuming thiseffort is made, a formula for the settlement of external debt service inarrears could possibly be worked out in cooperation with foreign donors. Thelogical second step is a careful review by the Government of its futureborrowing needs and priorities. One approach in this context would be tolimit future borrowing either to "quasi-grant" type of financing (i.e., with agrant-element of around 80 percent), or to self-liquidating projects, that is,projects which yield rates of return sufficient at least to absorb the result-ing increase in debt service.

1/ This is based on debt service due on both existing debt and projectednew borrowing and assumes rescheduling of all arrears accumulated bythe end of 1975 on favorable terms.

STATISTICAL ANNEX

1.1 Population Projections and Growth Rates, 1963-19801.2 Main Urban Centers Population, 1968-19731.3 School Enrollment Rates by Prefectures 19751.4 Primary School, Enrollments, Public and Private Schools, 1966/67 - 1974/751.5 Recorded Employment and Salaries by Sectors, 1974 and 19751.6 Government Personnel, 1967-1976

2.1 Estimate of Origin and Use of Resources, 1967-1975, at Current Prices2.2 Estimate of Origin and Use of Resources, 1967-1975, at Constant Prices2.3 Estimate of Gross Value added per Sector, 1967-1975, at Current Prices2.4 Estimate of Gross Value added by Sector, 1967-1975, at Constant Prices2.5 Estimate of Gross Value added in the Agricultural Sector, 1967-1975, at Current

Prices2.6 Estimate of Gross Value added in the Agricultural Sector, 1967-1975, at Constant

Prices

3.1 Balance of Payments - Current Account, 1968-19743.2 Balance of Payments - Financing of the Current Account, 1968-19743.3 Custom Recorded External Trade - Exports, 1967-19753.4 Custom Recorded External Trade - Imports, 1967-1975, at Current Prices3.5 Custom Recorded External Trade - Imports, 1967-1975, at Constant Prices3.6 Terms of Trade and their Income Effects, 1967-1975

4.1 External Public Debt as of December 31, 19754.2.1 Service Payments, Commitments, Disbursements and Outstanding Amounts of External

Public Debt Status as of December 31, 19754.2.2 Service Payments, Commitments, Disbursements and Outstanding Amounts of External

Public Debt Status as of December 31, 19754.2.3 Service Payments, Commitments, Disbursements and Outstanding Amounts of External

Public Debt Status as of December 31, 19754.2.4 Service Payments, Commitments, Disbursements and Outstanding Amounts of External

Public Debt Status as of December 31, 19754.3 Grants Disbursements by Sectors and by Major Donors, 1971-19754.4 Aid Disbursements by Type and Purpose, 1971-19754.5 Indicators of the Burden of External Public Debt Service, 1971-1975

5.1 Overall Government Account, 1967-19755.2 Central Government Budgetary Revenues, 1967-19755.3 Budgetary Expenditures 1967-19755.4 Functional Classification of 1973 budgeted and Actual Expenditures, 1973-19745.5 Functional Classification of 1974 budgeted and Actual Expenditures5.6 Details on Treasury Arrears, 1967-1975

6.1 Distribution of Credit to the Private Sector, 1967-19746.2 National Savings Bank, 1967-1974

7.1 Production and Value of Crops, Livestock and Fish

8.1 Capacity and Production of Major Industries, 1967-19758.2 Installed Capacity and Production of Electricity, 1967-19758.3 Water Production and Consumption, 1967-1975

9.1 Government Personnel Salary Structure since 1970

10.1 Domestic Consumption of Petroleum Products, 1967-1975

Table 1.1 POPULATION PROJECTIONS AND GROWTH RATES 1963 - 1980

Tableau 1.1 PROJECTIONS DE LA POPULATION ET TAUX DE CROISSANCES 1963 - 1980

(in units/en unites)

Sex 1963 1970 1980

Entire country 3,212,507 3,639,824 4,504,394 Ensemble du paysM. 15,676 1,729763 2,157,727F. 1,690,831 1,910,061 2,346,667

Southern Region 1,494,845 1,714 814 2 167 491 Region du SudM. 720,250 825;849 1 048 24F. 774,595 888,965 1,119,247

Nothern Region 1,717 662 1925,010 2,336,903 Region du NordM. 801426 903,914 1,109,43F. 916,236 1,021,096 1,227,420

Rate per ],0O0 Persons Taux par 1.000 personnes

Entire Country Ensemble du paysBirths 42.14 42.76 43.19 NaissancesDeaths 25.20 22.72 22.95 D6cbsIncrease 16.94 20.04 20.34 Augmentation

Southern Region Region du SudBirths 46.86 47.32 47.33 NaissancesDeaths 28.25 25.25 22.85 DecbsIncrease 18.61 22.07 24.48 Augnentation

Nothern Region Rbgion du NordBirths 38.02 38.71 39.40 NaissancesDeaths 22.53 20.47 19.22 DdcbsTncrease 15.49 18.24 20.18 Augnentation

Geometric growth rate per year (%) Taux de croissance geometriqueEntire country 1.71 2.02 2.25 Ensemble du paysSouthern region 1.88 2.22 2.48 Region du sudNorthern region 1.55 1.84 2.04 Region du Nord

Note

1. Figures for the Northern region have been obtained by substracting Southern region estimates from the total.Les donnees pour la Region du Nord sont obtenues par soustraction du total des donnees de la Region du Sud.

Sources: Projection demographique pour le Tchad, 1963 - 1985; B. Gil U.N. Economic Commission for Africa,N.U. Commission Economique pour l'Afrique.

Table 1.2 MAIN uRBAN CENTEiS POPULATION 1968 - 1973

Tableau 1.2 POPULATION DES CENTRES URBAINS PRINCIPAUX 1968 - 1973

(in units - en unit6s)

Urban CentersCentres urbains 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973

Bat haA. i 4,849 5,218 5,615 6,042 6,501 6,995

Oum-liadier 3,184 3,667 4,223 4,863 5,600 6,o25

B. E.1T.Faya 5,000 5,380 5,789 6,329 6,810 7,380

Average compounded

Riltine 3,091 3,326 3,579 3,851 4,144 4,459 growth rate: 7.2 p.a.Taux de croisSance

Chali-Banuirimi moyen: 7.2 p.a.

N'Diamena 132,502 142,837 153,978 165,988 178,935 192,891

Bokor: 5,758 6,196 6,667 7,174 7,719 8,306

Bousso 3,593 3,866 4,16o 4,476 4,816 5,182

.;ueraMongo 6,215 6,687 7,195 7,742 8,330 8,963

Bitkihe 3,396 3,655 3,933 4,232 4,554 4,900

KanemMoussoro 5,511 5,930 6,381 6,866 7,388 7,949

lNao 3,853 4,146 4,461 4,800 5,165 5,568

OuddaiAbech6 24,000 25,824 27,785 29,898 32,170 34,617

SalasiatAm-Timan 2,387 2,749 3,165 3,644 4,200 4,519

LacBol 1,796 1,932 2,079 2,237 2,407 2,590

Logone OccidentalMoundou 33,186 35,343 37,640 40,087 42,694 45,469

Benoye 8,568 9,125 9,718 10,350 11,023 11,739

Bebalem II 4,199 4,472 4,763 5,073 5,403 5,754

Logone OrientalDoba 10,725 11,422 12,164 12,955 13,797 14,694

Bodo 5,125 5,458 5,813 6,191 6,593 7,022

Beboto 3,830 4,079 4,344 4,626 4,927 5,247

Baibokount 4,548 4,844 5,159 5,494 5,851 6,231

Bebedjla 3,946 4,202 4,475 4,766 5,076 5,406

Mayo - KebbiBongor 11,815 12,583 13,401 14,272 15,200 16,188

Pala 10,850 11,555 12,306 13,106 13,958 14,865

Fianga 8,186 8,718 9,285 9,889 10,532 11,238

Binder 4,021 4,282 4,560 4,856 5,172 5,508

Moyen ChariSarh 32,657 34,780 37,041 39,449 42,013 44,744

Koumra 13,250 14,111 15,028 16,005 17,045 18,153

Moissala 4,556 4,852 5,167 5,503 5,861 6,242

Kyabe 4,142 4,411 4,698 5,003 5,328 5,674

Tandjil6K61o 14,351 15,283 16,276 17,334 18,461 18,661

La! 9,000 9,585 10,208 10,872 11,579 12,332

Ber6 5,546 5,906 6,290 6,699 7,134 7,598

Source: Annuaire statistique du Tchad, Volume I, Nouvelle sdrie and/et recensement administratif ame6

liore, 1974.

Table 1.3 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT RATES BY PREFECTURES 1975

Tableau 1.3 EFFECTIFS SCOLAIRES PAR PREFECTURE 1975

Age groups Enroll. in

(000) 5-14 Prim. sch. Enroll. rate (%)Population Groupe d'age Effectifs Taux de scolarit6s

Prefectures (000) (000) Primaires %

Batha 350 70.0 2,932 4.1B.E.T. 84 16.8 1,348 8.0Biltine 154 30.8 2,152 6.9Chari Baguirimi 552 110.4 29,739 26.9Guera 189 37.8 4,592 12.1Kanem 202 40.4 1,842 4.5Lac 136 27.2 1,324 4.8Logone occid. 268 53.6 26,893 50.1Logone orient. 296 59.2 28,602 48.3Mayo-Kebbi 592 118.4 33,099 27.9Moyen-Chari 454 90.8 40,118. 44.1Ouaddai 367 73.4 4,350 5.9Salamat 99 19.8 1,803 9.1Tandjile 287 57.4 19,244 33.5

TOTAL 4,030 806.0 192,725 23.9

Sources: Statistiques scolaires 1974-75 and IBRD education mission.Statistiques scolaires 1974-75 et mission education BIRD.

Table 1.4 PRIMARY SCHOOL ENROLLMENTS, PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS 1966/67 - 1974/75

Tableau 1.4 EFFECTIFS SCOLAIRES. ECOLES PRIMAIRES PUBLIOUES ET PRIVEES 1966/67-1974/75

Levels 1966/67 1967/68 1968/69 1969/70 1970/71 1971/72 1972/73 1973/74 1974/7Niveaux

CP1 70,598 74,462 72,865 59,390 70,821 66,496 67,940 71,451 67,000

CP2 33,224 33,252 34,060 29,764 32,900 33,872 35,929 38,377 37,729

CE1 23,275 24,823 24,352 22,357 24,908 25,994 26,980 27,791 28,812

CE2 17,163 17,232 17,493 16,296 17,634 18,889 18,293 18,918 19,162

CM1 13,424 13,940 14,439 13,907 15,852 16,739 16,412 17,220 17,028

CM2 14,771 14,990 15,685 17,353 21,135 20,930 22,885 24,273 22,994

TOTAL 172,485 178,699 178,894 159,067 183,250 183,840 188,439 198,030 192,725

Notes: The data in the Statistiques Scolaires 1974/75 for primary education are not internally consistent foryears before 1972-73. As a consequence, this Table compiles data from the "Statistiques Scolaires",1974-75 for the years 1973-75 and from UNESCO "Education et Developpement rural", Report EMF 76 for prioryears. CP1, CP2, CE1, CE2, CMI, CM2 refer to successively higher grades in primary schools. Thealphabetic designations CP, CE and CM are respectively "cours preparatoire", "cours elementaire" and"cours moyen".

Les donnees apparaissant dans ces "Statistiques Scolaires 1974/75" concernant l'education primaire marquentune discontinuite avec les annees precedant 1972-73. I1 s'en suit que le Tableau ci-dessus reprend lesdonne'es des "Statistiques Scolaires" pour les annees 1972/73 - 1974/75 et pour les annees anterieures fontappel a "Education et developpement rural" de l'UNESCO EMF 76. CP1, CP2, CE1, CE2, CM1, CM2 indiquentsuccessivement les niveaux d'4dtication primaire: CP: cours prAparatoire, CE: cours elementaire, CM: coursmoyen.

Source: See Notes, and IBRD education mission.Cfr Notes, et mission education BIRD.

Table 1.5 RECORDED EMPLOYMENT AND SALARIES BY SECTORS 1974 and 1975

Tableau 1.5 STATISTIQUES D'EMPLOIS ET SALAIRES PAR SECTEUR 1974 et 1975

(in units and CFAF million - en unites et milliers de FCFA

… - -- - -- - -1974 - - - -- 1975…Number of Total Share of Number of Total Share ofSalaried salaries Nationals Salaried Salaries Nationals

Nombre de Masse Part de Nombre de Masse Part deSalari6s Salaire Nationaux Salari6s Salaire Nationaux

Agriculture 944 95.4 97.9 na/nd na/nd na/nd AgricultureMines 184 75.6 80.4 239 121.9 79.9 MinesFood industries 1,086 200.8 95.3 948 188.6 95.9 Industries alimentairesOther industries 771 138.8 85.6 na/nd na/nd na/nd Autres industriesBuilding and Public works 1,231 229.6 89.6 1,409 257.0 96.6 Batiments et Travaux PublicsPublic utilities 325 81.9 93.8 370 99.4 96.7 Eau et 6lectriciteTransport 288 75.4 55.2 473 164.0 81.8 TransportCommerce 2,188 922.7 96.7 na/nd na/nd na/nd CommerceBanks 405 258.2 76.6 584 385.6 85.4 BanquesServices excluding government 2,552 436.5 92.2 4,211 747.3 94.5 Services, gouvernement exclus.Tourism 311 41.3 91.3 685 58.3 98.7 TourismeOthers 114 63.3 90.1 na/nd na/nd na/nd AutresTotal 2,627.5 80.3 13.981 2,808.2 80.7 Total

Note: Some 1975 figures are preliminary. The number of establishment surveyed is not always comparable from one year to the other.Certaines donnees 1975 sont pr6liminaires. The nombre d'6tablissements recenses n'est pas toujours comparable d'une ann6e a l'autre.

Source: Rapports Annuels 1974 and/et 1975; Office National de la main d'oeuvre.

Table 1.6 GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL 1967-1976

Tableau 1.6 PERSONNEL AU SERVICE DU GOUVERNEMENT 1967 - 1976

kin units - en unites)

Projected1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976

Projete

Civil servants 4,615 5,219 5,625 5,693 5,692 5,790 6,610 7,444 7,824 9,372 FonctionnairesAdministrative agents 2,001 1,873 1,457 1,680 1,370 1,365 1,461 968 951 1,078 Agents administratifsContractual personnel 2,017 2,015 2,042 2,045 2,218 2,220 2,336 2,378 2,397 2,446 ContractuelsEmbassies staff 90 94 131 137 140 140 140 117 111 221 Personnel des repr6sen-

tants diplomatiquesMinisterial offices staff 238 233 245 252 252 302 243 204 204 156 Personnel des cabinetsExpatriate staff 274 259 298 289 269 271 269 245 229 191 Personnel expatrie

Total 9,235 9,93 9,798 10, 09 10,250 10,088 11,059 13,35 11,71 13, Total

Note1. 1976 data are based on budgetary autorizations for additional hiring. Les donn6es de 1976 sont basees sur les autorisations d'engagement contenueg dans le budget.

Source: Budget general de l'ann6e, Loi des Finances - 1967 - 1976.

Table 2.1 ESTIMATE OF ORIGIN AND USE OF RESOURCES 1967-1975

Tableau 2.1 ESTIMATION RELATrVE A L'ORIGINE ET A L'EMPLOI DES RESSOURCES 1967-1975

(in CFAF billion at current prices/en milliards de FCFA aux prix courants)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

GDP at market prices 63.9 64.9 70.8 74.9 79.8 85.2 83.3 90.7 107.0 PIB aux prix du marchd

Net imports of goods and NFS 4.2 4.2 5.5 7.5 7.1 7.1 11.2 13.2 21.2 Importations nettes de bienset services

Imports of goods and NFS 20.1 21.0 21.7 28.6 29.1 28.6 33.9 42.1 47.9 Importations de biens et2bcporta of goods and UPS 15.9 16.8 16.2 21.1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~et serv-ices

Exports of goods and NFS 15.9 16.8 16.2 21.1 22.0 21.5 22.7 28.9 26.7 Exportations de biens etservices

Resources available for domestic use 68.1 69.1 76.3 82.4 86.9 92.3 9 103.9 128.2 Ressources interieuresdisponibles

Consumption 59.8 61.0 66.4 72.4 75.7 81.2 97.0 89.1 108.8 ConscmmationPrivate consumption 49.4 50.0 53.4 57.9 59.8 64.o 78.3 70.9 89.1 Consommation privdePublic consumption 10.4 11.0 13.0 14.5 15.9 17.2 18.7 18.2 19.7 Consammation publique

Gross fixed capitalformation 6.9 7.1 7.8 9.1 10.0 8.9 9.9 13.9 17.2 Formation brute de capital fixe

Enterprises 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.9 2.1 3.3 4.7 EntreprisesHouseholds 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.3 2.3 1.9 2.2 2.6 Mdnages

Public administration 3.5 3.5 4.o 5.0 5.5 3.7 5.9 8.4 9.9 Administration publique

Changes in stocks i.4 1.0 2.1 0.9 1.2 2.2 -12.4 0.9 2.2 Variations des stocks

Notes:1. Loss of herd due to drought excluding the "normal offitake is considered as a disinvestment.

Les pertes de b6tail, par suite de la s6cheresse, non compris celui utilisa normalement paur la consommation sont considerees comme un desinvestissement.

2. The loss of herd has its counterpart in consumption, which for 1973 should be "consumption and losses".Les pertes de betail trouvent leur contrepartie dans consommation, qui pour l'annee 1973 devrait etre "consommation et pertes".

Sources Comptes economiques du Tchad pour la periode 1963-1968 and/et comptes economiques du Tchad pour I'annie 1970, and/et IBRD mission estimates, estimation de la mission BIRD.

Table 2.2 ESTIMATE OF ORIGIN AND USE OF RESOURCES 1967-1975

Tableau 2.2 ESTIMATION RELATIVE A L'ORIGINE ET A L'EMPLOI DES RESSOURCES 1967-1975

(in CFAF billion at av. 67-69 prices/en milliards de FCFA aux prix constants 67-69)

1967 1968 1962 1970 1271 1972 1973 1974 1975

GDP at 67-69 market prices 65.7 65.4 69.9 71.2 69.6 70.4 64.5 67.7 73.9 P.I.B. & prix constant67-69

Net imports of goods and NES 5.1 4.5 4.5 5.4 4.6 6.7 10.3 12.0 10.0 Importations nettes debiens et services

Imports of goods and NFS 21.0 20.7 19.6 24.2 24.6 23.9 28.0 25.0 24.8 Importations de biens etservices

Exports of goods and NFS 15.9 16.2 15.1 18.8 20.0 17.2 17.7 13.0 14.8 Exportations de biens etservices

Reseurces available for domestic use 70.8 6S9 74.14 76.6 74.2 77.1 74.8 79.7 89isources intArieuresdisponibles

Consumption 62.3 61.7 64.7 67.1 64.3 68.o 77.0 69.9 72.3 ConsommationPrivate consumption 51.5 50.6 52.0 53.7 51.3 53.7 62.2 56.0 59.0 Consommation priv6ePublic consumption 10.8 11.1 12.7 13.4 13.0 14.3 14.8 13.7 13.3 Consommation publique

Gross fixed capital formation 7.0 7.3 7.7 8.7 9.0 7.3 8.1 9.1 10.2 Formation brute de capital fizeEnterprises 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 2.0 1.8 1.7 2.0 2.7 EntreprisesHouseholds 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 2.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 MenagesPublic administration 3.5 3.6 3.9 4.8 5.0 3.4 4.9 5.5 5.7 Administration publique

Changes in stocks 1.5 0.9 2.0 o.8 0.9 1.8 -10.3 0.7 1.4 Variation des stocks

Note:1. Loss of herd due to drought, excluding the"normal offstake, is considered as a disinvestment.

Les pertes de betail par suite de la s6cheresse, non compris celui utilisd pour la consummation normale, sont considerdes camme un d6investissement.

2. The loss of herd has its counterpart in consomption, which for 1973 should be "consumption and losses".Les pertes de b6tail, trouvent leur contrepartie dans consommation qui pour l'ann6e 1973 devrait etre "consommation et pertes".

Sources Comptes economiques du Tchad pour la periode 1963-1968 and/et comptes erconomiques du Tchad pour l'anne'e 1970 and/et IBRD mission estimates;estimation de la mission BIRD.

Table 2.3 ESTIMATE OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY SECTOR 1967-1975

Tableau 2.3 ESTIMATION DE LA VALEUR AJOUTEE BRUTE PAR SECTEUR 1967-1975

(in CFAF million at current market prices - en millions de FCFA aux prix courants du marche)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Agriculture 33,411 33,563 35,595 36,420 38,869 42,159 39,771 43,601 51,768 AgricultureMining 58 62 67 70 100 297 562 839 889 MinesManufacturing 4,845 5,251 5,305 5,480 5,958 6,399 7,126 7,751 9,247 Industries manufacturibre6Building and Public Works 974 1,013 1,206 1,140 1,152 1,488 1,762 2,102 2,661 Batiments et Travaux PublicsEnergy 312 360 437 480 549 612 722 787 845 EnergieTransport 1,036 1,077 1,118 1,170 1,260 1,332 1,371 1,549 1,894 TransportCommerce 10,663 10,926 11,313 12,132 13,116 14,127 12,470 13,179 16,519 CommerceBanks and other services 2,293 2,356 2,539 2,638 2,828 3,090 3,184 3,212 3,858 Banques et autres servicesPublic administration 7,240 7,650 9,o60 10,060 10,910 11,930 12,980 12,660 13,690 Administrations publiques

Total net of import taxes 60,832 62,258 66,640 69,590 74,742 81,434 79,957 85,680 101,371 Total ne comprenant pas lesdroits d'entr6e

Import taxes 3,044 2,632 4,137 5,330 5,100 3,740 3,328 5,053 5,618 Droits d'entr6e

Total gross value added at Total de la valeur a*out- emarket prices 63,876 64,890 70,777 74,920 79,842 85,174 83,285 90,733 106,989 brute au prix du marche

Less:total indirect taxes Moins:taxes indirectes nettesnet of subsidies 5,324 4,800 6,552 7,384 7,588 6,185 5,763 7,133 6,685 de subsides

Total gross value added at Total de la valeur aoutee brutefactor cost 58.552 6.9 0 6 2 56 7,25 22 83?600 1003014 au c6ut des facteurs

Sources: Comptes 6conomiques du Tchad pour la p6riode 1963-1968, and/et Comptes economiques du Tchad pour l1ann6e 1970 and IBRD mission estimates; et estimations de la mission BIRD.

Tabl e 2.4 ESTIMATE OF GROSS VALUE ADDED BY SECTOR 1967-1975

Tableau 2.4 ESTIMATION DE LA VALEUR AJOUTEE BRUTE PAR SECTEUR 1967-1975

(in CFAF million at 67-69 av. market prices -/en millions de FCFA aux prix du marche moyeng67-69)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Agriculture 35,311 34,795 36,924 36,715 35,828 36,986 32,111 33,116 35,978 Agriculture

Mining 61 63 65 69 79 156 211 422 448 Mines

Manufacturing 4,699 4,734 4,674 4,836 4,760 4,906 4,897 5,127 5,553 Industries manufacturibres

Building and Public Works 989 986 1,085 1,063 1,030 1,246 1,371 1,753 1,875 Batiments et travaux publics

Energy 289 353 433 471 536 581 634 640 666 Energie

Transport 901 941 980 1,009 1,036 1,037 971 949 979 Transport

Commerce 10,322 10,502 11,101 11,171 10,987 11,364 10,113 9,987 11,127 Commerce

Banks and other services 2,379 2,374 2,449 2,461 2,420 2,512 2,422 2,282 2,327 Banques et autres services

Public administration 7,690 7,980 8,160 8,410 8,442 8,519 9,210 9,760 11,190 Administrations publiques

Total net of import taxes 62,641 62,728 65,871 66,205 65,118 67,307 61,940 64,o36 70,143 Total ne cnmprenant pe a les

droits d'entr6eImport taxes 3,081 2,633 4,053 4,964 4,438 3,061 2,589 3,702 3,745 Droits d'entr6e

Total xross value added at Total de la valeur aloutee brute

constant market prices 65,722 65,361 69.924 71,169 5 70,368 64,529 67,738 73,888 aux prix constants du marche

Less:total indirect taxes Moins:taxes indirectes nettes

net of subsidies 5,389 4,804 6,418 6,726 6,023 4,502 4,139 5,225 3,958 de subsides

Total gross value added at Total de la valeur ajout6e brute

factor cost 60,333 60,557 63,506 64,443 63.533 65,866 60,390 62513 69,930 aux couts des facteurs

Sources: Comptes economiques du Tchad pour la periode 1963-1968 and/et Comptes economiques du Tchad pour V'ann6e 1970 and IBRD mission estimates; estimation de la mission BIRD.

Tabl. 2.5 ESTIKATE OF GROSS VALUE ADDED IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 1967 - 1975

Tableau 2.5 ESTIMATION DE LA VALEUR AJOUTEE BRUTE U SECTEUR AGRICOLE 1967 - 1975

(in CFAF million, at current market prices - en millions do FCFA sux prin du ,erche courants)

1967 1968 1969 1970 fl 1972 1973 1974 1297

Seed cotton 2,998 2,402 3,264 2,321 2,042 2,475 2,310 2,429 3,109 Coton groinsOther export crops 24 55 44 29 39 35 24 14 33 Autres produita d'eportatior

S/total 3 2,457 3,308 2,350 5581 2,510 2,364 713 S316 2/tota.

Food crops 16,022 16,457 17,132 18,S50 19,348 20,239 21,511 22,534 29,658 Produits vtriersof which :csereinliced (1,393) (1,415) (1,559) (1,762) (1,857) (1,301) (791) (901) (2,105) dont: coerciallsns

S/tots. 19,044 i1,914 20,440 20,900 2352F 22,749 23,875 24,977 X97_ S/totsl

Livestock ElevageCattle 4,530 4,763 4,970 5,220 5,957 6,524 2,622 4,475 5,220 B-vi..Sheep,goats and camels 917 972 1,025 1,170 1,318 1,474 1,330 i,851 2,041° Oin,caprins et camelinsAuto-cnnauoed livestock Produits de I'61eVage

products 4,927 5,136 5,176 5,180 5,545 5,645 4,909 5,202 5,403 auto.onsan..s

S/total 10,74 1i B7 11,171 11,570 12,820 13' 3 8T71 1152 1 S/totalof which: coercialized (933) (984) (1,079) (1,060) (1,144) (924) (567) (1,057) (1,154) dont: c ercialis6

Fisheries 3,298 3,065 3,208 3,180 3,820 4,927 6,149 6,148 5,271 P8cheForestry and firewood 695 714 740 770 800 840 886 948 1,033 Forkt et bois de chauzfage

S/total 3,993 3,779 ~~82 3,950 U35~ 5,767 7,03537§ 6, S/totali

of which:coosercislized (387) (366) (386) (383) (428) (628) (922) (745) (611) dont: coeercialis6

Ttals 3IL411 64 869 71 4 0 51,761 Total

of which:,sonetary econoyw (5,735) (5,222) (6,332) (5,555) (5,510) (5,363) (4,649 ) (5,146) (7,012) dont:nemaine de idoonomiem0ndtnire

(per cent of totrl) (17.2) (15.6) (17.8) (15.6) (14.2) (12.7) ( 11.7) (11a (3.6) (en pourcent ds total)

Notes Note.

1. Seed cotton CUopte cotos graineQuantity produced Qusttit6 produite en

(000 tons) 123 102 i48 li8 95 109 104 115 144 000 de tossesProducer price (CFAF/kg) 26 26 26 26 26 272 28.2 30.1 41.2 Prix au producteurValue of production 3,276 2,652 3,848 3,068 2,470 2,965 2,933 3,461 5,933 Valeur de la productionCost of ispots 278 250 584 747 428 490 593 1,032 2,824 Conso,snatios inte-6ddlire

of which. sbsidies 86 81 147 124 155 190 231 480 1,929 (dont:aubaides)

Grooe nole sdded 2,998 2402 3264 2.321 2.042 2.475 2340 2429 3,109 Valeur ajout6e brute

2. In the seed cotton sncont, inputs inclsde fertil--er, pesticides, seeds, and other en fasa eperstios..Dans Ie c--pte coton graines entraets nompre.sent lea engrois, lea pesticides, les groines et lea aut-ee epirstions conduites nor is ferme proprement dite.

3. Pi1ct-stio.s in the ose of sos-subhidized ispnts in seed cotton production reflect westher snd other nstural factors while the smoother trend in shbaidised inputsresults from the costinuous epsnsion of the productivity progran. A multi-vsrisble equetion including desey vsrisbhes, shows a aignifiosot corr-lstios betweenthe central trend in output of cotton and the areas under the productivity program;L'irr6gul-rit6 qui ze nanifeste dAns is part non subaidi6e de in consnommtion interm6diaire du compte coton grai r6aulte den influences m6t6orologiquen, tandis queis tendance, plus 6gale dane is part oubaidide refthe l'extenaion r6gulibre du progra,-e de productivitd. Use dquat.on & variables multiples, conprenanit une ariede varisbles dichotomiques r6vhle une correlation aignificative entre la tendance centrale de la production de coton et les surfaces caltidees.

4. The relative increase in gross value udded in the cattle account during the first year of drought reflects the increase in the offtake.L'Vaugentstius relative de la valour aJout6e brute dans le cnmpte "bhtail" provient de I'augmentation dursnt la premibre .a.de de a6dheresne de is part du troupeauqui a 6t6 utilia6e.

Sources: Comptes 6cunomiques du Tchad pour in p6riode 1963-1968 and/et, Compten 6conomiques du Tchad pour lanned 1970, and/et IbRD mission estimates; estimation de limission BIRD.

Table 2.6 ESTIMATE OF GROSS VALUE ADDED IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR 1967-1975

Tableau 2.6 ESTIMATION DE LA VALEUR AJOUTEE BRUTE DU SECTEUR AGRICOLE 1967-1975

(in CFAF million at 67-69 av. market prices - en millions de FCFA aux'prix du marche moyens 67-69)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Seed cotton 2,936 2,378 3,542 2,731 2,094 2,424 2,211 2,294 2,642 Coton graineOther export crops 31 54 45 28 33 30 17 10 20 Autres produits d'exportationFood crops 16,174 16,403 17,026 17,294 16,915 16,603 14,697 13,566 16,393 Produits,vivriers

S/total 19,141 18,835 20,613 20,053 19,042 19,057 16,925 15,870 19,055 S/total

Livestock ElevageCattle 4,701 4,750 4,809 4,857 4,915 5,012 2,137 2,981 2,535 BetailSheep,goats and camels 951 971 991 1,011 1,031 1,051 1,090 1,011 1,041 Ovins, caprins et ceamelinsAutoconsumed livestock Produits de l1'levageproducts 5,026 5,076 5,141 5,197 5,252 5,297 4,408 4,722 4,738 autoconsomm4s

S/total 1 10,797 10,941 i 11,0198 11,360 T73 8,714 S/total

Fisheries 4,788 4,447 4,641 4,351 4,834 5,801 6,768 7,734 7,799 P8cheForestry and firewood 704 716 729 741 754 768 783 798 810 Forat et bois de chauffage

S/total 5,492 5,163 5,370 5,092 5, 58 6,569 7 , 551 8,5 6 09 S/total

Total 79 36,924 36,715 35,828 32111 Total

Notes:1. Seed cotton Compte coton graine

Quantity produced Quantite produite(000 tons) 123 102 148 118 95 lo9 104 115 144 (en 000 de tonnes)

Value of production at Valeur de la production67-69 av. producer au prix du producteurC orine 3,198 2,652 3,874 3,o68 2,470 2,820 2,704 2,990 3,744 moyen 67-69

Cost of inputs (deflated) 262 274 332 337 376 396 493 696 1,102 Consommation intermediaireGross value added 2.936 2,378 3.542 2,731 2,094 2 424 2,211 2,294 2,62 Vleur ajoutee brute

Sources: 2,211 2,294 2R642 Vadeurnaos d19 t mbrute

Sources: Comptes 6conomniques du Tchad pour la p6riode 1963-1968, and/st comptes 4conomiques du Tchad pour 1'ann6e 1970 and/et IBRD mission estimates, estimations de la mission BIRD.

Table 3.1 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS -CURRENT ACCOUNT 1968-1974Tableau 3.1 COMPTE COURANT DE LA BALANCE DES PAIEMENTS 1968-1974

(in CFAF million - en millions de FCFA)

1968 1969 1970 1971 1971 1973 1974Credit Debit Crerdit Debit Credit DFb i-t Credit Debit Cr6dit ei Cr4dit Debit Credit Dbit

CURRENT ACCOUNT

COMPTE COURANTTrade 10,200 10,900 9,060 11,o0o 11,040 14,570 11,720 14,710 10,063 14742 10,866 16,373 16942 19,943 MarchandisesFreight & ins. on

Frais d'exp6ditionmerchandise 70 3,260 50 4,160 1,470 5,310 1,220 6,100 1,260 5,o60 1,482 7,715 1,888 10,144 sur marchandises

Other transportation 300 1,260 180 80 470 930 540 950 760 1,118 343 1,252 311 2,609 Autre transportTravel 690 1,140 930 1,570 1,170 1,930 1,370 2,170 1,447 1,972 1,453 2,780 1,473 2,259 Voyages et sejoureOther government 4,370 2,770 4,720 2,870 5,480 3,550 6,220 2,750 7,o44 3,093 7,322 3,184 6,647 3,673 Autres gouvernementof which:obtained under

dont:aide obtenueaid programs (-) (1,310) (-) (1,760) C-) (2,390) (30) (2,630) (215) (2,873) (70) (2,953) (91) (3,577) sous progranmes d'as-

sistanceOther services 1,137 1,693 1,192 2,001 1,498 2,341 912 2,407 947 2,568 1,264 2,549 1,632 3,476 Autres servicesSub-total NFS 6,567 10,123 7,072 10,681 10,088 14 061 10.262 14,377 11,458 13,811 864 17,480 11,951 22,161 S/total servicesTotal goods and NFS 16,767 21,023 -16,132 21,681 21,128 28,631 21,982 29 087 21,521 28.553 22,730 33,853 28.893 42,104 Total des biens et

servicesInvestment income 41 707 217 817 95 628 49 687 163 693 146 810 101 872 Revenus du capitalWages salaries and

Traitements ,salairesother incomes 1,606 1,358 1,615 1,512 1,841 1,270 2,745 2,139 3,193 1,666 2,816 1,864 2,665 1,570 et autres revenusSub-total factor

S/total revenus duservices 1,647 2,065 1,832 2,329 1,936 1,898 2,794 2,826 3,356 2,359 2,962 2,674 2,766 2.442 capital et du travailCurrent transfers 518 265 574 667 2,384 353 3,215 493 1,398 707 1,234 639 1,648 621 Transferts courantsTOTAL CURRENT ACCOUNT 18,932 23 18.53 8 24,677 25 30,882 1 2 61 26 166 308 167 TOTAL COMPTE COURANT

Sources: Central Bank and IBRD mission estimates.Banque Centrale et estimations de la mission BIND.

TABLE 3.2 BALANCE OF PAYMENTS-FINANCING OF THE CURRENT ACCOUNT 1968-1974

TABLEAU 3.2 BALANCE DES PAIEMENTS - FINANCEMENT DU COMPTE COURANT 1968-1974

(in CFAF millions/en millions de FCFA)

1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

TOTAL CURRENT ACCOUNT -4,21 -6,136 -5,434 -4,415 -5,344 -10,240 -11,859 TOTAL COMPTE COURANT

Grant flow (net) 4,o48 4,454 4,857 5,276 5,365 7,117 10,310 Flux de dons,(net)of which:capital (net) (3,010) (3,418) (3,453) (3,679) (3,337) (3,457) (5,136) dont:dons en capital (net)

Private external investment Investissements et tirages surand borrowing (net) -114 73 150 388 484 1,350 3,600 emprunts prives (net)

Public borrowing (net) 378 255 844 586 -270 2,643 3,299 Tirages sur emprunts du sect. pub. (net)

S/T long term capital 4,312 4,782 5,851 6,250 5,579 11,110 17,209 S/T capital a long terme

Short term capital (net) -276 -165 60 1,533 -1,831 -2,442 -2,661 Capitaux a court terme (nets)

TOTAL NON-MONETARY CAPITAL 4,036 4,617 5,911 7,783 3,748 8,668 14,548 TOTAL DES CAPITAUX NON MONETAIRES

TOTAL CURRENT AND NON-MONETARY TOTAL DU COMPTE COURANT ET DESCAPITAL ACCOUNT -385 -1,519 477 3,368 -1,596 -1,572 2,689 CAPITAUX NON MONETAIRES

Commercial banks (net) 86 61 50 -400 473 -93 131 Banques commerciales (net)Postal system (net) -80 -250 691 996 1,155 Office des postes (net)'

Central bank (net) 228 671 -1,260 -2,280 255 1,923 -2,158 Banque centrale (net)

Errors and missions -71 -787 -813 -438 -177 -1,254 -1,817 Erreurs et missions

Notes:Grant flows and capital flows have been adjusted in accordance with the aid disbursement figures compiled by the mission.Les flux de dons et de capitaux ont 6te ajust6s en fonction des donn6es reunies par la mission sur le deboursement de l'aide.

Sources:Central Bank and IBRD mission estimates.Banque centrale et estimations de la mission BIRD.

TNble 3.3 CU579M RECORDED EXNEEAL ,RADE - EXPORT0 1967 - 1975

Taehlh 3.3 COMMERCE EXTERIEUR ENREGIsTRE PAR LES DOUANES - EXFO9RTATIONS 1967 - 1975

(in tons and CFAF million/en tonnen et millions An FCFA)

Produmts 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975Voluse Velue Volure Veluu Vol- Piie Voison VP1ne Volume Velue Volum Value Volume Value Volume Velue Volume PVuIe

Proleotei/ ProJetd-------------------------------------------------------------- et Cur-ent to---/6 prix o-urant --------------------------------------------------------------------------

Cotton 40,90D 5,505 42,200 5,780 47,500 6,585 39,000 5,910 34,600 5,225 40,700 6,684 36,200 6,549 41,200 1.1,490 47,900 10,549 CotonMeat 6,400 770 6,620 741 7,200 678 14,270- 1,450 11,900 i,476 6,2oo 1,036 3,700 743 6,900 1,207 3,000 525 VI-ndeLivoetonk -(head,) (90,420) (44,790) (36,210) (38,410) (63,690) (67,870) (90,830) (24,700) (40,300) Bdtail nor pieds (p.r thet)- TON 28,400 559 10,800 230 8,700 170 9,300 260 14,900 410 16,400 570 21,970 638 5,900 362 9,700 410 (traduilt en toDes)Hiden sod skins 670 89 590 101 750 119 870 111 700 89 850 112 1,350 219 1,211 212 1,200 220 bol-s et peaumGum a-abiC 950 112 1,150 U11 86o 80 590 31 580 39 620 50 330 21 176 18 250 1i aOe erebiqueNatron 4,670 59 2,140 39 3,000 59 1,460 19 131 11 1,313 12 332 4 94 5 400 10 NftronOther 3,289 345 3,427 355 2,269 289 2,784 319 3,312 399 4,471 709 4,196 731 4,237 828 4,500 921 Astres

S/total 85,329 7,438 66,977 7,357 70,279 7,980 68,274 8,100 66,123 7,649 70,554 9,173 68,080 8,905 59,718 14,121 66,950 12,653 S/totalRo..purtM 926 96 2,152 223 706 76 1,014 119 513 88 4,328 750 4,227 879 2,322 498 2,000 460 RS-eoportations

70t61 86,255 7,534 69,129 7,580 70,985 8,o56 69,288 8,219 66,636 7,737 74,883 9,923 72,307 9,784 62,O40 14,619 68,95o 13,113 Total

Ondes (67-69 - 100) 97.5 98.2 104.3 106.4 101.2 128.5 126.7 189.3 169.8

-a------------------------------------------------------ t Consta-t 67-69 s-. pries / .prim oes 67-69 -----------------------------------------------------------

Cotton 40,900 5,592 42,200 5,770 47,500 6,495 39,000 5,332 34,600 4,731 40,700 5,565 36,200 4,950 41,200 5,633 47,900 6,549 CotosMeat 6,400 708 6,620 704 7,2(X 789 14,270 1.565 11 900 1,229 6,200 680 3,700 409 6,900 758 3,000 525 VirndeLivistook 28,400 572 10,800 217 8,700 175 9,300 187 14900 300 16, 400 331 21,970 442 5,900 119 9,700 410 Bdtil nor piedsHiden and silos 670 103 590 91 750 u6 870 134 700 89 8so 131 1,350 a08 1,211 187 1,200 185 E,str et P.-sGum sabniC 950 97 1,150 Lie 860 88 590 60 580 59 620 64 330 34 176 is8 250 26 CG-oe etabiqumNiatrto 4,670 78 2,190 37 3,000 50 1,460 25 131 22 1,313 22 332 6 94 2 400 7 HatronOther 3,289 351 3,427 336 2,269 242 2,784 297 3,312 354 4,471 478 4,198 448 4,237 453 4,500 481 Aotree

S/total 85,329 7,501 66,977 7,303 70,279 7,955 68,274 7,600 66,213 6,854 70,554 7,271 68,o88 6,497 59,718 7,170 66,950 8,183 S/total

R"-nports 926 99 2,152 230 706 66 1,014 108 513 56 4,328 462 4,227 451 2,322 248 2,000 214 R6-emportationsTota1 86.255 7.600 69.129 7.533 70.985 8.021 69.288 7.708 66,636 6.910 74,882 7,773 72,307 6,948 620o40 7.418 68,950 8.397 Total

Index (67-69 u 100) 97.1 96.3 102.5 98.5 88.3 99.8 89.8 94.8 107.3 Indiee (67-69 s 100)Pricn -nde 10.4 10 .0 101.8 108.2 i14.6 128.3 141i.1 199.6 158.2 Indice don prpix lemportabtio.

Notesa

2. "Other' inn1udn mott.so.eed, Stsuadsoto, tsbh-no, ra- i-oty, tsmtinni, ottiles and soo- other mnfocttord goode. This .tseg.ry is partly estimated.La notdgorie sat-n" itlot don graines do cotmn. de l'ot--hido, do t-bac, do l'itoit brtee, des o-ssiso, dos teatiles, et qoolq.es sutton bites nanofnnotr-o. Cette Cotmgonie 00t psetisllement setie.

2. 1975 data are otaff proinotiona. Les donndie 1975 snot proJet4ee.

S.urC.a Mi-stbre d'Etat Charg6 de 1'Eoonaie Moderne, do Plo-, do Cmo=er-o et do 1s Coopdratio- Internatiosle B.l1etin de statiotiqun; Conneil National do Credit, 1967-1974; Lt none -rano 1967-1973.

Ti8 3.4 CUSTOM RECORDED EXTERNAL TRADE - IMPORTS 1967 - 1975

Tableau 3.4 COMMERCE EXTERIEUB ERREGISTRE PAR LES CDOUAls - IMPORTATIONS 1967 - 1975

(in tons and Current CFAF =illion / en tonne et en millions de FCFA coursnts)

Prod.et 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ProduitcVolume Value Volm=e Value Volume ValIe Volume ValUE Volume Value Volume Value Volume ValUe Volume Value

Food and beveragen 45,730 4,152 38,160 3,231 35,100 2,991 43,750 3,768 38,270 3,432 42,780 3,790 53,270 6,029 45,227 6,520 Alm..ents et boissonaof which,nogar 22,800 1,630 18,700 1,177 17,100 965 22,500 1,235 18,998 1,243 25,479 1,908 23,822 1,934 21,697 2,234 dont:s-nre

Petroleu= products 42,490 1,520 47,o60 1,690 64,310 2,449 67,300 2,470 75,300 2,820 56,100 2,219 74,510 2,951 51,554 2,977 Produits petroliersEqoip.ent goods 19,030 3,340 29,400 3,324 19,950 3,347 22,430 4,613. 20,440 4,954 17,996 3,966 23,579 4,698 25,980 6,038 Biena d'6quipeneotChemioal. 7,100 1,180 7,170 1,010 5,370 961 6,970 1,461 6,400 1,311 6,150 1,280 3,870 1,101 4,952 1,917 Produits chiodquesTentile. 4,160 1,979 3,310 1,560 2,840 1,381 3,140 1,452 3,040 1,312 2,190 1,180 2,740 1,431 2,582 1,471 OntilesRobber and plastics 620 279 750 289 840 296 1,490 480 910 389 1,030 360 980 419 1,052 451 Camut.hoacs et plasticsPaper aod paper products 730 230 890 239 930 261 1,180 331 1,440 392 1,170 380 910 345 1,130 453 Papier et prodoitscooneOther mineral products 4,960 160 7,140 235 5,640 196 6,660 155 8,830 250 8,848 211 7,482 217 6,800 214 Astres produits mlm

6r-

Metala 3,580 475 5,220 649 4,170 618 6,040 1,330 4,720 755 4,300 624 6,189 612 7,000 770 Produits m6tslliqueaOtber 8,100 1,178 8,504 1,133 10,202 1,400 12,747 1,158 10,549 160 1,290 1,465 9,588 1,294 12,000 2,217 Aut-

Total 136,500 14,493 147,604 13,360 149,352 13,900 171,707 17,216 168,899 17,219 149,854 15,475 183,118 19,097 158,277 23,028 Total

Noite 1. For 1975, omports are eoti=mted at 152,000 tons and CFAF 25,000 billionPoor isur6e 1975 leo isportations soot eatim6es 6 150,000 toones et 25 illiarda de franos CFA.

2. Valuas of nateg-ries of other coesumer goods and other intermediate goods are estimated as follows:Lea Valeor- totales pour les bieno inter,o6ddlirea et lea biens de on.soeution soot eatin6a o=r auit:

Inter-edi ategoods 3,947 3,632 3,579 4,697 4,210 3,913 3,740 5,271 Eiena i.tees6di-rea

Other Consumer Eiens de conostiongoods 1,534 1,483 1,534 1,670 1,803 1,787 1,679 2,222 finale

Soures: BDlletin de Statistiques, 1967-1975; Conseil Natioal de Cr6dit 1967-1975.

Table 3.5 CUSTOM RECOODED EXTERNAL TRADE - IMPORT. 1967 - 1975

T,blesu 3.5 COMMERCE EXTERIEUR ENRTISTRE PAR LES DOUANES - INPORTATIONS 1967 - 1975

(in tons and constant 67-69 av. CFAF -illios- tn t t C. millions do FCFA sur prim moyeso 67-69)

Products 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ProduitsVol,=e Value Volune Value Volu. e Value Volume vaue V. Value Vo1lue Value Volume Value Volume Value

Food and beverage 45,730 3,974 38,160 3,316 35,100 3,050 43,750 3,802 38,270 3 326 42,780 3,718 53,270 4,629 45,227 3,930 Aliments et boissonsPetroleum products 42,490 1,555 47,060 1,722 64,310 2,354 67,300 2,463 75,300 2,756 56,100 2,653 74,510 2,727 51,554 1,887 Produits p6troliersEquipment goodo 19,030 3,317 29,400 3,375 19,950 3,263 22,430 3,821 20,440 4,057 17,996 2,939 23,579 3,470 25,980 3,588 Sieno ddqsipementChemicals 7,100 1,149 7,170 1,160 5,370 869 6,970 1,128 6,400 1,036 6,150 996 3,870 627 4,952 802 pruduits chitiquesTe-tiles 4,160 1,988 3,310 1,582 2,840 1,357 3,140 1,500 3,040 1,453 2,190 1,046 2,740 1,309 2,582 1,234 TentilesRubber and plnotit 62o 245 750 297 840 333 1,490 590 910 360 1,030 515 980 388 1,052 416 Caoutchouc et plasticsPaper and paper products 730 210 890 256 930 268 1,180 334 1,440 4i4 1,170 337 910 262 1,130 401 Papiern et produits cornexesOther ineral products 4,960 165 7,140 238 5,64o 137 6,66o 222 8,830 294 8,848 295 7,482 249 6,800 226 Autres produits lis6rauoMetals 3,580 483 5,220 705 4,170 563 6,o40 816 4,72o 638 4,300 581 6,189 835 7,000 945 Produits =6talliquesOther 8,100 1,112 8,504 1,178 10,202 1,463 12,747 1,766 10,549 1,460 9,290 1,287 9,588 1,382 12,000 1,662 AutresTotal 136,500 14,198 147,604 13,829 149,352 13,707 171,707 16,442 169,899 15,794 149,854 14,367 183,118 15,878 158,277 15,091 Total

Notes: 1. For 1975 imports are estimated at 152,000 tons and CFAF 14.5 constant 67-69 av. billion. Pour lanp6e 1975, lea importations soot esti6es 6 152.000 tonnes et 14.5 rilliards en tesmes constents (67-69).2. Valueo of categorIes of other consumer goods ad other intermediste goods are estimated an follows. Lns valeurs totales pour lea biens iste.mddiaires et les biens de csnNtios aont estim6s c=me suit:

Iotermediste goods 3,908 3 788 3,559 4 814 3 953 3 429 3,731 3,969 Biena interm6diairesOther consumer goods 1,4 1i628 1,481 1,542 1,720 1,628 1,321 1,717 Biess de consoratinn finale

Sources Bulletin Dtatistique 1967 - 1975; Conseil Nstiosnl do Cr6dit 1967 - 1975 et/snd IBBD mission - misslon de Ia Bsoque.

Table 3.6 TERMS OF TRADE AND THEIR INCOME EFFECTS 1967-1975Tableau 3.6 TERME DE L'ECHANGE ET LEUR EFFET SUR LE REVENU 1967 - 1975

(in index numbers and in million CFAF- en indices et millions de FCFA)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 19741 1975

Export unit price indexi/ 97.62 103.17 99.90 98.21 103.46 119.49 150.18 198.18 194.31 Indice un}itaire des prix a 1'exporta-tion-

Import unit price index./ 93.46 104.07 103.86 100.30 104.79 113.47 143.79 289.46 213.57 Indice unitaire des prix a l'importa-tionl/

Terms of tradel./ 1054.5 99.13 96.18 97.91 9!.73 105.30 104.44 1704 90.99 Termes de l'6changel/

GDP at constant P.I.B a prix constants(67-69 av. prices) 65,722 65,361 69,924 71,169 69,556 70,368 64,529 67,738 73,888 (moyens 67-69)

Incomne effect of terms Effet de revenu des termesof trade +708 -152 - 608 -405 -253 +961 .759 -708 -1,492 de l'echange

Gross domestic income 66,430 65,209 69,316 707614 69,303 71,329 65,288 72,396 Revenu interieur brut

Population in thousands 3,427 3,497 3,570 3,645 3,718 3,787 3,950 3,950 4,033 Population - en milliersPer capita gross domestic Revenu interieur brut

income - in CFAF 19,384 18,647 19,416 19,414 18,639 18,835 16,874 17,328 17,950 per capita - en FCFA 2/- in US 76.63 73.72 76.76 76.75 73.69 74.46 66.71 68.50 70.96 - en $ EU-

Notes:t1. Average 1967-1969 = 100.

Moyenne 1967-1969 = 100.

/2 The exchange rate of the CFAF to the US $ is 252.9 kept constant at US $1 = CFAF 252.9.Le taux de change est maintenu constant A $EU = FCFA 252.9.

TAM: 4.1 EXTEBIAL PUBLIC DEBT AS OF DECEMdBER 31, 1975

TABLEAU:4 .1 DEE PUBLIrUE ErTEBNE AU 31 DECDEKRE 1975

(in CFAF millirns de FCFA)

Debt outstanding ArrearaCreditor country Encours de ls dette Arrier6s Pay. creddteur

Disbursed Undisbursed InterestVerse Non-versd Total Principal Intdrat

Suppliers ,redits 26-- 2.561 1069 222 Creditr foursinneurs

Austria 6o -- 60 60 11 Autriche

Fr-ver 235 __ 235 86 7 Frause

Fed. Rep. of S.-asy 218 __ 218 218 22 RNp. Fed. d'Allcag-e

Italy 1324 -- 1324 317 133 Italie

LObaso. 405 __ 405 81 -- Liban

rhe Netherlands 219 __ 219 198 38 Pays-Bas

'Inited Kingd 99 -- 9 99 11 Royau-se-Usi

Brivate banks 1690 __ 1690 192 B3 Basques priv"es

Kuwait 1391 __ 1391 -- -- Ket

S-ctaerland 299 -- 299 192 83 Suicse

Ton- frr Tt.n.ti...oal Pr8ts des organisations interantionaleoOrlnlczrtions

Afri-sn De. Fund 91 795 886 -- -- Foods africpin do d6veloppement

-urupean Dc. Fund 323 -- 323 __ __ Fonda europ6en do ddvelsppe"etn

I.D.A. 2694 4o54 6748 __ AI.D.

Soec. Arab Fund for Africa -- 1136 1136 -- -- Fonds Arabs apdcinl pour l'Afrique

'oans free overnments 8438 1532M 23761 569 105 PrAto des G--sveroentn

Demark 307 61 368 -- -- Daner%

Fr.e.e 3122 1013 4135 497 53 France

Fed. Rep. of Germany 1083 49 1132 56 47 Republique FAddrale d'Alesagne

Iraq -- 2727 2727 -- -- Iraq

Arab Rep. of Libya 1591 -- 1591 R_ __ Bepublique Arabs de Libye

; ovocos 568 1250 1818 __ Maroc

People's Rev. of Chins 1132 10222 11354 -- -- Republique Populaire de Chine

csrael 35 -- 35 16 5 Ismrel

U.S.S.R. 600 __ 600 -- -- U.R.SDS.

7-1 otf al eablo debt 15797 21308 1820 411 Total de l dette publioce e.terne

Notes 1. Adjust-cots snd caucellatio.s are not shoan.- Leo adjusteents et le. asnulationn n'apparaissent pas sur ce tableau.

2. F.r conversion the CFAF/ug$ ekchnge. rate is kept constant at 227.23.- Le taua de ohasge FCFA/Us$ a Atd meintesu cso.s.nt b 227,23 pour la -onv-r-i-.

3. Panereal public debt includes all external borrowing of an origisal or estended naturity of one year or over either directly contracted or officiallyguaranteed by the public sector.L dette publique et6rieure comprend tous lea eorpsts eotdrieurs dont lea chbanees initiales depassent un an, qui ant 6td soit engages directement,noit officielment garantis par le Secteur Public.

Sources Chadian Dire-torate of the Budget, Treasury, NDJaznea and IBRD External Debt Division; Direction du Budget, Tras.r, et B.I.BRD, ecteur de la dette exterse.

TABLEAU 4.2.1: Services Paiements, Engagements, Versements et Montants Restane a Rembourser de la Dette Publique Ext6rieure: Situation au 31 decembre 1975

TABLE 4.2.1: Service Payments, Commitments, Disbursements and Outstanding Amounts of External Public Debt: Status as of December 31, 1975

(En millions de FCFA)

(In millions of CFA francs)

TOTAL

Dette a Rembourser a lafin de 1' Annie

Debt Outstanding at the Transactionsend of the Year Transactions

Y ComprisMontants Service Paiements

Non Verses Servigce?wsnyetsAnne'es Versae Seulement Including Engagements Versements InteretsYears Disbursed Only Undisbursed Commitments Disbursements Principal Interest Total

1968 6,850 10,214 2,603 815 472 139 6111969 6,527 9,691 614 760 528 142 6701970 7,295 9,985 819 1,270 503 86 5891971 8,338 10,709 1,552 1,828 1,295 196 1,4911972 5,938 8,531 742 541 787 158 9451973 8,757 16,656 8,296 3,042 639 102 7411974 12,706 33,045 16,508 4,103 654 150 8041975 15,801 37,114 5,550 4,502 1,107 304 1,411

1976 16,337 33,568 - 4,082 1,725 417 2,1421977 18,720 31,623 - 4,328 1,946 411 2,3571978 20,859 29,526 - 4,236 2,097 428 2,5251979 22,561 28,026 - 3,203 1,500 380 1,8801980 24,153 26,921 - 2,696 1,105 338 1,4431981 25,027 25,873 - 1,922 1,048 312 1,3601982 24,837 24,908 - 775 963 284 1,2471983 23,936 23,956 - 52 952 249 1,2011984 22,605 22,608 - 17 1,348 219 1,5671985 21,262 21,262 - 3 1,345 196 1,5411986 19,931 19,931 - - 1,331 175 1,5061987 18,593 18,593 - 1,337 155 1,4921988 17,424 17,424 - _ 1,169 134 1,3031989 16,240 16,240 - - 1,184 124 1,3081990 15,055 15,055 - - 1,184 114 1,298

Taux de Change Utilise: 1 FCFA - 0.0044 dollar E.U.Exchange rate used: 1 CFA Franc - U.S. $0.0044

Notes: Les montants repris comme "Verses seulement "et" Y compris montants non verses" a la fin de 1975 comprennent 1,820 millions de FCFAprincipal en arrieres exclus par la suite des projections. Seules lea dettes de plus d'un an de maturite sont incluses.

Amounts given as "disbursed" and "including undisbursedh at the end of 1975 include CFA 1820 million of principal in arrears whichare excluded thereafter from the projections. Includes only debts of over one year maturity.

Sources: Direction du Budget, Tresor Tchadien.Chadian Directorate of Budget, Treasury.

EAP/EDDMay 20, 1976

TABLEAU 4.2.2: Services Paiements, Ehgagements, Versements et Montants Restants a Rembourser de la Dette Publique Exterieure: Situation au 31 decembre 1975

TABLE 4.2.2: Service Payments, Commitments, Disbursements mad Outstanding Amounts of External Public Debt: Status as of December 31, 1975

(En millions de FCFA)

(In millions of CFA francs)

Dette a Rembourser a lafin de l'Annme

Debt Outstanding at the Transacticnsegd of the Yeag Transactions

Y ComprisMontants Service Paiements

Non Verses Service PaymentsAnnrees Versee Seuilement Including Engagements Versements Ier8tsYears Disbursed Only Undisbursed Commitments Disbursements Principal Interest Total

Cre'dits Fournisseurs/Supplier's Credits

1968 1,031 1,528 329 412 237 47 2841969 1,152 1,434 188 404 273 61 3341970 1,353 1,603 354 385 184 28 2121971 2,033 2,096 821 970 409 60 4691972 1,670 1,682 - 54 440 86 5261973 1,670 2,770 1,167 14 62 8 701974 2,690 2,690 - 1,077 147 42 1891975 2,561 2,561 195 195 224 65 289

1976 1,093 1,093 - - 408 72 4801977 707 707 - - 387 51 4381978 320 320 - - 387 31 4181979 17 17 - - 304 11 3151980 - - - - 17 1 18

Taux de Change Utilis8: 1 FCFA - 0.0044 dollar E.U.Exchange rate used: 1 CFA Franc = U.S. $0.0044

Notes: Les montants repris commae "Verses seulement net" y compris montants non verses" a la fin de 1975 comprennent 222 millions deFCFA principal en arrieres exclus par la suite des projections. Seules les dettes de plus d'un an de maturite scnt incluses.

Amounts given as "disbursed" and "including undisbursed" at the end of 1975 include CFA 222 millicn of principal in arrears whichare excluded thereafter from the projections. Includes only debts of over one year maturity.

Sources: Direction du Budget, Trgsor Tchadien.Chadian Directorate of Budget, Treasury.

EAP/EDMay 20, 1976

TABLEAU 4.2.3: Services Paiements, Engagements, Versements et Montants Restants a Rembourser de la Dette Publique Exterieure: Situation au 31 decembre 1975

TABLE 4.2.3: Service Payments, Commitments, Disbursements snd Outstanding Amounts of External Public Debt: Status as of December 31, 1975

(En millions de FCFA)

(In millians of CFA francs)

Dette 1 Rembourser a lafin de l'AnnSe

Debt Outstanding at the Transactionsend of the Year Transactions

Y ComprisMontants Service Paiements

Non Verses Service PaymentsAnnees Vers6e Seulement Including Engagements Versements InterBtsrems Disbursed Only Undisbursed Commitments Disbursements Principal Interest Total

Loans from Governments/Emprunts aux Gouvernements

1968 5,516 6,633 933 248 209 71 2801969 5,007 6,296 427 237 211 57 2681970 5,265 6,438 465 560 302 55 3571971 5,193 6,080 165 445 865 119 9841972 2,991 3,792 242 347 324 65 3891973 5,328 8,507 4,929 2,678 577 84 6611974 6,311 21,647 13,122 1,002 392 54 4461975 8,442 23,770 3,082 3,016 726 81 807

1976 9,681 22,266 - 2,743 933 196 1,1291977 11,144 21,051 _ 2,678 1,216 238 1,4541978 12,662 19,673 - 2,896 1,378 295 1,6731979 14,306 18,817 - 2,500 855 286 1,1411980 15,563 17,915 - 2,159 903 274 1,1771981 16,257 16,905 - 1,705 1,011 252 1,2631982 15,983 15,983 - 648 921 222 1,1431983 15,073 15,073 _ - 910 186 1,0961984 13,808 13,808 - - 1,265 147 1,4121985 12,639 12,639 - - 1,168 125 1,2931986 11,491 11,491 - - 1,149 105 1,2541987 10,342 10,342 _ - 1,149 87 1,2361988 9,376 9,376 - - 965 68 1,0331989 8,411 8,411 - - 965 60 1,0251990 7,445 71,445 - - 965 51 1,016

Taux de Change Utilise: 1 FCFA - 0.0044 dollar E.U.Exchange rate used: 1 CFA Franc - U.S. $0.0044

Notes: Les montants repris comme "Verses seulement "et" Y compris montants non verses" a la fin de 1975 comprennent 569 mil-lions de FCFA principal en arrieres exclus par la suite des projections. Seules les dettes de plus d'un an de maturitesont incluses.

Amounts given as "disbursed" and "including undisbursed" at the end of 1975 include CFA 569 million of principal in arrearswhich are excluded thereafter from the projectians. Includes only debts of over one year maturity.

Sources: Direction du Budget, Tresor Tchadien.Chadian Directorate of Budget, Treasury.

EAP/EDDMay 20, 1976

TABLEAU 4.2.4: Service Psiements, Engagements, Versements et Montants Restants B Rembourser de is Dette Publique Exterieure: Situation aU 31 decembre 1975

TABLE 4.2.4: Service Payments, Commitments, Disbursements and Outstanding Amounts of External Public Debt: Status as of December 31, 1975

(En millions de FCFA)

(In millions of CFA franca)

Dette 1 Rembourser a& lafin de l'Annme

Debt Outstanding at the Transactionsend of the Year Transactions

Y ComprisMontants Service Paiements

Non Verses Service PaymentsAnnees Vers'ie Seulement Including Enkgagements Versements Int6rdtsYears Disbursed Only Undisbursed Co3mitments Disbursements Principal Interest Total

Loans from International Organizations/Esprunts aux Organisations Internationales

1968 188 1,617 1,341 14 - 1 11969 307 1,617 - 119 - 2 21970 349 1,617 - 42 - 3 31971 720 2,1141 500 348 - 3 31972 901 2,681 500 140 - 7 71973 1,355 3,444 659 351 - 10 101974 1,912 6,835 3,386 551 - 15 151975 3,108 9,093 2,273 1,221 - 10 10

1976 4,447 9,093 - 1,340 - 24 241977 6,097 9,093 - 1,650 - 30 301978 7,413 9,069 - 1,340 24 39 631979 8,034 9,037 - 703 31 48 791980 8,590 9,006 - 537 31 57 881981 8,770 8,968 - 218 38 60 981982 8,854 8,925 _ 127 42 62 1041983 8,863 8,883 _ 52 42 63 1051984 8,797 8,800- - 17 83 72 1551985 8,623 8,623 _ 3 177 71 2481986 8,440 8,440 _ - 182 70 2521987 8,252 8,252 - 188 68 2561988 8,048 8,048 _ - 204 66 2701989 7,829 7,829 - - 219 64 2831990 7,609 7,609 - - 219 62 281

Taux de Change Utilisg: I FCFA = 0.0044 dollar E.U.1 CFA Franc = U.S. $0.0044

Sources: Direction du Budget, Tr6sor Tchadien.Chadian Directorate of Budget, Treasury.

EAP/EDDMay-20, 1976

TalOe 4.3 aOAAIT: DISN D897800 608 AOR nOed 19171-19T5

za1aM 4. mIca 0100308 PAR 8 LT01 90 001C3AUX 2010019 1975-1975

01111000 d. VErA

in elilIn- c CFAF 1 Fran CPA f 0,00144 dofl1-E

Senor year/donOr ~~~~ ~~ACF LOPF EEC AR/I C eotriee UP Agctith Other CARE Other Prit.t 7TOTAL Aode/d.nc.D.. cctltI ol y ... /d.... PAC ED0 CEO -s/Atte pay. de Agofl 13 Cowtitrte cAm OcntiOft

1'0CDE/C&D OF!?P & e--

I. I'O(hlEC? All' 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. AIDE 21021

o':oii0.n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0E cr0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~AGOICOLTUIE et

related ~~ toIllee 1971 214q.3 7014.9 --- 95142: 1972 cltA acen1977 303.0 572.0 - na .. .. 921 17Iq73 239.6 520.0 A - 105.3 - aS n.a. 065.7 1973191 3110 907 - 3. 3.8 095.5 597.0 0... ,357.3 19714

0T. 1460.0o0,OD8.4 50 70.0 10h.5 11.6.9 963.6 70. 55. ,037 17

I 01497710 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~INDUOTREEI N M VTJA1)71 10.7 - - - - - na 10.7 1971

1"?? 52.3 ~~~6.9 - .n:.a. - -. 59.0 1972

193 7.6 32.5 . -. 5.0 - - f.. 151 1973

i"714 - ~~~~35.1 . - -17.7 - - n. 50 194-1:037--4- 6s. 35.0 1975

S.. 1071 - 7146.0 - .- - e. 7146.0 1971 7AIPOI2

1'?' 1814.1 0.14 i8..,,,- ,. 04.5 1977

II37 i 08.o 98.3 . -. e* - t. .. 136.3:r,14 35.k 116.6 . 25.1, -. 0 - t.. 370. 1973

1'? I.., yi7.1I 91.6 - .9 310 191

0561410 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~SANTEactinlticg 0~~~071 3.5 63.2 -'6. 1971 netf

19 34.9 :~60.7 - na.. - 111 -I t~ 3114.7 17

1973 '0.5 M1. - 3.5 - - .a .. 1401.h 59)73~1971. 130 07.14 6.9 .0.7 101.0 3.14 f.. 20. 91975 11.0 296.A 14.. 6.9 6.i - 01.1 143.7 330.0 1975

1001061009 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~EDECATIONguicATION1971 sh.5 - -- - - .. 16.5 1971

1972 36.3 - .. - 132.3 - . a 166. 6 1972

1973 157 - - - s4.6 1013l c&. ca 111.5 1977

197k Io..7 .o - - 76.5 966.5 - 1a 91.6 197141975 11.0 0.5 - 40.9 20.5 1514.0 - 27.3 -356.0 1975

Ccltorc and Oorifnf OOflf-

00-1.1 c."erdes 19.15 76.2 - - -9.2 - - t8 5.3 1971 utolt p.erof-1972 514.6 - - a 2.3 123.9 - ca. i0.8 1972 -eOn

1973 70.7 .61.9 - - - 113.0 6145.6 1973

19714 36.5 142o.2 - 3.8 192.1 772.7 . f.. 11423.3 3974,1.91 17.0 2914.14 - 5.A 1714.9 772.7 814.3 7.0 1,306.3 1975

Oefttft ftt identift.blc

0971 1,939.3 - 2 - .0 - 2143.0 - -f/nd 2,207.3 397gn__

1972 1,605.0 1.0 -2 18 13.0 - -a/Id i.0*0.8 19721973 0149.6 - -- n/nd oa/d 9143.6 1973

19714 830.7 - n d - - ff~t 012.1 E'Jh.

1975 502.9 1.0 - .... o. ..... d 513.9 1975

SUB TOTAL PROJECCT AIl 1971 2,29.5 1,516.1 34.o 263.0 - ft/fd 14,082.7 1971 0020 TOTAL 14202

1972 2,266.2 8149.0 - . 314.1 314.14 2143.0 . n/nd 3,708.7 19721973 2,1439.7 31 4614.3 - 514.6 326.0 - n/d na/ad 3,206.6 1973

19714 1,338.7 1,056.0 - ii5.14 - 31.1.5 ,14s14.5 600.1 na/n 5,706.7 19714197'5 1,190.14 1,964.0 508.1 350.7 131.9 5147.7 1,736.3 303.2 ±06/.4 6,7o6.7 1975

II. RIN PROJECT AID 20. AIDE RON

Technical CnM-ertinn 1971 1,739.14 1.4. - 207.3 250.3 - - an, ad 2,220.14 1971 Cfto'Fatlsn tec-

1972 2,258.3 207.3 329.6 15.1 - - ftSnd 2,828.7 19707197 2,450.0 0.1 - 27.3 1.15.g 277.7 - uA/d nafd 3,371.0 1973

i971

2,115.0 0.0 155 537.3 17-1a/c 3,142.0 197141975 2,575.0 - 11.3 88.7 8 7.3 3043.3 17

079CR GOAMI 1971 7114.6 . . -- 279.5 - n/nd 9914.1 1971 AUT0020 DOND1972 320.:7 - - - 52.5 ..o/nd 1472.2 1972

1973 250.0 - 1,16.o . 329.5 19.3 1,2514.5 0./nd ft40d 2,969.3 1973

199714 25.0 2 ,8350.P 1,161.5 9014.5 26. 7 229.5 - oS/cnd 5,684.4 197141975 - - 709.3 56.1 - 1,509.0 - ,0. 2570.5 1975

SUR-TOTAL 02N-10102T 0020 TOTAL AIDE

1971 2,154s1.' 1.h 237.3 052.3 279.5 . /no 3,2114.5 19711972 2.579.' -I 227.3 329.6 1614.6 - c/nd 3,320.9 1972

1973 2,720.0 ) 0.1I,i6.o 227.3 7145.14 297.0 1,o514.s oa/fd na/od 6,3*0.3 197319714 2,667.') 0.2 2,850.0 1,16.5 11'40. 006.0 209.3 O4ftd 9,112.14 197141975 2,7.) - 709.3 s6. 211. -3 2,3914.71,8. 2141.0 7,370.8 1977

I1IT. 02R80f076140.0 I IIII. 006210 TOJTAL

0971 14,7149.5 1,507.5 - 207.3 286.1 279.5 0130 - n/nd 7.303 1971192 1,M17.6 0190 - 207.3 363.7 1479.0 213. - 0/nd Zi j 17

1973 14,139.7 1,14614.4 1,116.o 227.3 000.0 625.0 1,2514.5 na/nd ra/nd Qa..6..ci 197319714 6,005.71 1,56.14 2850.2 1,276.9 1.1400.2 1,1145,5 1,6084.o 60.14 na/cd !3 9..91 19714

1075 3,773.14 1,9214.2 1,217.14 146.0 3143.2 2,:943,14 1,736.3 1365.0 3146.2 114.07677 10175

'Docter nft.tdentfnhl" reprd 3cc d0c attrlbnahles 6 plci. or. ce-t-n on ne-Ictta.t paa cc aioaIc dnad, nine1 90. Ice -ootrObottooc. draa- er Itoc

7. "echicalocceraioo locldec a fo. of Techoical AssiStance ont di ...tly licnked to pe-ific devnlpn..nt projectS hot reatiog rather to hko-hn nod d-0.t1, in geon.al.Ocoenr. Tccica Acetanc pr-cddd it ccnetan.th p.pifldl prjojet. Is considered as projet iftegated and Is clasified der1 the porpriaste Sftt- cf Such Pr-j-tl.

72on6rt3a4o3oooo rornd tct ftone daee.iatea- tnohniqc qu) ona.t P- diretnct epdnifnqce enDs co -lAce Plct6t dn lenopetic.etc de O'ddocatto no gd6,,rt.i6iiiN.TTidistacetohciqo.e tfernl no relatic- ..e dee projete s6lfSlfOce etc cweslddrde c~e prtie intdgre.e des prnjete eo qoeettcn et reqoit 1.in ale .. claal-ltloo

Iectorielle.1Ml ""

''Ooer 'hoOr'Coclata orinaily of Fncd nid either in hind ft o-f nod other rclntd nrgeo-y r.elic ..ctolrhLict.-.AOtrn. - Dts repr...d ...ecotlellceno lalde alia-talr ScOt en nern0 no enpAc et toatee actree contriflti... relatives . i ad-n doronoc..

'oon hadiac Iro rt f accilg 6-.ppl-nted 0Y etatlstloc made -arlblnho hy repre...ntatioe If the PAD, -.D?, 1012D1 In i'D03.cn aid,Aid fIcc data rel.afted hy the EECP/0)AC.

Ml...otlco do Mao, Otatletiq-,oniodaPar Iee reprd.. enotat do PAC, PROD, FCD 1. NDjan-o doto6ee aur 1'aidn no ddveepp-nnt publiJea par i0CSE/DAC.

Table 4.4 AID DISBURSEMENTS BY TYPE AND PURPOSE. 1971-1975Tableau 4.4 DETAIL SUR LES DEBOURSEMENTS DES FLUX D'AIDE 1971-1975

(gross in CFAF aillion - bruts en millions de FCFA)

1971 1972 193 1974 1975

I. PROJECT AID I. AIDE PROJETS

AGRICULTURE 954.2 922.1 865.7 2,936.8 5,916.8 AGRICULTURELoans __ __ 519.5 2,413.1 PretsGrants 954.2 922.1 865.7 2,357.3 3,503.7 Dons

INDUSTRY 203.1 112.8 269.0 345.8 552.4 INDUSTRIELoans 153.6 153.9 293.0 Ijj PretsGrants 10.7 59.2 115.1 52.8 85.8 Dons

TRANSPORT/COMMUNICATION 1,169.2 305.0 34 1219.5 655.4 TRANSPORTS/COMMUNICATIONSLoans 421.2 120.5 840.7 F12retsGrants 748.0 184.5 136.3 378.8 531.0 Dons

HEALTH and related 66.7 314.7 402.8 290.2 330.0 SANTE et activites annexesLoans --- - -- retsGrants 66.7 314.7 402.8 290.2 330.0 Dons

EDUCATION (excl. T.A.) 16.5 179.3 193.5 440.4 685.0 EDUCATION (non corapris l'assistanceLoans -- 12.7 22.0 w9 329.0 Pr8ts techniq-ie)Grants 16.5 166.6 171.5 391.6 356.0 Dons

COMWUNITY, SOCIAL SERVICES 1,299.6 534.7 1,168.3 3,764.7 1,986.0 COMMUNAUTE ET SERVICES SOCIAUXLoans 1,214.3 353.9 522.7 2,341.4 599.7 PretsGrants 85.3 180.8 645.6 1,423.3 1,386.3 Dons

SECTOR NOT IDENTIFIABLE 2,207.3 1,880.8 949.6 812.7 1 082 0 SECTEUR NON IDENTIFIABLELoans -- -- -- -- 568.1 PretsGrants 2,207.3 1,880.8 949.6 812.7 513.9 Dons

TOTAL PROJECT AID TOTAL AIDE PROJETSLoans 1 827.9 540.7 917.0 4,103.4 450r8tsGrants _3,2__ 3,; _ 5t6.706 ,. Dons

II. NON-PROJECT AID II AIDE NON PROJETS

DEBT RELIEF -- -- 2,125.0 -- -- REAIMENAGEMENT DE LA DETTELoans -- -- 2,120.0 -- -- Prets

TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE 2 220.4 2 828 7 3.371.0 3 428.0 3 843 3 ASSISTANCE TECHNIQUEGrants 2,220.4 2,3,371.0 3428.0 3, Dons

OTHER GRANTS 994.1 472.2 2,969.3 5,684.4 3,526.7 AUTRES DONS

TOTAL NON-PROJECT AID 3,214.5 3,300.9 8,465.3 9,112.4 7,370.0 TOTAL AIDE NON PROETSLoans -- 2,125.0- -Frt

Grants 3,214.5 3,300.9 6,340.3 9,112.4 7,370.0 Dons

III.GRAND TOTAL(14 II) 9 131.1 7550.3 126689 18.922.5 18,577.6 III. GRAND TOTAL (I+II)Loans W9 540.7 3 042.0 4 1034 4_500.9 PretsGrants 7,303.2 7__ _9;626 1 Tl 14 7 Dons

Exchange rate used: 1 CFAF-US $ O.oo44Taux de change utilis6: 1 FCFA= c,oo44 dollar E.U.

Table 4.5 INDICATORS OF THE BURDEN OF EXTERNAL PUBLIC DEBT SERVICE 1971-1975

Tableau 4.5 INDICATEURS DU SERVICE DE LA DETTE PUBLIQUE EXTERIEURE 1971-1975

(Basic data in billions of CFAF/Donnees de base en milliards de FCFA)

1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Exports and Non-factor Services 21.98 21.52 22:73 28.89 24.00 Exportations et Services

Government Revenues 12.79 11.79 11j24 13.52 15.25 Revenus Gouvernementaux

Debt Service Service de la Dette

a. Paid (excl. arrears) 1.49 0.95 0.74 o.80 1.41 a. Paye (excl. les arrieres)b. Due (incl. arrears) 1.93 1.71 2.05 2.48 3.64 b. Da (y compris les arri6r6s)

Service de la Dette en pourcentageDebt Service as % of Exports and NFS des Exportations et Services

a. Paid (excl. arrears) 6.8 4.4 3.3 2.8 5.9 a. Paye (excl. les arrieres)b. Due (incl. arrears) 8.8 7.9 9.0 8.6 15.2 b. Du (y compris les arrieres)

Service de la Dette en pourcentageDebt Service as % of Govt. Revenues des Revenus Gouvernementaux

a. Paid (excl. arrears) 11.6 8.1 6.6 5.9 9.2 a. Pay6 (excl. les arrieres)b, Due (incl. arrears) 15.1 14.5 18.2 18.3 23.9 a. Df (y compris les arrire's

Note: Arrears on debts of less than one year maturity are not taken into account in calculating the above percentages.Les arri6r6s das sur les dettes de moins d'un an de maturite ne sont pas repris dans les pourcentages ci-dessus.

TABLE 5 .1 OVERALL GOVERNMENT ACCOUNT 1967-1975

TABLEAU 5-1 COMPTE FINANCIER GENERAL DE L'ETAT 1967-1975

(in CFAF million/en millions de FCFA)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Current revenues 10,210 10,400 11,404 13,600 13,010 12,490 11,240 13,520 15,250 Revenus courants

Current and capital exp. -10.960 -12,047 -14.016 -15.7 -17 16.400 -15.180 -15,110 -17,620 -17,110 D6penses courantes et d'investissesent

Budgetary deficit -750 -1,647 -2,612 -2,110 -3,390 -2,690 -3,870 -4,100 -1,860 D6ficit budgetaire

Special Treasury accounts (net) 40 90 120 170 40 140 -60 -20 -200 Comptes sp6ciaux du Tr6sor (nets)

overall deficit -710 -1.557 -2,492 -1.940 -3.350 -2,550 -3,810 -,20 -2,060 Deficit global

Financing: Financement

Domestic 310 1,027 2,192 340 1,100 1,560 2,908 2.56o 1,140 Domestique

Drawings on Central Bank (net) 222 258 263 30 430 1,020 40 150 Tirages sur la Banque Centrale (nets)

Treasury deposits movements 626 852 307 10 -180 420 600 -230 Mouvements des depots au Tr6sor

of which:Cotton Stabil. Fund (80) (120) (310) (-10) (20) (320) (n.a/n.d) (-100) dont:Caisse de Stabilisation du coton

Other Treasury liabilities 310 140 1,221 420 1,200 2,380 808 2,270 1,360 Autres pasaifs du Tresor

of which:arrears (78) (1,182) (499) (1,180) (2,190) (629) (1,691) (912) dont: virements differes

Treasury cash changes 60 14 -400 -20 -450 360 -30 -- Changements dans les niveaux de liquidites

Other Treasury operations -21 -153 -250 -120 -620 300 -320 -140 Autres operations du tresor

Ixternal 400 530 300 1,600 2.250 990 902 1,560 920 Externe

External aid 400 530 300 1,600 2,250 990 650 150 -- Aide externe

Arrears, of which: -- -- -- -- -- -- 252 670 826 Virements diff6res

Postal debt not available separately, included above -- (124) (691) (659) Dette postale

Air Afrique non disponible s6parement, inclus ci-dessus -- (128) (-21) (167) Dette Air Afrique

Other external assistance -- -- -- -- -- -- __ 610 90 Autre assistance externe

of which:IMF oil facilities dont tirages p6

troliers

counterpart -- -- -- -- -- (610) -- du FMI.

Outstanding total arrears 147 225 1,407 1,906 3,o86 5,276 6,157 8,518 10,256 Total des vtrements differes accumuleis.(end of period)

Notes:

1. Current revenues and expenditures being calculated on a yearly cash basis include operations of the budget of the year, and of the previous budgets, when effective cashtransaction took place-Les recettes courantes et les depenses sont donn

6es sur une base cash, et comprennent des lors, les op

6rations du budget de l'ann

6e et des budgets pr6c6dents, lorsqu'il

y a eu une transaction effective, independamment de l'imputation budgetaire finale.

2. This Table is on a calendar year and cash basis.Ce Tableau est calcule sur base de lann6e civile et sur base de Tr6sorerie.

TABLE 5.2 CENTRAL GOVERNMENT BUDGETARY REVENUES, 1967-1975

TABLEAU 5.2 RECETTES BUDGETAIRES DU GOUVERNEENT CENTRAL 1967-1975(in CFAF million/en millions de FCFA)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Taxes on companies 103 579 642 -km l 96 981 73 7 823 1.72 Imp8ts sur revenues et b6n6fices des societes

of which: Taxes on profit 276 272 246 277 574 494 351 334 909 dont:taxes sur les profitsMinimum fiscal -- 136 184 191 356 223 174 229 452 Minimun fiscal"Payroll tax -- 135 191 189 197 207 159 174 301 Taxe forfaitaire

Taxes on individuals 921 867 1.051 1.195 1.254 1. 441 1.127 1,302 1,856 Bma6t sur les personnes physigues

of which: IRPP 908 849 1,008 1,147 1,208 1,341 1,071 1,189 1,774 dont:IRPP

Personal income tax 840 1.011 1068 1011 983 827 1011 976 Imp8ts personnels

Head tax 546 787 871 861 832 847 796 968 910 Taxe civiqueLivestock tax 294 224 197 150 132 136 31 43 64 Taxe sur le betail

Taxes on production and consumption 1,511 I429 1.372 1,604 2.057 1.972 2 Taxes a la production et la consommation

Single tax 1,171 1,001 760 964 1,380 1,430 1,630 1,341 1,388 Taxe uniqueTurnover tax 340 428 612 640 677 542 429 634 820 Imp

8t sur le chiffre d'affaires

Taxes on international commerce 3,813 3.371 5,180 6,150 5,890 4.600 4.115 5,917 6,699 Taxes sur le commerce international

Import duties 3,o44 2,632 4,137 5,330 5,100 3,740 3,328 5,053 5,618 Droits d'entr6eExport duties 769 739 1,O43 820 790 860 787 864 1,081 Droits de sortieof which: on cotton .. 710 597 704 610 702 825 dont: coton

Taxes on property 412 419 410 464 474 543 597 736 857 Taxes sur la propriete

Other tax revenues 232 257 179 173 117 135 69 181 224 Autres recettes

Total of tax revenues 8,032 7.933 9,902 11.272 11.952 10.655 9.531 11.945 14.544 Total des revenus fiscaux

Other non-tax receipts 1 260 1.398 1.540 1,690 849 9 788 1,109 1,319 Autres revenus non fiscaux

of which: postal services 397 429 541 468 488 497 470 492 553 dont:services postauxother 863 969 999 1,042 361 492 318 617 766 autres services gouvernementaux

Total of classified revenues 9,292 9.331 11442 12.782 12,801 11.644 10,319 13,054 15.863 Total des recettes imput6es

Receipts to be classified 918 1,069 -38 813 209 1846 921 468 -613 Recettes s classer

Total of central Government Total des recettes budgetairesbudgetary revenues 10,210 10,400 11,404 13,600 13,010 12,490 11,240 13,520 15,250 du Gouvernement central

NoteThe figures in this Table are on a Treasury basis.Les chiffres de ce Tableau sont sur une base de Tr6sorerie.

Sources:Central Treasury/Tr6sorerie Centrale: Situation des dmissions et des recouvrements; IMF Resident mission; FMI mission r6sidente; IMF art. XIV consultation reports;FMI art. XIV, rapports de consultation;IMF survey of the tax system of Chad 1970; FMI etude du systeme fiscal du Tchad, 1970.

Table 5.3 BUDGETARY EXPENDITURES 1967-1975Tableau 5.3 DEPENSES BUDGETAIRES 1967-1975

(in CFAF million - en millions ie FCFA)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Wages and salaries 5,150 5,440 6,440 7,150 7,760 8,480 8,730 9,000 9,660 Traitements et sslairesMaterial and supplies 2,670 2,780 3,110 3,840 3,830 3,460 2,980 3,980 4,450 MaterielContributions and subsidies 1,520 1,800 1,880 1,980 1,670 1,570 1,560 3,070 1,880 Contributions et subsides

Other and unallocated current Autres depenses courantesexpenses 710 950 1,100 1,420 1,370 320 80 940 200 dont non specifiees

Total current expenditures 10,050 10,970 12,530 14,390 14,630 13,830 13,350 16,990 16,190 Total des d6penses courantes

Debt service 420 440 436 550 870 520 590 590 580 Service de la dette

Investment expenditures 490 631 1,050 770- 900 830 1,170 40 340 Depenses d'investissement

Total expenditures 10,960 12,041 14,016 15,710 _16400 15,180 15,110 17,620 17,110 Total des d6penses

-- - -- -in percentage - en pourcentage-.

Wages and salaries 47.0 45.1 46.o 45.5 47.2 55.9 58.6 51.0 56.5 Traitements et salairesMaterial and supplies 24.4 23.1 22.2 24;4 23.4 22.8 19.7 22.7 26.0 MaterielContributions and subsidies 13.9 14.9 13.4 12.7 10.2 10.3 10.3 17.4 11.0 Contributions and subsides

Total current expenditures 91.7 91.0 89.4 91.6 4 82 91.1 88.7 96.4 94.7 Total des depenses courantesDebt service 3.8 3.7 3.1 3.5 5.3 3.4 3.9 3.4 3.3 Service de la detteInvestment expenditures 4.5 5.3 7.5 4.9 5.5 5.5 7.4 0.2 2.0 Depenses d'investissement

Total expenditures 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Total des d6penses

Note: l. Expenditures to be classified and minimal adjustments to Treasury data are included in other current expenditures.Les d6penses a imputer, ainsi que de minimes ajustements aux chiffres du Tresor sont inclus dans "d6penses courantes, dont non sp6cifiees".

2. The figures in this table are on acalendar year and in a cash basis.Les donnees contenues dans ce tableau sont sur une base d'ann6e de calendrier et de Tr6sorerie.

Sources: Varia, Bordereaux sommaires et Balancesgenerales des Comptes du Tr6sor; IMF resident mission and IBRD mission.Varia, Bordereaux sommaires et Balances gen6rales des Comptes du Tr6sor; mission r6sidente du FI ett mission de la BIRD.

Table 5.4 FUNCTIONAL CIASSITICATION OF 1973 iDEZTD AiD ACTUAL DIUU

Tableau 5.4 CLASSIFICATION FONCTIONNEILE DES APPROPRIATIuHS YT DES DEPEES RENUD5ETAIRES 1973

(in CFAF million - am million do FCFA)

1973 1973 1973

Total Appropriat. Actual expenditure Actul a. % of budgtdAppropriat. statles Depenses r6alis6es Dpm-a. aetuali - 2 de. pprp.

GENERAL PUBLIC SERVICES SMRVICES PUBLICB GOEM

Presidency of the Republicand servicen 1,142.7 1,039.4 96.6 Pr6aidence de la Republique et servicesNrtional Asserbly 251.4 258.0 102.6 Aseoble ttionale

Jwtice 105.0 106.9 101.8 JwticeEcononic end social council 12.7 16.4 129.1 Conseel cnonique et uncialDepartment of ec.nomy, Plan andc erce 48.4 67.1 138.6 Econonie, C et PlanForeign affrirs 457.3 547.9 109.8 Afainsre dteang&resDepartoect of Financ 375.9 404.5 107.6 Ninletbre des FinanceePublic service and labor 72.5 90.9 125.4 Fonction publique et travil

Tourism and infornation 130.0 129.7 94.1 Tourisre et iniorationDepartment of the Interior 868.6 1,352.2 155.7 Affaires int6rieures

Comnnoo expenditure for Depenses caunes depersonnel 180.0 126.3 70.2 personnelCommon expenditure on naterial 362.0 261.1 72.4 D6pense. co nes do taterielOther common expenditure 122.5 197.1 160.9 Autres d6peosee. cna e-

Contributions to external Contributions k des orgenimsinstitutioon 491.0 420.8 1u6.7 exter-esContributions to domestic Contributions & den orgeneati-sinctituti..n 415.7 428.2 103.0 nationales

Social transfers 392.1 427.6 109.1 Transferts I titre social

Defec..e 3,585.4 3,553.5 99.2 DefenseEduction 1,308.1 1,508.8 115.3 EductionHealth and social affairn 680.1 715.0 105.1 Santd et affairce nociales

TOTAL GERERAL PUBLIC SERVICES 11,001.3 11,65o.9 O TOTAL SBRVICES POUELIWS Gm2AUX

ECONOMIC SERVICES SERVICES RCmuUQUES

Agriculture and livestock 571.8 62o.5 108.5 Agriculture et 61evagePublic work ad territorial Treaux Publics et in6nagementdevelopoent 188.7 211.4 112.0 du Territoire

Transports and P. & T. 373.3 398.0 106.6 Transports et P. & T.

Building maintenance 36.o 41.8 116.1 ERtretien de. bSti-nntsRoad naintenance 45.o 4o.0 88.1 Entretien den routes

Econonic trannferu 4,o0u.o ,186.0 25.8 Transferte A titre 6donomiqon

Debt nervice and pensions 800.o 531.8 66.5 Service de la dette et allocationsvlagbTes

TOTAL ECONO!C SERVICES 6.016.8 ,095 50.4 TOTAL SERVICEs ECORoMIQUES

TOTAL 17,018.1 i4.680.4 6.3

Noteu 1. Thin Table is on fiscal year basis, and recordn expenditures made in 1973 to March 1976 under 1973 budgatasy amprsetioneLe. donn6es de c- tableau sont nor bane d'an6e fincale et conpreanent toutes les d6penaea faites dur1n la pdriode 973-1936 (mars) aur bane des appropriationsbudgdtairec de 1973.

2. Total personnel 8,335.6 8,683.9 104.2 D6penses de personnelTotal material 2,440.7 2,777.9 113.8 Total Dat6rielTotal other, of 6,241.8 3,218.6 51.6 Total autrea dont:which tranofer to tranafert au budgetinvestment budget 1,000.0 na/nd -- d'6quipement

Sources: Treasury - Trdsor; Bordereaux Soma-res, 1973 Budget Gdodral de 1lEtat, IMF resident mission, misnion r6sidente du FRI and IBRD mission - et mission B.I.R.D.

Table 5.5 FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF 1974 BUDGETED Ah. ACTUAL EXPENDITURES

Tableau 5.5 CLASSIFICATION FONCTIONNELLE DES APPROPRIATIONS ET DES DEPENSES BUDGETAIRES 1974

(in CFAF million - en millions de FCFA)

1974 1974 1973Total appropriat. Actual expenditure Actual as % of budgetad

Appropriat. totales Depenses realisees DJp. actuelles en 1 des app.GENERAL PUBLIC SERVICES SERVICES PUBLICS GENERAUX

Presidency of the Republic and Presidence de la R6publique etservices 2,952.8 2,926.6 99.0 services

National Assenbly 247.4 259.2 104.8 Assemblde nationaleJustice 100.9 118.8 117.7 JusticeEconmic and social council 12.5 13.5 108.0 Consell 6comnGique et socialDepartment of economy, Plan and

commerce 84.5 65.8 77.9 Economie, Qserce et PlanForeign affairs 510.6 638.4 125.0 Affaires etrangbresDepartment of finance 372.3 386.4 103.8 Ministbre des FinancesPublic service and labor 39.6 55.9 141.2 Fonction publique et travailTourism and information 156.1 141.4 90.6 Information et TowriseDepartment of the interior 906.6 1,203.1 132.7 Affaires intdrieures

Common expenditures for personnel 182.0 114.7 63.0 D6peoses co-unes en personnelCanmon expenditures on material 396.0 398.3 loo.6 D6penses communes en matirielOther common expenditures 638.0 604.2 94.7 Ddpenses communes diverses

Contributions to external institutions 514.0 403.0 78.4 Contributions 4 des organismesext6rieures

Contributions to domestic institutions Contributions h des organismes1,771.7 879.1 49.6 nationaux

Social transfers 525.8 879.0 167.2 Transferts h titre social

Defense 3,472.3 3,725.4 107.3 D6fenseEducation 1,384.3 1,584.2 112.3 Education natiomaleHealth and social affairs 839.7 835.9 99.5 Sante et affaires sociales

TOTAL GENERAL PUBLIC SERVICES 15.107.1 15,232.0 98.8 TOTAL SERVICES PUBLICS GENEBAUX

ECONOMIC SERVICES SERVICES ECON0MrzQUES

Agriculture and livestock 511.3 533.6 104.4 Agriculture et 6levagePublic works and territorial Travaux publics et sm6nagementdevelopment 262.8 328.7 125.1 du territoire

Transport and P & T 442.5 452.0 101.6 Transports et P & T.Forests, fishing and hunting 113.8 134.3 118.0 For6ts, peche et chasse

Building maintenance 46.o 44.1 95.9 Entretien des b&timentsRoads maintenance 45.o 38.7 86.o Entretien des routes de comnunication

Econosic transfers 2,564.9 64.9 2.5 Transferts h titre 6conosique

Debt service and pensions 806.5 556.9 69.1 Service de la dette et allocations viagbres

TOTAL ECONOMIC SERVICER 4,792.8 2.153.2 44.8 TOTAL SERVICES ECONOMIQUES

TOTAL 12 386; 86.O TOTAL

Notes: 1. This table is on a fiscal year basis, and records expenditures made in 1974, 1975 and Jan. - March 1976 under 1974 budgetary appropriations.

1J donn6es de ce tableau sont sur base d'ann6e fiscale et comprennent toutes les d6penses faites en 1974, 1975 et inesi que j-nvier-mars 1976, sur base des appropriations

2. Total personnel 8,262.5 8,998.6 108.9 Total personnelTotal material 5,685.8 5,oo2.4 88.0 Total matdrielTotal other, of which: 3,451.6 3,383.1J 98.o Total autres dont:transfer to investment transfert as budgetbudget 2,500.0 2.0 1.0 d'investissement

Sources: Treasury - Tr6sor, Bordereaux somsmaires - 1974 Budget General de IEtat, IMF resident mission; mission rdsidente du FMI, and IBRD mission et mission BIRD.

Table 5.6 DETAILS ON TREASURY ARREARS 19674975

Tableau 5.6 DETAIL DES VIREMENTS DIFFERES 1967-1975

(cumulative in CFAF million)

(cumul6s en millions de FCFA)

Structure1975

1967-1972 1973 1974 1975 %

Public utilities na/nd na/nd 938.3 1,475.3 14.4 Eau et 6lectricit6Petroleum products suppliers 256.3 267.4 305.7 392.2 3.8 Fournisseurs de produits petroliersOther suppliers 1,783.2 2,122.3 2,511.3 2,794.2 27.3 Autres fournisseursUnallocated 1,433.0 1,711.9 2,036.9 2,042.9 19.9 Non specifie

S/total 3,472.5 4,101.6 5,792.2 6 S/total

Postal debt 1,573.8 1,697.9 2,388.6 3,o47.4 29.7 Dette postaleDebt to Air Afrique 231.6 358.3 337.1 504.4 4.9 Dette envers Air Afrique

Total (at end of period) 5.277.9 6,157.8 8.517.9 10,256.4 100.0 Total (en fin de periode)

In percent of budgetary En pourcentage des revenusrevenues of the corresponding budgetaires de la p6riodeperiod 7.6% 54.8% 63.0% 67.2% correspondante

Notes: 1. This table shows arrears as they are recorded in the Treasury books. The debt to Air Afrique,. which amount to about CFAF 2.0 million is onlypartly recorded, and this might also be the case for other claims.Dans ce tableau ne figurent que les virements differ6s enregistr6s comme tels par le Tr6sor. La dette a Air Afrique se monte a 2 milliardsde frs. CFA, et n'est que partiellement enregistr6e. Ce cas pourrait se reproduire pour d'autres passifs.

2. Public utilities claims are estimated from their balance sheets.Les sommes dues a la compagnie d'eau et d'6lectricit6 sont reprises de leurs bilans.

3. Unallocated includes debt servicing arrears and debt to various organizations.La cat6gorie "non sp6cifi6" inclut le service de la dette en arri6r6 ainsi que les sommes dues a divers organismes.

4. Although totals of arrears are closely corresponding to Treasury figures, the breakdown contains some elements of estimate.Les totaux des virements diff6r6s correspondent aux chiffres du Tr6sor. NWanmoins la d6sagr6gation comprend une part r6duite d'estimation.

Sources: Chadian Treasury; IMF resident mission; previous IBRD and IMF reports; IBRD mission.Tr6sor tchadien; mission r6sidente du FMI; rapports BIRD et FMI; mission de la Banque.

Table 6.1 DISTRIBUTION OF CREDIT TO THE PRIVATE SECTOR 1967-1974

Tableau 6.1 DISTRIBUTION DES CREDITS AU SECTEUR PRIVE 1967-1974

(in CFAF million} end of period _ en millions de FCFA,fin de p6riode)

1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

SHORT TERM COURT TERME

Agriculture and fisheries 363 527 814 685 366 1,934 Agriculture et pecheManufacturing 443 393 580 794 1,152 1,763 Industries manufacturibres

of which :food industries (288) (222) (431) (252) (376) (1,130) dont:industries alimentairestextile industries (97) (52) (124) (394) (563) (415) industries textiles

Trade 7,941 5,917 4,821 4,714 5,698 6,ogo Commerceof which :import of petroleum products (590) (728) (632) (541) (570) (607) dont-importations de produits

Ipetroliersexport of cotton (5,188) (3,002) (1,571) (1,891) (2,603) (1,668) exportations de coton

Building and public works 303 350 223 314 325 450 Batiments et travaux publicsUnclassified 1,140 1,852 642 678 1,478 812 Non sp6cifie

TOTAL SHORT TERM 10,190 9,039 7,080 7,185 9,019 11,049 TOTAL COURT TERME

MEDIUM AND LONG TERM MOYEN ET LONG TERME

Agriculture 38 24 22 18 11 3 AgricultureHousing 1,200 1,177 1,139 926 1,005- 717 Construction de logementsManufacturing 420 360 436 289 252 166 Industries manufacturieresCommercial enterprises 131 287 358 391 323 463 Entreprises commercialesOthers 268 271 510 623 458 445 Autres

TOTAL MEDIUM AND LONG TERM 2,057 2,119 2,465 2,247 2,048 1,794 TOTAL MOYEN ET LONG TERME

Unclassified 110 100 130 120 120 120 Non sp6cifie

TOTAL 12,357 11,258 9,675 9,552 11,187 12,963 TOTAL

Notes: 1. "Unclassified" includes short-term credits of less than CFAF 2 million each, and medium- and long-term ones of less than CFAF 10 million each, which are notreported to the "Centrale des Risques". It also includes custom duty bills for the following amounts:

975 999 472 331 392 254

"Non 6pecifie" inclut les credits a cours terme de msoins de 2 milliGrs de FCFA et les credits a moyen et long terme de moins de 10 milliers de FCFAnon declares a la "Centrale des Risques". Cette categorie comprend aussi les credits d'aval douanier pour les montants suivants:

975 999 472 331 392 254

Source: B.E.A.C.

Table 6.2 NATIONAL SAVINGS BANK 1967-19'4

Tableau 6.2 CATSSK NATTONALE D'EPARGNE 1967-19 4

----- Number of accounts and total deposits -- Nombre de comptes et dp^ots totaux --------as of end of year en fin d'annee

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Number of accounts 1 0 60 12,708 15,298 1 21,789 24,879 27.432 31,933 Nombre de livrets

Individuals 10,587 12,689 15,279 18,609 21,765 24,855 27,409 31,908 Particuliers et soci6t6s

Companies 17 10 19 21 24 24 23 25 Compagnies

Total deposits (in CFAF million) 211.6 1 97.3 236.4 284.5 314.5 373.2 330.9 377.0 Total des ddp8ts (en millions de FCFA)

Individuals 135.8 165.4 203.4 250.1 283.4 339.8 329.6 376.0 Particuliers

Companies 75.8 31.9 33.0 34.4 31.1 33.3 1.3 1.0 Compagnies

--------Movements during year - ----------------- Mouvements pendant l'annee ------------------

Total deposits 149.4 181.1 244.5 327.2 391.0 440.6 428.9 445.2 Total des dep8ts

Total withdrawals 142.8 208.5 209.7 286.4 369.6 403.7 482.6 410.5 Total des retraits

Source: B.E.A.C.

Table 7.1 Prdcion Aaod A..lu of Crops., Liessiock and Fiab

Origin of Cross

Unt1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972. 1973 1974 1975 value of Crops

___t ___ __ 1967 1975

Food Crops

Milrodcto Srg, '000 toss 630 6761 651 610 565 415 380 531

Produce Price CFAF/kSg 10 10 10 1 12 13 17 22 23

Cross Valu- CFAP nillion 6,300 6,470 6,610 7,161 7,320 3,605 7,055 8,360 12,213 35 37

Paddy41 4306

Produotd.s '000 tons 37 32 32 37 39412306

Produce Price CFAF/kg8 13 14 14 15 17 20 24 27 32

Cross Va1s CPAF ollilOs 481 448 4,48 555 663 920 1,009 910 1,152 3 4

Production '000 toss 5 5 6 9 8 5 7 6 3

PrdcrPrise CFAF/kg 31 32 30 30 323 37 400 42

CosVle CFAP nillios 155 158 -190 240 25 17 -259 2402

Cub-total: Cereals CPAP nillion 6.936 7J076 7.238 7,5 8j239 819 8.322 9.410 13.491 39 41

Pro..ductio 000 tons 92 88 110 115 96 75 70 78 99

Produce Price CPAF/kg 17 18 21 21 21224273

Cros Value CPAF nillios 1,564 1,584 2,310 2,415 2,016 1,650 1,680 2,106 2,640 9 8

Production 000o toss 12 12 14 11 12 14 19 10 8

Producr Price CFAFIkg 29 31 32 32 37 39 42 54 60

Cross Value. CFAP illioo 348 372 448 352 444 54 9 4 8

Sub-total: 011 see ds CPAF nillion 1 912 1.956 2.758 2L.767 2460 2L196 2,478 2j646 3.120 11 10

Other Food C.mpn 00tn 7 8 8 9 0 0 1

Production 00 os 26 22 28 24 30 36295 26931

Produce r Price CFAF/hg 21 22 22 23 24 25 2903163333

Cross Value CFAF ni1lise 5.9 6.204 6.336 6&762 7J4 20 7J650 8,265 8 J,3333

Industrial CropsCotton

Prod-ctiss '000 toss 123 102 149 118 95 109 104 115 144

Producer Piric CPAP/kg9 ., 26 26 26 26 26 27.7 28.1 29.9 41.3 1

Cross Value CFAF millon 3.198 2,652 3,874 3,068 2,470 3,0 19 2,923 3,439 5 1041

Cam Arabic

Production tons 664 1,350 1,079 565 632 658 176 28 250

Producer Price CPAP/kg 35 35 35 35 40 40 40 50 70

Cross Value CPAP million 23 47 38 20 25 26 7 4 18

Producintons 120 100 100 110 124 31 39 2 30

Produce Price CFAF/kg 70 70 70 90 92 92 90 100 110

Cross.Valu CFAPmilliOO 8 7 7 9 11 3 4 -3

Tobacc.oProduction tons - - - Is9 52 93 142 135 172

Producer Price CPAF/kg --- 50 55 58 61 63 67

Cross Value CPAP ollliss-n 1 3 5 9 9 11

lab-total: Industrial CPAF million ___ _

crops 3 ,08229. 55 597 8 T9

All Croon: Cross Valus CPAP olilisn jE f 1 94 20 21 258 2009 144 22 07 3 97 3253100 100

(is constant.prices,1967-69 verage CPAP billion 18.4 19.0 20.0 19.3 18.2 19.0 15.8 15.6 18.4

Livestock: Cross V.I.a.4

Maat and offal1 3 CFAF million 5,227 5,495 5,747 6,509 7,291 9,123 10,547 8,397 9,265

Mclk CFAP nilliono 1698 1,715 1L91 2,095 2,347 2.61& .2.143 2L617 3I506

Toto1 CFAF otllios 6,925 7.Z210 7.664 8A.603 9,629 10Q735 12.690 11A014 11.,771

(In constant prices,1967-69-avrag) CPAF billion 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.4 2.7 7.7 10.1 6.1 5.2

Fish

Production '000 tons 60 63 66 69 90 120 140 160 120

Prodacar prics CPAF/bg 33 33 35 37 40 43 46 46 46

C;ross Value CPAP nillion 22 32207 2.310 2,553 3,200 5,160 6&440 7,360 5,520

(Inconstant prices, CPAP billton 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.7 4.0 4.7 5.4 4.0

1967-69 a--rge)

Cruod Total: Cross V.Iu.

Current Prices CFAF billion 26.9 27.2 30.2 31.7 33.2 37.4 41.1 42.3 50.1

Cons.tont Price CPAP billion 27.7 27.4 29.6 29.0 29.6 29.7 30.6 27.1 27.6

Sources: L'agricultur eat l'lev-gs tehodiens , tr-vers I.. chiffr... 1962-71, Dapartoent of Statistics. July 1972; Annua Reports of 0NDR;

Annual Reports of the Central Bank; Mission eatinttes.

I/ Caendar pears; crop data for (e.g.) 1967 relate to the harvest at end 1966; this lag does sot arise for livestock and fish.

2/ Details ti Table s.3/ Valuad an liveai- a

4/ As.-e SOT of the declise is the cattle herd sas consumed.

Table 8.1 CAPACITY AND PRODWITION OF MAJOR INDUSTRIES 1967-1975

Tableau 8.1 PRODUCTIONI ET CAPACITE DES PFTNCIPALES INDtSTRIES 1967-1975

Production capacityProduct Capacite de production 1967 1968 1262 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

--------------------- in thousands metric tons - en nilliers de tonnes mdtriques -------------------Ginned cotton 62.oo 45.15 41.75 53.03 42.93 37.49 41.03 38.86 42.96 52.91 Fibre de cotonMeat 13.60 9.01 12.06 114.71 16.19 15.14 9.60 7.97 10.99 6.69 ViandeSugar 18.00 8.80 9.31 13.59 13.07 16.38 16.70 17.04 15.26 17.60 SucreWheat flour 24.00 1.97 4.13 1.13 0.69 0.94 o.87 1.30 2.45 2.70 Farine de bieRice 16.80 5.42 3.22 4.o0 4.35 4.07 3.82 n.a. n.a. n.a. RizFeed cakes 2.00 1.38 1.42 1.37 1.49 1.37 1.54 1.34 1.55 1.91 TourteauxSweets 1.50 o.34 o.49 0.56 0.62 0.70 0.85 1.16 1.10 1.05 SucreriePerfumes 1.40 0.35 0.29 0.28 0.29 o.46 o.36 0.54 0.58 o.80 ParfansSoap 0.33 0.09 0.10 0.13 0.09 0.13 0.18 ---- industry closed ------- SavonPrinting 0.15 0.07 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.13 0.13 0.10 0.14 0.16 ImpressionCigarettes 0.54 -- -- -- 0.03 0.23 0.24 0.27 0.29 0.28 CigarettesTextile 2.50 -- 1.55 1.69 1.74 1.84 1.82 2.41 2.40 Textiles

-------------------- in thousands of hectoliters - en milliers d'hectolitres ---------------------Beer 140.00 33.26 46.08 64.73 70.92 87.147 89.62 101.68 132.30 135.21 BiereGroundnut oil 33.00 5.98 9.93 9.99 10.70 2.97 o.26 _-- EHile d'arachidesCottonseed oil 6.oo 5.19 5.97 5.97 3.92 1.30 o.66 0.50 0.52 0.84 Huile de graines de coton---------------------------------- in pair/units - en paire/pieces ---------------------------Shoes 400o0ooo o -- - 17,84.oo 106,161.00 128,040.00 148,535.00 152,750.00 108,166.00 SouliersRadio sets 20,000.00 4,ooo.oo 13,246.00 10,000.00 10,150.00 100,000.00 11,988.00 .19,426,00 16,462.00 13,345.00 Pbstes de radioBicycles 8,ooo.oo 4,208.oo 3,035.00 5,581.00 5,770.00 7,390.00 5,700.00 6,601.00 6,433.00 10,211.00 BicyclettesFurniture na/nd -- 1,600.00 2,360 3,253.00 8,368.00 7,398.00 7,128.00 4,380.00 6,288.00 Meubles de bureau

Sources: Conseil National du credit 1970-1975; IMF, art. XIV consultation June 2, 1975; statistique annuaire, 1973 et/and Bank mission - mission de la Banque.

Table 8.2 INSTALLED CAPACITY AND PRODUCTION OF ELECTRICITY 1967-1975Tableau 8.2 CAPACITE DE PRODUCTION D'ELECTRICITE ET PRODUCTION ATTEINTE 1967 - 1975

(in HP and thousand of Kwh; en CV et milliers de Kwh)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974

Installed capacity Capacite(in horse power)

(en C.V.)N'Djamena na/nd na/nd 16,759 15,157 15,157 20,859 20,859 20,859 N'DjamenaSahr na/nd na/nd 4,980 4,980 4,980 4,980 7,020 7,020 SahrMoundou na/nd na/nd 1,500 1,500 1,500 2,200 2,203 2,200 MoundouAb6ch6 na/nd na/nd 828 828 828 828 828 828

Total na/nd na/nd 24,065 22,465 2S,465 28,887 30,927 30,927 Total

Production Production(000 Kw/h)

(en 000 Kw/h)N'Djamena 21,383 24,132 28,489 30,570 35,443 38,271 42,554 42,683 N'DjamenaSahr 2,445 4,435 6,841 8,101 8,928 9,104 10,066 10,787 SahrMoundou 1,450 1,791 2,265 2,676 2,984 3,202 3,393 3,413 MoundouAbeche 383 407 45o 587 643 763 785 779 Abech6Total 25,671 30,765 38.045 41,934 47,998 51,340 56,723 57,708 Total

Consumption Consommation(000 Kw/h)

(en 000 Kw/h)N'Djamena 19,099 21,863 25,710 27,294 31,172 34,256 37,588 37,710 N'DjamenaSahr 2,330 4,399 6,444 7,463 8,371 8,645 9,471 9,785 SahrMoundou 1,258 1,572 1,976 2,258 2,599 2,717 2,883 2,968 MoundouAbech6 317 343 390 516 540 636 578 564 Ab6ch6

Total 23 004 28,177 34,520 37,531 42 46,256 50,520 51,027 Total

Note:See Table 10.1 for consumption of petroleum products by power plants.Voir le Tableau 10.1 pour les chiffres de consommation de produits p6troliers par les stations d'6lectricit6.

Source: Bulletin de Statistiques: 1967-1975.

Table 8.3 WATER PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 1967-1975

Tableau 8.3 PRODUCTION ET CONSOMMATION D'EAU 1967-1975

(in/en OOO m3)

1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Production Production

N'Djamena 2,693 2,875 3,301 3,614 4,174 4,512 4,948 5,361 5,995Sahr 180 230 256 288 290 382 487 585 641Moundou 219 234 218 282 348 342 395 373 354Abech6 150 163 183 227 203 173 116 196 239Bongor - - - - - - - 68 85Doba - - - - - - - 29 32Fianga - - - - - - - 25 49Kelo - - - - - - - 36 54Mao - - - - - - - 90 125Moussoro - - - - - - - 93 96

Total 3242 Z3,50 _ 6 Total

Consumption Consommation

N'Djamena 2,342 2,551 2,949 3,283 3,590 3,832 4,170 4,400 5,416Sahr 158 198 213 214 248 273 379 427 561Moundou 256 223 212 217 316 336 370 344 301Ab6ch6 136 149 167 195 169 141 82 131 186

Secondary centers 341 441 Centres secondaires

Total 2,879 3,121 3,441 3,909 14,326 355z ~ 6,905 Total

Notes:1. The secondary centersat Bongor,Doba, Fianga, Kelo, Mao and Moussori began producing in 1974 and consumption is estimated to be very close to production.

Les centres secondaires de Bongor, Doba, Fianga, Kelo, Mao et Moussoro sont entr6s en service en 1974. La consommation est proche de la productica.

2. 1975 is partly estimated - Les chiffres pour 1975 sont partiellement estimes.

Sources: Bulletin statistique 1967-1975 and general report 1974 STEE,et Rapport g6n6ral d'activit6

1974 de la STEE .

Table 9.1 GOVERNMENT PERSONNEL SALARY STRUCTURE SINCE 1970

Tableau 9.1 STRUCTURE DES SALAIRES DU PERSONNEL GOUVERNEMENTAL DEPUIS 1970

(in CFAF;per month- en FCFA; par mois)

Categories Categories

Civil servants Al A2 B3 B4 C5 C6 D7 D8 FonctionnairesMinimum 90,000 75,000 53,000 42,000 31,000 26,000 20,000 12,000 MinimumMaximum 210,000 175,000 135,000 110,000 75,000 66,ooo 42,000 27,000 Maximum

Administrative agents 1 2 3 4 5 6 Agents administratifsMinimum 5,200 - - - - 9,950 MinimumMaximum 41,600 - - - - 57,600 Maximum

Contractuals national 1 Personnel contractuel nationalMinimum 5-,200 MinimumMaximum 9,950 Maximum

Contractuals expatriated 1 Personnel contractuel expatrieMinimum 41,600 MinimumMaximum 57,600 Maximum

Source: Ministere de la Fonction Publique et du Travail; Direction du PersonnelDepartment of Public Fonction and Labor Directorate of Personnel.

Table 10. 1 DOMESTIC CONSUMPTION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 1967-1975

Tableau 10. 1 CONSOMMATION DOMESTIQUE DE PRODUITS PETROLIERS 1967-1975

(in/en m3)

1967 1968 9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975

Gasoline 15,222 15,880 16,441 16,359 16,994 14,957 13,622 9,327 9,754 EssenceGasoline super 742 885 1,001 978 1,528 1,767 2,137 1,786 2,677 Essence superPetroleum 3,712 3,618 3,983 3,069 2,956 2,890 2,304 937 1,012 PetroleGas oil 14,575 14,222 14,428 15,319 17,063 16,955 19,713 22,186 22,712 Gas-oilAircrafts fuel 7,270 7,350 7,420 11,730 10,567 7,374 7,034 6,769 7,816 Essence avionsKerosine 10,817 15,132 19,331 24,790 23,144 26,714 31,942 23,175 25,232 K6rosene

Consumption of Consommation de gas-oilgas oil by power plants par les stations generatricesd'6lectricit6Gas oil Gas-oilN'Djamena 8,145 8,579 9,821 10,359 12,262 11,771 11,532 N'DjamenaSahr 7,745 9,889 1,921 2,148 2,574 2,832 3,094 3,334 3,508 SahrNoundou 725 852 1,010 1,025 1,112 1,123 1,204 MoundouAb6che 176 211 263 278 274 255 285 Abech6

Oil HuileAll plants na/nd na/nd 197 252 277 305 283 337 339 Toutes les stations

Note: 1. 1975 is partly estimated. Les donnees de 1975 sont partiellement estim6es.

2. The sharp decrease in consumption recorded in 1974 and 1975 is due to restrictive measures taken by the government combined with some shortages.Le brusque der lin dans la consommation noteren 1974 et 1975 est du aux mesures restrictives prises par le gouvernement en 1974 et 1975 et a quelques penuries

Source: Bulletin de statistique - 1967-1975.